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Anonymous Class C Follis, attributed to Michael IV.
Obverse: +EMMANOVHA. Christ Antiphonetes,
nimbate, standing facing / IC-XC-NI-KA divided by
jewelled cross. Coin #412
cars100
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An Anonymous Follis Class A 2 coin, type 21
Obverse: Christ facing, holding book of gospels IC to left XC to rightEmmanovha IC XC (God with us)
Reverse: +IhSYS XRISTYS bASILEY bASILE (Jesus Christ, King of Kings)
Sear attributes it to the joint reign of Basil II and Constantine VIII 1020-1028 AD
Grierson in DOC says Romanus III and into Michael IV's
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Romanus III, Class B Follis, Constantinople, 1028-1034 AD
IC to left, XC to right
Christ, bust facing, square in each limb of nimbus cross,
holding book of gospels
IS-XS / BAS-ILE / BAS-ILE
cross with dots at the ends, on three steps
SB 1823
11.8g / 27mm
Antonivs Protti
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didrachm, 330/290 BC
7.82 g
obv: head of Demeter left
rev: ear of grain, tongs to left, META to right
(Johnston C 4.20 (this coin); Rutter, Historia Numorum 1583)
from Ars Classica 15, Luzern 1930, No. 167, ex Künker e-Auction 17, No. 7areich
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Andronicus II Palaeologus, with Michael IX. 1282-1328. Æ Assarion (19mm, 1.70 g, 6h). Class III. Constantinople mint. Struck 1295-1320. Winged seraph / Half-length facing figures of Andronicus and Michael, holding patriarchal cross between them. DOC 638-46; SB 2429. VF, green and brown patina.
From the Iconodule Collection.Quant.Geek
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CALABRIA, Tarentum. Circa 325-280 BC. AR Diobol (12mm, 1.11 g, 9h). Helmeted head of Athena left / Herakles leaning left, torso facing, head right, wrestling the Nemean lion; club to left. Vlasto 1364; HN Italy 976 . Toned. VF. Well centered and struck.
Ex Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 225 (13 January 2010), lot 7.Michael S6
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Philip I. AD 244-249. Æ Dupondius (25mm, 10.92 g). Rome mint. 10th emission, AD 249. Radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right, seen from behind / Elephant walking left, guided by mahout with goad and wand. RIC IV 167c; Cohen 20; EX Goldberg Coins, Auction 5, June 4-7, 2000, lot 3667, The Dr. Jon Kardatzke Coin Collection.
Ex: Classical Numismatic Group, Electronic Auction 180, lot 298, January 23, 2008.paul1888
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Ancient Greek
LUCANIA
Metapontion, struck circa 340-330 BC
Female head right / Seven-grain barley ear; ΜΕΤΑ upward to left
7.60 g, 20 mm, silver
References: HGC I, 1052, HN Italy 1538; Numismatic Notes and Monographs #47, The Coinage of Metapontum, 1931, Sydney P. Noe 509c (this coin); ex-Lloyd, Helbing 55:lot 3364 (pictured) 11/08/1928; ex-Woodward, Ars Classica XV: lot 174 (pictured) 07/02/1930; ex CNG Trition IV, Part 1, lot 47, 12/5/2000 paul1888
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DIU: Maria I, 1788-1809, tin 20 bazarucos (16.01g), 1800, KM-47, Gomes-07.02, denomination called 10 bazarucos for KM-45 for which this is the plate specimen, but Gomes classifies it as 20 bazarucos because of the weight; superb example, EF, R. Quant.Geek
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Claudius, As circa 41-50. Rome.
TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TRP IMP PP, Bare head of Claudius l. Rev.: Minerva advancing right right, holding round shield on left arm and brandishing javelin in right hand., S-C.
RIC 116. Ex: Ars Classica, number XVI, July 3, 1933, lot 1573 (plate 58); Ex: M.P. Vautier & Prof. M. Collignon Collection, Naville & Cie., Auction II, 12-14 June 1922, lot 293 (plate X)paul1888
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2nd - 1st Century BC, IRON AGE BRITAIN, Tribe: Cantii, AE Potin, Minted between 100 and 30 BCObverse: No legend. Crude outline of head facing right; pellet within circle in centre.
Reverse: No legend. Crude lines representing a bull facing left, crescents above.
Flat Linear type, Class 1
Found, Thames Valley region, England
Diameter: 17mm | Weight: 1.9gms | Axis: 3h
BMC: 667-714 | SPINK: 63
The Cantii produced the first coins to be actually made in Britain.
These coins were cast in strips which were then cut into separate coins and as a result often retain characteristic cut edges from the runlets which joined them together.
THE CANTII (or Cantiaci)
The Cantii (after whom Kent and Canterbury are named) were the major tribal group in the South East region of England, bordered by the Atrebates, Regni and Catuvellauni.
This region was heavily influenced by continental cultures on the periphery of the early Roman world and this resulted in the Cantii producing the first coins actually made in Britain. These are known as “potins” and they were produced between the mid 2nd to the mid 1st century BC. The earliest versions are known as Kentish Primary, or Thurrock, types. Comparatively the later types, like those from the recently discovered Hillingdon Hoard, are of the “flat linear” type, which uses simplified and abstracted images. Similar coins from the late Iron Age have been found, but in much smaller quantities.
The word “potin” is of French origin and is used to describe these early coins which were cast in clay moulds from a copper alloy with a high tin content. They would have been shiny and silver-coloured when new, and though occasionally examples have turned up which retain this colouration, most coins by the time they get dug up have a characteristic black patina from tin oxidation. These were cast in strips which were then cut into separate coins and as a result often retain characteristic cut edges from the runlets which joined them together. The moulds themselves were made using “master” matrices of copper alloy which were cast with the design for one side of a coin in high relief and pressed into the clay. A rare example of a mould of this type was found a few miles west of the Surrey border in Hampshire.
The designs of the majority of potins found in England derive ultimately from coins produced in the Greek colonial Mediterranean city of Massalia (modern Marseilles) in southern Gaul in the late 4th century BC. These coins featured a head of Apollo on the obverse and a charging bull on the reverse. They were originally imported from the continent and later locally copied in the mid 2nd century BC, in the form of what are known as “Thurrock” types, which adhere closely to the original design. Later forms, known as “flat linear” types, greatly simplified this design into deep abstraction, ultimately reducing the head of Apollo to an outline and the bull to a trapezoidal arrangement of lines
We don’t know what these coins were called by the people who made them, or what they were worth in fiscal terms, but they are generally only found in south east England, which probably reflects the limits of the political and economic influence of the Cantii themselves. It isn't even clear what the role of these Iron Age coins actually was, though it is likely that they assisted in the maintenance of some kind of social power structure. Coins were not generally used as day to day currency by the people of Britain in the 1st and 2nd centuries BC, so apart from any monetary transactions, their range of uses probably included the storage of wealth, use as political tribute, and / or votive objects used as offerings to the gods.
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 *Alex
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1st Century CE, IRON AGE BRITAIN, Tribes: Catuvellauni and Trinovantes, AE Unit, Struck c.10 - 40 at Verlamion under CunobelinusObverse: CVNO - BELIN. Bare head facing left.
Reverse: TASCIO. Metal worker, wielding hammer, seated facing right.
Diameter: 15mm | Weight: 2.24gms | Axis: 3h
Spink: 342 | ABC: 2969 | Van Arsdell 2097
CUNOBELINUS
Cunobelinus was a king in Iron Age Britain from about 9 CE until about 40 CE. He is mentioned by the Roman historians Suetonius and Dio Cassius, and many coins bearing his inscription have been found. Cunobelinus controlled a substantial portion of south-eastern Britain, including the territories of the Catuvellauni and the Trinovantes, and is called “Britannorum rex" (King of the Britons) by Suetonius. He appears to have been recognized by the Roman emperor Augustus as a client king, shown by the use of the Latin title Rex on some of his coins.
Numismatic evidence appears to indicate that Cunobelinus took power around AD 9 after the death of his father Tasciovanus, minting coins from both Camulodunum, capital of the Trinovantes and Verlamion (Roman Verulamium), capital of the Catuvellauni. Some of the Verulamium coins name him as the son of Tasciovanus, a previous king of the Catuvellauni. Cunobelinus' earliest issues are, however, from Camulodunum, indicating that he took power there first, and some have a palm or laurel wreath design, a motif borrowed from the Romans indicating a military victory. It is possible that he was emboldened to act against the Trinovantes, whose independence was protected by a treaty they made with Julius Caesar in 54 BC, because problems in Germania severely affected Augustus' ability to defend allies in Britain.
Cunobelinus, however, appears to have maintained quite good relations with the Roman Empire, he used classical motifs on his coins and his reign also saw an increase in trade with the continent. Archaeological evidence shows an increase in imported luxury goods, including wine and drinking vessels from Italy, olive oil and “garum” (fish sauce) from Spain, as well as glassware, jewellery, and tableware from the wider continent, all of which, from their distribution, appear to have entered Britain via the port of Camulodunum. Rome's lucrative trade with Britain was also reported by Strabo, according to him the island's exports included grain, gold, silver, iron, hides, slaves and hunting dogs. It seems likely that Cunobelinus was one of the British kings, mentioned by Strabo, who sent embassies to Augustus.
Cunobelinus died about 40, probably within a year of that date, as he was certainly dead by 43.
Traditionally it has been suggested that the “Lexden Tumulus” on the outskirts of Colchester was Cunobelinus' tomb, but without evidence confirming that, it is also possible that the tomb was built for the earlier Trinovantian king, Addedomarus. Interestingly there is a second tumulus, though this one is not so well known, 665m to the northwest of the Lexden burial mound, on a grassy area in the middle of a modern housing estate. This tumulus, known as ‘The Mount’, probably dates from around the same time as the well-known one at Fitzwalter Road, Lexden.
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 *Alex
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1st Century CE, IRON AGE BRITAIN, Tribe: Iceni, AR Unit, Struck c.60 - 61 under Boudica (Boadicea)Obverse: No legend. Abstract Celtic style head with slit for eye and no ear facing right. Three pellets below head, branch emblem behind neck.
Reverse: No legend. Celtic style horse facing right, lozenge-shaped box with pellets on outer corners below horse. Section of large elaborate wheel-like object above horse, pellet below horse's tail.
Class: Icenian O
Diameter: 14mm | Weight: 0.9gms | Axis: 10
Spink: 434
The first known recorded example of this coin was made by William Stukely, an English antiquarian whose ideas influenced various antiquaries throughout the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Stukeley published over twenty books on archaeology and other subjects during his lifetime and he is regarded as an important forerunner of archaeology for his emphasis on methodically measuring and documenting ancient sites. He died of a stroke in early 1765.
The theory that this coinage was connected with Boudica was originally reported in 1987 and this was endorsed by R D Van Arsdell, an authority on the Celtic coinage of Britain, as Boudican in the 1990's. At the time though this was disputed by many in the numismatic community, some of whom continued to rely on older studies that lumped all "Face-Horse" coins together in a group dating before 20 CE.
However, John Talbot of the University of Oxford carried out research on these issues and, as his die-link and hoard work gradually progressed through the 1990's into the early twenty-first century, these coins were confirmed to be the final coinage of the Iceni. As Talbot's findings were only gradually revealed over a period of time, the accepted dating used in some dealer catalogues did not always keep up with the latest information. During his studies, Talbot discovered that coins from several die sets are only found in the Boudican Rebellion hoards. He also confirmed that these coins were struck in abnormally great numbers for any Icenian issue. But, because he was not certain that this was enough evidence to date the coins to 61 CE. he suggested only that they could have been struck any time after the Claudian Invasion of 43 CE.
Considering though that some die sets are known only from the Boudican Rebellion hoards, that it is still the case that these coins appear in uncirculated condition in the hoards, and that to date none of these coins have been found from secure contexts earlier than the time of the Boudican rebellion, it would appear that the 1987 report was essentially correct and these coins must have been struck nearer to the date of the Boudican Rebellion than earlier, possibly in connection with the financing of that rebellion. The conclusion now is that these coins can, with some confidence, be attributed to Boudica.
THE ICENI
The Iceni were a tribe located in eastern Britain during the Iron Age and the early Roman era. Their territory was bordered by the Corieltauvi to the west, and the Catuvellauni and Trinovantes to the south. In the Roman period, their capital was Venta Icenorum at modern-day Caistor St Edmund.
Julius Caesar did not mention the Iceni in his account of his invasions of Britain in 55 and 54 BC, though they may have been related to the Cenimagni, whom Caesar notes as living north of the River Thames at that time. The Iceni were a significant power in eastern Britain during Claudius I's conquest of Britain in AD 43, in which they allied with Rome. Increasing Roman influence on their affairs led to a revolt in AD 47, though they remained nominally independent under king Prasutagus up until his death around AD 60. Roman encroachment after Prasutagus' death led his wife Boudica to launch a major revolt from 60–61. Boudica's uprising seriously endangered Roman rule in Britain and resulted in the burning of Londinium and other cities. The Romans finally crushed the rebellion, and the Iceni were eventually incorporated into the Roman province.
Archaeological evidence of the Iceni includes torcs, which are heavy rings of gold, silver or electrum worn around the neck and shoulders. The Iceni began producing coins around 10 BC. Their coins were a distinctive adaptation of the Gallo-Belgic "face/horse" design, and in some early issues, most numerous near Norwich, the horse was replaced with a boar. Some coins are inscribed ECENI, making them the only coin-producing group to use their tribal name on coins. The earliest personal name to appear on coins is Antedios (about 10 BC), and other abbreviated names like AESU and SAEMU followed. The name of Prasutagus also appears on some coins as PRASTO.
QUEEN BOUDICA
Queen Boudica was married to Prasutagus, ruler of the Iceni people of East Anglia. When the Romans conquered southern England in AD 43, they allowed Prasutagus to continue to rule. However, when Prasutagus died he left a will dividing his lands between the Roman emperor and his family. The Romans decided to rule the Iceni directly and confiscated all the king's property. When this was contested they are said to have stripped and flogged Boudica and raped her daughters. These actions exacerbated the widespread resentment at Roman rule.
In 60 or 61 AD, while the Roman governor Gaius Suetonius Paullinus was leading a campaign in North Wales, the Iceni rebelled, other tribes joined them, and Boudica led a major uprising against the occupying Roman forces.
Boudica's warriors defeated the Roman Ninth Legion and destroyed the then capital of Roman Britain, Camulodunum (Colchester). They then went on to destroy Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St Albans) killing thousands in the process. Finally, Boudica was defeated by a Roman army led by Paulinus. A great number of her army were killed and, though Boudica's fate is unknown, she is alleged to have either died in battle or poisoned herself to avoid capture. The site of the battle which brought an end to her uprising is also unknown.
The photograph below is of the Victorian statue of Boudica (Boadicea) situated on the Thames embankment in London.
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  *Alex
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JUSTINIAN I, AE Decanummium (10 Nummi), struck 550/551 at AntiochObverse: D N IVSTINIANVS P P AVG. Helmeted and cuirassed facing bust of Justinian I, holding globus cruciger in his right hand and shield in his left; cross in right field.
Reverse: Large I surmounted by cross, A/N/N/O in field to left and regnal year X/X/IIII in field to right; in exergue, THU followed by • over Π with a slash through the last letter's right side.
Diameter: 24mm | Weight: 4.79gms | Die Axis: 6
SBCV: 237 | DOC: 255 Class D | MIB: 158
Regarding the mintmark in the exergue, the letter Π with a slash through its right side and tiny o or • above is an abbreviation for "polis". The slash is like the English apostrophe denoting omission of letters, as in the word "can't". Therefore, together with the letters T (Tau) and H (Eta), the mint-mark reads as an abbreviation of "Theoupolis"
550
In January of this year the Ostrogoths under king Totila recaptured Rome after a long siege by bribing the Isaurian garrison. Then, in the summer, the Goths, under Totila, plundered Sicily after they had subdued Corsica and Sardinia, whilst the Gothic fleet also raided the coasts of Greece.
551
In this year Justinian I appointed Narses new supreme commander, who then returned to Italy. In Salona on the Adriatic coast, Narses assembled a Byzantine expeditionary force of around 20,000 to 30,000 men and a contingent of foreign allies which included Lombards, Herulii and Bulgars
When Narses arrived in Venetia he discovered that a powerful Gothic-Frank army of around 50,000 men, under the joint command of the kings Totila and Theudebald, had blocked the principal route to the Po Valley. Not wishing to engage such a formidable force and confident that the Franks would avoid a direct confrontation, Narses skirted the lagoons along the Adriatic shore, using vessels to convey his army from point to point along the coast and thereby arrived at the capital, Ravenna, without encountering any opposition. He then attacked and crushed a small Gothic force at Ariminum, modern Rimini.
In the Autumn of this year the Byzantine fleet of 50 warships destroyed the Gothic naval force under Indulf near Sena Gallica, some 17 miles (27 km) north of Ancona. The Battle of Sena Gallica marked the end of Gothic supremacy in the Mediterranean Sea.*Alex
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15.25 Hadrian and SabinaEGYPT, Alexandria. Hadrian. AD 117-138. BI Tetradrachm (25mm, 12.94 g, 12h). Dated RY 18 (AD 133/4). Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust of Hadrian right / Draped bust of Sabina right, wearing stephane; L–IH (date) across field. Köln 1093; Dattari (Savio) 1255; K&G 32.572. VF, find patina, slight die shift on obverse.
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 34 (6 May 1995), lot 331.
Ex CNG eAuction 318Sosius
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195 - 211, SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, AR Denarius, Struck 210 at Rome, alluding to BritanniaObverse: SEVERVS PIVS AVG BRIT. Laureate head of Septimius Severus facing right.
Reverse: VICTORIAE BRIT. Victory standing right, holding palm branch in her right hand and placing uninscribed shield on palm tree with her left.
Diameter: 20mm | Weight: 2.83gms | Die Axis: 7h
RIC IV: 336 | RSC: 730 | SRCV: 6384 | SPINK: 651A
SCARCE
This coin commemorates the success of the Roman campaigns in Scotland during 209 and 210 culminating in the death of Severus at York, England, in February 211.
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS
Lucius Septimius Severus was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna in the Roman province of Africa.
Severus seized power after the death of the emperor Pertinax in 193 (the Year of the Five Emperors).
After consolidating his rule over the western provinces, Severus waged a brief, successful war in the east against the Parthian Empire, sacked their capital Ctesiphon, expanded the eastern frontier to the Tigris and enlarged and fortified the Limes Arabicus in Arabia Petraea. In 202, he campaigned in Africa and Mauretania against the Garamantes, captured their capital Garama and expanded the Limes Tripolitanus along the southern desert frontier of the empire. In 198 he raised his elder son Caracalla to Augustus and in 209 did the same to his younger son, Geta.
In AD 209 Severus invaded Caledonia (modern Scotland) with an army of 50,000 men, but he fell fatally ill of an infectious disease in late 210 and died at Eboracum (York, England) early in 211.
SEVERUS' CAMPAIGNS IN BRITAIN
In 208 Septimius Severus travelled to Britain with the intention of conquering Caledonia (Scotland). Modern archaeological discoveries have helped to throw some light on the scope and direction of this northern campaign.
Severus began by occupying the territory up to the Antonine Wall, this is evidenced by extensive Severan era fortifications and the likely reoccupation of some of the forts on that wall. Over the previous years Hadrian's Wall had fallen into disrepair and Severus strengthened and repaired much of it, he did this to such an extent that many early Antiquarians thought that he was the emperor who had actually built it. Severus constructed a 165-acre (67 ha) camp south of the Antonine Wall at Trimontium, probably assembling the main body of his forces there. Severus then thrust north across the Antonine Wall into Caledonian territory, supported and supplied by a strong naval force. He retraced the steps of Agricola of over a century before, rebuilding many abandoned Roman forts along the east coast, and he re-garrisoned the naval base at Carpow, likely built by Commodus in 185, and possibly the place named as "Horrea Classis" or "Poreo Classis" in the Ravenna Cosmography.
By 210 Severus' campaigning had made significant gains, despite Caledonian guerrilla tactics and purportedly heavy Roman casualties.
According to Cassius Dio: “Severus did not desist until he approached the extremity of the island. Here he observed most accurately the variation of the sun's motion and the length of the days and the nights in summer and winter respectively. Having thus been conveyed through practically the whole of the hostile country (for he actually was conveyed in a covered litter most of the way, on account of his infirmity), he returned to the friendly portion, after he had forced the Britons to come to terms, on the condition that they should abandon a large part of their territory.”
The Caledonians had sued for peace, which Severus had granted on the condition that they relinquished control of the Central Lowlands of Scotland, but later that year (210), they, along with the Maeatae, revolted. Severus prepared for another campaign, now intent on exterminating the Caledonians. However the campaign was cut short when Severus fell ill and withdrew south to Eboracum (York) where he died on 4 February 211. Severus was succeeded by his sons, Caracalla and Geta. Caracalla continued campaigning in Caledonia during 212 but soon settled for peace, and shortly after that the frontier was withdrawn south to Hadrian's Wall.
On his death, Severus was deified by the Senate and his remains were buried in the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome.
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*Alex
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195 - 211, SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, AR Denarius, Struck 210 at Rome, alluding to BritanniaObverse: SEVERVS PIVS AVG BRIT. Laureate head of Septimius Severus facing right.
Reverse: VICTORIAE BRIT. Victory seated on shield facing left, holding another shield resting on her knee in her right hand and palm branch in her left.
Diameter: 19mm | Weight: 2.35gms | Die Axis: 12h
RIC IV: 335 | RSC: 731 | SRCV: 6385 | SPINK: 651C
SCARCE
This coin commemorates the success of the Roman campaigns in Scotland during 209 and 210 culminating in the death of Severus at York, England, in February 211.
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS
Lucius Septimius Severus was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna in the Roman province of Africa.
Severus seized power after the death of the emperor Pertinax in 193 (the Year of the Five Emperors).
After consolidating his rule over the western provinces, Severus waged a brief, successful war in the east against the Parthian Empire, sacked their capital Ctesiphon, expanded the eastern frontier to the Tigris and enlarged and fortified the Limes Arabicus in Arabia Petraea. In 202, he campaigned in Africa and Mauretania against the Garamantes, captured their capital Garama and expanded the Limes Tripolitanus along the southern desert frontier of the empire. In 198 he raised his elder son Caracalla to Augustus and in 209 did the same to his younger son, Geta.
In AD 209 Severus invaded Caledonia (modern Scotland) with an army of 50,000 men, but he fell fatally ill of an infectious disease in late 210 and died at Eboracum (York, England) early in 211.
SEVERUS' CAMPAIGNS IN BRITAIN
In 208 Septimius Severus travelled to Britain with the intention of conquering Caledonia (Scotland). Modern archaeological discoveries have helped to throw some light on the scope and direction of this northern campaign.
Severus began by occupying the territory up to the Antonine Wall, this is evidenced by extensive Severan era fortifications and the likely reoccupation of some of the forts on that wall. Over the previous years Hadrian's Wall had fallen into disrepair and Severus strengthened and repaired much of it, he did this to such an extent that many early Antiquarians thought that he was the emperor who had actually built it. Severus constructed a 165-acre (67 ha) camp south of the Antonine Wall at Trimontium, probably assembling the main body of his forces there. Severus then thrust north across the Antonine Wall into Caledonian territory, supported and supplied by a strong naval force. He retraced the steps of Agricola of over a century before, rebuilding many abandoned Roman forts along the east coast, and he re-garrisoned the naval base at Carpow, likely built by Commodus in 185, and possibly the place named as "Horrea Classis" or "Poreo Classis" in the Ravenna Cosmography.
By 210 Severus' campaigning had made significant gains, despite Caledonian guerrilla tactics and purportedly heavy Roman casualties.
According to Cassius Dio: “Severus did not desist until he approached the extremity of the island. Here he observed most accurately the variation of the sun's motion and the length of the days and the nights in summer and winter respectively. Having thus been conveyed through practically the whole of the hostile country (for he actually was conveyed in a covered litter most of the way, on account of his infirmity), he returned to the friendly portion, after he had forced the Britons to come to terms, on the condition that they should abandon a large part of their territory.”
The Caledonians had sued for peace, which Severus had granted on the condition that they relinquished control of the Central Lowlands of Scotland, but later that year (210), they, along with the Maeatae, revolted. Severus prepared for another campaign, now intent on exterminating the Caledonians. However the campaign was cut short when Severus fell ill and withdrew south to Eboracum (York) where he died on 4 February 211. Severus was succeeded by his sons, Caracalla and Geta. Caracalla continued campaigning in Caledonia during 212 but soon settled for peace, and shortly after that the frontier was withdrawn south to Hadrian's Wall.
On his death, Severus was deified by the Senate and his remains were buried in the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome.
CLICK ON IMAGES BELOW TO ENLARGE THEM
*Alex
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195 - 211, SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, AR Denarius, Struck 210 at Rome, alluding to BritanniaObverse: SEVERVS PIVS AVG BRIT. Laureate head of Septimius Severus facing right.
Reverse: VICTORIAE BRIT. Victory advancing right, holding wreath in her outstretched right hand and palm branch in her left.
Diameter: 19mm | Weight: 3.5gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC IV: 332 | RSC: 727 | SRCV: 6382 | SPINK: 650
SCARCE
This coin commemorates the success of the Roman campaigns in Scotland during 209 and 210 culminating in the death of Severus at York, England, in February 211.
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS
Lucius Septimius Severus was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna in the Roman province of Africa.
Severus seized power after the death of the emperor Pertinax in 193 (the Year of the Five Emperors).
After consolidating his rule over the western provinces, Severus waged a brief, successful war in the east against the Parthian Empire, sacked their capital Ctesiphon, expanded the eastern frontier to the Tigris and enlarged and fortified the Limes Arabicus in Arabia Petraea. In 202, he campaigned in Africa and Mauretania against the Garamantes, captured their capital Garama and expanded the Limes Tripolitanus along the southern desert frontier of the empire. In 198 he raised his elder son Caracalla to Augustus and in 209 did the same to his younger son, Geta.
In AD 209 Severus invaded Caledonia (modern Scotland) with an army of 50,000 men, but he fell fatally ill of an infectious disease in late 210 and died at Eboracum (York, England) early in 211.
SEVERUS' CAMPAIGNS IN BRITAIN
In 208 Septimius Severus travelled to Britain with the intention of conquering Caledonia (Scotland). Modern archaeological discoveries have helped to throw some light on the scope and direction of this northern campaign.
Severus began by occupying the territory up to the Antonine Wall, this is evidenced by extensive Severan era fortifications and the likely reoccupation of some of the forts on that wall. Over the previous years Hadrian's Wall had fallen into disrepair and Severus strengthened and repaired much of it, he did this to such an extent that many early Antiquarians thought that he was the emperor who had actually built it. Severus constructed a 165-acre (67 ha) camp south of the Antonine Wall at Trimontium, probably assembling the main body of his forces there. Severus then thrust north across the Antonine Wall into Caledonian territory, supported and supplied by a strong naval force. He retraced the steps of Agricola of over a century before, rebuilding many abandoned Roman forts along the east coast, and he re-garrisoned the naval base at Carpow, likely built by Commodus in 185, and possibly the place named as "Horrea Classis" or "Poreo Classis" in the Ravenna Cosmography.
By 210 Severus' campaigning had made significant gains, despite Caledonian guerrilla tactics and purportedly heavy Roman casualties.
According to Cassius Dio: “Severus did not desist until he approached the extremity of the island. Here he observed most accurately the variation of the sun's motion and the length of the days and the nights in summer and winter respectively. Having thus been conveyed through practically the whole of the hostile country (for he actually was conveyed in a covered litter most of the way, on account of his infirmity), he returned to the friendly portion, after he had forced the Britons to come to terms, on the condition that they should abandon a large part of their territory.”
The Caledonians had sued for peace, which Severus had granted on the condition that they relinquished control of the Central Lowlands of Scotland, but later that year (210), they, along with the Maeatae, revolted. Severus prepared for another campaign, now intent on exterminating the Caledonians. However the campaign was cut short when Severus fell ill and withdrew south to Eboracum (York) where he died on 4 February 211. Severus was succeeded by his sons, Caracalla and Geta. Caracalla continued campaigning in Caledonia during 212 but soon settled for peace, and shortly after that the frontier was withdrawn south to Hadrian's Wall.
On his death, Severus was deified by the Senate and his remains were buried in the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome.
CLICK ON IMAGES BELOW TO ENLARGE THEM
*Alex
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21 Pertinax DenariusPERTINAX
AR denarius, Rome
January 1–March 28, 193 AD
O: IMP CAES P HELV PERTIN AVG, laureate head of Pertinax right
R: PROVID DEOR COS II, Providentia standing l., raising r. hand toward star.
BMCRE 13. RIC 11(a). RSC 43. Very fine
Ex Numismatica Ars Classica
RI0132Sosius
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37 AD Dedication of the temple of Divus Augustusorichalcum dupondius (29mm). Rome mint. Struck AD 37.
CONSENSV SENAT·ET·EQ·ORDIN·P·Q·R Gaius seated left on curule chair
DIVVS AVGVSTVS S C radiate head of Augustus facing left
RIC (Gaius) 56; Cohen (August) 87; Foss (Roman historical coins) 60:4
ex old British (Oxford) collection
Minted under Caligula on the occasion of the dedication of a temple to Divus Agustus; the identity of the seated person is uncertain but probably Gaius. The legend 'ET EQ' refers to 'EQVES' (pl. EQVITES), 'horseman'. In the early empire, they were the holders of administrative posts of a class second only to the senators.
In the picture the obverse and reverse have accidentally been switched around.Charles S
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680 - 710, ANGLO-SAXON, AR Sceat, struck c.685 - 700 at Essex or East Anglia, EnglandObverse: Pearl diademed head facing right within ouroboros (serpent eating its tail), unintelligible pseudo legend around.
Reverse: Bird standing facing right upon cross, annulets on either side, all within ouroboros (serpent eating its tail), unintelligible pseudo legend around.
Primary Phase, Series BI
Diameter: 12mm | Weight: 1.05gms | Die Axis: 12h
SPINK: 777 | Metcalf: 100 - 106 | Abramson (Sceatta List): 16 - 40
This coin was struck at the time in which the Beowulf legend was set, though the coin predates the earliest manuscript of that saga by about three centuries. These coins constitute the earliest indigenous currency found on the British Isles and they are a fascinating glimpse into the so called "Dark Ages" during the post-Roman period.
The departure of the Romans sometime around 414 AD induced the inhabitants to create their own coinage. These primary phase sceattas are among the earliest of all Anglo-Saxon coinage and are generally thought to be modelled after coinages found in the surrounding areas and, of course, based on the earlier coinage from the Roman Empire. Most scholars now believe that the word "sceat" has been a misinterpretation of the word for "weight" and that the coin would probably have been classed as a denier or a penny. However, while archaeological finds and further research has provided more information on where these types may have been created, there is still little known about under whom they were struck.
This was a time of transition from paganism to Christianity, and these coins often show elements of both, featuring mysterious birds and beasts as well as crosses. This particular coin has not only a cross and a bird, but some wonderful ouroboros "snake circles" used as borders on both sides as well. The fantastical imagery and designs often found on these coins can be very attractive to many collectors.*Alex
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Byzantine Empire: Æ Anonymous Class I Follis, Attributed to Nicephorus III (Sear-1889, DOC I.1-64)Obv: Facing bust of Christ Pantokrator
Rev: Latin cross with central X and globus and two pellets at the end of each extremity; crescents to upper left and right, floral scroll below Quant.Geek
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Carnutes. Potin à la tête diabolique et au loup (c. 60-40 AC)avers : Anépigraphe. Tête diabolique à gauche. Un important globule oblitère le profil entre le menton et le nez.
revers : Anépigraphe. Loup à gauche, debout, sous une croix en X bouletée, la queue entre les pattes.
Classe IV.
17.2mm; 4.08g; 9h
DT.2612 T.MooT
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Manuel I Komnenus clipped billion aspron trachy SB1966Obverse: IC-XC (bar above) in field, Christ bearded and nimbate, wearing tunic and colobion, seated upon throne without back; holds gospels in left hand.
Reverse: MAN(monogram)HA AECIIOT or var, MP OV bar above in upper right field, Full-length figure of emperor, bearded on left, crowned by Virgin nimbate. Emperor wears stemma, divitision, collar-peice, and jewelled loros of simplified type; holds in right hand labarum-headed scepter, and in left globus cruciger. Virgin wears tunic and maphorion.
four main varieties:
Mint: Constantinople
Date: 1167-1183?
Sear 1966 Var d, Fourth coinage; H 16.14,15; 17.1-4
rev: Jewel within circle on loros waist
16mm .89gm
As discussed in the Byzantine forumThese are the "neatly clipped" trachies.
During the reign of Manuel I the silver content of the trachy was dropped from c.6% to c.3%, but later types were sometimes issued with the higher silver content.
In Alexius III's time these high silver types were clipped down to half size, probably officially, presumably so as to match the lower silver content of the later issues.
Of course this would only have worked as long as the populace accepted the idea that the clipped coins were all high silver versions to start with. Once smarties started clipping ordinary coins these types would soon have have fallen out of favour and been withdrawn.
Ross G.
During the reign of Alexius III were reused coins of previous releases, clipping its border in a very regular mode and thus reducing to half their weight. Regularity of shearing and the fact that they were found to stock uniforms, suggesting that this clipping is a formal issuance of mint. Based on the stocks found in Constantinople , some of which consist only of clipped coins, it may safely be dated between 1195 and 1203.
Hendy and Grierson believe that this shearing was a consequence of the devaluation of trachy mixture during the reign of Isaac II and Alexius III. They reduced by half the already low silver content of this coin: shearing coins of previous emperors, still widely in circulation, made their trachy consistent with the intrinsic value of current emissions. Of course, this does not justify the clipping of coins already degraded of Isaac II and Alexius III. Therefore, reason for their declassification is not understood. I think that reason of Ross is right!
The structure of their dispersion in hoards indicates that, however, were made after the other emissions. Clipped trachys appear in small amounts along with regular trachy in hoards, represents a rarity. Were clipped trachys of Manuel I, Andronicus I, Isaac II and Alexius III, and perhaps of John II; those of Manuel are less scarce. In principle, we must believe that all trachys after Manuel I have been clipped, although many have not yet appeared.
Antvwala
wileyc
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PalmyraAE 11 mm
Radiate head right (Baal?)
Radiate head left (Malakbel?)
Krzyzanowska Le monnayage de Palmyre Class XIImauseus
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Phraates IV (38 -2 BC) AR Tetradrachm 286 SE /26 BCObv: Phraates diademed and cuirassed bust left with long pointed beard - no royal wart on forehead.
Rev: The king enthroned r. being presented with a palm branch by Tyche, standing l. before him holding cornucopiae with pellet above arm. Seleucid date 286 (C Pi Sigma) above palm. Greek inscription in 7 lines BASILEOS/BASILEON; on r. ARSAKOY/EUERGETOY' below [DIKAOY]; on l. EPIPHANOUS/PHILELLANOS; month off flan below
Wt 14.1 gm, 26.3 mm, Sellwood type 55
The coin could be that of Tiridates I who also ruled for a few months in 26 BC. The features of the king on this coin are much closer to that of Phraates than of much rarer Tiridates I according to a reclassification of Sellwood types by deCallatay and this is the most believable. The lower lines of the inscription would also settle the issue but are lost on this coin.
Early coins of the Parthian empire showed strong Greek empahasis on classical Greek forms and humanism which is gradually lost as the empire matured and finally decayed. The coins become schematic and emphasize suface ornament rather than sculptural quality. One senses from the portrait of Phraates that brutality was a prerequisite for Parthian kings who routinely bumped off fathers and brothers in their rise to power. Like the Spartans, they had a powerful empire in their time but its contribution to civilization was limited in the long term.daverino
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SPAIN
PB Tessera (16mm, 3.97 g, 12 h)
CV
Two palm fronds
Casariego, Cores, & Pliego -
Ex Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 287, lot 941 (part of)Ardatirion
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SPAIN
PB Tessera (17mm, 4.23 g)
C(VF) within pronounced beaded border
Dolphin(?)
Casariego, Cores, & Pliego -
Ex Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 287, lot 941 (part of)Ardatirion
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SPAIN
PB Tessera (15mm, 2.12 g)
V•F
Blank
Casariego, Cores, & Pliego -
Ex Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 287, lot 941 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME. Germanicus. Died AD 19.
ƠTessera (21mm, 3.72 g, 2 h)
Cuirassed bust right, seen from behind; all within wreath
Large III; all within wreath
Buttrey 17/III
Ex Alberto Campana Collection (Numismatica Ars Classica 64, 17 May 2012), lot 2453Ardatirion
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ROME
ƠTessera (13mm, 0.72 g)
Crescent and stars series
Star
Three stars over crescent
Hristova & Jekov, Nikopolis -
Ex Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 235, lot 494
Ardatirion
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ROME. Hadrian , AD 117-138
PB Tessera (20mm, 4.02 g, 12h)
HAD/ AVG
PPF
Rostovtsew 66
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (15mm, 2.46 g, 12 h)
Anchor
HYP
Rostowzew -
Ex Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 267, lot 685 (part of)
Ardatirion
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ROME. "Domitian"
PB Tessera (17mm, 2.14 g)
Figure driving biga right, holding whip in raised hand
DOMI
Rostovtsew 734; Ruggiero 1325-8
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (16mm, 2.42 g)
Draped (?) bust right, palm branch before
Star in crescent
Rostowzew -
Ex J.S. Wagner Collection (Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 250), lot 484 (part of) Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (18mm, 3.54 g, 12 h)
Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia
HEL
Rostowzew 1746, pl. VI, 65; BM 765
Ex Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 267, lot 685 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (14mm, 1.40 g, 12h)
Cornucipia, C H flanking
Aedicula (or lighted altar?); S S flanking
Rostovtsew –
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (14x20mm, 3.17 g, 3h)
Diana advancing right, drawing bow
Deer running right
Cf. Rostowzew 2113 (circular examples)
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (19mm, 4.87 g, 12h)
Dolium rotundum
QFG
Rostowzew –
Ex RBW Collection (Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 376, 15 June 2016), lot 770 (part of); Artemide 5E (19 December 2010), lot 1163 (part of)
A dolium was an exceptionally large ceramic vessel for the storage and processing of foodstuffs.Ardatirion
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ROME. Flaccus-Gallus.
PB Tessera (21mm, 3.17 g, 12h)
FLAC/CVS within wreath
GAL/LVS within wreath
Rostowzew 1417; München 241; Ruggerio 2132
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (15mm, 1.90 g, 6h)
Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia, within triangular frame
(HL)E
Rostovtsew –
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)
The token manufacturer accidentally combined a stock obverse intended for a triangular token with a custom reverse for a circular one. Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (15mm, 2.77 g, 12h)
Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia
LSS
Rostowzew –
Ex RBW Collection (Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 376, 15 June 2016), lot 770 (part of); Artemide 5E (19 December 2010), lot 1163 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (17mm, 2.10 g, 12h)
Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia
M/VE
Rostowzew 2357 corr. (arrangement of rev. legend); BM 700
Ex RBW Collection (Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 376, 15 June 2016), lot 770 (part of); Artemide 5E (19 December 2010), lot 1163 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME. "Trajan"
PB Tessera (24mm, 6.12 g)
Two figures in galley left
TRA
Rostovtsew 63
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME. P. Glitius Gallus
PB Tessera (20mm, 2.89 g, 12h)
P GLITI GALLI, bare head right
Rooster standing right, [holding rostral crown in beak and palm frond in claws]
Rostowzew 1238, pl. IV, 33; BM 932
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)
Though the exact identity of this individual is unknown, he is undoubtedly a member of the gens Glitia. It is tempting to associate him with the P. Glitius L.f. Gallus who was implicated in the Pisonian Conspiracy against the emperor Nero and ultimately exiled to the island of Andros, or his son, P. Glitius P.f. Gallus.Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (18mm, 3.12 g, 12h)
Homonia standing left, holding cornucopia and raising hand; EPA L above
BRITL/ ALAX; palm frond above
Rostovtsew 237 corr. (legends)
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (18mm, 4.04 g)
Juno(?) standing left, holding patera and scepter
CVV/QQQ
Rostovtsew 2586
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (13mm, 2.40 g)
Lion advancing right
MAL
Rostovtsew 613
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (17mm, 2.38 g, 12h)
Mars standing left, holding Victory and spear
Fly
Rostovtsew 188
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (13mm, 1.94 g, 3 h)
Mercury standing facing, holding bag and caduceus
OTR
Rostowzew -
Ex Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 267, lot 685 (part of)
Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (20mm, 3.20 g, 6h)
[MAG M]INERVAL[ES M N]
Minerva or Roma standing left, holding globe and spear
Tablet (?); four styluses (?) above and below; N F flanking
Rostovtsew 876
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (20mm, 4.08 g, 12 h)
Modius with three grain ears
DR
Rostowzew 388. "Draconia Genus" in India ink on reverse
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of). Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (21mm, 3.18 g)
Oyster, with open shell
OSTR/EVM within wreath
Rostovtsew –
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (20mm, 4.57 g, 12h). Saturnalia issue
Palm frond; IO S(AT) across fields
Wreath
Rostowzew 504; Rostowzew & Prou 100
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME. C. Salvidienus
PB Tessera (18mm, 2.82 g, 12h)
Palm frond
C SAL/VIDIE/NV
Rostowzew 1310 corr. (rev. legend); BM 1908
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (19mm, 5.72 g)
Palm frond; wreath to left, S to right
Ampulla atop strigil
Rostovtsew 899, pl. X, 23
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME. Romula Agas(iae?)
PB Tessera (22mm, 7.58 g, 12 h)
ROM/ VLA
Clipeus; A A/ C S
Rostowzew 1478; München 243; Turcan 194-5; Milan 211; Kircheriano 2004-7
Ex Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 267, lot 685 (part of)
Rostowzew cites a surprising twenty-six specimens, including several with square flans.Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (15mm, 2.60 g, 2h)
Silvanus standing left, holding scythe and branch
Bear(?) advancing right
Rostowzew – (but cf. 2982 for an example with a bear)
Ex RBW Collection (Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 376, 15 June 2016), lot 770 (part of); Artemide 5E (19 December 2010), lot 1163 (part of)
The reverse figure is crudely engraved, but clearly not a stag.Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (16mm, 2.60 g)
Head of Sol right
Head of horse right, flail behind
Rostowzew 757. fig. 64; München 166; Milan 134; Kircheriano 1017; BM 413-6
Ex J.S. Wagner Collection (Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 250), lot 484 (part of)
Rostowzew places this with the "Tesserae speculatorum" for use in the Circus.
Ardatirion
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ROME. Durmius Successus
PB Tessera (19mm, 2.74 g)
Three aspects of Hekate
DVR/ SVC
Rostowzew 1210, pl. XI 4 (cast from same mold as illustrated specimen); Turcan 174
Ex Mark Staal Three Graces Collection; Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 232, Lot 515 (part of); purchased from Divus Numismatic, May 2007
Rostowzew places this with the "Tesserae nominibus virorum et mulierum signatae."
Ardatirion
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ROME. L. Volusi Primi
PB Tessera (20mm, 3.65 g)
Three aspects of Hekate
LVOLV/ SIPRIMI
Rostowzew 1345, pl. XI 23 (cast from same mold as illustrated specimen); München 237; Kircheriano 405-8; BM 1349-50
Ex Mark Staal Three Graces Collection; Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 232, Lot 515 (part of); purchased from Mediterranean Coins, April 2004
Rostowzew places this with the "Tesserae nominibus virorum et mulierum signatae."
Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (17mm, 2.96 g, 12 h)
The Charites (the Three Graces) standing, the left and right facing, the middle with back to view
Modius with three grain ears
Rostovtzev 358; Milan 52; München 67-70; BM 1330-3, 1335-8, 1340-1; Staal Appendix A, p. 148 (this coin illustrated)
Ex Mark Staal Three Graces Collection (Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 300), lot 432 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (14mm, 1.30 g, 6 h)
Tree
DI
Cf. Rostowzew 426, pl. III, 48 (similar tree)
Ex Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 267, lot 685 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (15mm, 3.66 g)
Trophy
Aeneas standing left, carrying Anchises and palladium
Rostovtsew 118
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (18mm, 4.06 g, 1 h)
Venus standing left, holding mirror and adjusting hair; TIVS to right
Venus standing left, holding mirror and adjusting hair; palm frond to right
Rostowzew 3091, pl. VIII, 2; München 594
Ex Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 267, lot 685 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (20mm, 2.94 g, 6h)
Victory standing right, holding wreath and palm frond
M
Rostowzew 1956 var. (no letters on obv.). "IVLIA" and "VICTOR" in India ink on obverse, "FARSALI/IA" and "MAXIMA" on reverse
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME
PB Tessera (18mm, 3.01 g)
Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm frond
Trophy
Rostovtsew 131
Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1201 (part of)Ardatirion
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NORTHERN GREECE, Uncertain
PB Tessera (16mm, 4.01 g)
Boar at bay right
Hound standing right
Ex Classical Numismatics Group 85 (15 September 2010), lot 330a
Ardatirion
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NORTHERN GREECE, Uncertain
PB Tessera (14mm, 3.65 g)
Bull standing right
Pitchfork
Ex Classical Numismatics Group 85 (15 September 2010), lot 330cArdatirion
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NORTHERN GREECE, Uncertain
PB Tessera(15mm, 3.98 g)
Female standing left, holding two grain ears
Male(?) reclining left, holding pitchfork
Ex Classical Numismatics Group 85 (15 September 2010), lot 330dArdatirion
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NORTHERN GREECE, Uncertain
PB Tessera (16mm, 3.96 g)
Goat standing right
Bunch of grapes hanging from vine
Ex Classical Numismatics Group 85 (15 September 2010), lot 330bArdatirion
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IONIA, Ephesos
PB Tessera (20mm, 3.30 g)
The Charites (the Three Graces) standing, the left and right facing, the middle with back to view
Blank
Gülbay & Kireç 53 var. (reverse type)
Ex Mark Staal Three Graces Collection; Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 232, lot 515 (part of). Found near Ephesus.Ardatirion
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IONIA, Ephesos
PB Tessera (18mm, 4.03 g)
The Charites (the Three Graces) standing, the left and right facing, the middle with back to view
Blank
Gülbay & Kireç 53 var. (reverse type)
Ex Mark Staal Three Graces Collection (Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 300), lot 432 (part of)Ardatirion
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ROME. Titus. As Caesar, AD 69-79.
Æ As (20mm, 9.84 g, 6 h)
Rome mint. Struck AD 77-78.
Retarrifed under by the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy as 42 nummi, 6th century AD.
Laureate head left; XLII (= mark of value, 42 nummi) carved before bust
Spes standing left, holding flower and raising hem of skirt
For host coin:cf. RIC II 1101. For revaluation: cf. Morrisson, Re-use 19; cf. MEC 1, 76 (Vespasian)
Ex Giamba Collection (Classical Numismatic Group 82, 16 September 2009), lot 1139
Ardatirion
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BYZANTINE. Basileos. Circa 1080-1180
PB Seal (16mm, 5.15 g, 12h)
CΦPA/ ΓIC ΠЄ/ ΦVKA
TωN/ ΛOΓωN/ RACIΛ
Münz Zentrum 161 (11 January 2012), lot 841, otherwise unpublished
Ex Classical Numismatic Group E267, lot 685 (part of)Ardatirion
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EGYPT, Arsinoe (Krokodilopolis)
PB Tessera. (25mm, 7.23 g)
Head of Pharoah right
Serapis seated left on throne, holding scepter
Milne 5442 (Fayûm class); Dattari (Savio) -; Köln 3614
Ex Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 238, lot 295
Milne gives this type to an uncertain city in the Fayûm. Considering the thematic and stylistic similarities with the named piece of Arsinoe, an attribution to this city is probable.Ardatirion
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EGYPT, Athribis
PB Tessera (24mm, 5.17 g, 12h).
Tyche reclining left on couch (hiera klinê, or lectisternium), holding rudder in outstretched right hand and resting head on raised left set on pillow; A[Θ]PI[B]IC/ [Î OΛ]OI above
Nike standing right, holding palm frond and presenting wreath to Serapis standing left, holding long scepter in left hand and raising right
Milne -; Dattari (Savio) -; Köln -
Ex Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 274, lot 288 (there as Memphis).Ardatirion
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EGYPT, Uncertain
PB Tessera (24 mm, 13.90 g)
Athena standing left, holding Nike and grounded shield
AΓO
Milne -; Dattari (Savio) -; Köln 3560
Ex Classical Numismatics Group Electronic Auction 238, lot 294Ardatirion
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EGYPT, Uncertain
PB Tessera (15mm, 2.89 g, 1h)
Draped male bust left, holding spear over shoulder
Bust of Nilus left; palm frond before, cornucopia over shoulder
Milne -; Dattari (Savio) -; Köln -
Ex Greenpoint Collection (Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 287), lot 389Ardatirion
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BRITISH TOKENS, Tudor. temp. Mary–Edward VI.1553-1558.
PB Token (27mm, 5.29 g). St. Nicholas (‘Boy Bishop’) type. Cast in East Anglia (Bury St. Edmund’s?)
Mitre, croizer to right; all within border
Long cross pattée with trefoils in angles; scrollwork border
Rigold, Tokens class X.B, 1; Mitchiner & Skinner group Ra, 1
Ex Classical Numismatic Review XXXIX.1 (Spring 2014), no. 973330
Britain in the late middle ages played host to a popular regional variant of the ‘Feast of Fools’ festival. Every year on the feast of St. Nicholas, a boy was elected from among the local choristers to serve as ‘bishop.’ Dressed in mitre and bearing the croizer of his office, the young boy paraded through the city accompanied by his equally youthful ‘priest’ attendants. The ‘bishop’ performed all the ceremonies and offices of the real bishop, save for the actual conducting of mass. Though this practice was extinguished with the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539, it was briefly revived under Queen Mary, who took particular interest in the festival, when the lucky boy was referred to as ‘Queen Mary’s Child.’ The celebration of the boy bishop died out completely early in the reign of Elizabeth.
Evidence of this custom is particularly prevalent in East Anglia, specifically at Bury St. Edmunds. Beginning in the late 15th century, the region produced numerous lead tokens bearing the likeness of a bishop, often bearing legends relating to the festival of St. Nicholas. Issued in sizes roughly corresponding to groats, half groats, and pennies, these pieces were undoubtedly distributed by the boy bishop himself, and were likely redeemable at the local abbey or guild for treats and sweetmeats. Considering the endemic paucity of small change in Britain at the time, it is likely that, at least in parts of East Anglia, these tokens entered circulation along with the other private lead issues that were becoming common.Ardatirion
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THESSALY, The Oitaioi. Circa 167-146 BC.
AR Hemidrachm (15mm, 2.30 g, 1h)
Herakleia Trachinia mint
Lion’s head left, spear in its jaws
OITAI downward to right, ΩN downward to left, Herakles standing facing, holding club in both hands
Valassiadis 9; BCD Thessaly II 494 (same obverse die)
Ex BCD Collection (Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 290), lot 57; Peus 384 (2 November 2005), lot 199; Vinchon (20 May 1959), lot 483; M. Ratto 11 (16 May 1935), lot 239; R. Ratto (4 April 1927), lot 1023; Naville-Ars Classica V (18 June 1923), lot 1764Ardatirion
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D.175 Charles the Great [Charlemagne] (denier, class 3, Bourges)Charles the Great, king of the Franks (768-840) and Holy Roman emperor (800-814)
Denier (Bourges, class 3, 781-800)
Silver, 1.18 g, 20 mm diameter, die axis 3h
O/ [+CA]RLVS REX FR; cross pattée with a crescent in each quarter
R/ [+B]ITVRICA[S]; carolingian monogram KRLS
For the 3rd type of his coinage, Charles the Great introduced the famous KRLS monogram. This one contains all the letters of Karolvs : the consonants are clearly written at the edges and bound by a lozenge. The vowels are at the center of the monogram: A (using the upper part of the lozenge, O as the whole lozenge and V as the down part of the lozenge).
This monogram still appeared two centuries later in the coinage of Hugh Capet, first capetian king.
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D.609 Louis the Pious (denier, Melle, class 2)Louis the Pious, king of the Franks and Holy Roman emperor (813-840)
Denier (Melle, class 2, 819-822)
Silver, 1.48 g, 20 mm diameter, die axis 3 h
O/ +HLVDOVVICVS IMP; cross pattée
R/ META / . / LLVM
Louis' deniers correspond to his father's (Charles the Great) ``novus denarius'', whose weight is supposed to be near 1.7 g with a certain variability.
This denier is typical of Class 2 of Louis' coinage (819-822).
A circular inscription of the name of the ruler surrounds a cross pattée on the observe. The quite surprising Hlvdovvicvs initially comes from the germanic name Chlodowig ("Clovis"). This one was first transcribed to latin as Chlodowicvs. The initial C then disappeared, which explains the H at the beginning. The w(=vv) finally became a standard v, which gave Lvdovicvs (Louis). The imperial title imp is also given.
The reverse consists of the mint name, in field. The mint name may be split in 2 or 3 lines.
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D.177 Louis the Pious (denier, Bourges, class 2)Louis the Pious, king of the Franks and Holy Roman emperor (813-840)
Denier (Bourges, class 2, 819-822)
Silver, 1.71 g, 21 mm diameter, die axis 2 h
O/ +HLVDOVVICVS IMP; cross pattée
R/ BITV / RIGES
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D.803 Louis the Pious (denier, Quentovic, class 2)Louis the Pious, king of the Franks and Holy Roman emperor (813-840)
Denier (Quentovic, class 2, 819-822)
Silver, 1.55 g, 18 mm diameter, die axis 6h
O/ +HLVDOVVICVS IMP; cross pattée
R/ QVENTO / . / VICVS
Qventovic was a former port close to the English Channel in the northern part of France. It was a prominent trading place until it was abandoned, probably in the 11th century, because of Viking attacks.
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D.416 Louis the Pious (denier, Dorstadt, class 2)Louis the Pious, king of the Franks and Holy Roman emperor (813-840)
Denier (Dorstadt, class 2, 819-822)
Silver, 1.13 g, 19 mm diameter, die axis 12h
O/ +HLVDOVVICVS IMP; cross pattée
R/ DOR / ESTA / TVS
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D.613var Louis the Pious (obol, Melle, class 2)Louis the Pious, king of the Franks and Holy Roman emperor (813-840)
Obol (Melle, class 2, 819-822)
Silver, 0.74 g, 17 mm diameter, die axis 9 h
O/ LVDO / VVIC
R/ +METALLVM; cross pattée
As the value of a denier was quite important (a sheep typically cost 10 deniers during Charles the Great's reign), a smaller coin was needed. Clearly speaking, an obol is a half-denier. The carolingian coinage is typically one of silver deniers and obols. Obols and deniers were usually produced by pairs of the same kind.
Contrary to the related denier, the name of the ruler is here in the field and the mint name surrounds a cross pattée.
The absence of the imperial title made think that the coin had been struck when Louis was king of Aquitaine (before the death of Charles the Great). However there are similar obols with out of Aquitain mints. The absence of the imperial title (as well as an abbreviated name Lvdovvic instead of Hlvdovvicvs) may be due to a lack of space.
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D.180 Louis the Pious (obol, Bourges, class 2)Louis the Pious, king of the Franks and Holy Roman emperor (813-840)
Obol (Bourges, class 2, 819-822)
Silver, 0.64 g, 15 mm diameter, die axis 8 h
O/ LVDO / VVIC
R/ +BITVRIGES; cross pattée
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D.611 Louis the Pious (denier, Melle, class 2)Louis the Pious, king of the Franks and Holy Roman emperor (813-840)
Denier (Melle, class 2, 819-822)
Silver, 1.77 g, 20 mm diameter, die axis 6 h
O/ +HLVDOVVICVS IMP; cross pattée
R/ +METALLVM; cross pattée
The obsverse is similar to the previous denier. The difference is that the mint name is around a cross pattée on the reverse. This type is scarer than the one with the mint name in the field. The presence of both types in a hoard shows that both date from the beginning of Louis' reign and belong to the same Class 2.
Grierson and Blackburn suggest that this difference is due to a misunderstanding of the mint instructions.
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D.612var Louis the Pious (obol, Melle, class 2)Louis the Pious, king of the Franks and Holy Roman emperor (813-840)
Obol (Melle, class 2, 819-822)
Silver, 0.78 g, 15.5 mm diameter, die axis 2 h
O/ +HLVDOVVICVS MP; cross pattée
R/ +METALLVM; cross pattée
The obol of this type is simply a reduced size version but is identical to the related denier.
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