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Anna Ioannovna and sometimes anglicized as Anne ruled as Empress of Russia from 1730 to 1740. Much of her administration was defined or heavily influenced by actions set in motion by her uncle, Peter the Great, such as the lavish building projects in St. Petersburg, funding the Russian Academy of Science, and measures which generally favored the nobility, such as the repeal of a primogeniture law in 1730. In the West, Anna's reign was traditionally viewed as a continuation of the transition from the old Muscovy ways to the European court envisioned by Peter the Great. Within Russia, Anna's reign is often referred to as a "dark era."SH111005. Silver Rouble, Davenport Large 1670, SCWC KM 192.1, aEF, toned, light marks, die crack on rev., weight 26.520 g, maximum diameter 41.3 mm, die axis 0o, Moscow mint, 1732; obverse Б M AHHA IMΠEPATPИЛA ICAMOДEPЖИЛA BCEPOCИCКAЯ, crowned and cuirassed bust right; reverse MOHETA
1732, crown above crowned double-headed eagle, shield on breast ornamented with St. George spearing dragon, garland tied with X on tail, imperial scepter in right talons, imperial orb in left talons; $950.00 (€959.50) 
France, Louis XVI, 10 May 1774 - 4 September 1791 A.D.
Louis XVI, born Louis-Auguste, was the last King of France and Navarre before the French Revolution; during which he was also known as Louis Capet. In 1765, at the death of his father, Louis, Dauphin of France, son and heir apparent of Louis XV of France, Louis-Auguste became the new Dauphin. Upon his grandfather's death on 10 May 1774, he became King of France and Navarre, which he remained until 4 September 1791, when he received the title of King of the French until his suspension on 10 August 1792. Louis XVI was guillotined on 21 January 1793.
The Louis d'or (20 francs) under Louis XVI was minted between 1785 and 1792 and had a dimension of 23 mm, and a weight of 7.6490 g, a fineness of 0.917, and gold content of 0.2255 troy oz.WO111007. Silver Ecu, Duplessy 1708, Ciani 2187, Gadoury 356, SCWC KM 564.10, aEF, lustrous in recessed areas, light tone, flan adjustment marks on rev., light marks, weight 29.356 g, maximum diameter 41.4 mm, die axis 0o, Toulouse mint, 1789; obverse LUD•XVI•D•G•FR•ET•NAV•REX• (LVDOVICVS XIII DEI GRATIA FRANCIAE ET NAVARRAE REX - Louis XIII by the grace of God king of France and of Navarre), bust of Louis XVI left, wearing an embroidered military jacket with the order of the Holy Spirit, hair tied at the nape of the neck with a ribbon, tiny B. DUVIV. F (engraver Pierre-Benjamin Duvivier) on base of bust, small crown (privy mark) below; reverse SIT NOMEN DOMINI BENEDICTVM*1789• (May the name of the Lord be Blessed), crowned arms of France, crowned oval shield with three lis, surrounded by wreath of two oak wreath, M (mintmark) below; the luster is not well captured by the photograph, ex Karl Stephens (Temple City, CA); $675.00 (€681.75)
France, Louis XV the Beloved, 1 September 1715 - 10 May 1774
Louis XV succeeded his great-grandfather Louis XIV at five and reigned 58 years. Until he reached maturity, Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, ruled as regent. Louis did not take sole control until his chief minister, Cardinal Fleury, died in 1743. He ceded New France in N. America to Spain and Great Britain at the conclusion of the disastrous Seven Years' War. He was succeeded by his grandson Louis XVI who perished in the French Revolution. Two of his other grandsons, Louis XVIII and Charles X, occupied the throne after the fall of Napoleon I. Historians generally give his reign very low marks, as wars drained the treasury and set the stage for the French Revolution.WO111010. Silver Ecu, Duplessy 1680, Ciani 2122, Lafaurie 698, Gadoury 322, SCWC KM 512.12, gVF, iridescent toning on luster, scratches, flan adjustment marks; edge lettering: DOMINE SALVUM FAC REGEM (Lord, save the king), weight 29.190 g, maximum diameter 41.8 mm, die axis 180o, Bayonne mint, 1767; obverse LVD•XV•D•G•FR•ET•NAV•REX• (Louis XV, by the Grace of God, king of France and Navarre), young head of Louis XV left, hair tied with a ribbon, tiny JCR (engraver Joseph-Charles Röettiers) on edge of neck, two flowers with crossed stems between two pellets (privy mark) below; reverse •SIT•NOMEN•DOMIN•BENEDICTVM*1767• (May the name of the Lord be blessed), crowned arms of France, crowned oval shield with three lis, surrounded by wreath of two oak wreath, L (mint mark) below; $450.00 (€454.50)
Anglo-Gallic, Henry VI de Lancastre, King of France and England, 1422 - 1453
On 12 December 1422, each mint was assigned a mint-mark to be placed at the beginning of the obverse and reverse legends. The omission of the pellet beside the root mint-mark was ordered 17 July 1432.
In 1422, the year old king of England inherited the French throne from his mad grandfather Charles VI of France; the iconography of this type represents the unification of the two nations. Ten years later Joan of Arc would make an appearance which would eventually loosen the English grip on France until by 1436 only Normandy and part of Maine remained in Henry's control.WO110516. Silver grand blanc aux écus, Elias 285a (R), Ciani 602, Duplessy 445, Lafaurie 449, SCBC-SII 8166; root mintmark, no pellet, VF, toned, weight 3.256 g, maximum diameter 28.0 mm, die axis 0o, Le Mans mint, 17 Jul 1432 - 1448; obverse (root) FRANCORVm: ET: ANGLIE: REX (King of France and England), shields of France (on left) and England (on right), side by side, hERICVS above; reverse (root) SIT: nOmEN: DnI: BENEDICVm (Blessed be the name of the Lord), Latin cross, fleur-de-lis to left, leopard left on right, hERICVS below; ex Goron Andreas Singer; rare; $320.00 (€323.20)
France, Charles VII The Victorious, 1422 - 1461
Charles VII was born in 1403 as the eleventh child and fifth son of Charles VI of France and Isabeau of Bavaria. He was given the title of comte de Ponthieu at his birth. His four elder brothers all died childless, leaving Charles with a rich inheritance of titles. Due to the Treaty of Troyes, in which Charles VI signed for King Henry V of England as his legitimate successor to the throne of France, a new conflict with England was created. The succession was claimed both by the King of England and by the disinherited younger Charles.WO111003. Billon plaque (double gros), Duplessy 480, Ciani 657, Lafaurie 480, Roberts 2906, F, clashed dies, weight 2.966 g, maximum diameter 29.8 mm, die axis 135o, Tournai (Belgium) mint, 10 Dec 1427-7 Jan 1429; obverse (crown) KAROLVS•DEI•GRA•FRANCORV•REX (Charles, by the grace of God, King of the Franks), three lis, two above, one below center; reverse + SIT:NO-ME:NOM-INI:BEN-EDICTV (Blessed be the name of the Lord, dotted C), long cross pattée with F-R-A-C' in quarters; ex Gordon Andreas Singer; rare; $300.00 (€303.00)
Italy, Campobasso, Nicolas I of Montforte, 1422
Robert of Anjou gave Campobasso as a fief to Richard de Montfort in 1326, to reward him for his loyalty. Nicolas I de Montfort was his descendant. Campobasso is the capital of the Molise region and of the province of Campobassoa in southern Italy; located in the high basin of the Biferno river, surrounded by the Sannio and Matese mountains. The main tourist attraction is the Castello Monforte, built by Nicolas II over Lombard or Norman ruins. The castle has Guelph merlons and stands on a commanding point, where traces of ancient settlements (including Samnite walls) have been found. The castle was rebuilt after the earthquakes in 1456 and 1805.ME98087. Billon tornese, Biaggi 538 (R5); CNI XVIII p. 234, 10; cf. MIR 10 369 (stops, Nicolas II), MEC Italy III 938 (same), VF, well centered, light corrosion, light deposits, tiny edge crack, weight 0.673 g, maximum diameter 16.7 mm, die axis 180o, Campobasso mint, 1422; obverse * NICOLOA CONI * (closed C's and unbarred A, rosette stops), Châtel tournois topped with a cross; reverse + • CAmPIbASSI • (closed C and unbarred A's, pellet stops), cross pattée; ex Nomisma SpA (San Marino) auction 31 (Mar 2006), lot 325; very rare; $240.00 (€242.40)
German States, Duchy of Bavaria, Bishopric of Regensburg, Henry X The Proud, 1126 - 1138 A.D.
Henry X the Proud was a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Bavaria (as Henry X) from 1126 to 1138 and Duke of Saxony (as Henry II) as well as Margrave of Tuscany and Duke of Spoleto from 1137 until his death. In 1138 he was a candidate for the election as King of the Romans but was defeated by Conrad of Hohenstaufen.ME91994. Silver dünnpfennig, Emmerig 68 var. (illuminated head slightly right), Bonhoff I 1979 var. (same), gVF, uneven double strike, weak areas, die wear, weight 0.939 g, maximum diameter 25.2 mm, die axis 270o, Bishopric of Regensburg, ducal mint, 1126 - 1138 A.D.; obverse Illuminated head facing; reverse Duke (on right) enthroned left, handing banner to knight standing left before him, knight taking banner with left hand, sword in right hand; ex Münzenhdl. Brom (Berlin); rare; $200.00 (€202.00)
German States, Bishopric of Halberstadt, Gerno von Schembke, 1160 - 1177
The Diocese of Halberstadt was a Roman Catholic diocese from 804 until 1648. From 1180, the bishops or administrators of Halberstadt ruled a state within the Holy Roman Empire, the prince-bishopric of Halberstadt. The diocesan seat and secular capital was Halberstadt in present-day Saxony-Anhalt. Gerno von Schembke was the Bishop of Halberstadt from 1160 to 1177.ME92042. Silver bracteate, cf. Svensson 8.1, BBB I 15.17, Bonhoff I 483, Berger 1325, VF, well centered, toned, parts of legends weakly struck, weight 0.835 g, maximum diameter 25.7 mm, die axis 0o, Halberstadt mint, 1160 - 1177; obverse + S – STEPHANVS PROTOMARTI, bust of St. Stephen facing, nimbate, draped, three pellets left and star right; reverse incuse of obverse; ex Münzenhdl. Brom (Berlin); $200.00 (€202.00)
Sicily (or Sardina?), c. 13 Century A.D.
This coin was part of a group of denari of the Kingdom of Sicily, mostly from the 13th century but some later. Although this coin is apparently unpublished and the attribution is uncertain, it is almost certainly from the same time and place as the rest of the coins. The MI on the coin appears to indicate the denomination. The denaro piccolo or picciolo (plural: denari piccoli), is also known as minutus or minuto (plural: minuti).ME95044. Billon denaro piccolo (minuto), apparently unpublished; attribution is uncertain but we believe most probable; Biaggi -, MEC 14 Italy III -, MIR 10 -, MIR Sicily -, Travaini -, F, dark green patina, small squared flan typical of the area/era, uneven strike, weight 0.348 g, maximum diameter 13.3 mm, uncertain Sicilian or Sardinian mint, c. 13th Century A.D.; obverse mI (for minuto?), legend obscure, mostly off flan; reverse cross pattée, legend obscure, mostly off flan; the only specimen of the type known to FORVM; extremely rare; $200.00 (€202.00)
German States, Prince-Bishopric of Augsburt, Udalschalk von Eschenlohe, 1184 - 1202
ME92216. Silver bracteate pfennig, Bonhoff 1900, Steinhilber Augsburgs 59, Löbbecke 976, gVF, toned, weight 0.836 g, maximum diameter 24.4 mm, die axis 0o, Augsburt mint, 1184 – 1202; obverse bishop's bust facing, annulet lower left and right (left unstruck), within in a nine point gear-shaped frame (crown?), points beaded, all within an inner circle surrounded by crescents interspersed with annulets, pellet within each crescent; reverse incuse of the obverse; ex Münzenhandlung Wolfgang Strücker; $180.00 (€181.80)
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