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075. Septimius Severus.Denarius, 208 AD, Rome mint.
Obverse: SEVERVS PIVS AVG / Laureate bust of Severus.
Reverse: PM TR P XVI COS III P P / Salus seated, sacrificing out of a patera over altar, also holding a sceptre.
3.10 gm., 19 mm.
RIC #221
Salus is the goddess of Health, Safety, and Welfare -- appropriate for the year 208 when the Emperor and his family set off on an expedition to Britain. However, Severus never made it back from Britain -- he died at Eboracum (York) in 211.Callimachus
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098-117 AD - TRAJAN AR denarius - struck 112-114 ADobv: IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS VI PP (laureate bust right, slight drapery on left shoulder)
rev: SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI (Abundantia standing left, holding cornucopiae and grain ears; at her feet, a child holding a roll), in ex. ALIM ITAL [Alimenta Italiae]
ref: RIC II 243, C.9 (3frcs)
mint: Rome
2.91gms, 19mm
The Alimenta was a welfare program for poor children and orphans. Credit for designing the program is usually attributed to Nerva, but it was increased and formally organized under Trajan. The Alimenta was funded from several sources. Probably, money from the Dacian Wars was used to initially underwrite the program; however, the long-term existence of the program was insured through 5% interest paid by wealthy landowners on loans and estate taxes. Philanthropy was also encouraged and contributed to the total funding.
Under Alimenta, boys of freemen received 16 sesterces monthly, girls received 12, while children borne out of wedlock received a bit less. The Alimenta was supplemented with a special young girls foundation initiated by Antoninus Pius in honor of his deceased wife Faustina. Municipal magistrates administered the alimentary funds and in turn were supervised by imperial clerks who had the status of knights. berserker
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313 - 2013 Edictum Mediolanense - Edict of Milan In February 313, Emperor Constantine I, who controlled the western part of the Roman Empire, and Licinius, who controlled the Balkans, met in Milan and, among other things, agreed to treat the Christians benevolently.
When I, Constantine Augustus, as well as I, Licinius Augustus, fortunately met near Mediolanurn (Milan), and were considering everything that pertained to the public welfare and security, we thought, among other things which we saw would be for the good of many, those regulations pertaining to the reverence of the Divinity ought certainly to be made first, so that we might grant to the Christians and others full authority to observe that religion which each preferred; whence any Divinity whatsoever in the seat of the heavens may be propitious and kindly disposed to us and all who are placed under our rule. And thus by this wholesome counsel and most upright provision we thought to arrange that no one whatsoever should be denied the opportunity to give his heart to the observance of the Christian religion, of that religion which he should think best for himself, so that the Supreme Deity, to whose worship we freely yield our hearts) may show in all things His usual favor and benevolence. Therefore, your Worship should know that it has pleased us to remove all conditions whatsoever, which were in the rescripts formerly given to you officially, concerning the Christians and now any one of these who wishes to observe Christian religion may do so freely and openly, without molestation. We thought it fit to commend these things most fully to your care that you may know that we have given to those Christians free and unrestricted opportunity of religious worship. When you see that this has been granted to them by us, your Worship will know that we have also conceded to other religions the right of open and free observance of their worship for the sake of the peace of our times, that each one may have the free opportunity to worship as he pleases; this regulation is made we that we may not seem to detract from any dignity or any religion. Moreover, in the case of the Christians especially we esteemed it best to order that if it happens anyone heretofore has bought from our treasury from anyone whatsoever, those places where they were previously accustomed to assemble, concerning which a certain decree had been made and a letter sent to you officially, the same shall be restored to the Christians without payment or any claim of recompense and without any kind of fraud or deception, Those, moreover, who have obtained the same by gift, are likewise to return them at once to the Christians. Besides, both those who have purchased and those who have secured them by gift, are to appeal to the vicar if they seek any recompense from our bounty, that they may be cared for through our clemency. All this property ought to be delivered at once to the community of the Christians through your intercession, and without delay. And since these Christians are known to have possessed not only those places in which they were accustomed to assemble, but also other property, namely the churches, belonging to them as a corporation and not as individuals, all these things which we have included under the above law, you will order to be restored, without any hesitation or controversy at all, to these Christians, that is to say to the corporations and their conventicles: providing, of course, that the above arrangements be followed so that those who return the same without payment, as we have said, may hope for an indemnity from our bounty. In all these circumstances you ought to tender your most efficacious intervention to the community of the Christians, that our command may be carried into effect as quickly as possible, whereby, moreover, through our clemency, public order may be secured. Let this be done so that, as we have said above, Divine favor towards us, which, under the most important circumstances we have already experienced, may, for all time, preserve and prosper our successes together with the good of the state. Moreover, in order that the statement of this decree of our good will may come to the notice of all, this rescript, published by your decree, shall be announced everywhere and brought to the knowledge of all, so that the decree of this, our benevolence, cannot be concealed.
From Lactantius, De Mort. Pers., ch. 48. opera, ed. 0. F. Fritzsche, II, p 288 sq. (Bibl Patr. Ecc. Lat. XI).
Bohemian
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Claudius RIC I, 38Claudius, AD 41 - 54
AV - Aureus, 7.71g, 18mm
Rome 46/47
obv. TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TRP VI IMP XI
laureate head r.
rev. PACI AVGVSTAE
Pax/Nemesis walking r., holding with l. hand caduceus
and point with it at snake at her feet; holding fold of the
robe before her chin
RIC I, 38; C.57; von Kaenel 628 (this specimen!)
R2; about VF
One of my favorite coins due to its pedigree:
ex Glandining & Co. Sale Nr. 2, London, 15.7.1029, Nr.666 (depicted)
(ex coll. Moritz Simon, Berlin)
ex Cahn, Auktion 68, Frankfurt, 26.11.1930, Nr. 232 (depicted)
ex M&M, Basel
ex Dr. Brandt, Klassische Münzen, Tübingen, February 2002
from Curtis Clay: Herbert Cahn, one of the greatest
German coin houses, had to flee from the Nazis to Switzerland
1 NEMESIS, Goddess of rightful distribution
2 CADUCEUS, holding caduceus to snake = welfare
3 The interpretation of N.'s gesture, holding fold of the robe to the chin as spitting in the neck and symbol for happiness, is doubtful. Rossbach thinks it may be a gesture of modesty!
This all stands for the politics of Claudius!Jochen
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Claudius RIC-116Æ As, 9.20g 28mm
Rome mint, 50-54 A.D.
Obv: TI CLAUDIUS CAESAR AVG PM TR P IMP P P; Head of Claudius, Bare, L.
Rev: Minerva, helmeted and draped, advancing right, brandishing spear and holding round shield. Large SC in fields.
RIC 116 (C). BMC 206
Acquired from fvrivs.rvfvs, Ebay. December 7, 2021. ($60)
This common copper As issue during Claudius' reign as emperor is quite commonly found in the Roman province of Britannia which was in the process of being conquered by Claudius' Roman legions at the time. Claudius chose this reverse type of the goddess Minerva brandishing a spear and shield to show that despite what contemporaries said about the emperor being weak, mentally disabled, and lame Claudius himself would attempt to dispel those rumors by showing himself to be like Minerva where he is both a strong military commander through conquering Britannia for the empire and by also being wise like Minerva in his governance of the empire and the welfare of the Roman people.
Fine style and dark copper patinaTrajanus
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Commodus: Augustus 177-192 ADCommodus AR Denarius (issued under Marcus Aurelius).
Denomination: AR Denarius
Year: ca. 177-178 AD
Bust: Bust of Commodus, laureate, draped, cuirassed, right.
Obverse: L COMMODVS AVG
Reverse: COS PP
Type: Salus, draped, seated left on low seat, holding branch in extended right hand and resting left arm on side of seat: in front of her, let, a snake coiling upwards from ground.
Mint: Rome
Weight & Measures: 3.32g; 18mm
RIC: RIC III, 654
Provenance: Ex. artemiscc (eBay, March 2024).
Translation: OB: Lucius Commodus Augustus.
Translation: REV: Consul, Pater Patriae. for Consul, father of the nation.
Notes: Early bare headed Commodus minted under authority of Marcus Aurelius. Ex NGC graded XF. The historical background of this silver denarius presented here and issued in 177/178 AD could be, on the one hand, the victoriously concluded first Marcomannic war, from which Marcus Aurelius and his son returned safe and sound (and through the victory also ensured the well-being of the Roman people) – or also the anticipatory wish for the well-being of the two Augusti. At the end of 177 AD there was another Marcomannic war, so that Marcus Aurelius and his son set out from Rome for the second Germanic or Sarmatian campaign on 03 August 178 AD (Comm. 12, 6) (Comm. 2, 5. Dio LXXI 33, 1. Marc. 27, 9). Here’s to Salus watching over the imperial welfare.
Justin L1
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Constans- VOTConstans, 9 September 337 - 19 January 350 A.D.
Obverse:
Pearl-diademed head right
D N CONSTANS PF AVG
D: Dominus,
N: Nostror,
CONSTANS: Contans
PF: Pius Felix,
AVG: Augustus,
Reverse:
VOT : 'Votis decennalibus (solutis),
X X: 20
MVLT: multis vicennalibus (susceptis),
XXX: 30
Showing: VOT XX MVLT XXX in wreath
Domination: Bronze, AE 4, size 15 mm
Mint: Antioch.Oficina ???
Vota (plural of votum). A vow made to a god in order to obtain a divine favour stipulated in advance. The granting of the request obliged the vower to fulfil his promise. This usually took the form of a sacrifice to the deity or an offering to his (or her) temple. Public vota in Imperial times were normally for the welfare of the emperor over a stated period of time (five or ten years) and were regularly undertaken (vota suscepta) and hopefully paid (vota soluta). Sometimes they were more specific, relating to the safety of the emperor on a particularly hazardous journey or military campaign, or the current state of his health. The undertaking and fulfillment of these public vows was frequently recorded on the coinage and in the late Empire especially may provide useful evidence for the chronological arrangement of issues
Peter Wissing
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Constans- VOTConstans, 9 September 337 - 19 January 350 A.D.
Obverse:
Pearl-diademed head right
D N CONSTANS PF AVG
D: Dominus,
N: Nostror,
CONSTANS: Contans
PF: Pius Felix,
AVG: Augustus,
Reverse:
VOT : 'Votis decennalibus (solutis),
X X: 20
MVLT: multis vicennalibus (susceptis),
XXX: 30
Showing:VOT XX MVLT XXX in wreath
Domination: Bronze, AE 4, size 15 mm
Mint: Antioch.Oficina ???
Vota (plural of votum). A vow made to a god in order to obtain a divine favour stipulated in advance. The granting of the request obliged the vower to fulfil his promise. This usually took the form of a sacrifice to the deity or an offering to his (or her) temple. Public vota in Imperial times were normally for the welfare of the emperor over a stated period of time (five or ten years) and were regularly undertaken (vota suscepta) and hopefully paid (vota soluta). Sometimes they were more specific, relating to the safety of the emperor on a particularly hazardous journey or military campaign, or the current state of his health. The undertaking and fulfillment of these public vows was frequently recorded on the coinage and in the late Empire especially may provide useful evidence for the chronological arrangement of issues
Peter Wissing
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Constantius II- VOT/XX/MVLT/XXXConstantius II, 22 May 337 - 3 November 361 A.D.
Obverse:
Pearl-diademed head right
D N CONSTAN-TIVS P F AVG
D N: Dominus Noster, Our Lord
CONSTANTIVS: Constantius
P F: Pius felix
AVG: Augustus, emperor
Reverse:
VOT XX MVLT XXX in wreath
VOT/XX/MVLT/XXX
VOT : 'Votis decennalibus (solutis),
X X: 20
MVLT: multis vicennalibus (susceptis),
XXX: 30
Domination: Bronze AE 4, size 15 mm
Mint: ??
Vota (plural of votum). A vow made to a god in order to obtain a divine favour stipulated in advance. The granting of the request obliged the vower to fulfil his promise. This usually took the form of a sacrifice to the deity or an offering to his (or her) temple. Public vota in Imperial times were normally for the welfare of the emperor over a stated period of time (five or ten years) and were regularly undertaken (vota suscepta) and hopefully paid (vota soluta). Sometimes they were more specific, relating to the safety of the emperor on a particularly hazardous journey or military campaign, or the current state of his health. The undertaking and fulfillment of these public vows was frequently recorded on the coinage and in the late Empire especially may provide useful evidence for the chronological arrangement of issues
Peter Wissing
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Domitian RIC II 0145Domitian. 81-96 A.D. AR Denarius. Rome Mint, 82-83 A.D. (3.23g, 19.0 mm, 6h). Obv: IMP CAES DOMITIANVS AVG PM, laureate head right. Rev: SALVS AVGVSTS (in. clockwise from lower l.), Salus seated left with corn ears and poppy. RIC II 145 (R), BMC 54, RSC 412.
In late 82 A.D., Domitian dramatically reformed the mint, increasing the fineness of the silver issues to Augustan standards after years of decline. New reverse types, such as this Salus appeared, and Domitian’s portrait began to change to a more idealized look. Salus was the Roman goddess of safety, salvation, and welfare. Given Gresham’s Law, many of these post-reform coins are quite scarce.Lucas H
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GalbaRoman Empire
Imperator Servius Galba Caesar Augustus
(Reign as 6th Emperor: June 8, 68-Jan. 15, 69)
(Born: Dec. 4th, 3 BC, Died Jan. 15th 69 [Age 71])
Obverse: IMP SER GALBA CAESAR AVG, Head of Galba wearing laurel wreath and facing right
Reverse: SALVS GEN HVMANI, Salus standing facing left, stepping on globe, sacrificing over altar and holding rudder
Silver Denarius
Minted in Rome July 68-Jan. 69
Understanding the inscriptions:
IMP SER GALBA CAESAR AVG=Imperator Servius Galba Caesar Augustus Sphinx357
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German Occupation of Poland: Winter Welfare Program, issued 1-Dec-1940 (Michel Deutschland-Spezial #59)Quant.Geek
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German Occupation of Poland: Winter Welfare Program, issued 1-Dec-1940 (Michel Deutschland-Spezial #60)Quant.Geek
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German Occupation of Poland: Winter Welfare Program, issued 1-Dec-1940 (Michel Deutschland-Spezial #61)Quant.Geek
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German Occupation of Poland: Winter Welfare Program, issued 1-Dec-1940 (Michel Deutschland-Spezial #62)Quant.Geek
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GREEK, PalmyraMint-Palmyra
Obv-No legend,Draped bust of Atargatis with *Mauerkrone(mural Crown) in profile right between crescent and star
Rev- No Legend,Radiate draped bust of Sol facing,head left
Size-13mm | Weight-1.17 grams | Date-2nd/3rd Century
Munich SNG 519. Krzyzanowska, Le monnayage de Palmyre, Actes you 9e Congrès Internationally de Numismatique in 1979 à Berne (1982), 448, fig.1/IV.
*Atargatis is described as wearing a Mauerkrone-Literally mural crown, but you could also use the term turreted.The significance of this headgear is that it represents a convenant bond between Goddess and city.
In The book "Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Von den Anfängen Roms bis zum Ausgang der Republik" by Hildegard Temporini, Joseph Vogt and Wolfgang Haase the authors describe the covenant bond between The goddess Artemis and the city of Epheus as such- A technique of sculptural iconography employed to emphasize this concept of covenant between the goddess and the city was that of a mural crown and sanctuary headdress placed upon the head of Artemis. The use of these motifs in ancient artistic symbolism was frequent .In the case of Epheus,the mural crown depicted the goddess' protection of the cities fortifications and thereby it's general welfare.This is the same kind of relationship as Atargatis shared with Palmyra.
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Julius Caesar (64-44 BC)AR Denarius
18.06 mm 3.52 gr.
Obv: No legend, elephant walking right trampling snake, CAESAR in exergue
Rev: No legend, priestly implements— simpulum, aspergillum, axe, and apex
Military mint traveling with Caesar (49-48 BC)
RSC I 49; Sear HCRI 9; Sydenham 1006
[There are three theories about the symbolism of the obverse devices of this issue, each with some appeal and each with flaws. In summary: 1) good defeating evil, with the elephant being good and the snake evil. While the elephant logically can be equated with power, there apparently is no basis in Roman culture for equating the elephant to good, and the snake was a traditional a symbol of good heath, not evil. 2) a reminder of Caesar's victories in the Gallic wars, with the elephant as Caesar trampling a Gallic carnyx. Maybe, but that sure doesn't look like a carnyx, while snakes both before and after this issue were commonly engraved as a line of dots. Moreover, why would Caesar need to remind anyone of the Gallic victories which had just concluded in 50 BC ? 3) the elephant symbolizes Pompey (based on the debacle occurring when he attempted to ride elephants into Rome in triumph and they got stuck) as a threat to Roman welfare, with the snake representing such welfare. The view that the elephant represents Rome's (from Caesar's perspective) enemies is strenghthed somewhat by recalling that the elephant was frequently seen on coins with which the Metelli were associated and it was Metellus Scipio who sponsored the Senate's action to declare Caesar an enemy of the state. Thus, perhaps the elephant represents Pompey and the Metelli, and the elitist optimates more generally. But, still, one has to question whether it makes sense that the dominant feature on the coin-- the elephant-- would be used to symbolize your enemies. Nevertheless I lean to this last theory, but considering both the obverse and reverse features. At nearly the precise time of the issue of this coin THE thing Caesar needed Roman society, and perhaps more importantly his legions, to see his way, was that there was good cause for him crossing the Rubicon at the head of an army and plunging the country into civil war. Thus, perhaps the coin symbolizes Caesar as pontifex maximus standing together with the Roman populace defending against the elitist thugs of Pompey and the Metelli and their vision for Rome.] Ken W2
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MAFJ6 Brother and EmperorLucius Verus
As
166-167
Laureate head, right, L VERVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX
3 trophies, TR P VII IMP III[I] COS III
RIC 1464
Son of Aelius Caesar and adopted son of Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius elevated his adoptive brother to co-ruler in 161. At that time, according to the Historia Augusta, "To Lucius, legally his brother, he betrothed his daughter Lucilla. In honor of this union, they gave orders that new institutions of boys and girls, named after them, should be added to the state child-welfare scheme."
The Parthians launched an attack against Roman Syria that it had planned before the death of Pius, and Marcus, with the agreement of the Senate, dispatched Lucius to deal with the crisis. According to the Historia Augusta, "Verus, of course, after he arrived in Syria, lived in luxury at Antioch and Daphne, although he was acclaimed imperator while waging the Parthian war through legates." This coin's reverse honors his military victory over the Parthians in 165.
When Lucius returned to Rome, according to the Historia Augusta, "Lucius requested that Marcus should triumph with him. Lucius requested further that the sons [Commodus and M. Annius Verus] of Marcus should be called Caesars. But Marcus had such great moderation that, although he triumphed together with Lucius, yet after Lucius' death he called himself Germanicus only, because he had won that name for himself in his own war. At the triumph, moreover, they let Marcus' children of both sexes ride with them, even the unmarried girls." A family affair!Blindado
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Nerva: Augustus 96-98 AD Nerva AR Denarius
Denomination: AR Denarius
Year: 97 AD
Bust: Laureate head right
Obverse: IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TR P COS III PP
Reverse: SALVS PVBLICA
Type: Salus seated left, holding corn ears
Mint: Rome
Weight & Measures:
RIC: RIC II, 20
Translation: OB: Imperator Nerva Ceasar Augustus Pontifex Maximus Tribunicia Potestate Consul III Pater Patriae; for Emperor Nerva, Caesar, Augustus, High Priest for life, Tribune of the Roman people, Consul for the 3rd time, father of the country.
Translation: Rev: Salus Publica; for public safety.
Notes: Salus is Roman goddess of welfare and safety. SALVS PVBLICA: A woman seated, holding corn ears in her right hand. As the scarcity of wheat at Rome during the reign of Domitian had occasioned the greatest inconvenience and distress to the people, Nerva had no sooner been elevated to the imperial sovereignty, than he commanded corn to be imported to the great capital of his dominions. Hence the public safety (Salvs Publica) secured by an abundant supply of corn, (annona) is signified by this type.Justin L1
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RIC 0245 VespasianÆ Sestertius, 24.02g
Rome mint, 71 AD
Obv: IMP CAES VESPAS AVG P M TR P P P COS III; Head of Vespasian, laureate, r.
Rev: SALVS AVGVSTA; S C in exergue; Salus std. l. with patera and sceptre
RIC 245 (C2). BMC 574. BNC 533.
Acquired from Golden Rule Enterprises Coins, February 2020.
A fairly common sestertius Salus type from the great bronze issue of 71. According to Mattingly in BMCRE II this Salus type may perhaps represents 'the salvation conferred by the imperial system', presumably after the upheavals of the Civil War. Salus here symbolises the health and welfare of the Roman state, not the person of the emperor himself.
Superb portrait in good metal.
David Atherton
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RIC 0522 VespasianAR Denarius, 3.42g
Rome mint, 73 AD
Obv: IMP CAES VESP AVG P M COS IIII CEN; Head of Vespasian, laureate, r.
Rev: SALVS AVG; Salus std. l., with patera
RIC 522 (C). BMC 87. RSC 432. BNC 76.
Acquired from Rubicon Coins, August 2008.
Salus, the personification of health and welfare, is seen here overseeing the Emperor's health and safety.
Salus is seen twice on Vespasian's denarii. This example with the longer COS IIII obverse legend is the rarer of the two types.David Atherton
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RIC 1208 VespasianÆ Sestertius, 24.14g
Lyon mint, 77-78 AD
Obv: IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS VIII; Head of Vespasian, laureate, r., globe at point of bust
Rev: SALVS AVGVSTA; S C in exergue; Salus std. l. with patera and sceptre
RIC 1208 (C). BMC 827. BNC 822.
Acquired from eBay, April 2020. Ex Pegasi Auction 42, 12 November 2019, lot 488. Formerly in NGC holder 5872968-004, grade 'Ch F', strike 5/5, surface 3/5.
In 77-78 Lugdunum (modern Lyon) after a hiatus of several years struck a decently sized issue of bronze coinage, presumably to address a shortage in the Western provinces. The types copy those common to Rome and feature distinctive 'blocky' portraits. Sestertii from the issue are quite rare today, with this Salus type perhaps being the most common. According to Mattingly in BMCRE II the Salus type seen here perhaps represents 'the salvation conferred by the imperial system'. Salus here symbolises the health and welfare of the Roman state, not the person of the emperor himself.
Fine Lugdunese style portrait in good metal.David Atherton
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RIC 243Denarius, 112-114
Obv: IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS VI P P
Laur. r., dr. l. s.
Rev: SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI, ALIM ITAL in ex.
Abundantia standing l., holding ears of corn and cornucopiae; at her feet, a child standing and holding a roll.
20mm, 2.71g
Alimenta was a welfare program for poor Italian children and orphans, originally created by Nerva and later considerably extended by Trajan. klausklage
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Trajan Denarius - Annona (RIC II 245)AR Denarius
Rome 112-117AD
2.79g
Obv: Laureate bust of Trajan (R), draped far shoulder.
IMP TRAIANO AUG GER DAC PM TRP COS VI PP
Rev: ANNONA standing (L) holding cornucopia, child at her feet. ALIM (ENTA) ITAL (IA) in exergue.
Commemorates the Alimenta Italia , a welfare system developed by the emperor for poor and orphaned children.
RIC II 245 RSC 9Optimo Principi
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Salus, goddess of health safety and general welfare.Crispina -- Died 182/3 CE. Wife of Commodus. Augusta, 177-182/3 CE.
Orichalcum Sestertius (31 mm, 21.12 gm). Rome mint, 177-182 CE.
Obv: CRISPINA AVGVSTA, Bare-headed & draped bust r.
Rev: SALVS SC, Salus seated l., feeding out of patera snake coiled round altar, l. arm on side of chair.
RIC-672a, BMC-420, Cohen-33, Sear-6010.
Salus was an old Roman goddess often identified with Hygieia, a daughter of Aesculapius. While the name SALVS appears on many Roman coins, it is often not in a true medical context, but rather in a political sense that peace and safety prevailed in the Empire. She usually holds a scepter and is shown feeding a snake from a patera.
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The Gallic Empire - 260-269AD POSTUMUS AR antoninianusobv: IMP C POSTVMVS P F AVG (radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right)
rev: SALVS PROVINCIARVM (Rhine reclining left resting on urn, right hand on forepart of a boat; horns on head.)
ref: RIC Vii 87, RSC 355, Cunetio 2372; Elmer 123
mint: Lugdunum, struck 260-261 AD
3.6gms, 21mm
Scarce
There are a number of coins that refer to Salus in the legend, meaning health or welfare as usual, but do not have an image of the goddess and use a different type entirely. On the far right is an antoninianus of Postumus from 260 CE that shows the reclining figure of a river-god, in this case representing The Rhine, with the outline of a Rhine river-boat to one side. Command of the Rhine was critical to the welfare of Postumus' breakaway Gaulish version of the Roman empire, and the legend, SALVS PROVINCIARVM, reflects that. Postumus was making clear that he had safeguarded the border of his empire along the Rhine. As usual with this issue, the coin is with a weak reverseberserker
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Theodosius I- VOT X MVLT XXTheodosius I, 19 January 379 - 17 January 395 A.D.
Obverse:
Pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right
D N THEODOSIVS P F AVG
D N: Dominus Noster, our Lord
THEODOSIVS: Theodosius
P F: Pius Felix, Pious and happy
AVG: Augustus, emperor
Reverse
VOT X MVLT XX in wreath
VOT X MVLT XX in wreath= 'Votis decennalibus (solutis), , Vows of the ten years, or the tenth year, and expecting 20 years more.
Domination: Bronze AE 4, size 13 mm
Mint: SMHA, Heraclea A= Alpha 1. Officina, 378- 383, RIC 192
Vota (plural of votum). A vow made to a god in order to obtain a divine favour stipulated in advance. The granting of the request obliged the vower to fulfil his promise. This usually took the form of a sacrifice to the deity or an offering to his (or her) temple. Public vota in Imperial times were normally for the welfare of the emperor over a stated period of time (five or ten years) and were regularly undertaken (vota suscepta) and hopefully paid (vota soluta). Sometimes they were more specific, relating to the safety of the emperor on a particularly hazardous journey or military campaign, or the current state of his health. The undertaking and fulfillment of these public vows was frequently recorded on the coinage and in the late Empire especially may provide useful evidence for the chronological arrangement of issues.
Peter Wissing
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[1921b] Sasanian Empire, Khusro I, 531 - 579 A.D.Silver drachm, Gobl II/2 MY, aVF, Meshan mint, 4.12g, 29.8mm, 90o, 569 A.D.; Obverse: XUSRO AFZUN, crowned bust right, three crescents outside border; Reverse: MY NWCSYH, fire altar with two attendants. Khusro is also sometimes spelled Xusro, Khusru, or Chosroes. Ex FORVM.
Khosrau I, CHOSROES ANUSHIRVAN ('OF THE IMMORTAL SOUL') ruled from 531–579. He is the most celebrated of the Sassanid rulers. Khosrau I is most famous for his reforms in the aging governing body of Sassanids. In his reforms he introduced a rational system of taxation, based upon a survey of landed possessions, which his father had begun and tried in every way to increase the welfare and the revenues of his empire. Previous great feudal lords fielded their own military equipment, followers and retainers. Khosrau I developed a new force of dehkans or "knights" paid and equipped by the central government and the bureaucracy, tying the army and bureaucracy more closely to the central government than to local lords. (Chosroes I's reforms, visit: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/fryehst.html)
Although the Emperor Justinian I (527–565) had paid him a bribe of 440,000 pieces of gold to keep the peace, in 540 Khosrau I broke the "eternal peace" of 532 and invaded Syria, where he sacked the city of Antioch and extorted large sums of money from a number of other cities. Further successes followed: in 541 Lazica defected to the Persian side, and in 542 a major Byzantine offensive in Armenia was defeated at Anglon. A five-year truce agreed in 545 was interrupted in 547 when Lazica again switched sides and eventually expelled its Persian garrison with Byzantine help; the war resumed, but remained confined to Lazica, which was retained by the Byzantines when peace was concluded in 562.
Khosrau I's reign witnessed the rise of the dihqans (literally, village lords), the petty landholding nobility who were the backbone of later Sassanid provincial administration and the tax collection system.[22] Khosrau I was a great builder, embellishing his capital, founding new towns, and constructing new buildings. He rebuilt the canals and restocked the farms destroyed in the wars. He built strong fortifications at the passes and placed subject tribes in carefully chosen towns on the frontiers to act as guardians against invaders. He was tolerant of all religions, though he decreed that Zoroastrianism should be the official state religion, and was not unduly disturbed when one of his sons became a Christian.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid_Empire
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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