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AE sestertius. Struck under Claudius, circa 50-54 AD, uncertain eastern provincial mint located in the modern-day Balkans.
Obv : TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG F BRITANNICVS, draped bust left.
Rev : - No legend, Mars advancing left, holding spear and shield, SC in fields. 35mm, 19.4g. Extremely Rare.
Ref : BMCRE 226
Cohen 2
RCV 1908, valued at $32,000 in Fine, which is a few multiples greater than any other sestertius issued during the several centuries the denomination was in use.
A large number of the surviving examples of this series (one may even suggest a majority of them), due to their rarity, have been subjected to modern alteration techniques such as smoothing, tooling, and repatination. As such, it's actually pleasant to see a bit of field roughness and a 'plain brown' patina of old copper on this example, evidence that it is just as ugly as it was the day it was last used in circulation back in Ancient Rome.
Britannicus, originally known as Germanicus after Claudius' older brother, was the emperor's original intended heir and natural son. Machinations by Agrippina II eventually saw Britannicus supplanted by her own son Nero, (by Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus) who took the throne upon Claudius' suspicious death. Britannicus himself died a few years later, reportedly poisoned by his step-brother. The future emperor Titus and Britannicus were close friends, and Titus became quite ill and nearly died after eating from the same poisoned dish that killed Britannicus.R. Smits
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CHINA, N. SONG Dynasty, ZHI HE ZHONG BAO, iron, 3 cash, (1054-55 AD)
Obv: 至重和寶 Zhi He zhong bao
Rev: Blank
Quant.Geek
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China - State of Yan, 400-220 BCCHINA, Eastern Zhou Dynasty. State of Yan. Circa 400-220 BC .
Æ Knife. Ming type.
Hartill 4.4aArdatirion
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Imperial China, Southern Song: Duan Ping (1234-1236) AE 5 Cash (Hartill-17.741)Obv: 端平通寶 Duan Ping tong bao (1234-1236); Long bao
Rev: Blank
Quant.Geek
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Yuan DynastyYuan Rebel Zhang Shicheng
1354 - 1367 CE
Obverse: Tian You Tong Bao
Reverse: Er(2) in seal scriptPericles J2
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"As de Nîmes" or "crocodile" Ӕ dupondius of Nemausus (9 - 3 BC), honoring Augustus and AgrippaIMP DIVI F , Heads of Agrippa (left) and Augustus (right) back to back, Agrippa wearing rostral crown and Augustus the oak-wreath / COL NEM, crocodile right chained to palm-shoot with short dense fronds and tip right; two short palm offshoots left and right below, above on left a wreath with two long ties streaming right.
Ó”, 24.5 x 3+ mm, 13.23g, die axis 3h; on both sides there are remains of what appears to be gold plating, perhaps it was a votive offering? Rough edges and slight scrapes on flan typical for this kind of coin, due to primitive technology (filing) of flan preparation.
IMPerator DIVI Filius. Mint of COLonia NEMausus (currently Nîmes, France). Known as "As de Nîmes", it is actually a dupontius (lit. "two-pounder") = 2 ases (sometimes cut in halves to get change). Dupondii were often made out of a golden-colored copper alloy (type of brass) "orichalcum" and this appears to be such case.
Key ID points: oak-wreath (microphotography shows that at least one leaf has a complicated shape, although distinguishing oak from laurel is very difficult) – earlier versions have Augustus bareheaded, no PP on obverse as in later versions, no NE ligature, palm with short fronds with tip right (later versions have tip left and sometimes long fronds). Not typical: no clear laurel wreath together with the rostral crown, gold (?) plating (!), both features really baffling.
But still clearly a "middle" kind of the croc dupondius, known as "type III": RIC I 158, RPC I 524, Sear 1730. It is often conservatively dated to 10 BC - 10 AD, but these days it is usually narrowed to 9/8 - 3 BC.
It is a commemorative issue, honoring the victory over Mark Antony and conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The heads of Augustus and Agrippa were probably positioned to remind familiar obverses of Roman republican coins with two-faced Janus. Palm branch was a common symbol of victory, in this case grown into a tree, like the victories of Augustus and Agrippa grown into the empire. The two offshoots at the bottom may mean two sons of Agrippa, Gaius and Lucius, who were supposed to be Augustus' heirs and were patrons of the colony. Palm may also be a symbol of the local Nemausian deity, which was probably worshiped in a sacred grove. When these coins were minted, the colony was mostly populated by the settled veterans of Augustus' campaigns, hence the reminiscence of the most famous victory, but some of the original Celtic culture probably survived and was assimilated by Romans. The crocodile is not only the symbol of Egypt, like in the famous Octavian's coins AEGYPTO CAPTA. It is also a representation of Mark Antony, powerful and scary both in water and on land, but a bit slow and stupid. The shape of the crocodile with tail up was specifically chosen to remind of the shape of ship on very common "legionary" denarius series, which Mark Antony minted to pay his armies just before Actium. It is probably also related to the popular contemporary caricature of Cleopatra, riding on and simultaneously copulating with a crocodile, holding a palm branch in her hand as if in triumph. There the crocodile also symbolized Mark Antony.
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa was born c. 64-62 BC somewhere in rural Italy. His family was of humble and plebeian origins, but rich, of equestrian rank. Agrippa was about the same age as Octavian, and the two were educated together and became close friends. He probably first served in Caesar's Spanish campaign of 46–45 BC. Caesar regarded him highly enough to send him with Octavius in 45 BC to train in Illyria. When Octavian returned to Rome after Caesar's assassination, Agrippa became his close lieutenant, performing many tasks. He probably started his political career in 43 BC as a tribune of the people and then a member of the Senate. Then he was one of the leading Octavian's generals, finally becoming THE leading general and admiral in the civil wars of the subsequent years.
In 38 as a governor of Transalpine Gaul Agrippa undertook an expedition to Germania, thus becoming the first Roman general since Julius Caesar to cross the Rhine. During this foray he helped the Germanic tribe of Ubii (who previously allied themselves with Caesar in 55 BC) to resettle on the west bank of the Rhine. A shrine was dedicated there, possibly to Divus Caesar whom Ubii fondly remembered, and the village became known as Ara Ubiorum, "Altar of Ubians". This quickly would become an important Roman settlement. Agrippina the Younger, Agrippa's granddaughter, wife of Emperor Claudius and mother of Emperor Nero, would be born there in 15 AD. In 50 AD she would sponsor this village to be upgraded to a colonia, and it would be renamed Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (colony of Claudius [at] the Altar of Agrippinians – Ubii renamed themselves as Agrippinians to honor the augusta!), abbreviated as CCAA, later to become the capital of new Roman province, Germania Inferior.
In 37 BC Octavian recalled Agrippa back to Rome and arranged for him to win the consular elections, he desperately needed help in naval warfare with Sextus Pompey, the youngest son of Pompey the Great, who styled himself as the last supporter of the republican cause, but in reality became a pirate king, an irony since his father was the one who virtually exterminated piracy in all the Roman waters. He forced humiliating armistice on the triumvirs in 39 BC and when Octavian renewed the hostilities a year later, defeated him in a decisive naval battle of Messina. New fleet had to be built and trained, and Agrippa was the man for the job. Agrippa's solution was creating a huge secret naval base he called Portus Iulius by connecting together lakes Avernus, Avernus and the natural inner and outer harbors behind Cape Misenum at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples. He also created a larger type of ship and developed a new naval weapon: harpax – a ballista-launched grapnel shot with mechanisms that allowed pulling enemy ships close for easy boarding. It replaced the previous boarding device that Romans used since the First Punic War, corvus – effective, but extremely cumbersome. A later defence against it were scythe blades on long poles for cutting ropes, but since this invention was developed in secret, the enemy had no chance to prepare anything like it. It all has proved extremely effective: in a series of naval engagements Agrippa annihilated the fleet of Sextus, forced him to abandon his bases and run away. For this Agrippa was awarded an unprecedented honour that no Roman before or after him received: a rostral crown, "corona rostrata", a wreath decorated in front by a prow and beak of a ship.
That's why Virgil (Aeneid VIII, 683-684), describing Agrippa at Actium, says: "…belli insigne superbum, tempora navali fulgent rostrata corona." "…the proud military decoration, gleams on his brow the naval rostral crown". Actium, the decisive battle between forces of Octavian and Mark Antony, may appear boring compared to the war with Sextus, but it probably turned out this way due to Agrippa's victories in preliminary naval engagements and taking over all the strategy from Octavian.
In between the wars Agrippa has shown an unusual talent in city planning, not only constructing many new public buildings etc., but also greatly improving Rome's sanitation by doing a complete overhaul of all the aqueducts and sewers. Typically, it was Augustus who later would boast that "he had found the city of brick but left it of marble", forgetting that, just like in his naval successes, it was Agrippa who did most of the work. Agrippa had building programs in other Roman cities as well, a magnificent temple (currently known as Maison Carrée) survives in Nîmes itself, which was probably built by Agrippa.
Later relationship between Augustus and Agrippa seemed colder for a while, Agrippa seemed to even go into "exile", but modern historians agree that it was just a ploy: Augustus wanted others to think that Agrippa was his "rival" while in truth he was keeping a significant army far away from Rome, ready to come to the rescue in case Augustus' political machinations fail. It is confirmed by the fact that later Agrippa was recalled and given authority almost equal to Augustus himself, not to mention that he married Augustus' only biological child. The last years of Agrippa's life were spent governing the eastern provinces, were he won respect even of the Jews. He also restored Crimea to Roman Empire. His last service was starting the conquest of the upper Danube, were later the province of Pannonia would be. He suddenly died of illness in 12 BC, aged ~51.
Agrippa had several children through his three marriages. Through some of his children, Agrippa would become ancestor to many subsequent members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He has numerous other legacies.Yurii P
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01 - ChinaChina - Ruler Chia-Ch'ing (1796-1820) Tung Ming, Yunnan.rexesq
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02 - China, Republic - 10 Cash coin-
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The Republic of China
1920 (ND) - Ten Cash
(Titles in Chinese, some in English)
obv: Crossed Flags.
Weight: 6.5 Grams
Size: 31 mm
ex Old Pueblo Coin Exchange, Tucson, Arizona. USA.
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*NOTE: Coin next to a modern USA State Quarter-Dollar (25 cents) in this photo for size comparison.
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-rexesq
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02 - China, Republic - 10 Cash coin.-
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The Republic of China
1920 (ND) - Ten Cash
(Titles in Chinese, some in English)
obv: Crossed Flags.
Weight: 6.5 Grams
Size: 31 mm
ex Old Pueblo Coin Exchange, Tucson, Arizona. USA.
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*NOTE: Coin next to a modern USA State Quarter-Dollar (25 cents) in this photo for size comparison.
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-rexesq
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069 Eric of PomeraniaSterling of Eric of Pomerania, king of Denmark (1396-1439), Norway (1389-1442), and Sweden (1396-1439)
Mint: Lund
Galster 9
O: ERICVS REX D S N
R: MOnETA LVnDEnSI
Eric of Pomerania, born Bogislaw, but renamed Eric to be more acceptable to the Scandinavians, became king of the three Nordic countries due to the political machinations of his great-aunt, Margaret. Eric was crowned at Kalamar, and the united three countries are known to history as the Kalamar Union. Eric was an active and energetic ruler, but his attempt to control trade in the Baltic Sea led to conflict with the powerful Hanseatic League, as well to discontent with the merchant class of Scandinavia, and this ultimately led to Eric's downfall. He was deposed as king of the three countries, though the union would continue for a while yet.
Popular legend is that Eric became a pirate after his reigns ended.
Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection
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073a. DiocletianAugustus/Co-Augustus 284-305
Dalmatian who rose to power by defeating Carinus. Established the Tetrarchy, a system of two emperors and two caesars. Although perhaps logical in theory, it faced problems relatively quickly. The machinations involving the power struggles among the augusti and caesars are much too complicated to give a thumbnail sketch, but began soon after the creation of the system and led to its collapse. Diocletian ruled the East with his capital at Nicomedia. He associated himself with Jupiter and tried to stamp out Christianity. He retired in 305 to his villa in what is now Split, Croatia, and lived until about 316.
lawrence c
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1792 AE Halfpenny Token. Yarmouth, Norfolk.Obverse: LET YARMOUTH FLOURISH :. Coat of Arms of Yarmouth over crossed sprigs of oak. Small incuse rosette countermark in field to right of shield. The Coat of Arms combines three lion's heads from the Royal Arms with the tails of three silver herrings, believed to come from the original arms of Yarmouth.
Reverse: YARMOUTH HALFPENNY. Three masted ship sailing right; 1792, in panel below.
Edge: PAYABLE AT THE GLASS WAREHOUSE OF W. ABSOLON • X •.
Diameter 29mm | Die Axis 6
Dalton & Hamer: 52
This token was issued by William Absolon (1751 – 1815), a British ceramist who, from 1784, sold English and foreign china and glass but also later offered gilding, enameling and painting services at his shop, No 4, at the lower end of Market Row in Yarmouth.
Absolon bought in wares from the Wedgewood, Davenport, Turner and Staffordshire factories, which he then decorated. He painted dessert services with botanical subjects with the Latin name of the plant inscribed on the plate or dish and also his mark; Absolon Yarm and No 25. He also decorated Turner Ware and Cream Ware Jugs adding mottoes, such as; a Trifle from Yarmouth, or Success to the Trade. Absolon died in 1815 and although his business continued, the quality declined. Today, his work attracts high prices at auction.*Alex
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1902 BRITISH OVERSEAS TRADE AR DOLLAR, struck under EDWARD VIIObverse: • ONE DOLLAR •. Britannia standing on shore, facing left, left hand gripping top of shield, right hand holding trident; ship in full sail sailing left behind her; 1902 in exergue.
Reverse: Arabesque design with a Chinese labyrinth, one of the many variations of the Chinese character "shou" for longevity, in the centre, and the denomination in two languages, Chinese and Jawi Malay, the two main languages of the intended areas of circulation.
Diameter: 39mm | Weight: 26.9gms.
The dies were originally designed by George William De Saulles (1862 - 1903), who was later responsible for Edward VII's portrait on the British coinage as well as the reverse of that king's iconic florin which has a passing resemblance to the portrayal of Britannia on this coin.
British Trade Dollars were a direct result of the Opium Wars which began when China tried to stop Britain from selling opium to its citizens. The loser, China, had to open up a number of ports to British trade and residence, as well as ceding Hong Kong to Britain. In the decades that followed, merchants and adventurers flocked to these areas, and international trade flourished. Foreign banks were established and silver coins from all over the world began arriving to pay for tea, silk and Chinese porcelain to be shipped abroad. With the extension of British trading interests throughout the East, it became necessary to produce a special Dollar so as to remove the reliance of a British Colony upon the various foreign coins then in circulation. These .900 fine silver British Trade Dollars began being minted in 1895 and were readily accepted as a medium of exchange throughout the area. They continued being minted up until 1935 when production ceased, but coins struck in 1934 and 1935 are very rare because they were not released into circulation and were mostly melted down. The coin was officially demonetised on August 1st, 1937.
To keep up with demand these coins were minted in Bombay (now Mumbai) and Calcutta (now Kolkata) in India as well as at the Royal Mint in London. The London minted coins have no mint-mark but those struck at Bombay have the mint-mark "B" in the centre prong of Britannia's trident and those minted at Calcutta are marked with a small "C" in the ground between Britannia's left foot and the base of her shield. This coin is a product of the Bombay mint.*Alex
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1995 Chinese 1oz Silver PandaChina, 1oz Silver Panda, 10 Yuan, 1995, SCWC KM 732.2, PAN-248C, small twig, large date variety, UNC, engraved by China Gold Coin Incorporation, edge milled, 31.21g (ASW 1oz), composition 0.999 Ag, diameter 40.0mm, thickness 2.98mm, die axis 0°, Shenyang mint, 1995; obverse 中华人民共和国 (People's Republic of China) arcing above and large 1995 arcing below around inner linear circle, Hall of Prayer for Abundant Harvests in the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, raised border surrounding; reverse .999 1oz Ag arcing above, panda sitting on branch eating small twig with three leaves, 10元 (Yuan) to lower right of branch, raised border surrounding; from the Roger Belmar Collection; ex Baldwin's (9 Nov 2023); £65.00.Serendipity
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1eo Jovian363-364
AE 3, Heraclea
Diademed bust left, draped & cuirassed, D N IOVIANVS P F AVG
VOT V MVLT X in wreath, Mintmark HERACA
RIC 110A
Zosimus recorded: A meeting of the officers and soldiers was afterwards convened, in order to appoint a successor to the empire : since it would be impossible for them without a ruler to avoid the dangers to which they were exposed in the midst of an enemy's country. The general voice was in favour of Jovianus, the son of Varronianus, tribune of the domestic forces. When Jovian had assumed the purple and the diadem, he directed his course homewards with all possible speed. . . . They then marched forward four days, continually harassed by the enemy, who followed them when they were proceeding, but fled when the Romans offered any resistance. At length, having gained some distance of the enemy, they resolved to crops the Tigris. For this purpose they fastened skins together, and floated over. When the greater part had gained the opposite bank, the commanders crossed over in safety with the remainder. The Persians, however, still accompanied them, and followed them with a large army so assiduously, that the Romans were in perpetual danger, both from the unfavourable circumstances in which they were placed, and from the want, of provisions. Although the Roman army was in this condition, the Persians were willing to treat for peace, and for that purpose sent Surenas with other |90 officers to the Roman camp. Jovian, upon hearing this, sent to them Sallustius, prefect of the court, together with Aristaeus, who, after some discussion, agreed on a truce for thirty years. The conditions were, that the Romans should give up to the Persians the country of the Rabdiceni, and that of the Candueni, Rhemeni, and Zaleni, besides fifteen castles in those provinces, with the inhabitants, lands, cattle, and all their property ; that Nisibis should be surrendered without its inhabitants, who were to be transplanted into whatever colony the Remans pleased. The Persians also deprived the Romans of great part of Armenia, leaving them but a very small part of it. The truce having been concluded on these conditions, and ratified on both sides, the Romans had an opportunity of returning home unmolested, neither party offering or sustaining any injury, either by open force; or secret machination.
Jovian marched through all the towns in great speed, because they were so filled with grief [because they were being given over to Persian rule], that the inhabitants could not look patiently on him; such being the custom and disposition of those countries. Taking with him the imperial guard, he proceeded to Antioch. . . . Jovian now turning his attention to the affairs of government, made various arrangements, and sent Lucilianus his father-in-law, Procopius, and Valentinian, who was afterwards emperor, to the armic.s in Pannoriia, to inform them of the death of Julian, and of his being chosen emperor. The Bavarians who were at Sirmium, and were left there for its protection, as soon as they received the news, put to death Lucilianus who brought such unwelcome intelligence, without regard to his relationship to the emperor. Such was the respect they had to Jovian's relations, that Valentinian himself only escaped from the death they intended to inflict on him. Jovianus proceeding from Antioch towards Constantinople, suddenly fell sick at Dadostana in Bithynia, and died after a reign of eight months, in which short time he had not been able to render the public any essential service.
Blindado
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2018 Chinese 30g Gold PandaChina, 30g Gold Panda, 500 Yuan, 2018, SCWC KM 2443, UNC, engraved by China Gold Coin Incorporation, reeded slanted left, weight 30.0g (AGW 0.9636oz), composition 0.999 Au, diameter 32.0mm, thickness 2.7mm, die axis 0°, Shenzhen Guobao mint, 2018; obverse 中华人民共和国 (People's Republic of China) incuse arcing above and 2018 incuse arcing below around raised rim, Hall of Prayer for Abundant Harvests in the Temple of Heaven in Beijing; reverse 30 g Au .999 incuse arcing above, head of panda facing half-right eating bamboo leaves, 500 元 (Yuan) incuse in exergue, raised border surrounding; from the Roger Belmar Collection; ex Chards (13 Sep 2019); £1,252.07.Serendipity
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2018 Chinese 30g Silver Panda (13 PCS)China, 30g Silver Panda, 10 Yuan, 2018 (13 pcs), SCWC KM 2410, UNC, engraved by China Gold Coin Incorporation, reeded slanted left, weight 30.0g (ASW 0.9636oz), composition 0.999 Ag, diameter 40.0mm, thickness 2.98mm, die axis 0°, Shenzhen Guobao mint, 2018; obverse 中华人民共和国 (People's Republic of China) incuse arcing above and 2018 incuse arcing below around raised rim, Hall of Prayer for Abundant Harvests in the Temple of Heaven in Beijing; reverse 30 g Ag .999 incuse arcing above, head of panda facing half-right eating bamboo leaves, 10 元 (Yuan) incuse in exergue, raised border surrounding; from the Roger Belmar Collection; ex Chards (18 May 2019); £278.59.Serendipity
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702a, Augustus, 16 January 27 B.C. - 19 August 14 A.D.Augustus, 27 BC - 14 AD. AE 19mm (5.98 gm). Lydia, Sardeis. Diodoros Hermophilou. Obverse: head right. Reverse: Zeus Lydios standing facing holding scepter and eagle. RPC I, 489, 2986; SNG von Aulock 3142. aVF. Fine portrait. Ex Tom Vossen.
De Imperatoribus Romanis:
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers
AUGUSTUS (31 B.C. - 14 A.D.)
Garrett G. Fagan
Pennsylvania State University
In the course of his long and spectacular career, he put an end to the advancing decay of the Republic and established a new basis for Roman government that was to stand for three centuries. This system, termed the "Principate," was far from flawless, but it provided the Roman Empire with a series of rulers who presided over the longest period of unity, peace, and prosperity that Western Europe, the Middle East and the North African seaboard have known in their entire recorded history. Even if the rulers themselves on occasion left much to be desired, the scale of Augustus's achievement in establishing the system cannot be overstated. Aside from the immense importance of Augustus's reign from the broad historical perspective, he himself is an intriguing figure: at once tolerant and implacable, ruthless and forgiving, brazen and tactful. Clearly a man of many facets, he underwent three major political reinventions in his lifetime and negotiated the stormy and dangerous seas of the last phase of the Roman Revolution with skill and foresight. With Augustus established in power and with the Principate firmly rooted, the internal machinations of the imperial household provide a fascinating glimpse into the one issue that painted this otherwise gifted organizer and politician into a corner from which he could find no easy exit: the problem of the succession.
(For a very detailed and interesting account of the Age of Augustus see: http://www.roman-emperors.org/auggie.htm)
Death and Retrospective
In his later years, Augustus withdrew more and more from the public eye, although he continued to transact public business. He was getting older, and old age in ancient times must have been considerably more debilitating than it is today. In any case, Tiberius had been installed as his successor and, by AD 13, was virtually emperor already. In AD 4 he had received grants of both proconsular and tribunician power, which had been renewed as a matter of course whenever they needed to be; in AD 13, Tiberius's imperium had been made co-extensive with that of Augustus. While traveling in Campania, Augustus died peacefully at Nola on 19 August, AD 14. Tiberius, who was en route to Illyricum, hurried to the scene and, depending on the source, arrived too late or spent a day in consultation with the dying princes. The tradition that Livia poisoned her husband is scurrilous in the extreme and most unlikely to be true. Whatever the case about these details, Imperator Caesar Augustus, Son of a God, Father of his Country, the man who had ruled the Roman world alone for almost 45 years, or over half a century if the triumviral period is included, was dead. He was accorded a magnificent funeral, buried in the mausoleum he had built in Rome, and entered the Roman pantheon as Divus Augustus. In his will, he left 1,000 sesterces apiece to the men of the Praetorian guard, 500 to the urban cohorts, and 300 to each of the legionaries. In death, as in life, Augustus acknowledged the true source of his power.
The inscription entitled "The Achievements of the Divine Augustus" (Res Gestae Divi Augustae; usually abbreviated RG) remains a remarkable piece of evidence deriving from Augustus's reign. The fullest copy of it is the bilingual Greek and Latin version carved into the walls of the Temple of Rome and Augustus at Ancyra in Galatia (for this reason the RG used to be commonly referred to as the Monumentum Ancyranum). Other evidence, however, demonstrates that the original was inscribed on two bronze pillars that flanked the entrance to the Mausoleum of Augustus in Rome. The inscription remains the only first-person summary of any Roman emperor's political career and, as such, offers invaluable insights into the Augustan regime's public presentation of itself.
In looking back on the reign of Augustus and its legacy to the Roman world, its longevity ought not to be overlooked as a key factor in its success. People had been born and reached middle age without knowing any form of government other than the Principate. Had Augustus died earlier (in 23 BC, for instance), matters may have turned out very differently. The attrition of the civil wars on the old Republican aristocracy and the longevity of Augustus, therefore, must be seen as major contributing factors in the transformation of the Roman state into a monarchy in these years. Augustus's own experience, his patience, his tact, and his great political acumen also played their part. All of these factors allowed him to put an end to the chaos of the Late Republic and re-establish the Roman state on a firm footing. He directed the future of the empire down many lasting paths, from the existence of a standing professional army stationed at or near the frontiers, to the dynastic principle so often employed in the imperial succession, to the embellishment of the capital at the emperor's expense. Augustus's ultimate legacy, however, was the peace and prosperity the empire was to enjoy for the next two centuries under the system he initiated. His memory was enshrined in the political ethos of the Imperial age as a paradigm of the good emperor; although every emperor adopted his name, Caesar Augustus, only a handful earned genuine comparison with him.
Copyright © 1999, Garrett G. Fagan.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Augustus (the first Roman emperor, in whose reign Jesus Christ was born) is without any doubt one of the most important figures in Roman history.
It is reported that when he was near death, Augustus addressed those in attendance with these words, "If I have played my part well, applaud!"
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr Cleisthenes
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Ancient ChinaStone imitation of Cowrie shellsecoli
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Ancient ChinaStone copy of cowrie shellsecoli
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Ancient China, Bone imitation of cowrie shellecoli
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Ancient China: Shou and Zhang Dynasty (18th-6th Century BCE) Cowrie Shells (Hartill-1.1)Quant.Geek
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Ant Nose Money (Yi Bi Qian)China, State of Chu
440-220 B.C.
Ant Nose Money 13,8mm 1,4g.
D/ "Ghost Face".
Hartill 1.4Matteo
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Ant Nose Money (Yi Bi Qian)China, State of Chu
440-220 B.C.
Ant Nose Money 14mm 1,5g.
D/ "Ghost Face".
Hartill 1.4Matteo
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Antiquities & Ancient ArtChina bronze arrowhead
Triangular biblades with long tang
central raised ridge for strength
and long barbs.
50 x 17mm / 5.8g
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Antiquities & Ancient ArtChina bronze arrowhead
Triangular biblades with long tang
central raised ridge for strength
and long barbs.
48 x 17mm / 8.6g
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Ban Liang - Qin Dynasty (300-200 B.C.)China, Qin Dynasty
300-200 B.C.
Ban Liang 31mm 6.4g
Hartill 7.7Matteo
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CH'ANG PING WU SHUChina
NORTHERN CH'I DYNASTY
AD 550-577
The Northern Ch'i Dynasty was founded by Wen Hsuan Ti, the Son of a general who helped overthrow the Northern Wei in AD 535 and the Eastern Wei in AD 550. They existed alongside the Northern Zhou Dynasty, which was established under similar circumstances by a different general, until conquered by them in AD 577
2.4mm, 4g
S-242Samson L2
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CH'IEN-T'UNG Y'UNG-PAOLiao Dynasty (foreign tribe to China)
Bronze 1 cash,
Minted by Emperor T'IEN CHA,
reign title: CH'IEN-T'UNG, AD 1101-1110
23mm, 2.9g
S-1073Samson L2
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CH'ING-NING T'UNG-PAOLiao Dynasty (foreign tribe to China)
Bronze 1 cash
Minted under Emperor TAO TSUNG,
reign title: CH'ING-NING, AD 1055-1064
24.9mm, 3.85g
S1066
The Liao were a Tartar Dynasty known as the Ch'i-tan or Ki-tan Tartars, first established by T'ai Tsu in AD 907 during the period of the 5 dynasties. The dynasty lasted for 218 years until AD 1125, ruling from their capital at Beijing. For most of their existence they existed along side the Northern Sung Dynasty, in what appears to be somewhat less than peaceful co-existance.
Samson L2
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CH'ING-YUAN, Southern Song, 1195.Southern Song, China
Cast Iron
Mint: T'ung-an district in Fuken
Year: First year of Ch'ing-Yuan, 1195
ecoli
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Cha Bu Wu BaiXin Dynasty
Emperor Wang Mang
7 - 23 CE
AE 500 Cash
Part of "Ten spades" series cast from 10 - 14 CE
Obverse: Cha Bu Wu Bai (Servant Spade) Five Hundred.
Reverse: Blank
Length: 42mm
(Harthill 9.24)Pericles J2
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Chinay400.2 - 20 Cash - Republic of China
Hunan - 1911+
Y11j - 20 Cash - Tai Ching, Guang Xu
Hupeh - 1906
Y394.1 - 50 Cents - Republic of China
Honan - 1911+
Y190 - 1 Cash - Ching Dyn., Guang Xu
Kwangtung - 1890-1898Daniel F
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ChinaC#2-1.1 - 1 cash, Boo Yuwan (Peking) Bd. Of Pub Works, Ch’ien Lung - 1736-1795
C#2-3.1 - 1 cash, Boo Yuwan (Peking) Bd. Of Pub Works Tao Kuang - 1821-1851
C#5-1.1 - 1 cash, Boo Ji, Chihli Mint, Paoting, CHIHLI, Ch’ien Lung - 1736-1795
Y#190 - 10 cash, Boo Guwang, Canton, Kwangtung, Kuang Hsu, (1875-1908) - 1890-1908
C26.1 - 1 cash, Boo Yon, Yun Mint, Yunnanfu, YUNNAN, Ch’ien Lung - 1736-1795
C#26-3.1 - 1 cash, Boo Yon, Yun Mint, Yunnanfu, YUNNAN Tao Kuang - 1821-1850
C#26-9.1 - 1 cash, Boo Yon, Yun Mint, Yunnanfu, YUNNAN, Kuang Hsu - 1875-1908Daniel F
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CHINA - 10 Kingdoms: Former Shu KingdomCHINA - 10 Kingdoms: Former Shu Kingdom. AE Cash, OBV.: Xian Kang Yuan Bao/REV.: Plain. Minted 925 A.D. by Wang Yan (918-925 A.D.), son of Wang Jian. Hartill #15.46.dpaul7
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CHINA - 10 Kingdoms: Former Shu KingdomCHINA - 10 Kingdoms: Former Shu Kingdom, AE Cash, OBV.: Guang Tian Yuan Bao/REV.: Plain. Minted in 918 A.D. by Wang Jian (907-918 A.D.). Hartill #15.38.
David Hartill's book quotes Schjoth, saying: "The currency of father and son of the Wang family was coarse and vile. Those seen at the present day are unfinished, sometimes with a smooth reverse; sometimes with a rim. Wang Jian began his career as a village thief; he enlisted as a soldier, rose through the ranks, and by 901 was virtually an independent ruler, with his capital at Chengdu, in Sichuan. His regime provided a peaceful haven for artists and poets."dpaul7
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CHINA - 3 KINGDOMS PERIOD - KINGDOM OF SHUCHINA - 3 KINGDOMS PERIOD - KINGDOM OF SHU. This Wu Zhu was cast from AD 214 to 263 in the Kingdom Shu during the period of China's Three Kingdoms. Diameter: about 21.5 mm. w/ both inner and outer rims. It is Schjoth #224 or Fisher's Ding #525 or David Hartill #10.10.
dpaul7
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CHINA - Anhwei ProvinceCHINA - Anhwei Province, Emperor Zai Tian - Guang Xu Reign (1875-1908) AE 10 Cash. Reference: Y-36.2.dpaul7
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CHINA - Ban LiangCHINA - AE Ban Liang Qin/Han Dynasty Style. (220-180 B.C.) Obverse: BAN LIANG (Half Ounce). Reverse: Plain and flat. Hartill #7.8dpaul7
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China - Ceramic mold for Wang Mang spadesWang Mang
Xin Dynasty
Ceramic coin mold
For "Da Bu Heng Quan", valued at 1 liang
Cf. Hartill 9.29
Ardatirion
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China - Cheng Zu, 1403-1424 ADCHINA, Ming Dynasty. ChéngzÇ”. Yong Le reign, 1402-1424
Æ Wen. Yong Le Tong Bao
Hartill 20.122; Ming 546
Ardatirion
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CHINA - DA GUANCash coin, Northern Song Dynasty - Emperor Hui Zong - Da Guan Reign (1107-1110). Calligraphy is very admired; it is Slender Gold Script - the Emperor's personal calligraphy. H-16.418. S-629.dpaul7
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CHINA - DA SHUN (ZHANG XIANZHONG)Ming Rebels - Zhang Zianzhong - Da Shun reign title - 1644-1647. Variety with open Bao. Gong on reverse. H-21.8 - S-1328. dpaul7
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CHINA - DA ZHONGZhu Yuanzhang (Prince of Wu) - Later to become First Ming Dynasty Emperor - Reign Title Da Zhong (1361-1368). Cash. H-20.1 - S-1127.dpaul7
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CHINA - EAST HOPEICHINA - EAST HOPEI - Japanese Puppet State, 1 Chiao, 1937. Cu-Ni. Y#519.dpaul7
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CHINA - EASTERN HANCHINA - EASTERN HAN - JIAN WU reign of Emperor GUANG WU DI (25-56 AD). AE Wu Zhu coin. Hartil #10.2.dpaul7
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CHINA - Eastern Han DynastyCHINA - Eastern Han Dynasty, Wu Zhu, attributed to Emperor Ling Di (168-189). Onv.: WU ZHU. Reverse: 4 rays emanating from hole corners. Reference: Hartill #10.3.dpaul7
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China - Eastern Han Dynasty, Wu Zhu type under Guang Wu Di, 25-56 ADEastern Han Dynasty
Wu Zhu type, under Guang Wudi, 25-56 AD
Hartill 10.2; Thierry 46Ardatirion
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China - Eastern Han Dynasty, Wu Zhu type, 144-200 ADEastern Han Dynasty
Wu Zhu type 144-200 AD
Hartill 10.2; Thierry 54Ardatirion
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China - Eastern Jin Dynasty, wu zhu type, 265-316 ADEastern Jin Dynasty
Wu Zhu type, dot at top right, 265-316 AD
Hartill 10.17; Thierry 60Ardatirion
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CHINA - Emperor De ZongCHINA - Emperor De Zong, Guang Xu Reign (1875-1908) Cu 10 Cash, 1902-1905, Hu Peh Province. Obv.: Hu-Peh Province/10 Cash around dragon. Rev.: Chinese and Manchu characters stating value, province and reign. Reference: Y-122.dpaul7
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CHINA - Emperor De ZongCHINA - Emperor De Zong, Guang Xu Reign (1875-1908) Cu 10-Cash, Hu-Peh Province. Obv.: Dragon, TAI CHING TI KUO COPPER COIN series. Rev.: Chinese and Machu lettering stating reign and province. Note the central figure: That is the province indicator. Reference: Y-10j.3.dpaul7
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CHINA - Emperor De ZongCHINA - Emperor De Zong, Guang Xu Reign (1875-1908) Cu 10 Cash, Chekiang Province, 1903-1906. Obv.: Beautiful dragon around pearl. Rev.: Chinese and manchu characters indicating reign, denominaation and province. Reference: Y-49.1.dpaul7
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CHINA - Emperor De ZongCHINA - Emperor De Zong, Guang Xu Reign (1875-1908) 1 Cash, machine struck, 1889-1890. Guangdong, Guangzhou Province. The non-traditional reverse did not please the Imperial Court, so this issue was short-lived. Hartil #22.1334.dpaul7
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CHINA - Emperor De ZongCHINA - Emperor De Zong, Guang Xu Reign (1875-1908) Cu 10 Cash, 1907. Tai Ching Ti Kuo Copper Coin series. Reference: Y-10.5.dpaul7
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CHINA - Emperor De ZongCHINA - Emperor De Zong, Guang Xu Reign (1875-1908) Cu 1-Cent, 1900-1906. Kwang Tung Province. Reference: Y-192.dpaul7
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CHINA - Emperor De ZongCHINA - Emperor De Zong - Guang Xu Reign (1875-1908). Kirin Province, Cu 10 Cashes, ca. 1903. Obv.: Dragon in beaded circle, KIRIN *10 CASHES *. Rev: Manchu characters in center, surrounded by GUANG XU YUAN BAO (光緒元寳). Outer legend surrounds. Reference: Y-177.3.dpaul7
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CHINA - Emperor De Zong, Guang Xu ReignCHINA - Emperor De Zong, Guang Xu Reign (1875-1908) 1 Cash, Kaifeng, Henan Province. Obv.: Guanx Xu Tong Bao (Top-Bottom-RIght-Left) in Standard Script. Rev.: BOO HE in Manchu script; crescent above, dot below. Minted 1898-1905. Hartill #22.1350.dpaul7
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CHINA - EMPEROR GAO ZONG - JIAN YAN REIGNSouthern Song Dynasaty, Emperor Gao Zong (1127-1162) - Jian Yan Reign (1127-1130). 2 Cashs, AE. Li Script. H-17.29. S-676.dpaul7
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CHINA - EMPEROR GUANG ZONG - SHAO XI REIGNEMPEROR GUANG ZONG (1190-1194) Shao Xi Reign (1190-1194). Southern Song Dynasty. Shao Xi Tong Bao iron coin, issued by the Qichun mint in AD 1192 in China. Valued at 2 cash. In seal script. Hartill #17.369 or Fisher's Ding #1241 or Schjoth #782. The 2 characters on reverse of this iron coin are CHUN SAN or CHUN 3, which represented that this coin was cast in Qichun mint in AD 1192, the 3rd year of Shao Xi. dpaul7
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CHINA - Emperor Hui Zong, Chong Ning ReignCHINA - Emperor Hui Zong (1101-1125), Chong Ning Reign (1102-1106). 10 Cash. Legend: CHONG NING ZHONG BAO, in Li Script, large characters. Hartill #16.407.dpaul7
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CHINA - EMPEROR NING ZONG - JIA TAI REIGNEmperor Ning Zong (1195-1224) Jia Tai Reign (1201-1204). Jia Tai Tong Bao iron coin - cast at Tong'an mint in AD 1202 in China .Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1127-1280). Diameter: about 25 mm. Valued at 1-cash. It is much scarcer than the 2-cash Jia Tai. The 2 Chinese characters on the reverse of this iron coin are Tong Er or Tong 2, which represented that this coin was cast in the Tong'an mint in AD 1202, the 2nd year of Jia Tai. Hartill #17.490. dpaul7
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CHINA - Emperor Pu YiCHINA - Emperor Pu Yi - XUan Tong Reign (1908-1911) AE 20 Cash. Tai Ching Ti Kuo series, 1909. Reference: Y-21.1.dpaul7
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CHINA - Emperor Pu Yi CHINA - Emperor Pu Yi - XUan Tong Reign (1908-1911) AE 10-Cash, 1909. Tai Ching Ti Kuo Series. Reference: Y#20x.dpaul7
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CHINA - Emperor Pu Yi - Kwangtung ProvinceCHINA - Emperor Pu Yi - Xuan Tong Reign (1908-1911) AR 20 Cents, Kwangtung Province. (1 Mace and 4.4 Candareens). No date. Reference: Y-205.dpaul7
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CHINA - EMPEROR SHUN (TOGHUN TEMUR) - ZHI ZHENG REIGN TITLEYuan (Mongol) Dynasty - Emperor Shun (Toghon Temur) 1333-1368, Zhi Zheng reign title (1341-1368) Coin made between 1350-1354. Beautiful obverse; reverse too worn to make out year character. H-19.9X -- S-1127.dpaul7
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CHINA - Emperor Zai TianCHINA - Emperor Zai Tian, Guang Xu Reign (1875-1908) AR 1 Dollar, no date (1901-1908). Obv.: Imperial dragon facing, flanked by rosettes; SZECHUEN PROVINCE - 7 MACE AND 2 CANDAREENS. Rev.: Chinese inscriptions, giving Emperor's name, etc.
NOTICE - The upside-down A in place of the "V" in PROVINCE! This is a known error. While here are MANY fakes, this one is authentic, although a bit damaged. It was mounted in a pewter "dragon plate", and the rim was partially filed to accommodate the plate. I have left a bit of the pewter. It was brought back by a serviceman after World War II. Reference: Y #238.1dpaul7
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CHINA - Emperor Zai Tian - Kiangsu/Chekiang ProvinceCHINA - Emperor Zai Tian - Guang Xu Reign (1875-1908) AE 10 Cash, 1905 - Kiangsu/Chekiang Province; Tsing-Kiang Series. Reference: Y-78.2, plain edge. Parts of this and other dragn machine-made coins appear worn; they were actually weakly struck, as the mint personnel did not fully understand the new machienry they were using. dpaul7
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CHINA - Fake Song Dynasty!Xing Zhao Zhong Bao, 3 wen - Denomination: 3 wen - Metal: AE From ZENO: #1: Hua Huangpu, 3-vol edition, page 804. However, presented coin looks bad - calligraphy is wrong, and metal and patina color are similar to the modern production fakes. #2: This is one of three coins in this series. There is a similar piece with "Tang Wu" (value 5) on the reverse, and there is a smaller coin with the character "Pao" abbreviated on the obverse and with the cyclical date "Jen Shen" on the reverse. As far as I can determine, the small coin was first published in 1877 in the supplement to Ku Ch'uan Hui by Li Tso-hsien. The other two coins were first published in the 1920's or 1930's - making them a little suspicious. Ting Fu-pao's Encyclopedia (1938) shows the small dated coin, but quotes Cheng Chia-hsiang who mentions the other two coins. Another Value 3 is shown in Ku Ch'ien Hsin Tien (Guqian Xindian) [English title: New Illustrative Plates of Chinese Ancient Coins] by Chu Huo (Zhu Huo). published in 1991 and in Hua Kuang-p'u (Hua Guangpu) catalog of old Chinese coins (I have the 1999 edition). All of these Value 3 illustrations are of the same calligraphy, which is entirely different from the calligraphy of the coin shown here. The different references to these coins do not agree on the dating, attribution or even the reading of the inscription. Some read it Hsing Chao Chung Pao (Xingzhao Zhongbao) because this looks like a coin inscription -- even though this reading starts on the left, something never seen on Chinese coins. But most read it Chao Pao Chung Hsing, and this is how it is listed in Arthur Coole's index of cash coin inscriptions in Volume 1 of his Encyclopedia of Chinese Coins. Li Tso-hsien mentions a Chung Hsing reign title, but this was used in Annam from 1285 to 1293, and would require starting on the right and reading crosswise, then top to bottom. Most works date the coins to the end of the Sung dynasty, issued by loyalist generals. Zhu Huo, however, lists these coins under the Yuan dynasty and apparently believes they were made in the 1300's. The cyclical date on the small coin could be 1272 AD - near the end of the Sung dynasty - or 1332 during the Yuan dynasty. It could also be 1152 or 1212, but this seems less likely. What does the inscription mean? The top character, Chao, is the family name of the Sung emperors. Hsing means to raise up. I think the intention of the inscription is: "raise up (or restore) the Chao family (of emperors)". Grammatically it should read "Hsing Chao", but in printed works, any reference to the emperor must begin one line above the rest of the text, so the family name was put at the top. The only way I can think of using the other two characters is "chung pao", meaning simply "heavy currency". Pao could be an adjective for Chao ("precious Chao"), but then how does the "chung" fit in the inscription? So I think the correct reading is "Hsing Chao Chung Pao" or "Chao Hsing Chung Pao".
dpaul7
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CHINA - Fengtien ProvinceCHINA - Fengtien Province - Emperor Zai Tian - Guang Xu Reign (1875-1908) Brass 20 Cash, 1904. Reference: Y-90.dpaul7
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CHINA - Gansu Province WarlordsCHINA - Gansu Province Warlords - Republic of China (1911-1949). Brass cast issue, 1919, 20 Wen. Obv.: Crossef Republic flags. Rev.: Lettering in wreath. Unlisted in Krause. Another coin of this type can be seen at ZENO.RUdpaul7
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CHINA - Guang Xu CHINA - Emperor Zai Tian, Guang Xu reign (1875-1908) Cu. 10-Cash, no date (1903-1906). Zhejiang province. Reference: Y-49.1.dpaul7
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CHINA - Guang Xu - Kiang Nan ProvinceCHINA - Emperor Zai Tian -- Guang Xu Reign (1875-1908) - Kiang Nan Province.
10 Cash, no date (c. 1904) Y-135.dpaul7
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China - Hai Ling, 1149-1161 AD CHINA, Jin Dynasty. HÇŽilíngwáng, AD 1149-1161.
Æ Wen. Zheng Long Yuan Bao.
Hartill 18.40 Ardatirion
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CHINA - HONG HUACash Coin, San Fan Rebellion/Ming Rebels. Rebel Wu Shifan - Reign Title of Hong Hua (1679-1681). HU character on right side of reverse. H-21.116. S-1349.dpaul7
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CHINA - Hong WuCHINA - Emperor Tai Zu: Hong Wu Reign (1368-1398) 1 Cash. HONG WU TONG BAO. 1-dot TONG 通 variety. Nail mark reverse. (Fujian Mint). Hartill #20.57.dpaul7
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CHINA - HONG XICash Coin, Ming Dynasty, Emperor Xiao Zong - Hong Zhi Reign - 1488-1505. H-20.124. S-1176.dpaul7
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CHINA - Hu-Peh Province COUNTERFEITCHINA - Hu-Peh Province COUNTERFEIT - Counterfeit of an Emperor Zai Tian - Guang Xu Reign (1875-1908) 20 cents from Hu Peh province, reference KM#125.1. Notice the dragon's face! Also, the garbled and mis-spelled/mis-shaped English letters. The calligraphy in Chinese is not correct for these coins, also! But still an interesting collectible example of a counterfeit!dpaul7
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CHINA - Huang Song ReignCHINA - Southern Song Dynasty, Emperor Li Zong (1225-1264), Huang Song Reign (1253-1258), 2 Cash, Year 1 (1253), H-17.821, S-1030.dpaul7
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CHINA - Jia Xi ReignCHINA - Southern Song Dynasty, Emperor Li Zong (1225-1264), Jia Xi Reign (1237-1240); 2 Cash, Year 3 (1239). H-17.757, S. 997.dpaul7
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CHINA - JIN DYNASTYCHINA - JIN DYNASTY Emperor WAN YAN LIANG - ZHENG LONG Reign 1156-1160. Also known as King HAI LING WANG. This Zheng Long Yuan Bao or Cheng-lung Tung-pao was cast from AD 1156 to1161 in China - Jin Dynasty (AD 1115-1260) founded by Nu-chen Tartars. Diameter: about 25 mm. Schjoth #1083 or David Hartill #18.40. Recently found in Jilin Province.dpaul7
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CHINA - JIN DYNASTY - DA DINGJin (Tartar) Dynasty - Emperor Shi Zong (1161-1190) -- Da Ding reign (1178-1189) Cash. S-1086. H-18.42.dpaul7
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