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Claudio II il Gotico e la Libertà
29.3.2017
Salve,
Per favore mi può aiutare ad identificare questa moneta?
Penso sia un Antoniniano di Gallieno
pesa 2,88g
ed ha un diametro di 19mm.
 fig. 1
Cliccare sulle immagini per ingrandire
Roma, 3.4.2017
Egregio Lettore,
di seguito riporto gli elementi significativi riguardanti la moneta di figura:

Antoniniano1, zecca di Roma, 268-270 d. C.2, RIC V/I 63 var. (pag. 216), Cohen VI 151 (pag. 144), indice di rarità "C".

Descrizione sommaria (sono indicate in rosso le parti della leggenda usurate o comunque non più leggibili):
D. IMP CLAVDIVS AVG2. Claudio II, busto radiato e corazzato a destra.
R. LIBER AVG. X3 a destra nel campo. Libertas, stante a sinistra, sorregge con la mano destra un pileo e con la sinistra un lungo scettro verticale4.

La ricerca nel web di monete di tipologia simile a quella di figura ha portato ai seguenti risultati:

  1. https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=2120824 Paul-Francis Jacquier http://www.coinsjacquier.com/ Auction 39 561 12. Sept. 2014 Description: RÖMISCHE MÜNZEN EINE SPEZIALSAMMLUNG SELTENER ANTONINIANE (268-294) CLAUDIUS II GOTHICUS, 268-270. Antoninian, Rom, 268-269. IMP C CLAVDIVS AVG. Panzerbüste mit Stkr. rechts. Rv/ LIBERT – AVG / X. Libertas mit Pileus und Zepter n. links stehend. C 152. RIC 62. RIC online 270.63 (dieses Exemplar). 3,26 g. Selten in dieser Erhaltung. Vorzüglich Aus dem Fund von Çanakkale und der Sammlung P. Bastien.
  2. https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=51481 CGB.fr http://www.cgbfr.com/ Description: CLAUDE II LE GOTHIQUE (09/268-06-08/270) Marcus Aurelius Claudius Antoninien début 269 - mi 269 N° brm_130725 Date: début 269 - mi 269 Nom de l'atelier: Rome Métal: billon Diamètre: 20,00mm Axe des coins: 6h. Poids: 3,14g. Etat de conservation: TTB/TTB+ Commentaires sur l'état de conservation: Patine marron foncé avec un joli revers. Prix: 45,00€ N° dans les ouvrages de référence: RIC.63 -C.150 - Nor.885 - RCV.- Titulature avers: IMP CLAVDIVS AVG. Description avers: Buste radié et cuirassé de Claude II à droite, vu de trois quarts en avant (B). Traduction avers: “Imperator Claudius Augustus”, (L’empereur Claude auguste). Titulature revers: LIBERT AVG -|X. Description revers: Libertas (la Liberté) drapée, debout de face, regardant à droite, tenant un bonnet d’affranchi de la main droite et un sceptre de la gauche. Traduction revers: “Libertas Augusti”, (La Liberté de l’auguste). Historique: Claude II fut nommé maître de la Cavalerie après la défection d'Auréolus et fit partie du complot qui élimina Gallien. Ayant promis la vie sauve à Auréolus après la mort de Gallien, il le laissa néanmoins massacrer par ses troupes après la reddition de Milan. Claude II remporta une brillante victoire sur les Goths à Naissus en Mésie supérieure. Malheureusement, les vaincus propagèrent la peste parmi les vainqueurs et Claude en fut victime. Il fut divinisé après sa mort et un important monnayage de restitution fut frappé par Aurélien d'abord en 270, puis par Constantin Ier qui prétendait descendre de Claude II, au début du IVe siècle.
  3. vcoins CLAUDIUS II GOTHICUS AE antoninianus. Rome. 269 AD. IMP CLAVDIVS AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust right. Reverse - LIBERT AVG, Libertas standing left, holding pileus and vertical sceptre. RIC 63 var (sceptre); RCV 11349. 21mm, 3.9g. €12.16 Rates for: 03/31/17.
  4. http://www.time-lines.co.uk/claudius-ii-libertas-antoninianus-018740-28129-0.html Excessively Rare. Reverse of Gallienus. Claudius II 'Libertas' Antoninianus Bronze, 1.87 grams, 18.50 mm. Rome. 269 AD. Obverse: IMP CLAVDIVS AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust right. Reverse: LIBERT AVG, Libertas standing left, holding pileus and vertical sceptre. RIC V-1, 63 var (sceptre); cf Sear5 11349. Note: On Claudius II coins, Libertas is usually depicted holding a pileus and a cornucopiae. However, as other examples of Claudius II's coinage show, at the beginning of his reign, reverse dies of Gallienus were used to speed up the issue of the new coinage. This coin is probably one such example (Gallienus Göbl 472f). Good ver fine. A significant coin which has been published on wildwinds.com 70£st.
  5. https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces90684.html Country Rome (ancient) Year 269 Value Antoninianus (3/50) Metal Billon (.030) Diameter 18mm Shape Round Demonetized yes References: RCV# 11349 var., RIC# 63 var., Cohen# 150 var. Obverse Radiate, cuirassed bust right Lettering: IMP CLAVDIVS AVG Translation: “Imperator Claudius Augustus” (Emperor Claudius August) Reverse Libertas standing left, holding pileus and vertical sceptre. Lettering: LIBERT AVG. Translation: “Libertas Augusti”. Edge Smooth. Comments RIC usually mentions a cornucopia instead of the sceptre (this variety can be called as the reverse of Gallienus).(Liberty of the August).
  6. https://www.ma-shops.com/noel/item.php5?id=10887&lang=it Descrizione Roman antoninianus 268-270AD Conservazione: VF Materiale: biglione Peso: 3.25g Claudius Gothicus (268-270AD). Billon antoninianus- 3,25g, Rome mint obv: IMP CLAVDIVS AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right rev: LIBERT AVG, Libertas standing left, holding pileus and sceptre, x in right field RIC 60 RI4034 Prezzo: 32,00€.
  7. ma-shops2 Descrizione Claudius II. Gothicus 268-270 Conservazione: vz Antoninian / antoninianus des M. A. Claudius II. Gothicus Regiert: 268 - 270 n.Chr. Gewicht: 3.1g, übl. knapper Schrötling Münzstätte: Rom 268-270 n.Chr., RIC #63 C Av: IMP CLAVDIVS AVG / Kopf mit Strahlenkrone r., drapiert, gepanzert Rv: LIBERT AVG / Libertas steht l., hält Freiheitsmütze r. u. Zepter l., X r.i.F. Prezzo: 58,00€.
  8. ebay Claudius II - Roman Emperor: 268-270 A.D. Bronze Antoninianus 19mm (2.83 grams) Struck circa 268-270 A.D. Reference: RIC 63f, C 152 IMPCLAVDIVSAVG - Radiate, cuirassed bust right. LIBERTAVG Exe: Nothing or X - Libertas standing, facing, holding pileus and scepter. The pileus (from Greek πῖλος - pilos, also pilleus or pilleum in Latin) was a brimless, felt cap worn by sailors in Ancient Greece and later copied by Ancient Rome. It became emblematic of liberty and freedom from bondage. During the classic revival of the 18th and 19th centuries it was widely confused with the Phrygian cap which, in turn, appeared frequently on statuary and heraldic devices as a "liberty cap." LIBERTAS - Liberty is represented in two ways on coins: the one as a woman with a naked head, which is the image of Roman Liberty; the other having her head covered with a veil, and adorned with a diadem, is the effigy of the goddess of liberty, whose temple was on Mount Aventine. The veil is in this case the token of divinity, as indeed the diadem is the ornament of a goddess. Liberty is represented not only on consular medals, but also with considerable frequency on those of the imperial series. Marcus Aurelius Claudius (May 10, 213 - January, 270), often referred to as Claudius Gothicus or Claudius II, was a Roman Emperor. He ruled the Roman Empire for less than two years (268 - 270), but during that brief time he managed to obtain some successes. He was later given divine status. Life Origin and rise to power Claudius' origin is uncertain. He was either from Sirmium (Syrmia; in Pannonia Inferior) or from Naissus Dardania (in Moesia Superior); both areas are located in Serbia. Claudius was the commander of the Roman army that decisively defeated the Goths at the Battle of Naissus in September 268; in the same month, he attained the throne, amid charges, never proven, that he murdered his predecessor Gallienus. However, he soon proved to be less than bloodthirsty, as he asked the Roman Senate to spare the lives of Gallienus' family and supporters. He was less magnanimous toward Rome's enemies, however, and it was to this that he owed his popularity. Claudius, like Maximinus Thrax before him, was of barbarian birth. After an interlude of failed aristocratic Roman emperors since Maximinus's death, Claudius was the first in a series of tough soldier-emperors who would eventually restore the Empire from the Crisis of the third century. Claudius as emperor. At the time of his accession, the Roman Empire was in serious danger from several incursions, both within and outside its borders. The most pressing of these was an invasion of Illyricum and Pannonia by the Goths. Not long after being named emperor (or just prior to Gallienus' death, depending on the source), he won his greatest victory, and one of the greatest in the history of Roman arms. The Roman Empire in 268 A.D. At the Battle of Naissus, Claudius and his legions routed a huge Gothic army. Together with his cavalry commander, the future Emperor Aurelian, the Romans took thousands of prisoners, destroyed the Gothic cavalry as a force and stormed their laager (a circular alignment of wagons long favored by the Goths). The victory earned Claudius his surname of "Gothicus" (conqueror of the Goths), and that is how he is known to this day. More importantly, the Goths were soon driven back across the Danube River, and a century passed before they again posed a serious threat to the empire. While this was going on, the Germanic tribe known as the Alamanni had crossed the Alps and attacked the empire. Claudius responded quickly, routing the Alamanni at the Battle of Lake Benacus in the late fall of 268, a few months after the battle of Naissus. He then turned on the Gallic Empire, ruled by a pretender for the past fifteen years and encompassing Britain, Gaul, and the Iberian Peninsula. He won several victories and soon regained control of Spain and the Rhone river valley of Gaul. This set the stage for the ultimate destruction of the Gallic Empire under Aurelian. However, Claudius did not live long enough to fulfill his goal of reuniting all the lost territories of the empire. Late in 269 he was preparing to go to war against the Vandals, who were raiding in Pannonia. However, he fell victim to the Plague of Cyprian (possibly smallpox), and died early in January 270. Before his death, he is thought to have named Aurelian as his successor, although Claudius' brother Quintillus briefly seized power. The Senate immediately deified Claudius as "Divus Claudius Gothicus". Links to Constantinian dynasty. The Historia Augusta reports Claudius and Quintillus having another brother named Crispus and through him a niece. Said niece Claudia reportedly married Eutropius and was mother to Constantius Chlorus. Historians however suspect this account to be a genealogical fabrication intended to link Constantine I's family to that of a well-respected emperor.
  9. http://www.cgbfr.com/claude-ii-le-gothique-antoninien,v59_0483,a.html MONNAIES 59 (2013) Starting price: 350.00€ Estimate: 550.00€ unsold lot. Type: Antoninien Date septembre 268 - début 269 Date 268-269 Mint name / Town: Roma Metal: billon Millesimal fineness: 30‰ Diameter: 19mm Orientation dies: 12h. Weight: 3,26g. Rarity: R1 Officine: 10e Emission: 1re. Coments on the condition: Exemplaire sur un petit flan épais, bien centré, mais un peu court sur la légende de droit. Très beau portrait de Claude II. Revers de style fin. Jolie patine marron foncé. Conserve la plus grande partie de son brillant de frappe et de son coupant d’origine. Catalogue references: RIC.62 - C.152 - Nor.684 - RCV.- ; Predigree: Cet exemplaire provient du trésor de Canakkale, de la collection du docteur Pierre Bastien, de la vente Poindessault de mars 1988, n° 125 et de la collection Daniel Compas “antoniniani et aureliani exceptionnels” Obverse legend: IMP C CLAVDIVS AVG . Obverse description: Buste radié et cuirassé de Claude II à droite, vu de trois quarts en avant (B) . Obverse translation: “Imperator Cæsar Claudius Augustus”, (L’empereur césar Claude auguste). Reverse legend: LIBERT AVG/ -|X// -. Reverse description: Libertas (la Liberté) drapée, debout de face, regardant à droite, tenant un bonnet d’affranchi de la main droite et un sceptre de la gauche . Reverse translation: “Libertas Augusti”, (La Liberté de l’auguste) . Poids lourd. Sans argenture superficielle. Rubans de type 3 aux extrémités bouletées. Cet exemplaire est mentionné avec photo dans le RIC. temp.(exemplaire 63). CLAUDE II THE GOTHIC (09/268 - 06-08/270) Marcus Aurelius Claudius. Claudius II was appointed master of the cavalry after the defection of Aureolus and was part of the conspiracy that eliminated Gallien. Having promised to save life Aureolus after the death of Gallienus, he nevertheless left massacred by his troops after the surrender of Milan. Claudius II gained a brilliant victory over the Goths Naissus in upper Moesia. Unfortunately, defeated propagated the plague among the winners and Claude fell victim. He was deified after his death and a major counterfeiting restitution was struck by Aurelian in 270 first, then by Constantine I, who claimed descent from Claudius II, in the early fourth century.
  10. http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/ric/claudius_II/RIC_0062.jpg Billon antoninianus of Claudius II Gothicus, 268-269 CE. Rome, 269-270 AD. Obv: IMP C CLAVDIVS AVG, radiate, cuirassed bust right. Rev: LIBERT AVG, Libertas standing facing, head left, holding a pileum in her right hand and a tall sceptre in her left. X in right field. RIC V-1, 62 Rome Contributed by Bill Welch, June 2009.
  11. http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/ric/claudius_II/RIC_0063v_2.jpg Claudius II AE Antoninianus. Rome. 269 AD. Obv: IMP CLAVDIVS AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust right. Rev: LIBERT AVG, Libertas standing left, holding pileus and vertical sceptre. X in right field. RIC V-1, 63 var (sceptre); cf Sear5 11349. Note: On Claudius II coins, Libertas is usually depicted holding a pileus and a cornucopiae. However, as other examples of Claudius II's coinage show, at the beginning of his reign, reverse dies of Gallienus were used to speed up the issue of the new coinage. This coin is one such example.

Concludo osservando che la moneta di figura, per quanto consentito da una valutazione a distanza, presenta caratteristiche fisiche, generali e di stile comparabili con quelle dei conî d'epoca. Il valore venale del campione in esame, nell'attuale stato di conservazione, non dovrebbe superare i 10,00€.

Un saluto cordiale.
Giulio De Florio

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Note:
(1) Antoniniano. Raccolgo in tabella le caratteristiche fisiche degli antoniniani di Claudio II presenti nei link di cui sopra.
Riferimenti Peso (g.)  Asse di conio (ore) Diametro (mm)
Link1 3,26 - -
Link2 3,14 6 20
Link3 3,9 - 21
Link4 1,87 - 18,5
Link5 - - 18
Link6 3,25 - -
Link7 3,1 - -
Link8 2,83 - 19
Link9 3,26 12 19
Si evince dalla tabella che le caratteristiche fisiche dell'antoniniano di figura (2,88g, 19mm, 6h) rientrano nei margini di variabilità delle monete dello stesso tipo reperite nel web.
(2) IMPerator CLAVDIVS AVGustus. Riprendo da S. W. Stevenson - "A Dictionary of Roman Coins" le notizie storiche che riguardano questo sovrano:
Di oscure origini illiriche, grazie al talento militare, si era conquistato la fiducia di Traiano Decio che gli aveva affidato la difesa dei confini settentrionali della Grecia. Valeriano lo aveva nominato tribuno militare e, nel 259 d.C., governatore dell'Illirico e comandante in capo delle province del basso Danubio. Le capacità militari gli avevano valso, sotto Gallieno, un decreto del Senato che autorizzava l'erezione di una statua in suo onore. Lo stesso Gallieno lo aveva voluto con sé durante la repressione di Aureolo e l'assedio di Milano. Ma proprio in quelle circostanze Gallieno era stato ucciso dagli ufficiali del suo staff che acclamarono al suo posto Claudio, presto riconosciuto Augusto anche dal Senato il 20 marzo del 268 d.C. . In breve tempo il nuovo sovrano represse la rivolta di Aureolo e sconfisse gli Alemanni sul lago di Garda, vicino Verona, per poi dedicarsi a ripristinare l'ordine e la legalità nell'impero. Ma la pace durò poco perché l'anno successivo i Goti raccolsero una flotta di 1200 navi che doveva appoggiare le azioni di terra e un esercito di oltre 300.000 uomini. Claudio mosse loro incontro sconfiggendoli a Naissus (l'odierna Nis, in Serbia) in una battaglia in cui 50.000 Goti persero la vita. Dopo questi avvenimenti Claudio assunse il titolo di "Gotico". Poco tempo dopo, nel 270 d. C., morì della peste portata dai Goti. Prima di morire pare che designasse, come successore, Aureliano. Dopo la morte fu divinizzato. Sotto Aureliano, fu battuta una serie della restituzione, ripresa anche da Costantino I che pretendeva di discendere da lui.
(3) La X a destra nel campo denota l'officina monetale della zecca di Roma, responsabile dell'emissione (X=decima officina di 12 attive nel periodo).
(4) LIBERtas AVGusti (la Libertà di Augusto). La leggenda del rovescio fornisce in modo inequivocabile l'identità del personaggio rappresentato nel rovescio con i suoi attributi tipici, il pileo (il berretto indossato dallo schiavo liberato) e lo scettro. La Libertà di Augusto, è ad un tempo una qualità intrinseca dell'imperatore e il nume dispensatore di questo beneficio al popolo romano.
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