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Denarius - 90 BC.
Q. TITIVS - Gens Titia
Obv.:Bearded head right, wearing winged diadem
Rev.: Pegasus springing right, Q TITI on base.
Gs. 3,8 mm. 17,3
Cr341/1, Syd 691.

Maxentius

Denarius - 90 BC. - Rome mint
Q. TITIVS - Gens Titia
Obv.:Head of Liber right with ivy-wreath
Rev.: Pegasus springing right from a tablet on which is inscribed Q TITI.
Gs. 3,9 mm. 16,6
Crawf. 341/2, Sear RCV 239, Grueber 2225.
Maxentius

Lycian Dynasts, Trbbenimi, 390-360 BC, AR Tetrobol (2.93 grams), Obverse: Lion scalp facing; Reverse: Triskeles, legend around all within incuse circle. SNG Von Aulock 4215. Ex: Kirk Davis Catalog 63, lot 43, Spring 2014; Ex: Kölner Münzkabinett Auktion 16
Münzen und Medaillen Antike und Neuzeit
3.- 5.April1975, lot 137paul1888

JUSTINIAN I, AE Follis (40 Nummi), struck 529 - 533 at Antioch (Theoupolis)Obverse: D N IVSTINIANVS P P AVG. Justinian enthroned facing, holding long sceptre in his right hand and globus cruciger in his left.
Reverse: Large M, cross above and officina letter (Δ = 4th Officina) below, asterisk in field to left of M and outward facing crescent in field to right; in exergue, +THEUP
Diameter: 34mm | Weight: 18.69gms | Die Axis: 5
SBCV: 214 | DOC: 206d.1

Much of Antioch was destroyed by a great earthquake on 29th November 528 and, following this disaster, the city was renamed Theoupolis.

530: In the spring of this year Belisarius and Hermogenes (magister officiorum) defeated a combined Persian-Arab army of 50,000 men at the Battle of Dara in modern Turkey, and in the summer a Byzantine cavalry force under the command of Sittas defeated a major Persian invasion into Roman Armenia at the Battle of Satala.
531: On April 19th, at the Battle of Callinicum, a Byzantine army commanded by Belisarius, was defeated by the Persians at Raqqa in northern Syria. Nevertheless, Justinian negotiated an end to the hostilities and Belisarius was hailed as a hero.
532: On January 11th this year anger among the supporters of the most important chariot teams in Constantinople, the Blues and the Greens, escalated into violence towards the emperor. For the next five days the city was in chaos and the fires that started during the rioting resulted in the destruction of much of the city. This insurrection, known as the Nika riots, was put down a week later by Belisarius and Mundus resulting in 30,000 people being killed in the Hippodrome.
On February 23rd Justinian ordered the building of a new Christian basilica in Constantinople, the Hagia Sophia. More than 10,000 people were employed in the construction using material brought from all over the empire.
2 comments*Alex

JUSTINIAN I, AE Half-Follis (20 Nummi), struck 529 – 533 at Antioch (Theoupolis)Obverse: D N IVSTINIANVS P P AVG. Justinian I enthroned facing, holding long sceptre in his right hand and globus cruciger in his left.
Reverse: Large K, Large latin cross to left dividing letters T–H/Є–U/O/P; officina letter to right of K (Δ = fourth officina).
Diameter: 28mm | Weight: 8.4gms | Die Axis: 11
SBCV: 225 | DOC: 208.6
Rare

Much of Antioch was destroyed by a great earthquake on 29th November 528 and, following this disaster, the city was renamed Theoupolis.

530: In the spring of this year Belisarius and Hermogenes (magister officiorum) defeated a combined Persian-Arab army of 50,000 men at the Battle of Dara in modern Turkey, and in the summer a Byzantine cavalry force under the command of Sittas defeated a major Persian invasion into Roman Armenia at the Battle of Satala.
531: On April 19th, at the Battle of Callinicum, a Byzantine army commanded by Belisarius, was defeated by the Persians at Raqqa in northern Syria. Nevertheless, Justinian negotiated an end to the hostilities and Belisarius was hailed as a hero.
532: On January 11th this year anger among the supporters of the most important chariot teams in Constantinople, the Blues and the Greens, escalated into violence towards the emperor. For the next five days the city was in chaos and the fires that started during the rioting resulted in the destruction of much of the city. This insurrection, known as the Nika riots, was put down a week later by Belisarius and Mundus resulting in 30,000 people being killed in the Hippodrome.
On February 23rd Justinian ordered the building of a new Christian basilica in Constantinople, the Hagia Sophia. More than 10,000 people were employed in the construction using material brought from all over the empire.
1 comments*Alex

138 - 161, ANTONINUS PIUS, AE As, Struck 154 - 155Obverse: ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P P TR P XVIII, laureate and draped bust of Antoninus Pius facing right.
Reverse: BRITANNIA COS IIII, Britannia seated facing left on rock, shield and vexillum in background; S C in exergue.
Diameter: 26mm | Weight: 9.4gms | Die Axis: 7h
RIC III: 934 | SRCV: 4296 | Cohen: 117
SCARCE

The bronze coins of Antoninus Pius bearing the "Britannia" reverse type have been found in considerable quantities in Britain, but are not generally recorded from Roman sites in France and Germany. The many "Britannia" issues of Antoninus Pius found in Coventina's Well, Carrawburgh, seem to have come from only a few dies, suggesting that the place of mintage for them was not far distant, though it is possible that the issue was both issued at Rome and produced locally in Britannia.
The reverse type of Britannia seated on a rock, eventually adorned Great Britain's coinage many centuries later when the design was reintroduced by Charles II in 1672.

COVENTINA'S WELL
Dedications to Coventina and votive deposits were found in a walled area, now called "Coventina's Well", which had been built to contain the outflow from a spring near the site of a Roman fort and settlement, on Hadrian's Wall. Now called Carrawburgh, the site is named as Procolita in the 5th century "Notitia Dignitatum". The remains of a Roman Mithraeum and Nymphaeum were also found near the site.
*Alex

138 - 161, ANTONINUS PIUS, AE As, Struck 154 - 155 alluding to BritanniaObverse: ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P P TR P XVIII. Laureate and draped bust of Antoninus Pius facing right.
Reverse: BRITANNIA COS IIII. Britannia seated facing left on rock, shield and vexillum in background; S C in exergue.
Diameter: 26mm | Weight: 12.7gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC III: 934 | SRCV: 4296 | Cohen: 117 | BMC: 1971 | SPINK: 666
SCARCE

The bronze coins of Antoninus Pius bearing the "Britannia" reverse type have been found in considerable quantities in Britain, but are not generally recorded from Roman sites in France and Germany. The many "Britannia" issues of Antoninus Pius found in Coventina's Well, Carrawburgh, seem to have come from only a few dies, suggesting that the place of mintage for them was not far distant, though it is possible that the issue was both issued at Rome and produced locally in Britannia.
The reverse type of Britannia seated on a rock, eventually adorned Great Britain's coinage many centuries later when the design was reintroduced by Charles II in 1672.

COVENTINA'S WELL
Dedications to Coventina and votive deposits were found in a walled area, now called "Coventina's Well", which had been built to contain the outflow from a spring near the site of a Roman fort and settlement, on Hadrian's Wall. Now called Carrawburgh, the site is named as Procolita in the 5th century "Notitia Dignitatum". The remains of a Roman Mithraeum and Nymphaeum were also found near the site.

CLICK ON ENGRAVING OF COVANTINA'S WELL BELOW TO ENLARGE IT

1 comments*Alex

591cfCarausius 287-93AD
AE Antoninianus
Obv: "IMP CARAVSIVS PF AVG"
Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev: "TETVS AVG"
Lion springing left
London mint (?)
-/-//RSR
RIC - (cf 591)
Overstruck on a Victorinus antoninianus, reverse VIRTVS AVG1 commentsmauseus

7 GallienusGALLIENUS
AE Antoninianus, Rome Mint

O: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate bust r.

R: SOLI CONS AVG, Pegasus springing right

RIC V-1, Rome 283 (S)
Sosius

Gallienus VI 283 Rome 253-268 CEGallienus, AE Antoninianus. Rome mint, sole reign.
Obverse - GALLIENVS AVG, radiate head right.
Reverse – SOLI CONS AVG, Pegasus springing right, heavenward.
Mintmark A. 20.47 mm., 3.7 g. Cohen 979, Sear 10362
Cohen 979 comment: one of Gallienus last issue. Gallienus was assassinated near Mila while attempting to deal with the userper Aureolus. This coin was a talisman called fo the protection of Gallienus and Rome.
*Some believe the horse to be one of Sol's chariot horesus and the reverse inscription indicates this is probably the case. 1 commentsNORMAN K

UNITED STATES TOKENS, Hard Times. Political issues.
CU Token (27mm, 6.59 g, 11 h)
Dies by Joseph B. Gardiner. Belleville (New Jersey) or Scoville mint. Struck 1840.
HENRY CLAY AND THE AMERICAN SYSTEM
Draped bust of Henry Clay right; IBG below
UNITED/ [WE]/ STAND within wreath
Rulau HT 79; Low 192

Rulau gives a struck date of 1840 for this issue, and assigns it to the Belleville mint. However, documentary evidence shows that Gardiner was by this time working at the Scoville mint in Waterbury, CT. Either the coin was struck prior to spring 1839, or it is an issue of the Scoville mint. Ardatirion

ROME. Constantine I. AD 307/310-337
Æ Follis (18mm, 3.46 g, 11 h)
Treveri (Trier) mint, 1st officina. Struck spring AD 317.
IMP CONSTANTINVS PF AVG
Laureate and cuirassed bust right
SOLI INVICTO COMITI
Sol standing left, extending arm and holding globe; T-F//BTR
RIC VII 97
1 commentsArdatirion

BRITISH TOKENS, Tudor. temp. Mary–Edward VI.1553-1558.
PB Token (27mm, 5.29 g). St. Nicholas (‘Boy Bishop’) type. Cast in East Anglia (Bury St. Edmund’s?)
Mitre, croizer to right; all within border
Long cross pattée with trefoils in angles; scrollwork border
Rigold, Tokens class X.B, 1; Mitchiner & Skinner group Ra, 1

Ex Classical Numismatic Review XXXIX.1 (Spring 2014), no. 973330

Britain in the late middle ages played host to a popular regional variant of the ‘Feast of Fools’ festival. Every year on the feast of St. Nicholas, a boy was elected from among the local choristers to serve as ‘bishop.’ Dressed in mitre and bearing the croizer of his office, the young boy paraded through the city accompanied by his equally youthful ‘priest’ attendants. The ‘bishop’ performed all the ceremonies and offices of the real bishop, save for the actual conducting of mass. Though this practice was extinguished with the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539, it was briefly revived under Queen Mary, who took particular interest in the festival, when the lucky boy was referred to as ‘Queen Mary’s Child.’ The celebration of the boy bishop died out completely early in the reign of Elizabeth.

Evidence of this custom is particularly prevalent in East Anglia, specifically at Bury St. Edmunds. Beginning in the late 15th century, the region produced numerous lead tokens bearing the likeness of a bishop, often bearing legends relating to the festival of St. Nicholas. Issued in sizes roughly corresponding to groats, half groats, and pennies, these pieces were undoubtedly distributed by the boy bishop himself, and were likely redeemable at the local abbey or guild for treats and sweetmeats. Considering the endemic paucity of small change in Britain at the time, it is likely that, at least in parts of East Anglia, these tokens entered circulation along with the other private lead issues that were becoming common.Ardatirion

"Huo Quan" of Usurper Wang Mang (Xin Dynasty)Emperor Wang Mang

Two large Chinese characters – Huo Quan ("spring of goods"), rim around the central hole, small raised outside rim.

Blank. 17.5mm, 1.04 grams. Hartill #9.65
Belisarius

(0217) DIADUMENIAN (as Caesar)217 - 218 AD (as Caesar)
AE 23 X 24.5 mm; 7.05 g
O: Draped and cuirassed bust right
R: Artemis advancing right, holding bow and drawing arrow from quiver; at feet to right, hound springing right
MOESIA INFERIOR, Marcianopolis. cf AMNG I 786 ff.
1 commentslaney

(0218) ELAGABALUS218-222 AD
AE 33 mm 21.73 g
O: AVT K M AV ··· ANTÎ©NEI[NOC CE] Laureate bust right, slight drapery on left shoulder
R: ANTIOXEÎ©N M ÎšÎŸÎ› Î”Î• SC Tyche of Antioch seated left on rock outcropping holding grain ears; below, river-god Orontes swimming left, head right; above, ram with head right springing left; D-E above S-C
SYRIA, Seleucis and Pieria, Antiochia ad Orontem
Butcher 474a; SNG Copenhagen 251laney

001d. Pompey JuniorCnaeus Pompey Jr. Elder son of Pompey. After battle of Pharsalus, he joined the remnants of the Pompeian faction in continuing to fight Caesar. Executed in 45 BC after losing battle of Munda.

Coin: Denarius. 20mm, 3.70 g. Corduba mint, Summer 46-Spring 45 BC. Marcus Poblicius, legatus pro praetore. Obv: M POBLICI LEG PRO, behind, P R. Helmeted head of Roma right within bead and reel border. Rev: CN MAGNVS IMP. Hispania standing right, shield on her back, holding two spears over shoulder and presenting palm frond to Pompeian soldier standing left on prow, armed with sword. Crawford 469/1a; CRI 48; Sydenham 1035; RSC 1 (Pompey the Great). From the Peter J. Merani Collection. CNG Auction 490, Lot 159.lawrence c

001h. BrutusMarcus Junius Brutus (also known as Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus). The most famed assassin of Caesar. Brutus joined the Pompeian forces fighting against Caesar; after their defeat Caesar pardoned Brutus. Brutus then joined the forces fighting Octavian and Mark Antony. He was defeated at the battles of Philippi in October 42 BC and committed suicide.

Coin: Denarius. Spring/Summer 42 AD. Obv: LEIBERTAS, bare head of Libertas right. Rev: CAEPIO BRVTVS PRO COS, Lyre between a quiver and a laurel branch. Junia 34, Cr501/1, Syd 1287.lawrence c

001k4. Mark AntonyMark Antony. Autumn 32-spring 31 BC. AR Denarius (17mm, 3.55 g, 4h). Legionary type. Patrae(?) mint. Praetorian galley right; ANT AVG above, III VIR • R • P • C below / Three signa decorated with wreaths and rostra; CHORTIS • SPECVLATORVM above. Crawford 544/12; CRI 386; Sydenham 1214; RSC 6; BMCRR East 185; Kestner 3841; RBW 1837. Ex Tom McKenna FPL 1-10 (October 1981), no. 30. CNG Triton XXVII (9 January 2024), Lot 644. The cohortes speculatorum served as spies, scouts, and messengers, along with providing personal security for Mark Antony.
2 commentslawrence c

006a. ClaudiaEGYPT, Alexandria. Nero, with Claudia. AD 54-68. BI Tetradrachm (22mm, 10.74 g, 12h). Dated RY 3 (AD 56/57). Laureate head of Nero right / Draped bust of Claudia Octavia right; L Î“ (date) below chin. Köln 122-4; Dattari (Savio) 190; K&G 14.7; RPC I 5202; Emmett 127.3. Near VF. Ex - CNG

Furthermore, the carefully contrived marriage between Octavia and Nero was a disaster on a personal level. Nero soon embarked on a serious relationship with a freedman named Acte, and more importantly developed an active dislike for his wife. "Quickly feeling aversion to intimacy with Octavia, he replied to his friends who were finding fault with him that she ought to be satisfied with the outward trappings of a wife." This antipthy was not likely to produce offspring who would unite the Julian and Claudian lines. By 58 Nero was becoming involved with a freeborn mistress, Poppaea, whom he would want to make his empress in exchange for Octavia. But the legitimacy of his principate derived from his relationship with his predecessor, and he was not so secure that he could do without the connection with Claudius provided through his mother and his wife. In 59 he was able to arrange for Agrippina's death, but it was not until 62 that he felt free to divorce Octavia and marry Poppaea. The initial grounds for putting Octavia aside was the charge that she was barren because she had had no children. But a more aggressive attack was needed when opposition arose from those who still challenged Nero's prncipate and remained loyal to Octavia as the last representative of her family. With the connivance of Poppaea, charges of adultery were added, Octavia was banished to Campania and then to the island of Pandataria off the coast, and finally killed. Her severed head was sent to Rome. 2 commentsecoli

013c Caligula. AE23 8.86gmobv: bust of Arados and Caligula r.
rev: spring stierhill132

024a. Pescennius NigerUsurper April/May 193 -- Spring/Summer 194

Governor in Syria. In response to the elevation of Didius, Pescennius was one of three provincial governors who was proclaimed emperor by troops. The other two were Clodius Albinus and Septimius Severus. Pescennius fought a battle in Cilicia with Severus for power. Lost and was executed.lawrence c

024a01. Pescennius NigerDenarius. Antioch mint. 28mm, 2.60 g. Obv: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Rev: VICTORIAE AVG. Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm frond. RIC 86 var. (obv. legend and bust type)

NOTE: Usurper April/May 193 -- Spring/Summer 194. Governor in Syria, who was proclaimed emperor by troops. He fought a battle in Cilicia with Severus for power. Lost and was executed.
lawrence c

032 Hadrianus (117-138 A.D.), RIC II 0658, Rome, AE-Dupondius, COS-III, Pegasus flying right, Scarce !032 Hadrianus (117-138 A.D.), RIC II 0658, Rome, AE-Dupondius, COS-III, Pegasus flying right, Scarce !
avers:- HADRIANVS-AVGVSTVS, Radiate head right, slight drapery.
revers:- COS above, III in exergue, S C below, pegasus springing or flying right.
exe: S-C//III, diameter: 26,5 mm, weight: 13,29g, axis: 5 h,
mint: Rome, date: 125-128 A.D., ref: RIC-II-658-p-, C-436cf, Scarce !
Q-0016 commentsquadrans

0469 Hadrian Sestertius Roma 119-23 AD Pietas Reference.
Strack 542; RIC 469; Banti 573; RIC II, 587

Bust A1

Obv. IMP CAESAR TRAIAN HADRIANVS AVG PM TRP COS III
Laureate head

Rev. PIETAS AVGVSTI; S C in field
Pietas veiled, standing right before altar, raising one hand and holding box of incense in other.

24.16 gr
34 mm
6h

Note.
From the S. Pozzi Collection, ex Schweizerische Kreditanstalt Monetarium FPL 31, spring 1980, 107 and from the collection of Joachim Scheyer ('in Mailand'), Hess [147], 1 December 1913, 687.1 commentsokidoki

055 - Commodus denarius - RIC 666Obv:- L AVREL COMMODVS AVG, Young Laureate head right
Rev:- TR P IIII IMP III COS II P P, Victory seated left, holding patera and palm-branch
Minted in Rome in Spring A.D. 179
Reference RIC III (Marcus Aurelius) 666, Cohen/RSC 775. BMCRE 801. Szaivert, MIR 18 457-14/30;
Commodus, as joint Augustus with Marcus Aurelius2 commentsmaridvnvm

0584 Helena - AE 3Constantinople
IX 337 - spring 340 AD
draped bust right with broad diadem
FL IVL HELE_NAE AVG
Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter
PA_X PV_BLICA·
CONSE
RIC VIII Constantinople 35
1,28g 15mmJ. B.

064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 266Obv:- SEVERVS PIVS AVG, Laureate head right
Rev:- INDVLGENTIA AVGG / IN CARTH, Dea Caelestis, goddess of Carthage, with elaborate headdress, looking front, riding right on springing lion, holding thunderbolt and sceptre, water gushing from rocks at left below
Minted in Rome, A.D. 203
References:- RIC 266 (Common), RCV02 6285, RSC222 1 commentsmaridvnvm

064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 266Obv:- SEVERVS PIVS AVG, laureate bust right
Rev:- INDVLGENTIA AVGG / IN CARTH, Dea Caelestis, goddess of Carthage, with elaborate headdress, looking front, riding right on springing lion, holding thunderbolt and sceptre, water gushing from rocks at left below
Minted in Rome, A.D. 203
Reference:- RIC 266. RSC 222.maridvnvm

071a. CarinusCaesar October 282 – February/March 283
Co-Augustus with Carus and Numerian February/March 283 – July/August 283
Co-Augustus with Numerian July/August 283 – October/November 284
Augustus October/November 284 – Spring 285

Son of Carus. Left in Rome while his father and brother launched the attack on the Sasanids. Carinus led several campaigns in the West. Faced forces of Diocletian at Battle of the Margus. Was killed, purportedly by one of his own officers whose wife he had seduced.
lawrence c

075 - FAVSTINA IIFaustina II

Annia Galeria Faustina Minor (130 - winter 175 or spring of 176]) was a daughter of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius and Roman Empress Faustina the Elder. She was a Roman Empress and wife to her Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius.

for obverse, reverse and coin details click hereshanxi

089 - Philip Antoninianus - RIC 086aAntoninianus
Obv:– IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG, Radiate, draped, cuirassed bust left
Rev:– SAECVLVM NOVVM, Temple of six columns with statue of Roma inside
Minted in Antioch. 3rd issue (Spring & Summer 249 AD)
Reference(s) – RIC 86a (R2). RSC 200 (20 Fr.). Bland Study 49

3.35 g. 22.24 mm. 0 degreesmaridvnvm

090 B.C. Q.Titius, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 341/1, Rome, Pegasus springing right, Q•TITI on base, #1090 B.C. Q.Titius, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 341/1, Rome, Pegasus springing right, Q•TITI on base, #1
avers: Head of Mutinus Titinus (Priapus) right, wearing a winged diadem.
reverse: Pegasus springing right, Q•TITI on base.
exergue: - -/-//Q•TITI, diameter:18-20 mm, weight: 3,38g, axis: 3h,
mint: Rome, date: 90 B.C., ref: Crawford 341/1, Sydenham 691,Titia 1,
Q-001quadrans

090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 283A, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//A, SOLI CONS AVG, Pegasus, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 283A, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//A, SOLI CONS AVG, Pegasus, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
reverse: SOLI CONS AVG, Pegasus springing right, heavenward.
exergue: -/-//A (=1). (Officina mark), diameter: 21,5mm, weight: 2,57g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 267-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 283A, p-, Cohen 979, Sear 10362, Göbl 712b, Cunetio hoard, Minster hoard, Appleshaw hoard,
Q-0014 commentsquadrans

090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 283Δ, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//Δ, SOLI CONS AVG, Pegasus, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 283Δ, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//Δ, SOLI CONS AVG, Pegasus, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
reverse: SOLI CONS AVG, Pegasus springing right, heavenward.
exergue: -/-//Δ (=4). (Officina mark), diameter: 18,0-22,0mm, weight: 2,57g, axis: 9h,
mint: Rome, date: 267-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 283Δ, p-, Cohen 979, Sear 10362, Cunetio hoard, Minster hoard, Appleshaw hoard,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

093a02. DecentiusMaiorina. 4.515g, 21.6mm. 2nd officina, Rome mint, spring 351 - 26 Sep 352 A.D. Obverse MAG DECENTIVS NOB CAES, bare headed cuirassed bust right, B behind; reverse VICT DD NN AVG ET CAES, two Victories standing confronted, together holding wreath surrounding VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines, star below, RS in exergue. RIC VIII Rome 217, LRBC II 653. A FORUM coin.lawrence c

1. Nerva (AD 96-98)AE Sestertius (33 mm, 24.14 g). Rome mint. AD 97. IMP NERVA CAES AVG P M TR P COS III P P, laureate head right / PAX AVG, Pax seated left, holding branch in right hand and sceptre in left; S C in exergue. RIC III 88.

Ex Ploil Collection
Ex Numismatica Ars Classica Spring Sale 2021 (10 May 2021), lot 1281.
Ex Numismatica Ars Classica Auction 106 (9 May 2018), lot 1443.
Ex Classical Numismatic Group Triton VII (12 Jan 2004), lot 907.Romancollector

1.04 Constantine as Caesar: Serdica follis.Follis, July 306 - Spring 307, Serdica mint.
Obverse: FL VAL CONSTANTINVS NOB CAESAR / Laureate bust of Constantine.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI / Genius standing, chlamys over left shoulder, pouring liquid from patera, holding cornucopiae. A in right field.
Mint mark: . SM . SD .
8.28 gm., 27 mm.
RIC #26; PBCC #848; Sear #15532.

RIC (vol VI, p. 489) says of this coin: " Rare for the Augusti, and very rare for the Caesars. This was evidently a small issue." This was the first issue to have Constantine on it, and due to political considerations, the last at Serdica. If you want a coin from each of the 19 mints that produced coins for Constantine, Serdica is the hardest to find.3 commentsCallimachus

1.07 Constantine as Caesar: Lugdunum follis.Follis, Spring 307, Lugdunum mint.
Obverse: FL VAL CONSTANTINVS N C / Laureate bust of Constantine.
Reverse: GENIO POP ROM / Genius standing, holding patera and cornucopia. Lighted altar at left. N in right field.
Mint mark: PLG
6.86 gm., 34.5 mm.
RIC #213b; PBCC #246; Sear #15525.Callimachus

104. Antoninus PiusAntoninus Pius. AD 138-161. Æ Sestertius (31mm, 24.70 g, 12h). Rome mint. Struck AD 149. Laureate head right / Crossed cornucopias from which a grape bunch flanked by two grain ears hang, surmounted by busts of boy. RIC III 857; Banti 410. Near VF, brown patina, minor surface roughness.

From the Fairfield Collection. Ex Pegasi Auctions 25 (8 November 2011), lot 504.

The infants are thought to be T. Aelius Antoninus and T. Aurelius Antoninus, the twin sons of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina Junior born in AD 149. These were the first male offspring of the couple, offering hope for the establishment of the new dynasty, but both died in infancy.

Ex-CNG Eauction 329 446/150/180ecoli

105 - Valerian - Tetradrachm - cf. Milne 4034Obv:- A K Π ΛI OVAΛEPIANOC EV EV C, Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:_ Eagle standing left, head right, wreath in beak
Minted in Alexandria, (L - Retrograde Z). Minted 29th Aug A.D. 259 - spring A.D. 260
References:- cf. BMC Alexandria p. 281, 2149; cf. Milne 4034; cf. Dattari 5183 ff. var. (date)

9.00 gms, 23.14 mm. 0 degreesmaridvnvm

107 - Gallienus - Antoninianus - RIC 245Antoninianus
Obv:– GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– NEPTVNO CONS AVG; Hippocamp springing right
Minted in Rome (//N) . A.D. 257-259
Reference:– Göbl 743u. RIC 245

3.06g. 22.05mm. 180 degrees maridvnvm

115 AD: Trajan's conquest of Armenia and Mesopotamia Orichalcum sestertius (26.2g, 33mm, 7h). Rome mint. Struck AD 116-117.
IMP CAES NER TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC PARTHICO PM TRP COS VI PP laureate and draped bust of Trajan facing right
ARMENIA ET MESOPOTAMIA POTESTATEM PR REDACTAE [around] S C [in field] Trajan standing right, holding spear and parazonium; on the ground, the reclining figures of Armenia, the Euphrates and the Tigris
RIC 642 [R]; Cohen 39; Foss (Roman Historical Coins): 105/71

Coin minted between 116 spring and 117 aug (PARTHICO in legend) on the occasion of the conquest of Mesopotamia in 115. Beginning in 114 AD, Trajan began his campaign against Parthia which had deposed the pro-Roman king of Armenia. By 115 AD Trajan had turned Armenia into a Roman province. He then moved southward through Mesopotamia, capturing the Parthian capital, Ctesiphon, in 116 AD.Charles S

127 - VALERIANVS IValerian was Roman emperor from 22 October 253 to spring 260 AD.

for obverse, reverse and coin details click hereshanxi

1282 Hadrian Sestertius Roma 129-30 AD Galley leftReference.
RIC II –; RIC II.3 1282 (this coin referenced and illustrated); Strack –;Banti –.

Bust C2

Obv. HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS
Laureate, draped bust, viewed from side

Rev. FELICITATI AVG COS III P P in three lines above, S C across field
Galley moving left with stearman and six rowers; vexillum on prow.

27 gr
32.50 mm
12h

Note.
From the Toliver Besson Collection, purchased from Jon Jencek (14 December 2012). Ex Goldberg 5.3 (7 June 2000), lot 3582; Earl Fitzwilliam’s Wentworth Estates Company Collection (Christie’s, 30 May 1949), lot 124 (part of).

This very rare Hadrian Sestertius was part of the highly important collection of Roman Brass Coins and Medallions originally formed in the mid-eighteenth century, and sold by order of The Earl Fitzwilliam’s Wentworth Estates Company. Spring notes that the coins came from the collections of the Museo del Padri Corsini acquired in Italy in 1748, and the Abbé Visconti, President of the Society of Antiquaries in Rome, purchased about 1774.4 commentsokidoki

129 - GALLIENVSPublius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus was Roman emperor with his father Valerian from 22 October 253 to spring 260 and alone from spring 260 to September 268.

for obverse, reverse and coin details click here
shanxi

1302a, Maximian, 285 - 305, 306 - 308, and 310 A.D.Maximianus AE Antoninianus. RIC V Part II 506 Bust Type C. Cohen 355; VF; Minted in Rome A.D. 285-286. Obverse: IMP MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right; Rverse: IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG, Jupiter standing left holding thunderbolt & scepter, XXIZ in exergue. Ex maridvnvm.

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D.

Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University

Perhaps born ca. 249/250 A.D. in Sirmium in the area of the Balkans, Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus, more commonly known as Maximianus Herculius (Maximian), had been a soldier before he put on the purple. A fellow soldier with the Emperor Diocletian, he had served in the military during the reigns of Aurelian and Probus.

When the Emperor Diocletian determined that the empire was too large for one man to govern on his own, he made Maximian his Caesar in 285/6 and elevated him to the rank of Augustus in perhaps the spring of 286. While Diocletian ruled in the East, Maximian ruled in the West. In 293, in order to maintain and to strengthen the stability of the empire, Diocletian appointed Constantius I Chlorus to serve Maximian as a Caesar in the West, while Galerius did the same job in the East. This arrangement, called the "Tetrarchy", was meant not only to provide a stronger foundation for the two emperors' rule, but also to end any possible fighting over the succession to the throne once the two senior Augusti had left the throne--a problem which had bedeviled the principate since the time of the Emperor Augustus. To cement the relationship between Maximian and his Caesar, Constantius married Maximian's elder daughter Theodora. A decade later, Constantius' son Constantine would marry Maximia's younger daughter Fausta.

On 1 May 305 Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximian, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple. Their resignations seem largely due to the almost fatal illness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of 304. Diocletian seems to have forced his colleague to abdicate. In any case, Herculius had sworn an oath at the temple of Capitoline Jupiter to carry out the terms of the abdication. Constantius and Galerius were appointed as Augusti, with Maximinus Daia and Severus as the new Caesars. The retired emperors then returned to private life. Diocletian's retirement was at Salonae in Dalmatia, while Herculius' retreat was either in Lucania or Campania.

Maximian's retirement, however, was of short duration because, a little more than a year later on 28 October 306, his son Maxentius was proclaimed emperor at Rome. To give his regime an aura of legitimacy, Maximian was forced to affirm his son's acclamation. When Galerius learned of Maxentius' rebellion, he sent Severus against him with an army that had formerly been under his father's command. Maxentius invested his father with the purple again to win over his enemy's troops, a ruse which succeeded. Perhaps to strengthen his own position, in 307 Maximian went to Gaul and married his daughter Fausta to Constantine. When Constantine refused to become embroiled in the civil war between Galerius and Maxentius, Maximian returned to Rome in 308 and attempted to depose his son; however, he did not succeed. When Maximian was unable to convince Diocletian to take up the purple again at a meeting in Carnuntum in late 308, he returned to his son-in-law's side in Gaul.

Although Maximian was treated with all of the respect due a former emperor, he still desired to be more than a figurehead. He decided to seize the purple from Constantine when his son-in-law least expected it. His opportunity came in the summer of 310 when the Franks revolted. When Constantine had taken a small part of his army into enemy territory, Maximian proclaimed himself again emperor and paid the soldiers under his command a donative to secure their loyalty. As soon as Constantine received news about Maximian's revolt in July 310, he went south and reached Arelate before his father-in-law could mount a defense of the city. Although Maximian fled to Massilia, his son-in-law seized the city and took Maximian prisoner. Although he was deprived of the purple, he was granted pardon for his crimes. Unable to endure the humiliation of his defeat, he attempted to have Constantine murdered in his bed. The plot failed because he tried to get his daughter Fausta's help in the matter; she chose to reveal the matter to her husband. Because of this attempt on his son-in-law's life Maximian was dead by the end of July either by his own hand or on the orders of his intended victim.

Eutropia was of Syrian extraction and her marriage to Maximian seems to have been her second. She bore him two children: Maxentius and Fausta. An older daughter, Theodora, may have been a product of her first marriage. Fausta became the wife of Constantine I , while her sister Theodora was the second spouse of his father Constantius I Chlorus . Eutropia apparently survived all her children, with the possible exception of her daughter Fausta who seems to have died in 326. Eutropia is also said to have become a Christian.

By Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr. Cleisthenes

1302b, Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D., commemorative issued by Constantine the Great (Siscia)Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D., commemorative issued by Constantine the Great. Bronze AE3, RIC 41, VF, Siscia, 1.30g, 16.1mm, 0o, 317-318 A.D. Obverse: DIVO MAXIMIANO SEN FORT IMP, laureate and veiled head right; Reverse: REQVIES OPTIMO-RVM MERITORVM, Emperor seated left on curule chair, raising hand and holding scepter, SIS in exergue; scarce (R3).

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D.

Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University

Perhaps born ca. 249/250 A.D. in Sirmium in the area of the Balkans, Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus, more commonly known as Maximianus Herculius (Maximian), had been a soldier before he put on the purple. A fellow soldier with the Emperor Diocletian, he had served in the military during the reigns of Aurelian and Probus.

When the Emperor Diocletian determined that the empire was too large for one man to govern on his own, he made Maximian his Caesar in 285/6 and elevated him to the rank of Augustus in perhaps the spring of 286. While Diocletian ruled in the East, Maximian ruled in the West. In 293, in order to maintain and to strengthen the stability of the empire, Diocletian appointed Constantius I Chlorus to serve Maximian as a Caesar in the West, while Galerius did the same job in the East. This arrangement, called the "Tetrarchy", was meant not only to provide a stronger foundation for the two emperors' rule, but also to end any possible fighting over the succession to the throne once the two senior Augusti had left the throne--a problem which had bedeviled the principate since the time of the Emperor Augustus. To cement the relationship between Maximian and his Caesar, Constantius married Maximian's elder daughter Theodora. A decade later, Constantius' son Constantine would marry Maximia's younger daughter Fausta.

On 1 May 305 Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximian, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple. Their resignations seem largely due to the almost fatal illness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of 304. Diocletian seems to have forced his colleague to abdicate. In any case, Herculius had sworn an oath at the temple of Capitoline Jupiter to carry out the terms of the abdication. Constantius and Galerius were appointed as Augusti, with Maximinus Daia and Severus as the new Caesars. The retired emperors then returned to private life. Diocletian's retirement was at Salonae in Dalmatia, while Herculius' retreat was either in Lucania or Campania.

Maximian's retirement, however, was of short duration because, a little more than a year later on 28 October 306, his son Maxentius was proclaimed emperor at Rome. To give his regime an aura of legitimacy, Maximian was forced to affirm his son's acclamation. When Galerius learned of Maxentius' rebellion, he sent Severus against him with an army that had formerly been under his father's command. Maxentius invested his father with the purple again to win over his enemy's troops, a ruse which succeeded. Perhaps to strengthen his own position, in 307 Maximian went to Gaul and married his daughter Fausta to Constantine. When Constantine refused to become embroiled in the civil war between Galerius and Maxentius, Maximian returned to Rome in 308 and attempted to depose his son; however, he did not succeed. When Maximian was unable to convince Diocletian to take up the purple again at a meeting in Carnuntum in late 308, he returned to his son-in-law's side in Gaul.

Although Maximian was treated with all of the respect due a former emperor, he still desired to be more than a figurehead. He decided to seize the purple from Constantine when his son-in-law least expected it. His opportunity came in the summer of 310 when the Franks revolted. When Constantine had taken a small part of his army into enemy territory, Maximian proclaimed himself again emperor and paid the soldiers under his command a donative to secure their loyalty. As soon as Constantine received news about Maximian's revolt in July 310, he went south and reached Arelate before his father-in-law could mount a defense of the city. Although Maximian fled to Massilia, his son-in-law seized the city and took Maximian prisoner. Although he was deprived of the purple, he was granted pardon for his crimes. Unable to endure the humiliation of his defeat, he attempted to have Constantine murdered in his bed. The plot failed because he tried to get his daughter Fausta's help in the matter; she chose to reveal the matter to her husband. Because of this attempt on his son-in-law's life Maximian was dead by the end of July either by his own hand or on the orders of his intended victim.

Eutropia was of Syrian extraction and her marriage to Maximian seems to have been her second. She bore him two children: Maxentius and Fausta. An older daughter, Theodora, may have been a product of her first marriage. Fausta became the wife of Constantine I , while her sister Theodora was the second spouse of his father Constantius I Chlorus . Eutropia apparently survived all her children, with the possible exception of her daughter Fausta who seems to have died in 326. Eutropia is also said to have become a Christian.

By Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes

1308b, Licinius I, 308 - 324 A.D. (Siscia)Licinius I, 11 November 308 - 18 September 324 A.D. Bronze follis, RIC 4, F, Siscia, 3.257g, 21.6mm, 0o, 313 - 315 A.D. Obverse: IMP LIC LICINIVS P F AVG, laureate head right; Reverse IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN, Jupiter standing left holding Victory on globe and scepter, eagle with wreath in beak left, E right, SIS in exergue.

De Imperatoribus Romanis : An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Licinius (308-324 A.D.)

Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University

Licinius' Heritage

Valerius Licinianus Licinius, more commonly known as Licinius, may have been born ca. 265. Of peasant origin, his family was from Dacia. A close friend and comrade of arms of the Emperor Galerius, he accompanied him on his Persian expedition in 297. When campaigns by Severus and Galerius in late 306 or early 307 and in the summer of 307, respectively, failed to dislodge Maxentius who, with the luke warm support of his father Maximianus Herculius, was acclaimed princeps on 28 October 306, he was sent by the eastern emperor to Maxentius as an ambassador; the diplomatic mission, however, failed because the usurper refused to submit to the authority of his father-in-law Galerius. At the Conference of Carnuntum which was held in October or November of 308, Licinius was made an Augustus on 11 November 308; his realm included Thrace, Illyricum, and Pannonia.

Licinius' Early Reign

Although Licinius was initially appointed by Galerius to replace Severus to end the revolt of Maxentius , Licinius (perhaps wisely) made no effort to move against the usurper. In fact, his first attested victory was against the Sarmatians probably in the late spring, but no later than the end of June in 310. When the Emperor Galerius died in 311, Licinius met Maximinus Daia at the Bosporus during the early summer of that year; they concluded a treaty and divided Galerius' realm between them. It was little more than a year later that the Emperor Constantine defeated Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge on 28 October 312. After the defeat of the usurper, Constantine and Licinius met at Mediolanum (Milan) where Licinius married the former's sister Constantia; one child was born of this union: Valerius Licinianus Licinius. Licinius had another son, born of a slave woman, whose name is unknown. It appears that both emperors promulgated the so-called Edict of Milan, in which Constantine and Licinius granted Christians the freedom to practice their faith without any interference from the state.

As soon as he seems to have learned about the marital alliance between Licinius and Constantine and the death of Maxentius, who had been his ally, Daia traversed Asia Minor and, in April 313, he crossed the Bosporus and went to Byzantium, which he took from Licinius after an eleven day siege. On 30 April 313 the armies of both emperors clashed on the Campus Ergenus; in the ensuing battle Daia's forces were routed. A last ditch stand by Daia at the Cilician Gates failed; the eastern emperor subsequently died in the area of Tarsus probably in July or August 313. As soon as he arrived in Nicomedeia, Licinius promulgated the Edict of Milan. As soon as he had matters in Nicomedeia straightened out, Licinius campaigned against the Persians in the remaining part of 313 and the opening months of 314.

The First Civil War Between Licinius and Constantine

Once Licinius had defeated Maximinus Daia, the sole rulers of the Roman world were he and Constantine. It is obvious that the marriage of Licinius to Constantia was simply a union of convenience. In any case, there is evidence in the sources that both emperors were looking for an excuse to attack the other. The affair involving Bassianus (the husband of Constantius I's daughter Anastasia ), mentioned in the text of Anonymus Valesianus (5.14ff), may have sparked the falling out between the two emperors. In any case, Constantine' s forces joined battle with those of Licinius at Cibalae in Pannonia on 8 October 314. When the battle was over, Constantine prevailed; his victory, however, was Pyrrhic. Both emperors had been involved in exhausting military campaigns in the previous year and the months leading up to Cibalae and each of their realms had expanded so fast that their manpower reserves must have been stretched to the limit. Both men retreated to their own territory to lick their wounds. It may well be that the two emperors made an agreement, which has left no direct trace in the historical record, which would effectively restore the status quo.

Both emperors were variously engaged in different activities between 315 and 316. In addition to campaigning against the Germans while residing in Augusta Treverorum (Trier) in 315, Constantine dealt with aspects of the Donatist controversy; he also traveled to Rome where he celebrated his Decennalia. Licinius, possibly residing at Sirmium, was probably waging war against the Goths. Although not much else is known about Licinius' activities during this period, it is probable that he spent much of his time preparing for his impending war against Constantine; the latter,who spent the spring and summer of 316 in Augusta Treverorum, was probably doing much the same thing. In any case, by December 316, the western emperor was in Sardica with his army. Sometime between 1 December and 28 February 317, both emperors' armies joined battle on the Campus Ardiensis; as was the case in the previous engagement, Constantine' s forces were victorious. On 1 March 317, both sides agreed to a cessation of hostilities; possibly because of the intervention of his wife Constantia, Licinius was able to keep his throne, although he had to agree to the execution of his colleague Valens, who the eastern emperor had appointed as his colleague before the battle, as well as to cede some of his territory to his brother-in-law.

Licinius and the Christians

Although the historical record is not completely clear, Licinius seems to have campaigned against the Sarmatians in 318. He also appears to have been in Byzantium in the summer of 318 and later in June 323. Beyond these few facts, not much else is known about his residences until mid summer of 324. Although he and Constantine had issued the Edict of Milan in early 313, Licinius turned on the Christians in his realm seemingly in 320. The first law that Licinius issued prevented bishops from communicating with each other and from holding synods to discuss matters of interest to them. The second law prohibited men and women from attending services together and young girls from receiving instruction from their bishop or schools. When this law was issued, he also gave orders that Christians could hold services only outside of city walls. Additionally, he deprived officers in the army of their commissions if they did not sacrifice to the gods. Licinius may have been trying to incite Constantine to attack him. In any case, the growing tension between the two rulers is reflected in the consular Fasti of the period.

The Second Civil War Between Licinius and Constantine and Licinius' Death

War actually broke out in 321 when Constantine pursued some Sarmatians, who had been ravaging some territory in his realm, across the Danube. When he checked a similar invasion of the Goths, who were devastating Thrace, Licinius complained that Constantine had broken the treaty between them. Having assembled a fleet and army at Thessalonica, Constantine advanced toward Adrianople. Licinius engaged the forces of his brother-in-law near the banks of the Hebrus River on 3 July 324 where he was routed; with as many men as he could gather, he headed for his fleet which was in the Hellespont. Those of his soldiers who were not killed or put to flight, surrendered to the enemy. Licinius fled to Byzantium, where he was besieged by Constantine. Licinius' fleet, under the command of the admiral Abantus, was overcome by bad weather and by Constantine' s fleet which was under the command of his son Crispus. Hard pressed in Byzantium, Licinius abandoned the city to his rival and fled to Chalcedon in Bithynia. Leaving Martinianus, his former magister officiorum and now his co-ruler, to impede Constantine' s progress, Licinius regrouped his forces and engaged his enemy at Chrysopolis where he was again routed on 18 September 324. He fled to Nicomedeia which Constantine began to besiege. On the next day Licinius abdicated and was sent to Thessalonica, where he was kept under house arrest. Both Licinius and his associate were put to death by Constantine. Martinianus may have been put to death before the end of 324, whereas Licinius was not put to death until the spring of 325. Rumors circulated that Licinius had been put to death because he attempted another rebellion against Constantine.

Copyright (C) 1996, Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.

Cleisthenes

1308c, Licinius I, 308-324 A.D. (Alexandria)Licinius I, 308-324 A.D. AE Follis, 3.60g, VF, 315 A.D., Alexandria. Obverse: IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS P F AVG - Laureate head right; Reverse: IOVI CONS-ERVATORI AVGG - Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on a globe and scepter; exergue: ALE / (wreath) over "B" over "N." Ref: RIC VII, 10 (B = r2) Rare, page 705 - Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, Scotland.

De Imperatoribus Romanis : An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Licinius (308-324 A.D.)

Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University

Licinius' Heritage

Valerius Licinianus Licinius, more commonly known as Licinius, may have been born ca. 265. Of peasant origin, his family was from Dacia. A close friend and comrade of arms of the Emperor Galerius, he accompanied him on his Persian expedition in 297. When campaigns by Severus and Galerius in late 306 or early 307 and in the summer of 307, respectively, failed to dislodge Maxentius who, with the luke warm support of his father Maximianus Herculius, was acclaimed princeps on 28 October 306, he was sent by the eastern emperor to Maxentius as an ambassador; the diplomatic mission, however, failed because the usurper refused to submit to the authority of his father-in-law Galerius. At the Conference of Carnuntum which was held in October or November of 308, Licinius was made an Augustus on 11 November 308; his realm included Thrace, Illyricum, and Pannonia.

Licinius' Early Reign

Although Licinius was initially appointed by Galerius to replace Severus to end the revolt of Maxentius , Licinius (perhaps wisely) made no effort to move against the usurper. In fact, his first attested victory was against the Sarmatians probably in the late spring, but no later than the end of June in 310. When the Emperor Galerius died in 311, Licinius met Maximinus Daia at the Bosporus during the early summer of that year; they concluded a treaty and divided Galerius' realm between them. It was little more than a year later that the Emperor Constantine defeated Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge on 28 October 312. After the defeat of the usurper, Constantine and Licinius met at Mediolanum (Milan) where Licinius married the former's sister Constantia; one child was born of this union: Valerius Licinianus Licinius. Licinius had another son, born of a slave woman, whose name is unknown. It appears that both emperors promulgated the so-called Edict of Milan, in which Constantine and Licinius granted Christians the freedom to practice their faith without any interference from the state.

As soon as he seems to have learned about the marital alliance between Licinius and Constantine and the death of Maxentius, who had been his ally, Daia traversed Asia Minor and, in April 313, he crossed the Bosporus and went to Byzantium, which he took from Licinius after an eleven day siege. On 30 April 313 the armies of both emperors clashed on the Campus Ergenus; in the ensuing battle Daia's forces were routed. A last ditch stand by Daia at the Cilician Gates failed; the eastern emperor subsequently died in the area of Tarsus probably in July or August 313. As soon as he arrived in Nicomedeia, Licinius promulgated the Edict of Milan. As soon as he had matters in Nicomedeia straightened out, Licinius campaigned against the Persians in the remaining part of 313 and the opening months of 314.

The First Civil War Between Licinius and Constantine

Once Licinius had defeated Maximinus Daia, the sole rulers of the Roman world were he and Constantine. It is obvious that the marriage of Licinius to Constantia was simply a union of convenience. In any case, there is evidence in the sources that both emperors were looking for an excuse to attack the other. The affair involving Bassianus (the husband of Constantius I's daughter Anastasia ), mentioned in the text of Anonymus Valesianus (5.14ff), may have sparked the falling out between the two emperors. In any case, Constantine' s forces joined battle with those of Licinius at Cibalae in Pannonia on 8 October 314. When the battle was over, Constantine prevailed; his victory, however, was Pyrrhic. Both emperors had been involved in exhausting military campaigns in the previous year and the months leading up to Cibalae and each of their realms had expanded so fast that their manpower reserves must have been stretched to the limit. Both men retreated to their own territory to lick their wounds. It may well be that the two emperors made an agreement, which has left no direct trace in the historical record, which would effectively restore the status quo.

Both emperors were variously engaged in different activities between 315 and 316. In addition to campaigning against the Germans while residing in Augusta Treverorum (Trier) in 315, Constantine dealt with aspects of the Donatist controversy; he also traveled to Rome where he celebrated his Decennalia. Licinius, possibly residing at Sirmium, was probably waging war against the Goths. Although not much else is known about Licinius' activities during this period, it is probable that he spent much of his time preparing for his impending war against Constantine; the latter,who spent the spring and summer of 316 in Augusta Treverorum, was probably doing much the same thing. In any case, by December 316, the western emperor was in Sardica with his army. Sometime between 1 December and 28 February 317, both emperors' armies joined battle on the Campus Ardiensis; as was the case in the previous engagement, Constantine' s forces were victorious. On 1 March 317, both sides agreed to a cessation of hostilities; possibly because of the intervention of his wife Constantia, Licinius was able to keep his throne, although he had to agree to the execution of his colleague Valens, who the eastern emperor had appointed as his colleague before the battle, as well as to cede some of his territory to his brother-in-law.

Licinius and the Christians

Although the historical record is not completely clear, Licinius seems to have campaigned against the Sarmatians in 318. He also appears to have been in Byzantium in the summer of 318 and later in June 323. Beyond these few facts, not much else is known about his residences until mid summer of 324. Although he and Constantine had issued the Edict of Milan in early 313, Licinius turned on the Christians in his realm seemingly in 320. The first law that Licinius issued prevented bishops from communicating with each other and from holding synods to discuss matters of interest to them. The second law prohibited men and women from attending services together and young girls from receiving instruction from their bishop or schools. When this law was issued, he also gave orders that Christians could hold services only outside of city walls. Additionally, he deprived officers in the army of their commissions if they did not sacrifice to the gods. Licinius may have been trying to incite Constantine to attack him. In any case, the growing tension between the two rulers is reflected in the consular Fasti of the period.

The Second Civil War Between Licinius and Constantine and Licinius' Death

War actually broke out in 321 when Constantine pursued some Sarmatians, who had been ravaging some territory in his realm, across the Danube. When he checked a similar invasion of the Goths, who were devastating Thrace, Licinius complained that Constantine had broken the treaty between them. Having assembled a fleet and army at Thessalonica, Constantine advanced toward Adrianople. Licinius engaged the forces of his brother-in-law near the banks of the Hebrus River on 3 July 324 where he was routed; with as many men as he could gather, he headed for his fleet which was in the Hellespont. Those of his soldiers who were not killed or put to flight, surrendered to the enemy. Licinius fled to Byzantium, where he was besieged by Constantine. Licinius' fleet, under the command of the admiral Abantus, was overcome by bad weather and by Constantine' s fleet which was under the command of his son Crispus. Hard pressed in Byzantium, Licinius abandoned the city to his rival and fled to Chalcedon in Bithynia. Leaving Martinianus, his former magister officiorum and now his co-ruler, to impede Constantine' s progress, Licinius regrouped his forces and engaged his enemy at Chrysopolis where he was again routed on 18 September 324. He fled to Nicomedeia which Constantine began to besiege. On the next day Licinius abdicated and was sent to Thessalonica, where he was kept under house arrest. Both Licinius and his associate were put to death by Constantine. Martinianus may have been put to death before the end of 324, whereas Licinius was not put to death until the spring of 325. Rumors circulated that Licinius had been put to death because he attempted another rebellion against Constantine.

Copyright (C) 1996, Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.

Cleisthenes

1353 Aurelian - silvered antoninianusCyzicus
spring - end 274 AD
Issue 9
radiate and cuirassed bust right
IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG
Sol standing left, wearing chalmys, raising hand, holding globe; bounded captive seated left, waering oriental dress
ORIE_N_S AVG
B
XXI
LV 10671-2; RIC1st 360
http://www.ric.mom.fr/en/coin/3055
3,8g 23mm
ex NaumannJ. B.

1371 Valerian - AlexandriaBI tetradrachm
29 Aug 259 - spring 260 AD
laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
A K Π ΛI OVAΛEPIANOC EV EV C
eagle standing left, head right, wreath in beak
L_Z
BMC Alexandria p. 281, 2149; Milne 4034; Dattari 5183 ff. var. (date)
11,30g 21,5mm
ex RauchJ. B.

138-161 AD - ANTONINUS PIUS AE sestertius - struck 149 ADobv: ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P P TR P XII (laureate bust right)
rev: TEMPORVM FELICITAS, COS IIII in exergue, S C across field (crossed cornucopiae from which a grape bunch flanked by two grain ears hang, surmounted by busts of two boys, vis-á -vis)
ref: RIC III 857, Cohen 813 (8frcs), BMC 1825note
23.14gms, 30mm,
Rare

The infants are thought to represent T. Aelius Antoninus and T. Aurelius Antoninus, the twin sons of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina Junior born in 149 AD. These were the first male offspring of the couple, offering hope for the establishment of the new dynasty, but both died in infancy.
The coin is before cleaning.berserker

141 - Diocletian - Antoninianus - RIC V Pt 2, 28 Obv:– IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG, Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding globe in right hand
Rev:– IOVI AVGG, Jupiter standing left, holding victory in right hand and leaning on scepter in left hand, at foot eagle
Minted in Lugdunum (// A). Emission 7. Officina 1. Spring A.D. 290 – A.D. 291
Reference:– Cohen 151 (2f) Bastien 322 (9 examples cited). RIC V 28
maridvnvm

141 - Diocletian - Antoninianus - RIC V Pt 2, 28 Bust Type HObv:– IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG, Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding eagle headed sceptre
Rev:– IOVI AVGG, Jupiter standing left, holding victory in right hand and leaning on scepter in left hand, at foot eagle
Minted in Lugdunum (// A). Emission 7. Officina 1. Spring A.D. 290 – A.D. 291
Reference:– Cohen 153 (2f) Bastien 323 (39 examples). RIC V Pt. 2, 28 Bust Type H
22mm. 2.77g

Ex- H.J. Berkmaridvnvm

141 - Diocletian - RIC 049 - Bust Type F (Lugdunum) (A in exe)Obv:- IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG , Radiate, cuirassed bust right
Rev:- IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Victory standing right, palm over shoulder, present wreath to Jupiter standing left, holding globe in his right hand and scepter with his left
Minted in Lugdunum (//A). 7th Emission, Spring A.D.290 - A.D.291
Refereces:- RIC 49. Bastien 341 (4 ex.). Cohen 281

Weight 4.27g. 23.72mm. 180 degreesmaridvnvm

141 - Diocletian - RIC V pt II Lugdunum 027Antoninianus
Obv:– IMP DIOCLETIANVS P AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust left golding spear and shield
Rev:– IOVI AVGG, Jupiter standing left, holding victory in right hand and leaning on scepter in left hand, at foot eagle
Minted in Lugdunum (//A). Emission 7, Officina 1. Spring A.D. 290 – A.D. 291
Reference(s) – Cohen 161. Bastien 310 (3 examples cited). RIC V Pt 2 27maridvnvm

141 - Diocletian - RIC V pt II Lugdunum 26 Bust Type CObv:– IMP DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right (seen from front)
Rev:– IOVI AVGG, Jupiter standing left, holding victory in right hand and leaning on scepter in left hand, at foot eagle
Minted in Lugdunum (A in exe). Emission 7, Officina 1. Spring A.D. 290 – A.D. 291
References:– Cohen -. RIC V part 2 Lugdunum 26 Bust Type C. Bastien 303 (5 examples cited). maridvnvm

141 - Diocletian - RIC V pt II Lugdunum 28Obv:– IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG, Radiate, helmeted cuirassed bust right
Rev:– IOVI AVGG, Jupiter standing left, holding victory in right hand and leaning on scepter in left hand, at foot eagle..
Minted in Lugdunum (//A). 7th Issue, Spring A.D. 290 - 291
Reference:– RIC V Part II Lugdunum 28. Bastien VII 317 (16 examples cited)maridvnvm

141 - Diocletian - RIC V pt II Lugdunum 28 Bust Type CObv:– IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right (seen from rear)
Rev:– IOVI AVGG, Jupiter standing left, holding victory in right hand and leaning on scepter in left hand, at foot eagle
Minted in Lugdunum (P in exe). Emission 7. Officina 1. Spring A.D. 290 – A.D. 291
References:– Cohen -. RIC V part 2 Lugdunum 28 Bust Type C. Bastien 313 (1 example cited). maridvnvm

141 - Diocletian - RIC V pt II Lugdunum 28 Bust Type CObv:– IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right (seen from front)
Rev:– IOVI AVGG, Jupiter standing left, holding victory in right hand and leaning on scepter in left hand, at foot eagle
Minted in Lugdunum (A in exe). Emission 7. Officina 1. Spring A.D. 290 – A.D. 291
References:– Cohen -. RIC V part 2 Lugdunum 28 Bust Type C. Bastien 314 (17 examples cited). maridvnvm

141 - Diocletian - RIC V pt II Lugdunum 28 Bust Type FObv:– IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– IOVI AVGG, Jupiter standing left, holding victory in right hand and leaning on scepter in left hand, at foot eagle
Minted in Lugdunum (A in exe). Emission 7. Officina 1. Spring A.D. 290 – A.D. 291
References:– Cohen 147. RIC V part 2 Lugdunum 28 Bust Type H. Bastien 315.maridvnvm

141 - Diocletian - RIC V pt II Lugdunum 28 Bust Type HObv:– IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG, Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding eagle headed sceptre
Rev:– IOVI AVGG, Jupiter standing left, holding victory in right hand and leaning on scepter in left hand, at foot eagle
Minted in Lugdunum (A in exe). Emission 7. Officina 1. Spring A.D. 290 – A.D. 291
References:– Cohen 153 (2f). RIC V part 2 Lugdunum 28 Bust Type H. , Bastien 323.maridvnvm

141 - Diocletian - RIC V pt II Lugdunum 43 Bust Type CObv:– IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust seen from the rear.
Rev:– IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG, Jupiter standing left with thunderbolt & scepter
Minted in Lugdunum (B in left field) Emission 2, Officina 2. Spring to Summer A.D. 286
References:– Cohen 240. RIC V part II Lugdunum 43 Bust Type C. Bastien 54.2 commentsmaridvnvm

141 - Diocletian - RIC V pt II Lugdunum 46 Bust Type CObv:– IMP C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust seen from the rear.
Rev:– IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG, Jupiter standing left with thunderbolt & scepter
Minted in Lugdunum (A in left field) Emission 2, Officina 2. Spring to Summer A.D. 286
References:– RIC V part II Lugdunum 46 Bust Type C rated Common citing Voetter. Bastien -. Cohen -.

Unlisted with this shortened obverse legend in Bastien (Usually IMP CC VAL...). Bastien did not find any examples of this obverse legend but notes it originating in O. Voetter on Page 42, which is where RIC takes it even though RIC rates it as Common! maridvnvm

141 - Diocletian - RIC V pt II Lugdunum 66 Bust Type F varObv:– IMP DIOCLETIANVS P AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– PAX AVGG, Pax standing left, with Victory on globe and scepter
Minted in Lugdunum (//B). Emission 7, Officina 2. Spring A.D. 290 to A.D. 291
Reference– Bastien -. RIC V Pt 2 66 Bust Type F var (Not listed with B in exe)

Bastien 362 is a similar coin but with the Radiate, cuirassed bust right (3 examples cited) and Bastien Suppl. 2 adds a consular bust to the type with this legend. This draped bust example would seem to be unlisted in Bastien or the supplements.maridvnvm

141 - Diocletian - RIC V pt II Lugdunum 67Obv:– IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield
Rev:– PAX AVGG, Pax standing left, with Victory on globe and scepter
Minted in Lugdunum (B in exe.). Emission 7, Officina 2. Spring A.D. 290 to A.D. 291
References:– Cohen 368. RIC V Pt 2 67 (Rated S). Bastien 367 (2 examples cited)

A scarcer bust type for Diocletian.1 commentsmaridvnvm

141 - Diocletian - RIC V pt II Lugdunum 67 Bust Type FObv:– IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– PAX AVGG, Pax standing left, with Victory on globe and scepter
Minted in Lugdunum (B in exe.). Emission 7, Officina 2. Spring A.D. 290 to A.D. 291
References:– Cohen 366. RIC V Pt 2 67 Bust Type F. Bastien 365 (11 examples cited)maridvnvm

141 - Diocletian - RIC V pt II Lugdunum 82 Bust Type CObv:– IMP DIOCLETIANVS P AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from the front
Rev:– SECVRIT PERP, Securitas standing left leaning on column
Minted in Lugdunum (A in exe) Emission 7, Officina 1. Spring A.D. 290 – A.D. 291
References:– Cohen -. RIC V part II Lugdunum 82 Bust Type C. Bastien 345 (5 examples cited)maridvnvm

141 - Diocletian - RIC V pt II Lugdunum 88 var Bust Type FObv:– IMP DIOCLETIANVS P AVG, Radiate cuirassed bust right
Rev:– SALVS AVGG, Salus standing right, feeding snake from patera
Minted in Lugdunum (C in exe), Emission 7, Officina 3. Spring A.D. 290 A.D. 291
References:– RIC V part 2 Lugdunum 88 var Bust Type F (Not listed with this bust type in RIC), Bastien 396(3 examples)maridvnvm

141 - Diocletian - RIC V pt II Lugdunum 89Obv:– IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG, Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding globe in right hand
Rev:– SALVS AVGG, Salus standing right, feeding snake from patera.
Minted in Lugdunum (//C). 7th Issue, Spring A.D. 290 - 291
Reference:– RIC V Part II Lugdunum 89. Bastien VII 401 (3 examples cited)

A rare bust type for Diocletian. Worn reverse die.maridvnvm

146 - Maximianus - Follis - RIC VI Lugdunum 85 Follis
Obv:– IMP C MAXIMIANVS AVG, Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding club over right shoulder and lion's skin in left hand
Rev:– GENIO POP-VLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, modius on head, naked but for chlamys over left shoulder, left hand holding cornucopiae and right hand holding patera, plain altar beneath.
Minted in Lugdunum (_ | A //PLC). Officina 1. Spring A.D. 300 – A.D. 302
Reference(s) – Bastien 148 (8). RIC VI Lugdunum 85 (Rated S)maridvnvm

146 - Maximianus - RIC V pt II - Bust Type CAntoninianus
Obv:– IMP MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right (seen from front)
Rev:– IOVI AVGG, Jupiter standing right holding thunderbolt and spear,eagle at feet.
Minted in Lugdunum (//A). Emission 7. Officina 1. Spring A.D. 290 – A.D. 291
Reference(s) – Cohen -. Bastien - (0). RIC V Pt. 2 Lugdunum - Bust Type C. This reverse type not noted in RIC or Bastien for Maximianus Herculius. It is noted in RIC and Bastien for Diocletian (RIC quotes as common, Bastien 300 (1), 301 (1) and 302 (3) would appear to counter this rating)maridvnvm

146 - Maximianus - RIC V pt II - Bust Type FObv:– IMP MAXIMIANVS AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– PIETAS AVGG, Pietas standing right, holding patera over altar
Minted in Lugdunum (//B). Emission 7, Officina 2. Spring A.D. 290 A.D. 291
Reference(s) – RIC V pt II -. Cohen -. Voetter -. Bastien 390 (3 examples cited). Would be near RIC 410.1 commentsmaridvnvm

146 - Maximianus - RIC V pt II 348 Bust Type FObv:– IMP MAXIMIANVS AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– AEQVITAS AVGG, Aequitas standing left, holding scales in right hand and cornucopia in left hand
Minted in Lugdunum (B in exe). Emission 7. Officina 1. Spring A.D. 290 – A.D. 291
References:– Cohen 11. RIC V Part 2 348 Bust Type F. Bastien Volume VII 351 (9 examples cited though this example has a reverse legend break not noted in Bastien).maridvnvm

146 - Maximianus - RIC V pt II 358 Bust Type FObv:– IMP MAXIMIANVS AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– FELICIT PVBL, Felicitas standing left, legs grossed, holding caduceus and leaning against column
Minted in Lugdunum (B in exe.). Emission 7, Officina 2. Spring A.D. 290 to A.D. 291
References:– Cohen 95. RIC V Part 2 358 Bust Type F. maridvnvm

146 - Maximianus - RIC V pt II 371 Bust Type C Obv:– IMP C VAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– HERCVLI PACIFERO, Hercules standing left holding branch & club, lion skin over arm.
Minted in Lugdunum (Î” in left field). Emission 3. Officina 4. Spring A.D. 290 – A.D. 291
References:– Cohen 282. RIC V Part 2 371 Bust Type C. Bastien Volume VII 95 (20 examples cited)maridvnvm

146 - Maximianus - RIC V pt II 372 var Bust Type C Obv:– IMP C VAL MAXIMIANVS AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– HERCVLI PACIFERO, Hercules standing left holding branch & club, lion skin over arm.
Minted in Lugdunum (Î“ in left field). Emission 3. Officina 3. Spring A.D. 290 – A.D. 291
References:– Cohen 280. RIC V Part 2 372 Bust Type C (Not listed with Î“ in left field in RIC). Bastien Volume VII 94 (16 examples cited)maridvnvm

146 - Maximianus - RIC V pt II 384 Bust Type FObv:– IMP MAXIMIANVS AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– IOVI AVGG, Jupiter standing left, holding victory in right hand and leaning on scepter in left hand, at foot eagle
Minted in Lugdunum (//A). Emission 7. Officina 1. Spring A.D. 290 – A.D. 291
Reference:– Cohen 313. RIC V Pt. 2 384 Bust Type F. Bastien Volume VII - 331 (9 examples cited). maridvnvm

146 - Maximianus - RIC V pt II 388 Bust Type CObv:– IMP C VAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt in right hand and scepter in left hand.
Minted in Lugdunum (Retrograde C in left field). Emission 2. Officina 3. Spring to Summer A.D. 286
Reference:– Cohen 362. RIC V Pt. 2 Lugdunum 388 Bust Type C. Bastien Volume VII 64 (6 examples cited).maridvnvm

146 - Maximianus - RIC V pt II 388 var Bust Type CObv:– IMP C VAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt in right hand and scepter in left hand.
Minted in Lugdunum (C in left field). Emission 2. Officina 3. Spring to Summer A.D. 286
Reference:– Cohen 362. RIC V Pt. 2 Lugdunum 388 var Bust Type C (Not listed with C in left field in RIC). Bastien Volume VII 60 (9 examples cited).maridvnvm

146 - Maximianus - RIC V pt II 398 Bust Type CObv:– IMP MAXIMIANVS P AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– PAX AVGG Pax standing left, with Victory on globe and scepter
Minted in Lugdunum (B in exe.). Emission 7, Officina 2. Spring A.D. 290 A.D. 291
References:– RIC V Part 2 398 Bust Type C. Bastien Volume VII 373 (6 examples cited)maridvnvm

146 - Maximianus - RIC V pt II 398 Bust Type FObv:– IMP MAXIMIANVS P AVG, Radiate cuirassed bust right
Rev:– PAX AVGG Pax standing left, with Victory on globe and scepter
Minted in Lugdunum (C in exe.). Emission 7, Officina 3. Spring A.D. 290 A.D. 291
References:– RIC V Part 2 398 Bust Type F. Bastien Volume VII - (Not listed in Bastien from this officina)maridvnvm

146 - Maximianus - RIC V pt II 398 Bust Type FObv:– IMP MAXIMIANVS P AVG, Radiate cuirassed bust right
Rev:– PAX AVGG Pax standing left, with Victory on globe and scepter
Minted in Lugdunum (B in exe.). Emission 7, Officina 2. Spring A.D. 290 A.D. 291
References:– RIC V Part 2 398 Bust Type F. Bastien Volume VII 374 (15 examples cited)maridvnvm

146 - Maximianus - RIC V pt II 399Obv:– IMP MAXIMIANVS AVG, Radiate bust left in imperial mantle
Rev:– PAX AVGG Pax standing left, with Victory on globe and scepter
Minted in Lugdunum (B in exe.). Emission 7, Officina 2. Spring A.D. 290 A.D. 291
References:– RIC V Part 2 399 (S). Bastien Volume VII 385 (7 examples cited) maridvnvm

146 - Maximianus - RIC V pt II 399 Bust Type CObv:– IMP MAXIMIANVS AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– PAX AVGG Pax standing left, with Victory on globe and scepter
Minted in Lugdunum (B in exe.). Emission 7, Officina 2. Spring A.D. 290 A.D. 291
References:– RIC V Part 2 399 Bust Type C. Bastien Volume VII 379maridvnvm

146 - Maximianus - RIC V pt II 399 Bust Type FObv:– IMP MAXIMIANVS AVG, Radiate cuirassed bust right
Rev:– PAX AVGG Pax standing left, with Victory on globe and scepter
Minted in Lugdunum (B in exe.). Emission 7, Officina 2. Spring A.D. 290 A.D. 291
References:– RIC V Part 2 399 Bust Type F. Bastien Volume VII 380maridvnvm

146 - Maximianus - RIC V pt II 399 Bust Type HObv:– IMP MAXIMIANVS AVG, Radiate bust left in imperial mantle, holding sceptre surmounted by eagle
Rev:– PAX AVGG Pax standing left, with Victory on globe and scepter
Minted in Lugdunum (B in exe.). Emission 7, Officina 2. Spring A.D. 290 A.D. 291
References:– RIC V Part 2 399 Bust Type H (S). Bastien Volume VII 387maridvnvm

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