Indice Dietro Avanti
Bruto e le Idi di Marzo
4.5.2012
Circa nel 1959/1960, in uno scavo per le fondamenta di una casa, sono state ritrovate 2 monete, di presunta epoca romana, avvolte insieme in una specie di " busta " di piombo. Al ritrovamento, non sapendo di cosa si trattasse, sono state pulite da una specie di incrostazione / copertura esterna. Le invio la foto della seconda moneta, rinvenuta insieme a quella di Antoninus Pius. La ringrazio sin d'ora per la sua disponibilità. Le misure della seconda moneta sono: lato busto, da testa a collo, millimetri 20 (altezza), larghezza 19 millimetri (stesso lato).

fig. 1
Cliccare sulle immagini per ingrandire
6 aprile 2006
Salve gentile Giulio, le chiedo un parere su questa moneta romana di cui le allego la foto (fronte e retro) vorrei sapere quanto può valere e la rarità della moneta.
Caratteristiche:
Peso: 3.324g
Diametro(min-MAX): 18.86-20.28 mm
Spessore max: 2.27 mm
Colore: grigio non lucido. Posso fornirle eventualmente delle foto al microscopio.
Grazie mille e la ringrazio per la collaborazione e la risposta.

fig. 2
Roma, 12.5.2012
Egregi Lettori,
premesso che la moneta sopra citata fu battuta nel nome di Caracalla e non di Antonino Pio, di seguito riporto gli elementi significativi che ho potuto  raccogliere sulla moneta di fig. 1. Ho inserito in fig. 2, a titolo di confronto, una moneta della serie Mister Day - Parmalat, del tutto simile, che sei anni fa avevo avuto modo di esaminare.

Denario1, 43-42 a.C., zecca itinerante, Crawford al n° 508/3 (pag.  518), Sydenham 1301 (pag. 203), indice di rarità "(9)".

Descrizione sommaria:
D. Testa di Bruto2 a destra, barbato; attorno, in alto, in senso orario BRVT IMP3; attorno, in basso a sinistra, in senso antiorario, L PLAET CEST4. Bordo perlinato.
R.  Pileo tra due daghe; sotto EID MAR. Bordo perlinato.

La ricerca nel web di monete di tipologia simile ha prodotto i seguenti risultati:

  1. http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/sear5/s1439.html Sale: CNG 69, Lot: 1367. Closing Date: Jun 08, 2005. BRUTUS. Late Summer-Autumn 42 BC. AR Denarius (3.51 gm, 12h). Mint moving with Brutus in northern Greece. L. Plaetorius Cestianus, magistrate. Bidding Closed Estimate $50000 BRUTUS. Late Summer-Autumn 42 BC. AR Denarius (3.51 gm, 12h). Mint moving with Brutus in northern Greece. L. Plaetorius Cestianus, magistrate. Bare head of Brutus right / EID • MAR, pileus between two daggers. Crawford 508/3; Cahn 22d (same dies); CRI 216; Sydenham 1301; RSC 15. EF, minor edge crystallization. Rare and popular type. ($50,000) Marcus Junius Brutus was the son of Marcus Junius Brutus and Julius Caesar's former mistress, Servilia. By 59 BC he acquired the alternative name Quintus Caepio Brutus through adoption by his uncle, Quintus Servilius Caepio. Brought up by Porcius Cato, he was educated in philosophy and oratory and long retained a fierce hatred of his natural father’s murderer, Pompey. He began his political career in 58 BC by accompanying Cato to Cyprus. As triumvir monetalis in about 54 BC he issued coins illustrating his strong republican views with Libertas and portraits of his ancestors L. Junius Brutus (who overthrew Tarquinius Superbus, the last Etruscan king of Rome) and Servilius Ahala (the later fifth century BC tyrannicide) (Crawford 433/1 and 2, respectively). In 53 BC Brutus served in Cilicia as quaestor to Appius Claudius Pulcher, whose successor, Cicero, found that ‘the honourable Brutus’ was extracting 48 per cent interest on a loan to the city of Salamis in Cyprus, contrary to the lex Gabinia. Brutus, the principled student, stoic, and Platonist who wrote a number of philosophical treatises and poems, seems an unlikely tyrannicide, quite dissimilar to the vehement Cassius. Despite his hatred of Pompey, he followed him in the Civil War of 49 BC against Caesar, but after the former’s defeat at Pharsalus he sought and was granted Caesar’s pardon. He proceeded to enjoy Caesar’s favor and was appointed governor of Gaul in 46 BC, praetor in 44 BC and consul designate for 41 BC. Perhaps under the influence of his second wife Porcia, Cato’s daughter, Brutus joined the conspiracy against Caesar, becoming the leader alongside Cassius. The reaction of the populace in the aftermath of the Ides of March compelled Brutus to leave Rome in April 44 BC. The Senate’s resolution to declare him a ‘public enemy’ on 28 November 44 BC was soon repealed and in February 43 BC he was appointed governor of Crete, the Balkan provinces and later Asia. Suspecting the intentions of Antony and Octavian, Brutus went to Macedonia and won the loyalty of its governor, Hortensius, and there levied an army and seized much of the funds prepared by Caesar for his Parthian expedition. Successful against the Bessi in Thrace, he was hailed imperator by his troops, but after the establishment of the triumvirate in November 43 BC he was outlawed again and joined forces with Cassius at Sardes. In the summer of 42 BC they marched through Macedonia and in October met Octavian on the Via Egnatia just outside Philippi and won the first battle. Cassius, as his conservative coins show, remained true to the old republican cause, while Brutus followed the self-advertising line of Antony in the new age of unashamed political propaganda and struck coins displaying his own portrait. Brutus’ estrangement from Cassius was effectively complete when this remarkably assertive coin was struck extolling the pileus or cap of liberty (symbol of the Dioscuri, saviors of Rome, and traditionally given to slaves who had received their freedom) between the daggers that executed Caesar. In the ironic twist of fate, Brutus committed suicide during the second battle at Philippi on 23 October 42 BC, using the dagger with which he assassinated Caesar. This extraordinary type is one of the few specific coin issues mentioned by a classical author, Dio Cassius, Roman History 47. 25, 3: “Brutus stamped upon the coins which were being minted his own likeness and a cap and two daggers, indicating by this and by the inscription that he and Cassius had liberated the fatherland.” The only securely identified portraits of Brutus occur on coins inscribed with his name; all others, whether on coins or other artifacts, are identified based on the three issues inscribed BRVTVS IMP (on aurei) or BRVT IMP (on denarii). A careful study of Brutus’ portraits by S. Nodelman segregates these inscribed portraits into three main categories: a ‘baroque’ style portrait on the aurei of Casca, a ‘neoclassical’ style on the aurei of Costa, and a ‘realistic’ style on the ‘EID MAR’ denarii, which Nodelman describes as “the soberest and most precise” of all.
  2. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=2294 Source Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG Auction 124 (16.03.2007) Lot 8483  ( «  |  » ) Price 90000 EUR (~119792 USD) Description RÖMISCHE MÜNZEN (ROMAN COINS) IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN M. Iunius Brutus. AR-Denar, 42 v. Chr., Lagermünzstätte in Kleinasien oder Nordgriechenland, L. Plaetorius Cestianus; 3,59 g. Kopf des Brutus r., l. L. PLAET CEST, oben BRVT, r. IMP//Pileus zwischen zwei Dolchen, darunter EID MAR. Bab. 52; BMC 68; Crawf. 508/3; Sear 216; Syd. 1301. Von großer Seltenheit. Prüfpunze auf dem Revers, sehr schönes Exemplar mit feiner Tönung Exemplar der Auktion Leu 71, Zürich 1997, Nr. 265 und der Auktion Münzen und Medaillen AG 19, Basel 1959, Nr. 150. Diese wohl berühmteste römische Münze ließ Brutus 42 v. Chr, kurz vor der Schlacht von Philippi prägen. Der Avers des Stückes zeigt das Porträt des Caesarmörders Brutus, der Revers liefert die Rechtfertigung seiner Bluttat vom 15. März 44 v. Chr. Der Pileus, die Freiheitskappe, charakterisiert den Mord an den Iden des Märzes als einen patriotischen Akt zur Wiederherstellung der Freiheit. Die Dolche sind einerseits die Waffen der Caesarmörder, verweisen aber andererseits durch die Verbindung mit dem Namen Brutus auf den Schwur, den dessen Ahnherr L. Iunius Brutus, der legendäre Gründer der Republik, auf einen blutigen Dolch abgelegt haben soll. In diesem Schwur verpflichtete sich der Republikgründer dazu, die etruskischen Könige aus Rom zu vertreiben. Der Caesarmord wird somit in die Tradition eines gerechtfertigten Tyrannenmordes gestellt. Diese Begründung des Mordes ist freilich heuchlerisch, denn Brutus handelte, indem er sein Porträt auf die Münze setzen ließ, nicht anders als Caesar. Einer der Gründe für den Mord war es unter anderem, daß Caesar sein Porträt auf die Münzen setzen ließ - dies galt als ein Anzeichen für die Bestrebung, eine Monarchie zu errichten. Estimate: 30.000 EUR.
  3. http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/imp/brutus/RSC_0015.3-o.jpg
  4. http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/imp/brutus/RSC_0015.3-r.jpg Cr-508/3, Syd-1301 (R9), [sothebys.amazon.com Guarantee] C-15 (350 Fr.); Cahn, sothebys.amazon.com] Quaderni ticinesi 1989, no. 10b, pl.II (this coin). Obv: BRVT IMP L PLAET CEST Head o... read more Minimum Bid: $110,000.00 (No Reserve) Estimate: (110000 - (In U.S. 150000) Dollars) Closes In: Closed. Seller: hjbcoins See more by this seller Number of 0 (starting Bids: bid: $110,000.00) Description (guaranteed) Ides of March Denarius, the Nelson Bunker Hunt specimen, 43-42 AD, Cr-508/3, Syd-1301 (R9), C-15 (350 Fr.); Cahn, Quaderni ticinesi 1989, no. 10b, pl.II (this coin). Obv: BRVT IMP L PLAET CEST Head of Brutus r. Rx: EID MAR Liberty cap and two daggers. Ex Sotheby's, New York, 19 June 1990, N.B.Hunt, 119; Sternberg, 30 Nov. 1973, 10; Stack's, 20 Nov. 1967, H.P. McCollough, 1032; and Naville Ars Classica XV, 1930, Woodward, 1315. Also published in the Hunt exhibition catqalogue, Wealth of the Ancient World, no. 119. With this famous reverse type Brutus commemorates his assassination of Julius Caesar on the notorious Ides of March, 44 BC, and claims that the deed was done to secure liberty for the Roman people (the liberty cap). This sentiment does not prevent him, however, from placing his own portrait on the coin, like a Hellenistic monarch and like Caesar himself shortly before his death! This coin commemorates the most important single day event in ancient history. There is barely a person living in the Western world today who doesn't know the words written by William Shakespeare, "Et Tu Brute" or the words Eid Mar inscribed on the rx of this coin. The fact that a man would commit a political murder and put the date of that murder and the implements used to do it on the rx of the coin between which is a cap representing Liberty and freedom and on the other side, his portrait and his name with the inscription IMP or imperator is remarkable. On this coin, he not only commemorates the act and the day that he saved the Republic, but contradicts the meaning and spirit of the rx of the coin by placing his portrait on the obv and saluting himself as emperor. Somewhat more than 50 of these remarkable coins exist. The fact that far more than 50 people would like to own one, along with the additional fact that most of these coins are in museums, has created the justifiable price structure that exists today. Condition: This coin is nearly EF on the obv, save a hairline scratch from in back of Brutus' head to the tip of the T, which I noticed when I viewed the coin in 1990 at the Hunt Sale. The rx has two old hairlines above and to the left of the Liberty cap, but is otherwise EF. With its pedigree, this is one of the most famous of all the Eid Mar coins. Additional Specifications Number of Items in Lot: 1 Weight: 3.72g.
  5. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=4092 Source Leu Numismatik AG Auction 86 (05.05.2003) Lot 725  ( «  |  » ) Price 90000 CHF (~67426 USD) Description THE REPUBLIC Estimate: CHF 65.000.00 M. Iunius Brutus and L. Plaetorius Cestianus. Denarius (Silver, 3.50 g 1), mint traveling with Brutus and Cassius in northern Greece, late summer-autumn 42. BRVT IMP L · PLAET · CEST Bare head of Brutus to right. Rev. EID · MAR Pileus (cap of liberty) between two daggers. Bab. (Junia) 52. B & S 36/3 (this coin). H.A. Cahn, EIDibus MARtiis, QT 1989, p. 219, 19 a (this coin). Cr. 508/3. Sear 216. Syd. 1301. Vagi 95. Extremely rare. Good very fine. From the de Guermantes collection, and from that of Madame Paucker, Vinchon 7 April 1959, 158.This is very possibly one of the most extraordinary coins anyone can own. It bears a portrait of the most famous of all assassins, and it commemorates the murder of Julius Caesar, one of the most important figures in Western history. As the late Herbert Cahn points out in his fundamental article on the subject (cited above), this coin has been prized by collectors and scholars since the Renaissance (it was copied for a medal commemorating the murder of Alessandro de ‘ Medici in 1537 – see Bargello 489), but it was also celebrated in ancient times as well. Dio Cassius mentioned it in the 3rd century, and its reverse was copied on a denarius issued during the Civil Wars of 68-69 (RIC 24-25). Cahn identified 8 obverse dies that were used for this issue (ours is Obverse C), paired with 27 reverses: the original issue must have been rather small, but the great rarity of these coins today can be explained by their having been recalled and melted down after Antony and Octavian’s victory over the Republicans at Philippi (in 1989 he was able to record a total of 56 pieces – of which 28 were in Museums – perhaps no more than 65 exist today). No other coin has such romance and history bound up with it, and no other coin can instantly make whatever collection contains it into a great one.
  6. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=7671 Source A. Tkalec AG Auction February 2008 (29.02.2008) Lot 292  ( «  |  » ) Price 350000 CHF (~335281 USD) Description COLLECTION OF ROMAN REPUBLICAN COINAGE M JUNIUS BRUTUS AR-Denarius, 3,59 g. Mint moving with Brutus. summer 42 Bc.. Obv.: L PLAET CEST / BRVT IMP Head of Brutus r. Rev.: EID MAR Pileus between two daggers. H. A. Cahn, EIDibus MARtiis, Quaderni Ticinesi di Numismatica e Antichità Classiche 18, 1989, pp. 211-238, 25a (these dies); Crawford 508/3; Sydenham 1301; BMCRR East 68; RSC 15. *A classical author, Dio Cassius Extremely rare and the finest known specimen! FDC Beautiful tone. Swiss private collection Note: Marcus Junius Brutus assassin of Caesar, Ides of March 44 BC, was the son of Marcus Junius Brutus and Julius Caesar’s former mistress, Servilia. By 59 BC he acquired the alternative name Quintus Caepio Brutus through adoption by his uncle, Quintus Servilius Caepio. Brought up by Portius Cato, he was educated in philosophy and oratory and long retained a fierce hatred of his natural father’s murderer Pompey. He began his political career in 58 by accompanying Cato to Cyprus. As triumvir monetalis in about 54 he issued coins illustrating his strong republican views with Libertas and portraits of his ancestors L. Junius Brutus --who overthrew Tarquinius Superbus (the last Etruscan king of Rome)-- and Servilius Ahala, the later 5th century tyrannicide (Crawford 433/1 and 2). In 53 he served in Cilicia as quaestor to Appius Claudius Pulcher, whose successor, Cicero, found that ‘the honourable Brutus’ was extracting 48 per cent interest on a loan to the city of Salamis in Cyprus, contrary to the lex Gabinia. Brutus, the principled student, stoic and Platonist who wrote a number of philosophical treatises and poems, seems an unlikely tyrannicide, quite dissimilar to the vehement Cassius. Despite his hatred of Pompey, he followed him in the Civil War of 49 against Caesar, but after the former’s defeat at Pharsalus he sought and was granted Caesar’s pardon. He proceeded to enjoy Caesar’s favour and was appointed governor of Gaul in 46, praetor in 44 and consul designate for 41. Perhaps under the influence of his second wife Porcia, Cato’s daughter, Brutus joined the conspiracy against Caesar, becoming the leader alongside Cassius. The reaction of the populace in the aftermath of the Ides of March compelled Brutus to leave Rome in April 44. The Senate’s resolution to declare him a ‘public enemy’ on 28 November 44 was soon repealed and in February 43 he was appointed governor of Crete, the Balkan provinces and later Asia. Suspecting the intentions of Antony and Octavian, Brutus went to Macedonia and won the loyalty of its governor, Hortensius, and there levied an army and seized much of the funds prepared by Caesar for his Parthian expedition. Successful against the Bessi in Thrace, he was hailed imperator by his troops, but after the establishment of the triumvirate in November 43 he was outlawed again and joined forces with Cassius at Sardes. In the summer of 42 they marched through Macedonia and in October met Octavian on the Via Egnatia just outside Philippi and won the first battle. Cassius, as his conservative coins show, remained true to the old republican cause, while Brutus followed the self-advertising line of Antony in the new age of unashamed political propaganda and struck coins displaying his own portrait. Brutus’ estrangement from Cassius was effectively complete when this remarkably assertive coin was struck extolling the pileus or cap of liberty (symbol of the Dioscuri, saviours of Rome, and traditionally given to slaves who had received their freedom) between the daggers that executed Caesar. In the end it was with his Caesar-murdering dagger that Brutus committed suicide during the second battle at Philippi on 23 October 42 BC. *This extraordinary type is one of the few specific coin issues mentioned by a classical author, Dio Cassius, Roman History 47. 25, 3: "Brutus stamped upon the coins which were being minted his own likeness and a cap and two daggers, indicating by this and by the inscription that he and Cassius had liberated the fatherland.
Concludo osservando che il denario originale, piuttosto raro, è prezioso perché è un vero e proprio monumento storico. Le monete rappresentate nelle figure sono invece delle riproduzioni moderne, in particolare quella di fig. 2 fa parte di una serie emessa, a partire dal novembre del 1983, in occasione di una campagna pubblicitaria per il lancio dei biscotti Mister Day - Parmalat. Le monete della serie recavano tutte una piccola "R" nel rovescio, ad indicare che erano Repliche e non monete autentiche. La moneta di figura 1, come pure la moneta di Caracalla, sopra citata, sono state invece verosimilmente ottenute mediante calchi ricavati dalle Repliche di cui sopra; la prova è data dal maldestro tentativo degli autori di cancellare la "R", tentativo parzialmente riuscito con la moneta in esame e meno con quella di Caracalla. Va da sé che, se l'analisi sopra esposta è corretta, come io penso, le due monete del lettore sono state trovate, non nel 1959/1960 ma almeno una ventina di anni dopo.

Cordiali saluti.
Giulio De Florio

-------------------------------

Note:
(1) Denario (argento). Raccolgo in tabella le caratteristiche fisiche dei denari di Marco Giunio Bruto della tipologia di figura tratte dai link di cui sopra:

Riferimenti Peso (g.)  Diametro (mm) Asse di conio (h)
Link1 3,51 - 12
Link2 3,52 - -
Link3 3,72 - -
Link4 3,50 - 1
Link5 3,59 - -
Della sua moneta si sa solo che ha un diametro di 19-20mm. La moneta dell'altro lettore (3,32g, 19-20 mm) presenta invece caratteristiche fisiche sostanzialmente non dissimili da quelle delle monete autentiche del periodo.
(2) La moneta fu coniata in Oriente, dove Marco Giunio Bruto e Caio Cassio Longino, gli assassini di Cesare, erano andati ad occupare, per nomina senatoriale, il posto di governatori, rispettivamente della Macedonia e della Siria, dopo una fuga precipitosa da Roma determinata dall'esigenza di sfuggire alla vendetta dei cesariani. I due si erano ricongiunti a Sardi, città della Lidia (Turchia) ad Est dell'odierna Smirne e lì si erano accordati per raccogliere truppe da opporre, in nome degli ideali repubblicani, ad Antonio e all'astro nascente della politica romana, Ottaviano, erede designato di Cesare. Lì avevano ricevuto dalle truppe l'acclamazione e con l'approvazione del senato del diritto di fregiarsi del titolo di "imperator", che veniva concesso ai generali vittoriosi.
(3) BRVTus IMPerator. Il titolo di "imperator" concesso a Bruto dopo l'acclamazione delle truppe è cosa diversa da quello di "imperatore" oggi utilizzato per indicare gli "Augusti", i principi cioè o i governanti che si succedettero nella Roma imperiale da Ottaviano in poi. In epoca imperiale il titolo di imperator veniva spesso conferito agli Augusti e aggiunto alla loro titolatura per evidenziare le capacità militari del principe. Ciò comporta che quando noi oggi chiamiamo "imperatore" il principe attribuiamo impropriamente all'aspetto militare del comando maggiore importanza che alla funzione civile.
(4) Lucius PLAETorius CESTianus è il magistrato monetale, al seguito di Bruto, responsabile della zecca itinerante che batteva le monete necessarie per pagare le truppe. La moneta in questione, con lugubre simbolismo, recava sul dritto l'immagine di Bruto e sul rovescio il pileo (il berretto simbolo della libertà) posto tra due daghe, le armi con le quali i congiurati avevano colpito Cesare nelle Idi di Marzo (EIDibus MARtii, 15 Marzo) del 44 a.C. Il messaggio della moneta è trasparente: Bruto rivendicava a sé il regicidio e la libertà riconquistata con la forza delle armi (Brutus imperator).
Indice Dietro Avanti