Dugaw, S., O. Lipschits & G. Sitebel. "A New Typology of Arrowheads from the Late Iron Age and Persian Period and Its Historical Implications" in Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 70, nr. 1 (Jerusalem, 2020), pp. 64 - 89.

ABSTRACT: The origin and dissemination of socketed copper-alloy ‘Scythian’ arrowheads throughout the ancient Near East has been a matter of much scholarly interest and debate. Here we present the first comprehensive study of the temporal and geographic distribution of such arrowheads from the Southern Levant. Several previously unnoticed patterns with historical implications for the late Iron Age and the Persian and Hellenistic periods are discussed. The accompanying typology developed for the purpose of this research should further facilitate excavators’ ability to cross-reference new nds against parallels in the existing corpus to date.

Fig. 3 (Modified - spur replacing barbed to conform with the use of these terms on NumisWiki.)

This new typology covers the Southern Levant, including all published finds and the bulk of the unpublished finds to date: a total of 359 arrowheads.
The letters in the typological system represent easily recognizable blade configurations (B =  bilobate; T = triblade; P = pyramidal), and the numbers serve as sub-categories based on additional features. A terse incomplete summary of the new typology is provided below. Refer to the full New Typology for more far more information.

B1 Bilobate with spur, leaf shaped (Scythian, Assyrian, Graeco-Scythian)
    Scythian - kurgan burials at Arzhan-1 (Russia), perhaps as early as late 9th century B.C.
    Assyrian - Samaria (Israel) Assyrian destruction 720 BCE
    Assyrian - Near East finds 7th century BCE
    Scythian and Graeco-Scythian - Anatolia and Transcaucasia finds 7th century BCE, mostly 2nd half
    Assyrian - Ayanis (Armenia) final destruction c. 650 BCE
    Assyrian - Tell Jemmeh (Israel) Assyrian Occupation 679 - 630 BCE
    Assyrian - Carchemish (on the Syrian-Turkish border) Babylonian destruction of 605 BCE

T1 Triblade with spur, lancolate, prominent socket (Assyrian and Babylonian)
    Assyrian - Tell Jemmeh (Israel) Assyrian Occupation 679 - 630 BCE (or later)
    Babylonian - Tel Malḥata (Israel) Babylonian destruction c. 586 BCE

T2 Triblade lancolate, prominent socket, no spur (Babylonian)
    Babylonian - Assyrian Nimrud (Iraq) Babylonian destruction 614/612 BCE
    Babylonian - Assyrian capital Nineveh (Upper Mesopotamia) Babylonian destruction 612 BCE
    Babylonian - Jerusalem (Israel) Babylonian conquest of 586 BCE
    Babylonian - Tel Goren (Israel) Babylonian destruction 586 BCE
    Babylonian - ꜤEn-Gedi (Israel) Babylonian conquest 586 BCE
    Babylonian - Ramat Raḥel (Israel) Babylonian Garrison(?) 6th - 5th century BCE (not securely dated)

T2 Triblade rhomboid, flat or slight socket (Achaemenid Persian)
   
T3 Triblade rhomboid-lanceolate, prominent socket (Achaemenid Persian)

T4 Triblade rhomboid-lanceolate, pyramid tip, flat socket (Achaemenid Persian)

P1 Pyramid Trilobate solid (Achaemenid Persian)

Types T2, T3, T4, and P1 all date from the Persian and early Hellenistic periods. Types T2 and T3 were likely associated, at least at first, with Achaemenid imperial armies. Types T2 and T3 were found together in significant numbers at Persepolis and Pasargadae and at the sites of battles from the Greco-Persian wars. In the Southern Levant, they often appear together and alongside types T4 and P1, suggesting that the differences in form were functional. This is in contrast to sites in Iran, where T4 is not found and P1 is rare. Both T4 and P1 have solid points that may have been developed for the purpose of penetrating heavy armor, which was apparently more common in the eastern Mediterranean than further east. Although not entirely clear, it seems that the T4 and P1 types start to appear slightly later than T2 and T3. Types T2, T3 and P1 occur in greater numbers and persist into the Hellenistic period, occasionally appearing in Roman  period contexts.