Byzantine Coins

"...and there is yet another sign of the power which God has accorded to the Romans, to wit, that it is with their coinage that all nations do their trade: it is received everywhere from one end of the earth to the other: it is admired by all men and every kingdom, for no other kingdom has its like." -- Cosmas Indicopleustes an Egyptian merchant of the time of Justinian I

From its founding by Constantine the Great in 330 to its final fall on the morning of 29th May, 1453, the Byzantine Empire traversed one thousand one hundred and twenty-three years. It is a period of longevity almost unrivaled in history; and yet, until recently it is a period written off by historians as merely the extended decline and fall of the Roman Empire. Its coinage has been found from Iceland to Ceylon.

A world seemingly so unlike ours, the relevance of Byzantium lingers: the president of Russia is now sworn in by the Patriarch under a banner depicting the great double-headed eagle of the Palaeologi; while enmities and confederacies stemming from policies forged in the Palace of Blachernae shape the present day alliances of the Balkans and near-East. No other lasting empire has held such temporal power mixed with such spiritual devotion.

The legendary wealth of Constantinople, with its sublime craftsmanship and awesome golden mosaics, (the "Sages standing in God 's Holy fire," of Yeats ' much quoted poem,) was coupled with a spirituality that dictated penance and abstinence even for a soldier who had killed in battle.

Constantine the Great moved the capital of the Roman Empire to the former Byzantium in Thrace and renamed it Constantinopolis, present day Istanbul, Turkey. Numismatists categorize coins from Anastasius I and after as Byzantine coins because Anastasius dramatically reformed the bronze coinage. Many historians and some numismatists select an earlier time and ruler, often Constantine the Great, as the dividing time between the Roman and Byzantine empires, because Constantinople became the seat of government. Although the citizens generally spoke Greek, they considered themselves Roman for the entire Byzantine period.

The Dictionary of Roman Coins refers to the late empire (Roman) and Byzantine periods as the "Lower Empire," which shows how Victorian numismatists viewed the empire and its coinage.

Also See:
Anonymous Folles
Anonymous Follis
Anonymous Byzantine Class A Folles
Arab-Byzantine
Byzantine Denominations
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Era
Byzantine Iconography
Byzantine Imperial Dress
Byzantine Lead Seals
Byzantine Rulers
Christian Themes in Byzantine Coinage
Monogram
Syracusian Folles

Byzantine Numismatic References

Primary Byzantine Coin Attribution References Most Used By Forum

Anastasi, M. Monete Bizantine di Sicilia. (NP, 2009).
Bates, G. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis: Byzantine Coins. Sardis Monograph 1. (Cambridge, 1971).
Bateson, J. & I. Campbell. Byzantine and Early Medieval Western European Coins in the Hunter Coin Cabinet. (Glasgow, 1998).
Bellinger, A. & P. Grierson, eds. Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection. (Washington D.C., 1966 - 1999).
DOC I: Bellinger, A.R. Anastasius I to Maurice, 491-602. (Washington D.C., 1966).
DOC II: Grierson, P. Phocas to Theodosius III, 602-717. (Washington D.C., 1968).
DOC III: Grierson, P. Leo III to Nicephorus III, 717-1081. (Washington D.C., 1973).
DOC IV: Hendy, M. Alexius I to Michael VIII, 1081-1261. (Washington D.C., 1999).
DOC V: Grierson, P. Michael VIII to Constantine XI, 1258-1453. (Washington D.C., 1999).
Bendall, S. "A Note on the Hyperpyra of John V and VI (1347 - 1354)" in NumCirc 112 (2004), pp. 297 - 299.
Bendall, S. A Private Collection of Palaeologan Coinage. (Wolverhampton, Privately printed by S. Bendall, 1988).
Bendall, S. & P. Donald. "Additions To 'Later Palaeologan Coinage '" in NumCirc LXXXVIII.2 (Feb. 1980).
Bendall, S. & P. Donald. Later Palaeologan Coinage, 1282-1453. (London, 1979).
Berk, H. Eastern Roman Successors of the Sestertius. (Chicago, 1987).
Berk, H. Roman Gold Coins of the Medieval World, 383 - 1453 A.D. (Joliet, IL, 1986).
Calciati, R. Monete Bizantine di Bronzo della Sicilia. (Cairo, 2000).
Clark, C. Speedy Identification of Early Denominationally Marked Byzantine Bronzes, from Anastasius I (491 - 518 A.D) to Basil I (867 - 886 A.D.). (Tehachapi, CA, 1990).
Dochev, K. Coins and Coin Usage in Turnovo (XII-XIV c.). (Turnovo, 1992).
Foss, C. Arab-Byzantine Coins: An Introduction, with a Catalogue of the Dumbarton Oaks Collection. (Harvard University Press, 2008).
Hahn, W. Moneta Imperii Byzantini. (Vienna, 1973-81).
Hahn, W. & M. Metlich. Money of the Incipient Byzantine Empire. (Vienna, 2000).
Hahn, W. & M. Metlich. Money of the Incipient Byzantine Empire Continued (Justin II - Revolt of the Heraclii, 565 - 610). (Vienna, 2009).
Hendy, M. Coinage and Money in the Byzantine Empire 1081-1261. (Washington D.C., 1969).
Lacam, G. Civilisation et monnaies byzantines. (Paris, 1974).
Lacam, G. La fin de L 'Empire Romain et le monnayage or en Italie. (Lucern, 1983).
Lianta, Eleni. Late Byzantine Coins, 1204 - 1453, in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. (London, 2009).
Marchev, V. & R. Wachter. Catalogue of the Late Byzantine coins, Vol. I, 1082 - 1261 AD. (Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria, 2011).
Metlich, M. The Coinage of Ostrogothic Italy. (London, 2004).
Morrisson, C. Catalogue des Monnaies Byzantines de la Biblioth�que Nationale. (Paris, 1970).
Murari, O. "Monete da trenta nummi dei secoli VII ed VIII della zecca di Roma" in Numismatica e Antichit� Classica, Quaderni Ticinesi 6 (Lugano, 1977), pp. 317 - 337.
Ratto, R. Monnaies Byzantines et d 'autre Pays contemporaines � l '�poque byzantine. (Lugano, 1930).
Retowski, O. Die M�nzen der Komnenen von Trapezunt. (Coins of the Comnenus Family of Trebizond.) (Reprint, Braunschweig, 1974).
Sabatier, J. Description g�n�rale des monnaies Byzantines. (Paris, 1863).
Sear, D. Byzantine Coins and Their Values. (London, 1987).
Spahr, R. Le Monete Siciliane, dai Bizantini a Carlo I d ' Angio (582 - 1282). (Graz, 1976).
Spahr, R. Le Monete Siciliane dagli Aragonesi ai Borboni (1282 � 1836). IAPN Publication No. 6 (Basel/Graz, 1982).
Sommer, A.U. Die M�nzen des Byzantinischen Reiches 491-1453. Mit einem Anhang: Die M�nzen des Kaiserreichs von Trapezunt. (Regenstauf, 2010).
Tolstoi, I. Monnaies byzantines. (St. Petersburg, 1913 - 1914).
Trivero, A. La monetazione di rame della Sicilia bizantina (testo e archivio fotografico allegato). (Achao, 2006).
Wroth, W. Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum. (London, 1908).

Important Early Byzantine Coin References

Ducange, C. De imperatorum constantinopolitanorvm seu inferioris aevi vel imperii uti vocant numismatibus. (Rome, 1755).
Erslev, K. ed. Catalogue de la collection de monnaies de feu Christian J�rgensen Thomsen. Seconde partie: Les monnaies du moyenage, tome I. (Copenhagen, 1873).
Friedl�nder, J. and M. Pinder. Die M�nzen Justinians. (Berlin, 1843).
Mionnet, T. De la raret� et du prix des m�dailles romaines. Volume II, 2nd ed. (Paris, 1827).
Sabatier, J. Description g�n�rale des monniaes Byzantines. (Paris, 1863).
de Saulcy, F. Essai de classification des suites mon�taires Byzantines. (Metz, 1836).
Soleirol, M. Catalogue des monnaies byzantines qui composent la collection de M. Soleirol. (Metz: Lamort, 1853).

Major Public and Private Byzantine Coin Collections

Abramishvili, T. Byzantine Coins in the State Georgian Museum. (Tbilisi, 1966).
Althoff, R. Sammlung K�hler-Osbahr. Band V/1�2. Byzantinische M�nzen und ihr Umfeld. (Duisburg, 1998-1999).
Arslan, E. A. Catalogo delle monete bizantine del Museo Provinciale di Catanzaro. (Catanzaro, 2000).
Bates, G. A Byzantine Coin Collection. (Boston, 1981).
Bateson, J. & I. G. Campbell. Byzantine and Early Medieval Western European Coins in the Hunter Coin Cabinet. (Glasgow, 1998).
Boutin, S. Monnaies des Empires de Byzance - Collection of N.K. Volumes 1-2. (Maastricht, 1983).
Burmeister, S. R�mische und byzantinische M�nzen der Universit�t Rostock. (Rostock, 1999).
Callegher, B. Catalogo delle monete bizantine, vandale, ostrogote e longobarde del Museo Bottacin. Vol. I. (Padova, 2000).
Demo, Z. Ostrogothic coinage from collections in Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia & Herzegovina. (Ljubljana, 1994).
Ercolani, C., M. Gulinelli & A. Morelli. Impero Romano e Bizantino, Regni barbarici in Italia attraverso le monete del Museo Nazionale di Ravenna. (Ravenna, 1983).
Hummel, W. & L. Specker. Historisches Museum St. Gallen: Katalog der byzantinischen M�nzen. (St. Gallen, 1982).
Ireland, S. Greek, Roman and Byzantine coins in the museum at Amasya. (London, 2000).
Lianta, E. Late Byzantine Coins, 1204 - 1453, in the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. (London, 2009).
Mansfield, S. J., Early Byzantine Copper Coins; Catalogue of an English Collection, with associated notes, Ex Officio Books, Manchester (2016). www.byzantine-ae.info
Mirnik, I. & A. �emrov. "Byzantine Coins in the Zagreb Archaeological Museum numismatic collection. Anastasius I (A.D. 497�518) - Anastasius II (A.D. 713�715)" in Vjesnik Arheolo�kog muzeja u Zagrebu 30�31 (1997-1998), pp. 129�258.
Morrisson, C. et al. Les Monnaies byzantines du mus�e Puig. (Perpignan, 1991).
Poenaru B., G. Ocheşeanu, & A. Popeea. Monnaies Byzantines du Mus�e de Constanţa (Roumanie). (Wetteren, 2004).
Radić, V., & V. Ivanisevi. Byzantine coins from the National Museum in Belgrade. (Belgrade, 2006).
Raeder, J. Die byzantinischen M�nzen im Kestner-Museum Hannover. (Hannover, 1987).
Schultz, S. Byzantinische M�nzen in der Fr�hchristlich- Byzantinischen Sammlung im Bode-Museum (Berlin, 1977).
Sommer, A. Katalog der Byzantinischen M�nzen. Munzsammlung der Georg-August-Universit�t G�ttingen im Arch�ologischen Institut. (G�ttingen, 2003).

General Byzantine Numismatic Works

Goodacre, H. A Handbook of the Coinage of the Byzantine Empire. (London, 1928-1933).
Longuet, H. Introduction a la Numismatique Byzantine. (London, 1961).
Rynearson, P. Byzantine Coin Values. (San Clemente, CA, 1971).
Sayles, W. Ancient Coin Collecting V: The Romaion/Byzantine Culture. (Iola, WI, 1998).
Sommer, A. Die M�nzen des Byzantinischen Reiches 491-1453. Mit einem Anhang: Die M�nzen des Kaiserreichs von Trapezunt. (Regenstauf, 2010).
Whitting, P. Byzantine Coins. (New York, 1973).
Adelson, H. Light Weight Solidi and Byzantine Trade during the Sixth and Seventh Centuries. ANSNNM 138. (New York, 1957).
Bendall, S. "Sigla on Palaeologan Hyperpyra" in Revue Numismatique 26 (1984), pp. 161 - 192.
Bendall, S. & P. Donald. Later Palaeologan Coinage, 1282-1453. (London, 1979).
Bendall, S. & P. Donald. The Billon Trachea of Michael VIII Palaeologos, 1258-1282. (London, 1974).
F�eg, F. Corpus of the Nomismata from Anastasius II to John I in Constantinople, 713 - 976. (2007).
Goodwin, T. Arab-Byzantine Coinage. Studies in the Khalili Collection. (London, 2005).
Grierson, P. Byzantine Coins. (London, 1982).
Grierson, P. & M. Blackburn. Medieval European Coinage, Volume 1: The Early Middle Ages (5th - 10th Centuries). (Cambridge, 2007).
Hahn, W. & W.E. Metcalf, eds. Studies of Early Byzantine Gold Coinage. American Numismatic Society, Numismatic Studies 17. (New York, 1988).
Hendy, M. Coinage and Money in the Byzantine Empire 1081-1261. (Washington D.C., 1969).
Hendy, M. Studies in the Byzantine monetary economy c. 300�1450. (London, 1985).
Kraus, F. Die M�nzen Odovacars und des Ostgotenreiches in Italien. (Riechmann, 1928)
Lightfoot, C. "Byzantine Anatolia: reassessing the numismatic evidence." Revue Numismatique 158 (2002): 229�239.
Metcalf, D. Coinage in the Balkans, 820-1355. (Chicago, 1966).
Metcalf, D. Coinage in South-Eastern Europe, 820 - 1396. (London, 1979).
Metcalf, D. The origins of the Anastasian currency reform. (Chicago, 1969).
Metcalf, D. The copper coinage of Thessalonica under Justinian I. (Vienna: 1976).
Metlich, M. The Coinage of Ostrogothic Italy. (London, 2004).
Morrisson, C. "La monnaie en Syrie Byzantine. In Arch�ologie et histoire de la Syrie II." In La Syrie de l '�poque ach�m�nide � l 'av�nement de l 'Islam, J.-M. Dentzer & W. Orthmann, eds., pp. 187�204. (Saarbr�cken, 1989).
Morrisson, C.. "Monnaie et prix a Byzance du Ve au VIIe si�cle." In Hommes et richesses dans l 'Empire byzantin, tome I, IVe-VIIe si�cle, 239�260. (Paris, 1989).
Ranieri, E. La monetazione di Ravenna antica dal V all ' VIII secolo: impero romano e bizantino, regno ostrogoto e langobardo. (Bologna, 2006).
Ricotti-Prina, D. La monetazione aurea delle zecche minore bizantine dal VI al IX secolo. (Rome, 1972).
Ricotti-Prina, D. "La monetazione siciliana nell'epoca bizantina" in Numismatica 16 (1950), pp. 26 - 60.
Tomasini, W. The Barbaric Tremissis in Spain and Southern France - Anastasius to Leovigild. ANSNNM 152 (1964).
Woloszyn, M., ed. Byzantine Coins in Central Europe between the 5th and 10th Centuries. (Krakow, 2009)
Yannopoulos, P. L ' hexagramme: un monnayage byzantin en argent du VIIe si�cle. (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1978).

Byzantine Countermarks

Bendall S. "An 'Eagle ' Countermark on Sixth-century Byzantine Coins" in NC 136 (1976), p. 230.
Evans, Jane D. "Heraclian Countermarks on Coins Found in Caesarea" in AJN 5 (1993), pp. 97�104, and AJN 6 (1994), pp. 102�104.
Goehring, J. "Two New Examples of the Byzantine 'Eagle ' Countermark" in NC 143 (1983), pp. 218�220.
Lampinen P. "Countermarked Byzantine Folles and the Identification of a New Imperial Family Member" in Caesarea Papers 2. (Portsmouth, 1999), pp. 399-404.
Lowick, N., S. Bendall, & P. Whitting. The Mardin Hoard. (London, 1977).
Schulze, W. "The Byzantine 'Eagle ' Countermark - Re-attributed from Egypt to Palestine" in INR volume 4 (2009), pp. 113 - 120.
Schulze, W. & T. Goodwin. Countermarking in Seventh Century Syria . (Supplement to ONS Newsletter, 183). (2005).
Schulze, W., I. Schulze, & W. Leimenstoll. "Heraclian countermarks on Byzantine copper coins in seventh century Syria" in Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, Vol. 30, No. 1 (2006), pp. 1-27.
Woods, David. "The Byzantine Eagle Countermark: Creating a Pseudo-Consular Coinage under the Heraclii?" in Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 55 (2015), pp. 927 - 945.

Byzantine Lead Seals

Chynet, J., C. C. Morrison & W. Seibt. Sceaux Byzantins de la collection Henri Seyrig. (Paris, 1991).
Cotsonis, J. "Narrative Scenes on Byzantine Lead Seals (Sixth�Twelfth Centuries): Frequency, Iconography, and Clientele" in Gesta, vol. 48, No. 1 (2009), pp. 55 - 86. Available Online

Dunn, A. A handlist of the Byzantine Lead Seals and Tokens in the Barber institute of Fine Arts, University of Birmingham. (Birmingham, UK, 1983).

Feind, R. Byzantinische Monogramme und Eigennamen - Byzantine monograms and personal names. (2010). PDF Available
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. (Sofia, 2003).
Jordanov, I & Z. Zhekova. Catalogue of Medieval Seals at the Regional Historical Museum of Shumen. (Sofia, 2007).

Laurent, V. Documents de sigillographie byzantine: Le Collection C. Orghidan. (Paris, 1952).

Laurent, V. Les sceax byzantins du Medaillier Vatican. (Vatican City, 1962).
Metcalf, D.M. Byzantine Lead Seals from Cyprus. (Nicosia, 2004).
Morrisson, C. "Monnaies en plomb byzantines" in RIN LXXXIII (1981).

Nesbitt, J. et al., eds. Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and the Fogg Museum of Art. (Washington, DC. 1991-2005). PDF Available

Oikonomides, N. A Collection of Dated Byzantine Lead Seals. (Washington, DC, 1986).

Seibt, W. "The Use of Monograms on Byzantine Seals in the Early Middle-Ages (6th to 9th Centuries)" in Parekbolai, vol. 6 (2016).
Seibt, W. & M. Zarnitz. Das byzantinische Bleisiegel als Kunstwerk. (Vienna, 1997).

Sode, C. Byzantinische Bleisiegel in Berlin, Vol 2. (Bonn, 1997).

Speck, P. Byzantinische Bleisiegel in Berlin (West). (Bonn, 1986).

Spink. Byzantine Seals from the Collection of George Zacos, Part I. Auction 127 (7 October 1998). London.
Spink. Byzantine Seals from the Collection of George Zacos, Part II. Auction 132 (25 May 1999). London.
Spink. Byzantine Seals from the Collection of George Zacos, Part III. Auction 135 (6 October 1999). London.

Stavrakos, C. Die byzantinischen Bleisiegel mit Familiennamen aus der Sammlung des Numismatischen Museums Athen. (Wiesbaden, 2000).

Szemioth, A. & T. Wasilewski. "Sceaux byzantins du Mus�e National de Varsovie." in Studia Zrodionznawez Commentationes, 11 (1966), pp. 1-38, and 14 (1969), pp. 63-89.

Wassiliou, A. & W. Seibt. Die byzantinischen Bleisiegel in �sterreich, Vol. 2: Zentral und Provinzialverwaltung. (Vienna, 2004).

Youroukova P. & V. Penchev. Bulgarian Medieval Coins and Seals. (Sofia, 1990).
Zacos, G. Byzantine Lead Seals. (Berne, 1972-84).

Byzantine Numismatic Bibliographies

Malter, J. L. Byzantine Numismatic Bibliography, 1950-1965 (Chicago, 1968).
Malter, J. L. Byzantine Numismatic Bibliography, 1966-1994. (Encino, CA: Malter Galleries, 1995).

Note: Scholarly bibliographies for the field of Byzantine numismatics can be found in the Byzantine section of Numismatic Literature issued periodically by the American Numismatic Society and in the Byzantine section of the Survey of Numismatic Research issued by the International Numismatic Commission.

Major Byzantine Coin Auction Sale Catalogs

Berk, H. & V. England. Byzantine Coins, Public Auction, December 7, 1989, New York City.
Bonham 's. A catalogue of standard Byzantine and Dark Age gold coins, December 3. 1980 London.
Christie 's. The Goodacre collection of Byzantine coins, April 22, 1986. London.
Classical Numismatic Group, Auction 19, February 1992, London.
Donald, P. Baldwin 's Auction 5, Byzantine Gold Coins from the P.J. Donald Collection. (London, 11 Oct 1995).
Goldberg, I. Pre-Long Beach Sale, May 26 and Oct. 28-29, 2009, Beverly Hills.
LHS. Auction 97, May 10, 2006. Roman and Byzantine coins.
Sotheby 's. The William Herbert Hunt collection. Highly important Byzantine coins, I, December 5�6, 1990, New York.
Sotheby 's. The William Herbert Hunt collection. Highly important Byzantine coins, II, June 21, 1991, New York.
Spink. The Dr. Anton C. R. Dreesmann collection of ancient coins, Part II: Byzantine and early European gold coins, July 13, 2000, London.
Stack 's. Moneta Imperii Romani Byzantini, Jan 12, 2009, New York.

Major Byzantine Coin Hoards and Site Finds

Bates, G. Archaeological Exploration of Sardis: Byzantine Coins. Sardis Monograph 1. (Cambridge, 1971).
Bendall, S. Byzantine Weights, An Introduction. (London, 1996).
Edwards, K. M. Corinth VI: Coins, 1896�1929. Cambridge, MA, 1933.
Evans, DeRose J. The joint expedition to Caesarea Maritima. Excavation Reports Vol. VI. The coins and the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine economy of Palestine. (Boston, 2006).
Hendy, M. The coins. In Excavations at Sara�hane in Istanbul, R.M Harrison, M. V. Gill, M. Hendy, S. J. Hill and D. Brothwell, vol. I, pp. 278�313. (Princeton, 1986).
Hendy, M. Roman, Byzantine and Latin Coins, in Kalenderhane in Istanbul. The excavations, edited by Cecil L. Striker and Y. Doğan Kuban, pp. 175�276. (Mainz, 2007).
Jordanov, I. Coins and Coin Usage in Medieval Bulgaria, 1081-1261. (Sofia, 1984). Includes c. 200 Bulgarian hoards and major stray finds of the 12th and 13th centuries.
Lafaurie & J. Pilet-Lemi�re. Monnaies du Haut Moyen �ge d�couvertes en France (V^e-VIII^esi�cle) (Paris, 2003).
Laser, R. Die romischen und fruhbyzantinischen Fundm�nzen auf dem Gebiet der DDR (Berlin, 1980).
Lowick, N., Bendall, S and Whitting, P.D. The Mardin Hoard: Islamic Countermarks on Byzantine Folles London, A.H. Baldwin & Sons, 1977.
Metcalf, D. "Some Byzantine and Arab-Byzantine coins from Palaestina Prima." Israel Numismatic Journal 2, n. 3�4 (1964): 32�47.
Metcalf, D. "The Peter and Paul Hoard: Bulgarian and Latin Imitative Trachea in the Time of Ivan Asen II." in Numismatic Chronicle, 1973, pp. 144 - 172, pl. 8 - 11.
Marot, T. Las monedas del Macellum de Gerasa (Yaras, Jordania): aproximaci�n a la circulaci�n monetaria en la provincia de Arabia. (Madrid, 1998).
Morrisson, C., V. Popović, & V. Ivani�ević, eds. Les Tr�sors mon�taires byzantins des Balkans et d 'Asie Mineure (491�713). (Paris, 2006).
Mosser, S. McA. A bibliography of Byzantine coin hoards. Numismatic Notes and Monographs 67. New York: American Numismatic Society, 1935.
Musheghian, K. et al. History and coin finds in Armenia: coins from Duin, capital of Armenia, 6-7th c.: inventory of Byzantine and Sasanian coins in Armenia, 6-7th c. (Wetteren, 2000).
Noeske, H. M�nzfunde aus �gypten I. Die M�nzfunde des �gyptischen Pilgerzentrums Abu Mina und die Vergleichsfunde aus den Diocesen Aegyptus und Oriens vom 4.-8. Jh. n.Chr. (Berlin, 2000).
Pottier, H. Analyse d 'un tr�sor de monnaies en bronze enfoui au VIe si�cle en Syrie byzantine: contribution � la m�thodologie numismatique. (Wetteren, 1983).
Thompson, M. The Athenian agora, v. 2, coins from the Roman through the Venetian period. (Princeton, 1954).
Tsukhishvili, I. & G. Depeyrot. History and Coin Finds in Georgia: Late Roman and Byzantine Hoards (4th-13th c.). (Wetteren, 2003).
Waage, D. Antioch-on-the-Orontes, vol. IV, part 2: Greek, Roman, Byzantine and Crusaders ' coins. (Princeton, 1952).
Waner, M, & Z. Safrai. 2001. "A catalogue of coin hoards and the shelf life of coins in Palestine hoards during the Roman and Byzantine periods." Liber Annuus 5.1: 305�336.
Wolkow, C. Un Tr�sor Balkanique de Monnaies Byzantines Et Latines Du XIII�me Si�cle. (Bruxelles, 2016).

Byzantine Weights

Bendall, S. Byzantine Weights, An Introduction. (London, 1996).
Campagnolo, M. & K. Weber. Poids Romano-Byzantins et Byzantins en Alliage Cuivreux Collections du Muse�e d'Art et d'Histoire - Gen�ve. (2015).
Dieudonn�, A. Manuel des poids mon�taires. (Paris, 1925).
D�rr, N. Catalogue des poids byzantins. Mus�e d'Art et d'Histoire de Gen�ve. (Geneva, 1964).
Entwistle, C. "Late Roman and Byzantine Weights and Weighing Equipment" in The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies (Oxford, 2008), ch. I.2, pp. 1-11.
Hendin, D. Ancient Scale Weights and Pre-Coinage Currency of the Near East. (New York, 2007).
Manns, F. Some Weights of the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods: English translation by Godfrey Kloetzli. Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Museum 7. (Jerusalem, 1984).
Ronen, Y. "Coins as scale weights" in INR 5, 2010.
Tekin, O. "Ancient and Ottoman Weights in the Collection of Bursa Museum" in Tarhan Armagani. (Istanbul, 2013). pp. 329 - 338. PDF Online
Weber, K. Byzantinische M�nzgewichte: Materialkorpus F�r 1-Nomisma-Gewichte: Studien Zur Vielfalt Der Ausf�hrungsform, Metrologie Und Herstellung. (Solingen, 2009). Purchase online.
Weber, K. Late Antiquity Weights. Supplement 16. (Solingen, 2013).

Byzantine Coin Related Websites

Warren Esty's Introduction to Byzantine Coins - http://augustuscoins.com/ed/Byz/index.html

Page 1: Two large photos of many coins that represent the whole series, followed by an outline of Byzantine coins with examples. Gold coins. Silver coins. Common copper coins, their dates, and their denominations. Coins under the later empire and cup-shaped coins. After 1204 when Constantinople was conquered by the crusaders of the Fourth Crusade. Common mints. Overstrikes and dating. Some terminology (a glossary) used to describe Byzantine coins.
Page 2: Byzantine-Coin Letters, Numerals, Denominations, Mints, and Dates.
Page 2A: A few obscure mints.
Page 3: Byzantine Emperors on Coins, 491-c.1118. Maps for every 100 years. Byzantine "anonymous folles" of the 10th-11th centuries (on their own pages).
Page 4: Late Byzantine AE, 1059-1204 (Constantine X until the fall of Constantinople to the crusaders).
Page 5: Byzantine Coins, 1204-1453.
Page 6: Legends on Byzantine coins. How to read Byzantine coins.
Page 7: Reference works, annotated.