RihaRiha, E. Die römischen Fibeln aus Augst und Kaiseraugst. (1979). The Roman Fibulae| from Imperial Times. Also see: NOTE: TRANSLATIONS BELOW NEED IMPROVEMENT. PLEASE CONTRIBUTE CORRECTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS. Table of ContentsEinleitung / Introduction...9 Die Augster und Kaiseraugster Fibeln / Roman fibulae...11 Zur Gruppierung / Grouping Fibulae...11 Konstruktion / Construction...12 Spiralfibeln / Spring Fibulae...12 Scharnierfibeln / Hinge Fibulae...15 Fibeln mit Drehverschluss / Penannular Fibulae...16 Formen / Form...18 Grösse / Size...61 Ornamentik / Ornamentation...21 Material und Oberflächenbelag - Material and surface coating...23 Ziertechniken / Decorative Techniques...24 1. Punktierung und Stempelverzierung / Dotting and stamping...24 2. Gravierung / Engraving...25 3. Kerbung und Fazettierung / Notching and faceting...25 4. Pressblechauflagen / Press plate supports...25 5. Durchbrochene Blechauflagen / Openwork sheet metal supports...26 6. Beinauflagen / Leg rest...26 7. Buntmetall und Nielloeinlagen / Non-ferrous metal and Niello inserts...26 8. Email und Glaseinlagen / Enamel and glass inserts...29 9. Aufgelegte Medaillons aus Glas oder Metall / Glass or metal medallions...34 10. Bewegliche Perlen aus Glas, Metall oder organischem Material / Moving beads of glass, metal or organic material...34 11. Zierknöpfe und Zier stifte / Decorative and ornamental pins...35 Fabrikation, Werkstätten und Stempel / Fabrication, Workshops and Stamps...34 Funktion, Tragweise und Fibelmode / Function, wearing style and fibula mode...39 Zur Datierung / Dating [Fibulae]...43 Zusammenfassung / Summary...44 Typologie und Katalog / Typology and Catalog...53 Group 1. Eingliedrige Spiralfibeln mit vier Windungen und unterer Sehne / One-piece construction, spring with four turns and tendon below the spring...55 Group 2. Eingliedrige Spiralfibeln mit oberer Sehne und Sehnenhaken / One-piece construction, tendon above the spring, held by spring hook...64 Group 3. Zweigliedrige Spiralfibeln / Two-piece construction with a pin holding the spring...78 Group 4. Hülsenspiralfibeln / Two-piece construction with spring sleeve...91 Group 5. Hülsenscharnierfibeln / Sleeve Hinge Fibula...111 Group 6. Röhrenscharnierfibeln / Tubular Hinge Fibula...162 Group 7. Backenscharnierfibeln / Jaw Hinge Brooches...178 Group 8. Fibeln mit Drehverschluss / Penannular Fibula - Ring Brooches and Omega Brooches...205 Register / Index...211 Literaturabkürzungen / Bibliography...215 Tafeln / [Line drawing] Plates...221 The text below is for the most part a translation of parts of Die römischen Fibeln aus Augst und Kaiseraugst, but it is simplified and rearranged with an emphasis on using Riha for identification of an unknown fibula. Three Categories of Fibulae: Spring Fibula, Hinge Fibula, and Penannular |FibulaeRiha
divides fibulae into three categories, subdivided into eight groups
according to their closure design. Within each group, the fibulae are
divided into types according to their form. A purely chronological
breakdown with an overview of the successive types would be too
confusing, especially since many types overlap in time. A grouping of
forms and their typological order would also be of no advantage since
very few types can be traced in their overall typological development.
Therefore, they are grouped according to the construction. This is the
organization used most often by others, but unfortunately never
consistently. Apart from group 1 (with the timeless and one-fold,
one-piece construction) and group 8 (a special category) the groups are
either more or less narrowly defined regionally and/or chronologically. Spring Fibulae (32.1% of specimens)Group 1: One-piece construction, spring with four turns, tendon (wire connecting two ends of the spring) below the spring. Early bow fibula were made from one piece of bronze. The entire fibula from the catch, to the bow, to the spring,
to the tip of the pin was created by shaping and bending a single piece
of bronze with great expertise and skill. Wire foot. (7.4%) Hinged Fibulae (63.4% of specimens)The spring system
was already used by pre-Roman cultures, the hinge is a Roman, or at
least a Mediterranean invention. This derivation may explain the fact
that the hinge system has not found widespread use in the Germanic
territories. In the case of the hinge, the separately worked needle moves freely on the hinge axis. It owes its suspension to a thorn-like extension set at the perforated plate of the hinged end of the needle, which pushes the needle away from the fibula or presses it into the needle catch. Group 5: Sleeve Hing Fibula. This type probably originated in Italy. It became the most popular form of closure for Roman provincial fibulae, and is characteristic of the bow brooches from the early imperial times to the beginning of the 2nd century. Outside the Roman Empire and after that time, this type of hing was seldom used. The sleeve hinge consists of a small sleeve at the top of the head which is forged from a square sheet metal plate and then rolled up. In a center-cut slot, the spiked needle is inserted and held by a shaft (usually iron) passing through the whole sleeve. At the ends of each of the Aucissa fibulae and their early successors were buttons holding the hinge axis; later, the hinge axis was clamped in the sleeve and needed no buttons. The needle always carries a thorn-like projection on its perforated oval plate, which beats against the head of the fibula and, by virtue of this resistance, causes the suspension to spring forth. The sleeve hinge is used exclusively in bow fibulae. The needle is primarily rectilinear, but bends hand in hand with the flattening of the bow to the outside to continue to leave enough space between the bracket and needle. For group 5, triangular to quadrangular (i-m below) solid plate needle holders are characteristic, but now and then they also have a simple perforation. The sleeve hinge is considered a typical Roman construction. The sleeve hinge fibulae are by far the largest group of Roman fibulae in terms of numbers. (44.7%) Group 6: Tubular Hinge Fibula. Around the end of the second century, perhaps in connection with a change in the production of fibulae, the tube hinge was introduced. It was the primary hing form in the Middle and Late Roman period. Like the hinge in general, this construction is limited to the Roman provinces. The hinge system itself functions like that of group 5. The hinge arms, however, are cast or well soldered and always larger than those of the sleeve hinge and lengthen and thicken over time: at the end are the massive or hollow cross arms of the onion button brooches. The pin is not held in place by lateral buttons, but is clamped. The needle has the same shape as in group 5. Sometimes, however, it has no thorn-like projection to push the needle outward so security measures to keep the needle in the catch-plate were necessary. The fibulae of group 6 are, with a few exceptions, showing high needle holders (n-p below) with disc or foot-shaped feet. This construction is characteristic of the late Roman period. (4.2%) Penannular Fibula - Ring Broaches and Omega Brooches (4.5% of specimens)Group 8: Penannular Fibula - Ring Brooches and Omega Brooches. Rotary fastener. Ring and omega brooches held the fabric pieces together in a completely different way than the other closure constructions. The cloth was pierced at the desired location. The needle tip was passed between the ends of the ring. The ring was then rotated 90 degrees under the needle tip. The fabric pressed the needle on the hanger and kept the fibula closed. Five Categories of Needle Catch/Foot Design: Wire Foot, Perforated Foot, Solid Foot, Tubular Catch and Other Needle Holder TypeAn indispensable part of the fibula construction is the needle catch, in which the needle is held on closing and in use. Only group 1 does the wire foot (a-b below) appear. For the next types, the needle catch is created from a broadly hammered and bent wire section. In groups 2 and 4, there are predominantly the common, open foot/framed (c below), or ornamentally perforated needle holders (d-h below, but occasionally also solid foot needle holders (i-p below). The perforations do not appear to have a purpose other than ornamentation. For groups 5 and 7, triangular to quadrangular (i-m below) solid plate needle holders are characteristic, but now and then they also have a simple perforation. For group 3, the needle holders are not of uniform shape. In addition to the occasional frame-shaped, perforated and solid feet, in the majority of cases high needle holders (n-o below), or less often hook-shaped (p below), occasionally also tubular (s below). The fibulae of group 6 are, with a few exceptions, showing high needle holders (n-p below) with disc or foot-shaped feet. The tubular feet with the non-resilient needle were a safeguard against the needle sliding out. For the disc brooches other unusual needle holders are possible. Wire FootOpen Foot/Perforated CatchSolid FootTubular CatchOther Needle Holder TypesAny type of needle catch or holder that does not fit the descriptions above. Groups and TypesNOTE: TRANSLATIONS BELOW NEED IMPROVEMENT. PLEASE CONTRIBUTE CORRECTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS. Group 1. One-piece construction, spring with four turns and tendon below the spring...55 1.1 Nauheim| |fibula 1.2 Lauteracher fibula 1.3 Fibulae with burr-shaped bow 1.4 La Tène fibula 1.5 Roman knot fibula 1.6 Single-rowed fibulae (Soldier brooches) 1.7 Almgren fibula 1.8 Crossbow fibulae with wide foot 1.9 Fibulae similar to Ramersdorfer fibulae 1.10 Single-headed fibula with folded foot Group 2. One-piece construction, tendon above the spring, held by spring hook...64 2.1 [Late] Nauheimer Type Fibulae| 2.2 Fibulae with smooth, undivided bow 2.3 Augen Fibula (Eye Fibula) 2.3.1 Early Augen Fibulae 2.4 German Augen Fibulae 2.5 Spring bow fibulae 2.6 Knick Fibula with distinct knot 2.7 Knick Fibula with soft knot 2.8 Dagger Fibulae 2.9 Kraftig profilierte (highly profiled) (strongly profiled) fibulae with one-piece construction 2.10 Norican-Pannonian double-headed fibulae 2.11 Norican-Pannonian winged fibulae 2.12 Humped fibulae Group 3. Two-piece construction with a pin holding the spring...78 3.1 Kraftig profilierte (highly profiled) fibulae with two-part construction 3.2 Two-part construction Norse-Pannonian double-headed fibulae 3.4 Pannonian trumpet head fibulae 3.5 English trumpet head fibulae 3.6 Shield fibulae 3.7 Germanic brooch 3.8 Crossbow spiral fibula with High Needle Holder 3.9 Crossbow spiral brooches with triangular cut to shape 3.10 Ironing nails 3.11 Head button fibula 3.12 Knee fibula with head plate 3.13 Brooches with kidney-shaped pierced head plate [Plate Fibula with Spring Pin (in NumisWiki, this type is arranged under plate fibulae, not by the pin type)] 3.14 Round disc brooches with press plate rest 3.15 Enameled disk brooches with spiral apparatus 3.16 Round disc brooch with glass medallion in enamel frame 3.17 Hallmarked oval disc brooch with glass insert 3.18 Broken disc brooches 3.19 Roman provincial swastika brooches 3.20 Ax brooches 3.21 Zoomorphic fibulae with spring pin Group 4. Two-piece construction with spring sleeve...91 4.1 Helix Spiral Brooches 4.2 Spiral Spiral Broaches 4.3 Nertomarus Brooches 4.4 Langton-Down fibula 4.5 Thistle |fibula| 4.6 Lion Bow fibula 4.7 Rosette fibula 4.8 Wide foot fibula 4.9 Double knot fibula with sleeved spring 4.10 Sleeved spring fibula with forked bow 4.11 Knee fibula with sleeved spring Group 5. Sleeved Hinge Fibula...111 5.1 Hinged fibula with frame catch 5.2 Aucissa fibula 5.3 Aucissa variant with ornamental buttons or globules 5.4 Lattice fibula (Aucissa openwork variant) 5.5 Aucissa imitations 5.6 Cross-profiled hinge pins 5.7 Hinged hinge pins 5.8 Cross-shaped bow with hinge pins and Niello inserts 5.9 Hinge broaches with undivided bow and fully plastic foot button 5.10 Hinge broaches with undivided bow and foot knob specimen 5.11 Hinge brooch with inscription 5.12 Hinge broaches with longitudinally profiled bow 5.13 Hinge broaches with roof-shaped bow 5.14 Hinge broaches with side bow-type buttons (and variants) 5.15 Niello-variegated hinge broaches with variants 5.16 Hinge broaches with small round inlays 5.17 Enamel bail brooches Group 6. Tubular Hinge Fibula...162 6.1 Kraftig profilierte (highly profiled) fibulae with tubular hinge 6.2 Double bow fibula with tubular hinge 6.3 Brackets with short hinge arms and comb-shaped bracket 6.4 Crossbow Fibula 6.5 Onion Button Crossbow Fibula Group 7. Plate Fibula (Jaw Hinge Brooches)...178 7.1 Temple Plate Fibulae (none listed) 7.2 Umbonate (raised center knob or ornament) 7.3 Complex round 7.4 Cruciform 7.5 Lunar (Crescent) 7.6 Spoke wheel with center ornament 7.7 Disc brooches with punched ornamentation 7.8 Disc brooches with glass cabochon boss 7.9 Brooch with openwork leg rest 7.10 Disc brooches with press plate supports 7.11 Tutulus-like fibulae 7.12 Ring-shaped enamel fibulae 7.13 Enamel fibulae with alternating swatches 7.14 Millefiori ornamented brooches 7.15 Brooch with movable animal sculpture 7.16 Equilateral disc brooches 7.17 Flat multicolored enamel fibulae 7.18 Disc brooches with one symmetry axis 7.19 Fibulas with moving beads 7.20 Complex enamel brooches 7.21 Brooches with medallions 7.22 Zoomorphic with punch decorations 7.23 Shoe sole plate 7.24 Zoomorphic 7.25 Zoomorphic with enamel decorations 8.1 Omega fibula 8.2 Ring fibula | RihaRiha, E. Die römischen Fibeln aus Augst und Kaiseraugst. (1979). The Roman Fibulae| from Imperial Times. Also see: NOTE: TRANSLATIONS BELOW NEED IMPROVEMENT. PLEASE CONTRIBUTE CORRECTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS. Table of ContentsEinleitung / Introduction...9 Die Augster und Kaiseraugster Fibeln / Roman fibulae...11 Zur Gruppierung / Grouping Fibulae...11 Konstruktion / Construction...12 Spiralfibeln / Spring Fibulae...12 Scharnierfibeln / Hinge Fibulae...15 Fibeln mit Drehverschluss / Penannular Fibulae...16 Formen / Form...18 Grösse / Size...61 Ornamentik / Ornamentation...21 Material und Oberflächenbelag - Material and surface coating...23 Ziertechniken / Decorative Techniques...24 1. Punktierung und Stempelverzierung / Dotting and stamping...24 2. Gravierung / Engraving...25 3. Kerbung und Fazettierung / Notching and faceting...25 4. Pressblechauflagen / Press plate supports...25 5. Durchbrochene Blechauflagen / Openwork sheet metal supports...26 6. Beinauflagen / Leg rest...26 7. Buntmetall und Nielloeinlagen / Non-ferrous metal and Niello inserts...26 8. Email und Glaseinlagen / Enamel and glass inserts...29 9. Aufgelegte Medaillons aus Glas oder Metall / Glass or metal medallions...34 10. Bewegliche Perlen aus Glas, Metall oder organischem Material / Moving beads of glass, metal or organic material...34 11. Zierknöpfe und Zier stifte / Decorative and ornamental pins...35 Fabrikation, Werkstätten und Stempel / Fabrication, Workshops and Stamps...34 Funktion, Tragweise und Fibelmode / Function, wearing style and fibula mode...39 Zur Datierung / Dating [Fibulae]...43 Zusammenfassung / Summary...44 Typologie und Katalog / Typology and Catalog...53 Group 1. Eingliedrige Spiralfibeln mit vier Windungen und unterer Sehne / One-piece construction, spring with four turns and tendon below the spring...55 Group 2. Eingliedrige Spiralfibeln mit oberer Sehne und Sehnenhaken / One-piece construction, tendon above the spring, held by spring hook...64 Group 3. Zweigliedrige Spiralfibeln / Two-piece construction with a pin holding the spring...78 Group 4. Hülsenspiralfibeln / Two-piece construction with spring sleeve...91 Group 5. Hülsenscharnierfibeln / Sleeve Hinge Fibula...111 Group 6. Röhrenscharnierfibeln / Tubular Hinge Fibula...162 Group 7. Backenscharnierfibeln / Jaw Hinge Brooches (Plate Fibula)...178 Group 8. Fibeln mit Drehverschluss / Penannular Fibula - Ring Brooches and Omega Brooches...205 Register / Index...211 Literaturabkürzungen / Bibliography...215 Tafeln / [Line drawing] Plates...221 The text below is for the most part a translation of parts of Die römischen Fibeln aus Augst und Kaiseraugst, but it is simplified and rearranged with an emphasis on using Riha for identification of an unknown fibula. Three Categories of Fibulae: Spring Fibula, Hinge Fibula, and Penannular |FibulaeRiha
divides fibulae into three categories, subdivided into eight groups
according to their closure design. Within each group, the fibulae are
divided into types according to their form. A purely chronological
breakdown with an overview of the successive types would be too
confusing, especially since many types overlap in time. A grouping of
forms and their typological order would also be of no advantage since
very few types can be traced in their overall typological development.
Therefore, they are grouped according to the construction. This is the
organization used most often by others, but unfortunately never
consistently. Apart from group 1 (with the timeless and one-fold,
one-piece construction) and group 8 (a special category) the groups are
either more or less narrowly defined regionally and/or chronologically. Spring Fibulae (32.1% of specimens)Group 1: One-piece construction, spring with four turns, tendon (wire connecting two ends of the spring) below the spring. Early bow fibula were made from one piece of bronze. The entire fibula from the catch, to the bow, to the spring,
to the tip of the pin was created by shaping and bending a single piece
of bronze with great expertise and skill. Wire foot. (7.4%) Hinged Fibulae (63.4% of specimens)The spring system
was already used by pre-Roman cultures, the hinge is a Roman, or at
least a Mediterranean invention. This derivation may explain the fact
that the hinge system has not found widespread use in the Germanic
territories. In the case of the hinge, the separately worked needle moves freely on the hinge axis. It owes its suspension to a thorn-like extension set at the perforated plate of the hinged end of the needle, which pushes the needle away from the fibula or presses it into the needle catch. Group 5: Sleeve Hing Fibula. This type probably originated in Italy. It became the most popular form of closure for Roman provincial fibulae, and is characteristic of the bow brooches from the early imperial times to the beginning of the 2nd century. Outside the Roman Empire and after that time, this type of hing was seldom used. The sleeve hinge consists of a small sleeve at the top of the head which is forged from a square sheet metal plate and then rolled up. In a center-cut slot, the spiked needle is inserted and held by a shaft (usually iron) passing through the whole sleeve. At the ends of each of the Aucissa fibulae and their early successors were buttons holding the hinge axis; later, the hinge axis was clamped in the sleeve and needed no buttons. The needle always carries a thorn-like projection on its perforated oval plate, which beats against the head of the fibula and, by virtue of this resistance, causes the suspension to spring forth. The sleeve hinge is used exclusively in bow fibulae. The needle is primarily rectilinear, but bends hand in hand with the flattening of the bow to the outside to continue to leave enough space between the bracket and needle. For group 5, triangular to quadrangular (i-m below) solid plate needle holders are characteristic, but now and then they also have a simple perforation. The sleeve hinge is considered a typical Roman construction. The sleeve hinge fibulae are by far the largest group of Roman fibulae in terms of numbers. (44.7%) Group 6: Tubular Hinge Fibula. Around the end of the second century, perhaps in connection with a change in the production of fibulae, the tube hinge was introduced. It was the primary hing form in the Middle and Late Roman period. Like the hinge in general, this construction is limited to the Roman provinces. The hinge system itself functions like that of group 5. The hinge arms, however, are cast or well soldered and always larger than those of the sleeve hinge and lengthen and thicken over time: at the end are the massive or hollow cross arms of the onion button brooches. The pin is not held in place by lateral buttons, but is clamped. The needle has the same shape as in group 5. Sometimes, however, it has no thorn-like projection to push the needle outward so security measures to keep the needle in the catch-plate were necessary. The fibulae of group 6 are, with a few exceptions, showing high needle holders (n-p below) with disc or foot-shaped feet. This construction is characteristic of the late Roman period. (4.2%) Penannular Fibula - Ring Broaches and Omega Brooches (4.5% of specimens)Group 8: Penannular Fibula - Ring Brooches and Omega Brooches. Rotary fastener. Ring and omega brooches held the fabric pieces together in a completely different way than the other closure constructions. The cloth was pierced at the desired location. The needle tip was passed between the ends of the ring. The ring was then rotated 90 degrees under the needle tip. The fabric pressed the needle on the hanger and kept the fibula closed. Five Categories of Needle Catch/Foot Design: Wire Foot, Perforated Foot, Solid Foot, Tubular Catch and Other Needle Holder TypeAn indispensable part of the fibula construction is the needle catch, in which the needle is held on closing and in use. Only group 1 does the wire foot (a-b below) appear. For the next types, the needle catch is created from a broadly hammered and bent wire section. In groups 2 and 4, there are predominantly the common, open foot/framed (c below), or ornamentally perforated needle holders (d-h below, but occasionally also solid foot needle holders (i-p below). The perforations do not appear to have a purpose other than ornamentation. For groups 5 and 7, triangular to quadrangular (i-m below) solid plate needle holders are characteristic, but now and then they also have a simple perforation. For group 3, the needle holders are not of uniform shape. In addition to the occasional frame-shaped, perforated and solid feet, in the majority of cases high needle holders (n-o below), or less often hook-shaped (p below), occasionally also tubular (s below). The fibulae of group 6 are, with a few exceptions, showing high needle holders (n-p below) with disc or foot-shaped feet. The tubular feet with the non-resilient needle were a safeguard against the needle sliding out. For the disc brooches other unusual needle holders are possible. Wire FootOpen Foot/Perforated CatchSolid FootTubular CatchOther Needle Holder TypesAny type of needle catch or holder that does not fit the descriptions above. Groups and TypesNOTE: TRANSLATIONS BELOW NEED IMPROVEMENT. PLEASE CONTRIBUTE CORRECTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS. Group 1. One-piece construction, spring with four turns and tendon below the spring...55 1.1 Nauheim| |fibula 1.2 Lauteracher fibula 1.3 Fibulae with burr-shaped bow 1.4 La Tène fibula 1.5 Roman knot fibula 1.6 Single-rowed fibulae (Soldier brooches) 1.7 Almgren fibula 1.8 Crossbow fibulae with wide foot 1.9 Fibulae similar to Ramersdorfer fibulae 1.10 Single-headed fibula with folded foot Group 2. One-piece construction, tendon above the spring, held by spring hook...64 2.1 [Late] Nauheimer Type Fibulae| 2.2 Fibulae with smooth, undivided bow 2.3 Augen Fibula (Eye Fibula) 2.3.1 Early Augen Fibulae 2.4 German Augen Fibulae 2.5 Spring bow fibulae 2.6 Knick Fibula with distinct knot 2.7 Knick Fibula with soft knot 2.8 Dagger Fibulae 2.9 Kraftig profilierte (highly profiled) (strongly profiled) fibulae with one-piece construction 2.10 Norican-Pannonian double-headed fibulae 2.11 Norican-Pannonian winged fibulae 2.12 Humped fibulae Group 3. Two-piece construction with a pin holding the spring...78 3.1 Kraftig profilierte (highly profiled) fibulae with two-part construction 3.2 Two-part construction Norse-Pannonian double-headed fibulae 3.4 Pannonian trumpet head fibulae 3.5 English trumpet head fibulae 3.6 Shield fibulae 3.7 Germanic brooch 3.8 Crossbow spiral fibula with High Needle Holder 3.9 Crossbow spiral brooches with triangular cut to shape 3.10 Ironing nails 3.11 Head button fibula 3.12 Knee fibula with head plate 3.13 Brooches with kidney-shaped pierced head plate [Plate Fibula with Spring Pin (in NumisWiki, this type is arranged under plate fibulae, not by the pin type)] 3.14 Round disc brooches with press plate rest 3.15 Enameled disk brooches with spiral apparatus 3.16 Round disc brooch with glass medallion in enamel frame 3.17 Hallmarked oval disc brooch with glass insert 3.18 Broken disc brooches 3.19 Roman provincial swastika brooches 3.20 Ax brooches 3.21 Zoomorphic fibulae with spring pin Group 4. Two-piece construction with spring sleeve...91 4.1 Helix Spiral Brooches 4.2 Spiral Spiral Broaches 4.3 Nertomarus Brooches 4.4 Langton-Down fibula 4.5 Thistle |fibula| 4.6 Lion Bow fibula 4.7 Rosette fibula 4.8 Wide foot fibula 4.9 Double knot fibula with sleeved spring 4.10 Sleeved spring fibula with forked bow 4.11 Knee fibula with sleeved spring Group 5. Sleeved Hinge Fibula...111 5.1 Hinged fibula with frame catch 5.2 Aucissa fibula 5.3 Aucissa variant with ornamental buttons or globules 5.4 Lattice fibula (Aucissa openwork variant) 5.5 Aucissa imitations 5.6 Cross-profiled hinge pins 5.7 Hinged hinge pins 5.8 Cross-shaped bow with hinge pins and Niello inserts 5.9 Hinge broaches with undivided bow and fully plastic foot button 5.10 Hinge broaches with undivided bow and foot knob specimen 5.11 Hinge brooch with inscription 5.12 Hinge broaches with longitudinally profiled bow 5.13 Hinge broaches with roof-shaped bow 5.14 Hinge broaches with side bow-type buttons (and variants) 5.15 Niello-variegated hinge broaches with variants 5.16 Hinge broaches with small round inlays 5.17 Enamel bail brooches Group 6. Tubular Hinge Fibula...162 6.1 Kraftig profilierte (highly profiled) fibulae with tubular hinge 6.2 Double bow fibula with tubular hinge 6.3 Brackets with short hinge arms and comb-shaped bracket 6.4 Crossbow Fibula 6.5 Onion Button Crossbow Fibula Group 7. Plate Fibula (Jaw Hinge Brooches)...178 7.1 Temple Plate Fibulae (none listed) 7.2 Umbonate (raised center knob or ornament) 7.3 Complex round 7.4 Cruciform 7.5 Lunar (Crescent) 7.6 Spoke wheel with center ornament 7.7 Disc brooches with punched ornamentation 7.8 Disc brooches with glass cabochon boss 7.9 Brooch with openwork leg rest 7.10 Disc brooches with press plate supports 7.11 Tutulus-like fibulae 7.12 Ring-shaped enamel fibulae 7.13 Enamel fibulae with alternating swatches 7.14 Millefiori ornamented brooches 7.15 Brooch with movable animal sculpture 7.16 Equilateral disc brooches 7.17 Flat multicolored enamel fibulae 7.18 Disc brooches with one symmetry axis 7.19 Fibulas with moving beads 7.20 Complex enamel brooches 7.21 Brooches with medallions 7.22 Zoomorphic with punch decorations 7.23 Shoe sole plate 7.24 Zoomorphic 7.25 Zoomorphic with enamel decorations 8.1 Omega fibula 8.2 Ring fibula |