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11180. Bronze prutah, Hendin 661, Jerusalem mint,
year 2, 67-68 A.D.; obverse amphora with broad rim
and two handles, year 2 (in Hebrew) around; reverse
vine leaf on small branch, the freedom of Zion (in
Hebrew) around. Coin #158
cars100
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First Revolt AE Prutah (2,76 g) - Jewish War 68/9 AD year 3. Obv. Amphora with broad rim, two handles, and decorated conical cover.
Rev. inscription (the freedom of Zion), vine leaf on small branch with tendril
Refernces: (Hendin 1363, AJC II 261,20) .
17mm, 2.8 grams.Canaan
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005. ClaudiusLibertas
In Roman mythology, Libertas (which in Latin means freedom) was the goddess of freedom.
Æ As (9.50 gm). Bare head left / Libertas standing right, holding pileus. RIC I 113; BMCRE 202; Cohen 47. Fine, red-gray patina
Check
ecoli
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020a, CARIA, Knidos. Circa 465-449 BC. AR Drachm.CARIA, Knidos. Circa 465-449 BC. AR Drachm - 16mm (6.06 g). Obverse: forepart of roaring lion right; Reverse: archaic head of Aphrodite right, hair bound with taenia. Cahn 80 (V38/R53); SNG Helsinki 132 (same dies); SNG Copenhagen 232 (same dies). Toned, near VF, good metal. Ex Barry P. Murphy.
While this coin falls within the time frame that numismatists call "Classical" Greek coinage, I have chosen to place it in both the "Archaic" (coin 020a) and "Classical" Greek sections of my collection. This specimen is one of those wonderful examples of transition--it incorporates many elements of the "Archaic" era, although it is struck during the "Classical" Greek period and anticipates characteristics of the later period.
As noted art historian Patricia Lawrence has pointed out, "[this specimen portrays] A noble-headed lion, a lovely Late Archaic Aphrodite, and [is made from]. . . beautiful metal." The Archaic Aphrodite is reminiscent of certain portraits of Arethusa found on tetradrachms produced in Syracuse in the first decade of the 5th century BC.
Knidos was a city of high antiquity and as a Hellenic city probably of Lacedaemonian colonization. Along with Halicarnassus (present day Bodrum, Turkey) and Kos, and the Rhodian cities of Lindos, Kamiros and Ialyssos it formed the Dorian Hexapolis, which held its confederate assemblies on the Triopian headland, and there celebrated games in honour of Apollo, Poseidon and the nymphs.
The city was at first governed by an oligarchic senate, composed of sixty members, and presided over by a magistrate; but, though it is proved by inscriptions that the old names continued to a very late period, the constitution underwent a popular transformation. The situation of the city was favourable for commerce, and the Knidians acquired considerable wealth, and were able to colonize the island of Lipara, and founded a city on Corcyra Nigra in the Adriatic. They ultimately submitted to Cyrus, and from the battle of Eurymedon to the latter part of the Peloponnesian War they were subject to Athens.
In their expansion into the region, the Romans easily obtained the allegiance of Knidians, and rewarded them for help given against Antiochus by leaving them the freedom of their city.
During the Byzantine period there must still have been a considerable population: for the ruins contain a large number of buildings belonging to the Byzantine style, and Christian sepulchres are common in the neighbourhood.
Eudoxus, the astronomer, Ctesias, the writer on Persian history, and Sostratus, the builder of the celebrated Pharos at Alexandria, are the most remarkable of the Knidians mentioned in history.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidus
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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053. 2'nd Jewish (bar Kokhba) Revolt.Zuz (denarius), attributed to Year 3 (134-35 AD).
Obverse: (Shim'on) / Bunch of Grapes.
Reverse: (For the Freedom of Jerusalem) / Lyre with three strings.
3.19 gm., 18.5 mm.
Mildenberg #205.19 (this coin); Hendin #734.
This coin likely started out as a denarius of one of the Roman emperors between Vespasian and Hadrian. Many coins of the Second Jewish Revolt show traces of the earlier Roman coin. This coin is no exception, and traces of the previous coin can be seen on the obverse in and around the bunch of grapes.
The bunch of grapes on the obverse is an ancient symbol of blessing and fertility. As such it occasionally appears on ancient coins of other areas besides this series. Given the messianic nature of the Bar Kokhba revolt, the bunch of grapes takes on added significance because in Jewish prophetic literature, grapes (and the vine or vineyard) are often symbolic of the restoration of Israel, or even symbolic of Israel itself.
The lyre on the reverse is associated with temple worship, as are trumpets, which are also found on coins of the Bar Kokhba Revolt. King David is mentioned as playing a lyre, and there are numerous Biblical references to praising the Lord with the lyre and trumpets. (The word "kinnor," sometimes translated as "harp," is really a type of lyre.) Even today the lyre is an important Jewish symbol and the state of Israel has chosen to portray it on the half New Israeli Sheqel coin. Callimachus
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100 réisMCMI (1901)
Obverse: The National Arms on coffee branches and below 100, inscription “REPÚBLICA DOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DO BRASIL”. Under weapons, the year in Roman numerals MCMI, and at the bottom, pearl necklace.
Reverse: Female figure representing the Republic and freedom, with a tiara inscribed and visible part of “LIBERTAS”, surrounded by a ring with 21 stars and, closer to the edge, a pearl necklace.Pericles J2
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1308b, Licinius I, 308 - 324 A.D. (Siscia)Licinius I, 11 November 308 - 18 September 324 A.D. Bronze follis, RIC 4, F, Siscia, 3.257g, 21.6mm, 0o, 313 - 315 A.D. Obverse: IMP LIC LICINIVS P F AVG, laureate head right; Reverse IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN, Jupiter standing left holding Victory on globe and scepter, eagle with wreath in beak left, E right, SIS in exergue.
De Imperatoribus Romanis : An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Licinius (308-324 A.D.)
Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University
Licinius' Heritage
Valerius Licinianus Licinius, more commonly known as Licinius, may have been born ca. 265. Of peasant origin, his family was from Dacia. A close friend and comrade of arms of the Emperor Galerius, he accompanied him on his Persian expedition in 297. When campaigns by Severus and Galerius in late 306 or early 307 and in the summer of 307, respectively, failed to dislodge Maxentius who, with the luke warm support of his father Maximianus Herculius, was acclaimed princeps on 28 October 306, he was sent by the eastern emperor to Maxentius as an ambassador; the diplomatic mission, however, failed because the usurper refused to submit to the authority of his father-in-law Galerius. At the Conference of Carnuntum which was held in October or November of 308, Licinius was made an Augustus on 11 November 308; his realm included Thrace, Illyricum, and Pannonia.
Licinius' Early Reign
Although Licinius was initially appointed by Galerius to replace Severus to end the revolt of Maxentius , Licinius (perhaps wisely) made no effort to move against the usurper. In fact, his first attested victory was against the Sarmatians probably in the late spring, but no later than the end of June in 310. When the Emperor Galerius died in 311, Licinius met Maximinus Daia at the Bosporus during the early summer of that year; they concluded a treaty and divided Galerius' realm between them. It was little more than a year later that the Emperor Constantine defeated Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge on 28 October 312. After the defeat of the usurper, Constantine and Licinius met at Mediolanum (Milan) where Licinius married the former's sister Constantia; one child was born of this union: Valerius Licinianus Licinius. Licinius had another son, born of a slave woman, whose name is unknown. It appears that both emperors promulgated the so-called Edict of Milan, in which Constantine and Licinius granted Christians the freedom to practice their faith without any interference from the state.
As soon as he seems to have learned about the marital alliance between Licinius and Constantine and the death of Maxentius, who had been his ally, Daia traversed Asia Minor and, in April 313, he crossed the Bosporus and went to Byzantium, which he took from Licinius after an eleven day siege. On 30 April 313 the armies of both emperors clashed on the Campus Ergenus; in the ensuing battle Daia's forces were routed. A last ditch stand by Daia at the Cilician Gates failed; the eastern emperor subsequently died in the area of Tarsus probably in July or August 313. As soon as he arrived in Nicomedeia, Licinius promulgated the Edict of Milan. As soon as he had matters in Nicomedeia straightened out, Licinius campaigned against the Persians in the remaining part of 313 and the opening months of 314.
The First Civil War Between Licinius and Constantine
Once Licinius had defeated Maximinus Daia, the sole rulers of the Roman world were he and Constantine. It is obvious that the marriage of Licinius to Constantia was simply a union of convenience. In any case, there is evidence in the sources that both emperors were looking for an excuse to attack the other. The affair involving Bassianus (the husband of Constantius I's daughter Anastasia ), mentioned in the text of Anonymus Valesianus (5.14ff), may have sparked the falling out between the two emperors. In any case, Constantine' s forces joined battle with those of Licinius at Cibalae in Pannonia on 8 October 314. When the battle was over, Constantine prevailed; his victory, however, was Pyrrhic. Both emperors had been involved in exhausting military campaigns in the previous year and the months leading up to Cibalae and each of their realms had expanded so fast that their manpower reserves must have been stretched to the limit. Both men retreated to their own territory to lick their wounds. It may well be that the two emperors made an agreement, which has left no direct trace in the historical record, which would effectively restore the status quo.
Both emperors were variously engaged in different activities between 315 and 316. In addition to campaigning against the Germans while residing in Augusta Treverorum (Trier) in 315, Constantine dealt with aspects of the Donatist controversy; he also traveled to Rome where he celebrated his Decennalia. Licinius, possibly residing at Sirmium, was probably waging war against the Goths. Although not much else is known about Licinius' activities during this period, it is probable that he spent much of his time preparing for his impending war against Constantine; the latter,who spent the spring and summer of 316 in Augusta Treverorum, was probably doing much the same thing. In any case, by December 316, the western emperor was in Sardica with his army. Sometime between 1 December and 28 February 317, both emperors' armies joined battle on the Campus Ardiensis; as was the case in the previous engagement, Constantine' s forces were victorious. On 1 March 317, both sides agreed to a cessation of hostilities; possibly because of the intervention of his wife Constantia, Licinius was able to keep his throne, although he had to agree to the execution of his colleague Valens, who the eastern emperor had appointed as his colleague before the battle, as well as to cede some of his territory to his brother-in-law.
Licinius and the Christians
Although the historical record is not completely clear, Licinius seems to have campaigned against the Sarmatians in 318. He also appears to have been in Byzantium in the summer of 318 and later in June 323. Beyond these few facts, not much else is known about his residences until mid summer of 324. Although he and Constantine had issued the Edict of Milan in early 313, Licinius turned on the Christians in his realm seemingly in 320. The first law that Licinius issued prevented bishops from communicating with each other and from holding synods to discuss matters of interest to them. The second law prohibited men and women from attending services together and young girls from receiving instruction from their bishop or schools. When this law was issued, he also gave orders that Christians could hold services only outside of city walls. Additionally, he deprived officers in the army of their commissions if they did not sacrifice to the gods. Licinius may have been trying to incite Constantine to attack him. In any case, the growing tension between the two rulers is reflected in the consular Fasti of the period.
The Second Civil War Between Licinius and Constantine and Licinius' Death
War actually broke out in 321 when Constantine pursued some Sarmatians, who had been ravaging some territory in his realm, across the Danube. When he checked a similar invasion of the Goths, who were devastating Thrace, Licinius complained that Constantine had broken the treaty between them. Having assembled a fleet and army at Thessalonica, Constantine advanced toward Adrianople. Licinius engaged the forces of his brother-in-law near the banks of the Hebrus River on 3 July 324 where he was routed; with as many men as he could gather, he headed for his fleet which was in the Hellespont. Those of his soldiers who were not killed or put to flight, surrendered to the enemy. Licinius fled to Byzantium, where he was besieged by Constantine. Licinius' fleet, under the command of the admiral Abantus, was overcome by bad weather and by Constantine' s fleet which was under the command of his son Crispus. Hard pressed in Byzantium, Licinius abandoned the city to his rival and fled to Chalcedon in Bithynia. Leaving Martinianus, his former magister officiorum and now his co-ruler, to impede Constantine' s progress, Licinius regrouped his forces and engaged his enemy at Chrysopolis where he was again routed on 18 September 324. He fled to Nicomedeia which Constantine began to besiege. On the next day Licinius abdicated and was sent to Thessalonica, where he was kept under house arrest. Both Licinius and his associate were put to death by Constantine. Martinianus may have been put to death before the end of 324, whereas Licinius was not put to death until the spring of 325. Rumors circulated that Licinius had been put to death because he attempted another rebellion against Constantine.
Copyright (C) 1996, Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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1308c, Licinius I, 308-324 A.D. (Alexandria)Licinius I, 308-324 A.D. AE Follis, 3.60g, VF, 315 A.D., Alexandria. Obverse: IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS P F AVG - Laureate head right; Reverse: IOVI CONS-ERVATORI AVGG - Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on a globe and scepter; exergue: ALE / (wreath) over "B" over "N." Ref: RIC VII, 10 (B = r2) Rare, page 705 - Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, Scotland.
De Imperatoribus Romanis : An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Licinius (308-324 A.D.)
Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University
Licinius' Heritage
Valerius Licinianus Licinius, more commonly known as Licinius, may have been born ca. 265. Of peasant origin, his family was from Dacia. A close friend and comrade of arms of the Emperor Galerius, he accompanied him on his Persian expedition in 297. When campaigns by Severus and Galerius in late 306 or early 307 and in the summer of 307, respectively, failed to dislodge Maxentius who, with the luke warm support of his father Maximianus Herculius, was acclaimed princeps on 28 October 306, he was sent by the eastern emperor to Maxentius as an ambassador; the diplomatic mission, however, failed because the usurper refused to submit to the authority of his father-in-law Galerius. At the Conference of Carnuntum which was held in October or November of 308, Licinius was made an Augustus on 11 November 308; his realm included Thrace, Illyricum, and Pannonia.
Licinius' Early Reign
Although Licinius was initially appointed by Galerius to replace Severus to end the revolt of Maxentius , Licinius (perhaps wisely) made no effort to move against the usurper. In fact, his first attested victory was against the Sarmatians probably in the late spring, but no later than the end of June in 310. When the Emperor Galerius died in 311, Licinius met Maximinus Daia at the Bosporus during the early summer of that year; they concluded a treaty and divided Galerius' realm between them. It was little more than a year later that the Emperor Constantine defeated Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge on 28 October 312. After the defeat of the usurper, Constantine and Licinius met at Mediolanum (Milan) where Licinius married the former's sister Constantia; one child was born of this union: Valerius Licinianus Licinius. Licinius had another son, born of a slave woman, whose name is unknown. It appears that both emperors promulgated the so-called Edict of Milan, in which Constantine and Licinius granted Christians the freedom to practice their faith without any interference from the state.
As soon as he seems to have learned about the marital alliance between Licinius and Constantine and the death of Maxentius, who had been his ally, Daia traversed Asia Minor and, in April 313, he crossed the Bosporus and went to Byzantium, which he took from Licinius after an eleven day siege. On 30 April 313 the armies of both emperors clashed on the Campus Ergenus; in the ensuing battle Daia's forces were routed. A last ditch stand by Daia at the Cilician Gates failed; the eastern emperor subsequently died in the area of Tarsus probably in July or August 313. As soon as he arrived in Nicomedeia, Licinius promulgated the Edict of Milan. As soon as he had matters in Nicomedeia straightened out, Licinius campaigned against the Persians in the remaining part of 313 and the opening months of 314.
The First Civil War Between Licinius and Constantine
Once Licinius had defeated Maximinus Daia, the sole rulers of the Roman world were he and Constantine. It is obvious that the marriage of Licinius to Constantia was simply a union of convenience. In any case, there is evidence in the sources that both emperors were looking for an excuse to attack the other. The affair involving Bassianus (the husband of Constantius I's daughter Anastasia ), mentioned in the text of Anonymus Valesianus (5.14ff), may have sparked the falling out between the two emperors. In any case, Constantine' s forces joined battle with those of Licinius at Cibalae in Pannonia on 8 October 314. When the battle was over, Constantine prevailed; his victory, however, was Pyrrhic. Both emperors had been involved in exhausting military campaigns in the previous year and the months leading up to Cibalae and each of their realms had expanded so fast that their manpower reserves must have been stretched to the limit. Both men retreated to their own territory to lick their wounds. It may well be that the two emperors made an agreement, which has left no direct trace in the historical record, which would effectively restore the status quo.
Both emperors were variously engaged in different activities between 315 and 316. In addition to campaigning against the Germans while residing in Augusta Treverorum (Trier) in 315, Constantine dealt with aspects of the Donatist controversy; he also traveled to Rome where he celebrated his Decennalia. Licinius, possibly residing at Sirmium, was probably waging war against the Goths. Although not much else is known about Licinius' activities during this period, it is probable that he spent much of his time preparing for his impending war against Constantine; the latter,who spent the spring and summer of 316 in Augusta Treverorum, was probably doing much the same thing. In any case, by December 316, the western emperor was in Sardica with his army. Sometime between 1 December and 28 February 317, both emperors' armies joined battle on the Campus Ardiensis; as was the case in the previous engagement, Constantine' s forces were victorious. On 1 March 317, both sides agreed to a cessation of hostilities; possibly because of the intervention of his wife Constantia, Licinius was able to keep his throne, although he had to agree to the execution of his colleague Valens, who the eastern emperor had appointed as his colleague before the battle, as well as to cede some of his territory to his brother-in-law.
Licinius and the Christians
Although the historical record is not completely clear, Licinius seems to have campaigned against the Sarmatians in 318. He also appears to have been in Byzantium in the summer of 318 and later in June 323. Beyond these few facts, not much else is known about his residences until mid summer of 324. Although he and Constantine had issued the Edict of Milan in early 313, Licinius turned on the Christians in his realm seemingly in 320. The first law that Licinius issued prevented bishops from communicating with each other and from holding synods to discuss matters of interest to them. The second law prohibited men and women from attending services together and young girls from receiving instruction from their bishop or schools. When this law was issued, he also gave orders that Christians could hold services only outside of city walls. Additionally, he deprived officers in the army of their commissions if they did not sacrifice to the gods. Licinius may have been trying to incite Constantine to attack him. In any case, the growing tension between the two rulers is reflected in the consular Fasti of the period.
The Second Civil War Between Licinius and Constantine and Licinius' Death
War actually broke out in 321 when Constantine pursued some Sarmatians, who had been ravaging some territory in his realm, across the Danube. When he checked a similar invasion of the Goths, who were devastating Thrace, Licinius complained that Constantine had broken the treaty between them. Having assembled a fleet and army at Thessalonica, Constantine advanced toward Adrianople. Licinius engaged the forces of his brother-in-law near the banks of the Hebrus River on 3 July 324 where he was routed; with as many men as he could gather, he headed for his fleet which was in the Hellespont. Those of his soldiers who were not killed or put to flight, surrendered to the enemy. Licinius fled to Byzantium, where he was besieged by Constantine. Licinius' fleet, under the command of the admiral Abantus, was overcome by bad weather and by Constantine' s fleet which was under the command of his son Crispus. Hard pressed in Byzantium, Licinius abandoned the city to his rival and fled to Chalcedon in Bithynia. Leaving Martinianus, his former magister officiorum and now his co-ruler, to impede Constantine' s progress, Licinius regrouped his forces and engaged his enemy at Chrysopolis where he was again routed on 18 September 324. He fled to Nicomedeia which Constantine began to besiege. On the next day Licinius abdicated and was sent to Thessalonica, where he was kept under house arrest. Both Licinius and his associate were put to death by Constantine. Martinianus may have been put to death before the end of 324, whereas Licinius was not put to death until the spring of 325. Rumors circulated that Licinius had been put to death because he attempted another rebellion against Constantine.
Copyright (C) 1996, Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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1797 AE Halfpenny, London, Middlesex.Obverse: FREEDOM WITH INNOCENCE. Proud stag with large antlers, walking to left.
Reverse: * * RULE BRITANIA (sic) * *. Britannia seated facing left on globe, shield at her side, holding spear in her left hand and branch in her right; 1797 in exergue.
Edge: Incuse legend “PAYABLE IN LONDON” the remainder engrailed.
Diameter: 29mm
Dalton & Hamer:1042 (Middlesex)
SCARCE
Dies engraved by Thomas Willets and manufactured by William Lutwyche or Peter Kempson in Birmingham.
This token, one of the 18th century Political and Social Series of tokens, was likely struck for the use of the “Buck Society” in London.
The Buck Society was made up of eleven united lodges in London and three affiliates in Moorgate, Hatton Garden and Doctor’s Commons. It was one of the many debating societies that emerged in London during the eighteenth century, and were a prominent fixture of society until the end of that century. The origins of the debating societies are not certain, but, while there were comparable societies in other British cities, London was home to the largest number of them throughout the eighteenth century. The debating societies welcomed participants from both genders and all social backgrounds, making them one of the best examples of the enlarged public sphere of the Age of Enlightenment. However, the increasingly radical political environment, created in large part by the French Revolution in 1789, lead to the tightening of government restrictions and most of the debating societies went inactive when, following the local sedition trials of 1792 and 1793, William Pitt the Younger initiated the 1794 Treason Trials, and the 1795 Seditious Meetings Act.*Alex
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1809 - 1810 "BRUTUS" Undated AE Halfpenny, Walthamstow, Essex.Obverse: BRUTUS. Bare head of Lucius Junius Brutus facing left.
Reverse: Britannia seated left holding olive branch and trident, a shield at her side, BCC (British Copper Company) on the ground below; all within an oak-wreath.
Edge: Grained.
Diameter: 28mm
Bowman: 24 | Withers: 621
The principal die engraver for this token was Thomas Wyon the elder (1767–1830).
This token was issued by the British Copper Company, a Welsh based company who, in 1808, bought the Walthamstow site beside the River Lea. Walthamstow is now a suburb of north east London. The copper was smelted in "Landore" near Swansea in South Wales and brought by barge around the south coast up the Thames and the Lea to the mill. The copper ingots were then rolled into thin sheets which were sent all over the country to be stamped into coins. The main purpose of the BCC would have been to sell its copper, whether in the form of tokens, or sheets of metal. These penny and half penny tokens were not issued exclusively for use in Walthamstow, the halfpennies in particular do not bear the name of a place where they could have been redeemed except the very tiny BCC found on the ground by Britannia's shield. The copper rolling mill buildings at Walthamstow were converted into a pumping station in the 1860s and were later incorporated, by Thames Water, into a large water treatment works.
Lucius Junius Brutus, one of the first two consuls of Rome, was said to have killed two of his sons who were plotting to restore the monarchy of the Tarquins, he thus became a hero for patriotism and freedom.*Alex
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1811 "VINCIT AMOR" AE Halfpenny, Walthamstow, Essex.Obverse: VINCIT AMOR PATRIÆ 1811. Large laureate bust of Lucius Junius Brutus facing right.
Reverse: Britannia seated facing left holding olive branch and trident, a shield at her side, BCC bottom right of shield, all within an oak-wreath.
Edge: Grained.
Die damage, a common feature of these tokens, is visible at 10 o'clock on the obverse.
Diameter: 28mm.
Davis 17
The principal die engraver for this token was Thomas Wyon the elder (1767–1830). It was issued by the British Copper Company, a Welsh based company who, in 1808, erected copper rolling mill buildings at Walthamstow beside the River Lea. Walthamstow is now a suburb of north east London.
'Vincit amor patriæ' is a quotation from Virgil, though what Virgil wrote was vincet, in the future tense (Aeneid 6.823). The context is the visit of Aeneas to the underworld, where he sees a vision of the future of Rome, and the lines describe one of the first pair of consuls, Lucius Junius Brutus, who was said to have killed two of his sons who were plotting to restore the monarchy of the Tarquins. So it appears that Lucius Junius Brutus was chosen for this token as a hero for patriotism and freedom.*Alex
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1811 "VINCIT AMOR" AE Halfpenny, Walthamstow, Essex.Obverse: VINCIT AMOR PATRIÆ 1811. Small laureate bust of Lucius Junius Brutus facing right.
Reverse: Britannia seated facing left holding olive branch and trident, a shield at her side, BCC bottom right of shield, all within an oak-wreath.
Edge: Grained.
Diameter: 28mm.
Davis 17, Coxall type 10
The principal die engraver for this token was Thomas Wyon the elder (1767–1830). It was issued by the British Copper Company, a Welsh based company who, in 1808, erected copper rolling mill buildings at Walthamstow beside the River Lea. Walthamstow is now a suburb of north east London.
'Vincit amor patriæ' is a quotation from Virgil, though what Virgil wrote was vincet, in the future tense (Aeneid 6.823). The context is the visit of Aeneas to the underworld, where he sees a vision of the future of Rome, and the lines describe one of the first pair of consuls, Lucius Junius Brutus, who was said to have killed two of his sons who were plotting to restore the monarchy of the Tarquins. So it appears that Lucius Junius Brutus was chosen for this token as a hero for patriotism and freedom.*Alex
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1al Tiberius14-37
As
Laureate head, left, TI CAESAR AVGVST F IMPERAT V
PONTIF MAXIM TRIBVN POTEST XXIII SC
This is one of a series of 12 Caesars pieces that were local finds in Serbia. There are better coins out there, but I'll hang onto these because they really got me into the hobby.
RIC 469
Per Suetonius: Within three years, however, both Lucius Caesar and Gaius Caesar were dead [in AD2 and 4 respectively], and Augustus now adopted both their brother Agrippa Postumus, and Tiberius, who was first required to adopt his nephew Germanicus [in 4 AD]. . . .
From that moment onwards, Augustus did all he could to enhance Tiberius’ prestige, especially after the disowning and banishment of Postumus [ca 6 AD] made it obvious that Tiberius was the sole heir to the succession. . . .
Tiberius acted like a traditional citizen, more modestly almost than the average individual. He accepted only a few of the least distinguished honours offered him; it was only with great reluctance that he consented to his birthday being recognised, falling as it did on the day of the Plebeian Games in the Circus, by the addition of a two-horse chariot to the proceedings; and he refused to have temples, and priests dedicated to him, or even the erection of statues and busts, without his permission; which he only gave if they were part of the temple adornments and not among the divine images. . . .
Moreover, in the face of abuse, libels or slanders against himself and his family, he remained unperturbed and tolerant, often maintaining that a free country required free thought and speech. . . . He even introduced a species of liberty, by maintaining the traditional dignities and powers of the Senate and magistrates. He laid all public and private matters, small or great, before the Senate consulting them over State revenues, monopolies, and the construction and maintenance of public buildings, over the levying and disbanding of troops, the assignment of legions and auxiliaries, the scope of military appointments, and the allocation of campaigns, and even the form and content of his replies to letters from foreign powers. . . .
Returning to Capreae, he abandoned all affairs of state, neither filling vacancies in the Equestrian Order’s jury lists, nor appointing military tribunes, prefects, or even provincial governors. Spain and Syria lacked governors of Consular rank for several years, while he allowed the Parthians to overrun Armenia, Moesia to be ravaged by the Dacians and Sarmatians, and Gaul by the Germans, threatening the Empire’s honour no less than its security. Furthermore, with the freedom afforded by privacy, hidden as it were from public view, he gave free rein to the vices he had concealed for so long. . . . Blindado
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1st Jewish revolt year 2Prutah year 2 (67-68 AD), AE 16-17 mm 2.2 grams
OBV :: Year 2 in Paleo-Hebrew characters Two-handled amphora with broad rim.
REV :: The Freedom of Zion in Paleo-Hebrew characters Wine leaf with tendril.
Hendin 661. Meshorer II, 12. SNG ANS 427.
Johnny
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1st Jewish War, Æ Prutah, 66-70 CEBronze prutah of 1st Jewish War Against Rome, 66-70 CE, 1.72 grams, 18 mm. Minted Year 3 (68/69 CE).
Obverse: Amphora with broad rim two handles and lid, year 3 (in Hebrew – ×©× ×ª שלש) around;
Reverse: Vine leaf on small branch, inscription “The freedom of Zion” (in Hebrew – חרת ציון) around.
Reference: Hendin 664, SGIC 5640, AJC II, 261, 20, TJC 204-206
Added to collection: March 19, 2006Daniel F
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2. Jewish War, year II67 CE, Hendin 661a, irregular issue
"Shnat Shtayim" – year two
"harot tsion" – the freedom of Zion
Even though it is engraved with "Year Two" on the obverse, this coin may have been minted in Year Three under rebel detatchments outside of Jerusalem. The poor quality of the coin shows that it was probably not minted in the Jerusalem mint. One hypothesis is that it was minted by Simon Bar Giora in year three, while he reconquered Southern Judaea.Ecgþeow
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2.02 Year Three Jewish War prutahEF Hendin 664
Year Three
"Harot Tsion" – the freedom of Zion
reverse - vine leaf on branchEcgþeow
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200 RéisMCMI (1901)
Obverse: The National Arms on coffee branches and below 200, inscription “REPÚBLICA DOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DO BRASIL”. Under weapons, the year in Roman numerals MCMI, and at the bottom, pearl necklace.
Reverse: Female figure representing the Republic and freedom, with a tiara inscribed and visible part of “LIBERTAS”, surrounded by a ring with 21 stars and, closer to the edge, a pearl necklace.
Pericles J2
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2382 Hadrian AS Roma 134-38 AD Libertas Reference.
RIC II 818; Strack 676; RIC 2382 pl.
Bust A1
Obv. HADRIANVS AVG COS III P P
Laureate head
Rev. LIBERTAS PVBLICA; S C in field.
Libertas, standing left, holding pileus and full-length sceptre (sic)
9.62 gr
25 mm
6h
Extra.
The pileus was especially associated with the manumission of slaves. who wore it upon their liberation. It became emblematic of liberty and freedom from bondage
Source.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileus_(hat)okidoki
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3.0 Bar Kokhba small bronze, year 3 (134-135 CE)Bar Kokhba rebellion (second Jewish Revolt against Rome)
Year 3 (134-135 CE)
small bronze (19.5 mm)
VF+/VF
Hendin 739
obv. seven branched palm tree, symbolizing Judaea (like Menorah?)
SHIMON (Simon [Bar Kokhba]) in field below tree
rev. Bunch of grapes L'CHAROT YERUSHALAYIM (For the Freedom of Jerusalem) aroundEcgþeow
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400 réisMCMI (1901)
Obverse: The National Arms on coffee branches and below 400, inscription “REPÚBLICA DOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DO BRASIL”. Under weapons, the year in Roman numerals MCMI, and at the bottom, pearl necklace.
Reverse: Female figure representing the Republic and freedom, with a tiara inscribed and visible part of “LIBERTAS”, surrounded by a ring with 21 stars and, closer to the edge, a pearl necklace.Pericles J2
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501. Constantine I In the year 320, Licinius, emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, reneged on the religious freedom promised by the Edict of Milan in 313 and began another persecution of the Christians. This was a puzzling inconsistency since Constantia, half-sister of Constantine and wife of Licinius, was an influential Christian. It became a challenge to Constantine in the west, climaxing in the great civil war of 324. The armies were so large another like these would not be seen again until at least the 14th century. Licinius, aided by Goth mercenaries, represented the past and the ancient faith of Paganism. Constantine and his Franks marched under the Christian standard of the labarum, and both sides saw the battle in religious terms. Supposedly outnumbered, but fired by their zeal, Constantine's army emerged victorious. With the defeat and death of Licinius (Constantine was known for being ruthless with his political enemies: Constantine had publicly promised to spare his life, but a year later he accused him of plotting against him and had him executed by strangulation), Constantine then became the sole emperor of the entire Roman Empire.[
RIC VII Siscia 235 c3
ecoli
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510. Valentinian IFlavius Valentinianus, known in English as Valentinian I, (321 - November 17, 375) was a Roman Emperor (364 - 375). He was born at Cibalis, in Pannonia, the son of a successful general, Gratian the Elder.
He had been an officer of the Praetorian guard under Julian and Jovian, and had risen high in the imperial service. Of robust frame and distinguished appearance, he possessed great courage and military capacity. After the death of Jovian, he was chosen emperor in his forty-third year by the officers of the army at Nicaea in Bithynia on February 26, 364, and shortly afterwards named his brother Valens colleague with him in the empire.
The two brothers, after passing through the chief cities of the neighbouring district, arranged the partition of the empire at Naissus (Nissa) in Upper Moesia. As Western Roman Emperor, Valentinian took Italia, Illyricum, Hispania, the Gauls, Britain and Africa, leaving to Eastern Roman Emperor Valens the eastern half of the Balkan peninsula, Greece, Aegyptus, Syria and Asia Minor as far as Persia. They were immediately confronted by the revolt of Procopius, a relative of the deceased Julian. Valens managed to defeat his army at Thyatria in Lydia in 366, and Procopius was executed shortly afterwards.
During the short reign of Valentinian there were wars in Africa, in Germany and in Britain, and Rome came into collision with barbarian peoples never of heard before, specifically the Burgundians, and the Saxons.
Valentinian's chief work was guarding the frontiers and establishing military positions. Milan was at first his headquarters for settling the affairs of northern Italy. The following year (365) Valentinian was at Paris, and then at Reims, to direct the operations of his generals against the Alamanni. These people, defeated at Scarpona (Charpeigne) and Catelauni (Châlons-en-Champagne) by Jovinus, were driven back to the German bank of the Rhine, and checked for a while by a chain of military posts and fortresses. At the close of 367, however, they suddenly crossed the Rhine, attacked Moguntiacum (Mainz) and plundered the city. Valentinian attacked them at Solicinium (Sulz am Neckar, in the Neckar valley, or Schwetzingen) with a large army, and defeated them with great slaughter. But his own losses were so considerable that Valentinian abandoned the idea of following up his success.
Later, in 374, Valentinian made peace with their king, Macrianus, who from that time remained a true friend of the Romans. The next three years he spent at Trier, which he chiefly made his headquarters, organizing the defence of the Rhine frontier, and personally superintending the construction of numerous forts.
During his reign the coasts of Gaul were harassed by the Saxon pirates, with whom the Picts and Scots of northern Britain joined hands, and ravaged the island from the Antonine Wall to the shores of Kent. In 368 Count Theodosius was sent to drive back the invaders; in this he was completely successful, and established a new British province, called Valentia in honour of the emperor.
In Africa, Firmus, raised the standard of revolt, being joined by the provincials, who had been rendered desperate by the cruelty and extortions of Comes Romanus, the military governor. The services of Theodosius were again requisitioned. He landed in Africa with a small band of veterans, and Firmus, to avoid being taken prisoner, committed suicide.
In 374 the Quadi, a Germanic tribe in what is now Moravia and Slovakia, resenting the erection of Roman forts to the north of the Danube in what they considered to be their own territory, and further exasperated by the treacherous murder of their king, Gabinius, crossed the river and laid waste the province of Pannonia. The emperor in April, 375 entered Illyricum with a powerful army. But during an audience to an embassy from the Quadi at Brigetio on the Danube (near Komárom, Hungary), Valentinian suffered a burst blood vessel in the skull while angrily yelling at the people gathered. This injury resulted in his death on November 17, 375.
His general administration seems to have been thoroughly honest and able, in some respects beneficent. If Valentinian was hard and exacting in the matter of taxes, he spent them in the defence and improvement of his dominions, not in idle show or luxury. Though himself a plain and almost illiterate soldier, Valentinian was a founder of schools. He also provided medical attendance for the poor of Rome, by appointing a physician for each of the fourteen districts of the city.
Valentinian was a Christian but permitted absolute religious freedom to all his subjects. Against all abuses, both civil and ecclesiastical, Valentinian steadily set his face, even against the increasing wealth and worldliness of the clergy. His chief flaw was his temper, which at times was frightful, and showed itself in its full fierceness in the punishment of persons accused of witchcraft, fortune-telling or magical practices.
Valentinian I; RIC IX, Siscia 15(a); C.37; second period: 24 Aug. 367-17 Nov. 375; common. obv. DN VALENTINI-ANVS PF AVG, bust cuir., drap., r., rev. SECVRITAS-REI PVBLICAE, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and trophy. l. field R above R with adnex, r. field F, ex. gamma SISC rev.Z dot (type xxxv) ecoli
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711a, Titus, 24 June 79 - 13 September 81 A.D. TITUS AUGUSTUS AR silver denarius. Struck at Rome, 80 AD. IMP TITVS CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG PM, laureate head right. Reverse - TRP IX IMP XV COS VIII PP, elephant walking left. Fully legible legends, about Very Fine, nice golden toning. Commemmorates the completion and dedication of the Colosseum and the opening of games. SCARCE. RCV 2512, valued at $544 in EF. 17mm, 3.1g. Ex Incitatus.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Titus Flavius Vespasianus (A.D. 79-81)
John Donahue
College of William and Mary
Titus Flavius Vespasianus was born on December 30, 39 A.D. He was the oldest of the three children of the founder of the Flavian Dynasty, Vespasian. Beginning in the year 70 Titus was named Cæsar and coregent; he was highly educated and a brilliant poet and orator in both Latin and Greek. He won military fame during the Jewish Revolt of 69-70. In April, 70, he appeared before the walls of Jerusalem, and conquered and destroyed the city after a siege of five months. He wished to preserve the Temple, but in the struggle with the Jews who rushed out of it a soldier threw a brand into the building. The siege and taking of the city were accompanied by barbarous cruelties. The next year Titus celebrated his victory by a triumph; to increase the fame of the Flavian dynasty the inscription on the triumphal arch represented the overthrow of the helpless people as a heroic achievement. Titus succeeded his father as Emperor in 79.
Before becoming emperor, tradition records that Titus was feared as the next Nero, a perception that may have developed from his association with Berenice, his alleged heavy-handedness as praetorian prefect, and tales of sexual debauchery. Once in office, however, both emperor and his reign were portrayed in universally positive terms. The suddenness of this transformation raises immediate suspicions, yet it is difficult to know whether the historical tradition is suspect or if Titus was in fact adept at taking off one mask for another. What is clear, however, is that Titus sought to present the Flavians as the legitimate successors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Proof came through the issuing of a series of restoration coins of previous emperors, the most popular being Augustus and Claudius. In A.D. 80 Titus also set out to establish an imperial cult in honor of Vespasian. The temple, in which cult (the first that was not connected with the Julio-Claudians) was housed, was completed by Domitian and was known as the Temple of Vespasian and Domitian.
Legitimacy was also sought through various economic measures, which Titus enthusiastically funded. Vast amounts of capital poured into extensive building schemes in Rome, especially the Flavian Amphitheater, popularly known as the Colosseum. In celebration of additions made to the structure, Titus provided a grand 100-day festival, with sea fights staged on an artificial lake, infantry battles, wild beast hunts, and similar activities. He also constructed new imperial baths to the south-east of the Amphitheater and began work on the celebrated Arch of Titus, a memorial to his Jewish victories. Large sums were directed to Italy and the provinces as well, especially for road building. In response to the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79, Titus spent large sums to relieve distress in that area; likewise, the imperial purse contributed heavily to rebuilding Rome after a devastating fire destroyed large sections of the city in A.D. 80. As a result of these actions, Titus earned a reputation for generosity and geniality. For these reasons he gained the honourable title of "amor et deliciæ generis humani" (the darling and admiration of the human race). Even so, his financial acumen must not be under-estimated. He left the treasury with a surplus, as he had found it, and dealt promptly and efficiently with costly natural disasters. The Greek historian of the third-century A.D., Cassius Dio, perhaps offered the most accurate and succinct assessment of Titus' economic policy: "In money matters, Titus was frugal and made no unnecessary expenditure." In other areas, the brevity of Titus' reign limits our ability to detect major emphases or trends in policy. As far as can be discerned from the limited evidence, senior officials and amici were well chosen, and his legislative activity tended to focus on popular social measures, with the army as a particular beneficiary in the areas of land ownership, marriage, and testamentary freedom. In the provinces, Titus continued his father's policies by strengthening roads and forts in the East and along the Danube.
Titus died in September, A.D. 81 after only 26 months in office. Suetonius recorded that Titus died on his way to the Sabine country of his ancestors in the same villa as his father. A competing tradition persistently implicated his brother and successor, Domitian, as having had a hand in the emperor's demise, but the evidence is highly contradictory and any wrongdoing is difficult to prove. Domitian himself delivered the funeral eulogy and had Titus deified. He also built several monuments in honor of Titus and completed the Temple of Vespasian and Titus, changing the name of the structure to include his brother's and setting up his cult statue in the Temple itself.
Titus was the beneficiary of considerable intelligence and talent, endowments that were carefully cultivated at every step of his career, from his early education to his role under his father's principate. Cassius Dio suggested that Titus' reputation was enhanced by his early death. It is true that the ancient sources tend to heroicize Titus, yet based upon the evidence, his reign must be considered a positive one. He capably continued the work of his father in establishing the Flavian Dynasty and he maintained a high degree of economic and administrative competence in Italy and beyond. In so doing, he solidified the role of the emperor as paternalistic autocrat, a model that would serve Trajan and his successors well. Titus was used as a model by later emperors, especially those known as the Five Good Emperors (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius).
Copyright (C) 1997, John Donahue.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Catholic Encyclopedia, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14746b.htm
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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711a, Titus, 24 June 79 - 13 September 81 A.D.Titus, 24 June 79 - 13 September 81 A.D. AR denarius, RCV 2512, aVF, struck at Rome, 80 A.D., 17.5mm, 3.4g. Obverse: IMP TITVS CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG PM, laureate head right; Reverse: TRP IX IMP XV COS VIII PP, elephant walking left. Fully legible legends; nice golden toning. This coin was struck in order to commemorate the completion and dedication of the Flavian Amphitheatre (the Colosseum) and its opening games. Very scarce. Ex Incitatus; photo courtesy Incitatus.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Titus Flavius Vespasianus (A.D. 79-81)
John Donahue
College of William and Mary
Titus Flavius Vespasianus was born on December 30, 39 A.D. He was the oldest of the three children of the founder of the Flavian Dynasty, Vespasian. Beginning in the year 70 Titus was named Cæsar and coregent; he was highly educated and a brilliant poet and orator in both Latin and Greek. He won military fame during the Jewish Revolt of 69-70. In April, 70, he appeared before the walls of Jerusalem, and conquered and destroyed the city after a siege of five months. He wished to preserve the Temple, but in the struggle with the Jews who rushed out of it a soldier threw a brand into the building. The siege and taking of the city were accompanied by barbarous cruelties. The next year Titus celebrated his victory by a triumph; to increase the fame of the Flavian dynasty the inscription on the triumphal arch represented the overthrow of the helpless people as a heroic achievement. Titus succeeded his father as Emperor in 79.
Before becoming emperor, tradition records that Titus was feared as the next Nero, a perception that may have developed from his association with Berenice, his alleged heavy-handedness as praetorian prefect, and tales of sexual debauchery. Once in office, however, both emperor and his reign were portrayed in universally positive terms. The suddenness of this transformation raises immediate suspicions, yet it is difficult to know whether the historical tradition is suspect or if Titus was in fact adept at taking off one mask for another. What is clear, however, is that Titus sought to present the Flavians as the legitimate successors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Proof came through the issuing of a series of restoration coins of previous emperors, the most popular being Augustus and Claudius. In A.D. 80 Titus also set out to establish an imperial cult in honor of Vespasian. The temple, in which cult (the first that was not connected with the Julio-Claudians) was housed, was completed by Domitian and was known as the Temple of Vespasian and Domitian.
Legitimacy was also sought through various economic measures, which Titus enthusiastically funded. Vast amounts of capital poured into extensive building schemes in Rome, especially the Flavian Amphitheater, popularly known as the Colosseum. In celebration of additions made to the structure, Titus provided a grand 100-day festival, with sea fights staged on an artificial lake, infantry battles, wild beast hunts, and similar activities. He also constructed new imperial baths to the south-east of the Amphitheater and began work on the celebrated Arch of Titus, a memorial to his Jewish victories. Large sums were directed to Italy and the provinces as well, especially for road building. In response to the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79, Titus spent large sums to relieve distress in that area; likewise, the imperial purse contributed heavily to rebuilding Rome after a devastating fire destroyed large sections of the city in A.D. 80. As a result of these actions, Titus earned a reputation for generosity and geniality. For these reasons he gained the honourable title of "amor et deliciæ generis humani" (the darling and admiration of the human race). Even so, his financial acumen must not be under-estimated. He left the treasury with a surplus, as he had found it, and dealt promptly and efficiently with costly natural disasters. The Greek historian of the third-century A.D., Cassius Dio, perhaps offered the most accurate and succinct assessment of Titus' economic policy: "In money matters, Titus was frugal and made no unnecessary expenditure." In other areas, the brevity of Titus' reign limits our ability to detect major emphases or trends in policy. As far as can be discerned from the limited evidence, senior officials and amici were well chosen, and his legislative activity tended to focus on popular social measures, with the army as a particular beneficiary in the areas of land ownership, marriage, and testamentary freedom. In the provinces, Titus continued his father's policies by strengthening roads and forts in the East and along the Danube.
Titus died in September, A.D. 81 after only 26 months in office. Suetonius recorded that Titus died on his way to the Sabine country of his ancestors in the same villa as his father. A competing tradition persistently implicated his brother and successor, Domitian, as having had a hand in the emperor's demise, but the evidence is highly contradictory and any wrongdoing is difficult to prove. Domitian himself delivered the funeral eulogy and had Titus deified. He also built several monuments in honor of Titus and completed the Temple of Vespasian and Titus, changing the name of the structure to include his brother's and setting up his cult statue in the Temple itself.
Titus was the beneficiary of considerable intelligence and talent, endowments that were carefully cultivated at every step of his career, from his early education to his role under his father's principate. Cassius Dio suggested that Titus' reputation was enhanced by his early death. It is true that the ancient sources tend to heroicize Titus, yet based upon the evidence, his reign must be considered a positive one. He capably continued the work of his father in establishing the Flavian Dynasty and he maintained a high degree of economic and administrative competence in Italy and beyond. In so doing, he solidified the role of the emperor as paternalistic autocrat, a model that would serve Trajan and his successors well. Titus was used as a model by later emperors, especially those known as the Five Good Emperors (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius).
Copyright (C) 1997, John Donahue.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Catholic Encyclopedia, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14746b.htm
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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Achaean League, Elis.Sear 2993 var., BMC Peloponnesus p. 4.
AR hemidrachm, 13-13.5 mm, circa 196 - 146 B.C.
Obv: laureate head of Zeus facing right.
Rev: AX monogram in laurel wreath, F - A at sides, CΩ/CIAC below.
The period of mintage begins with the Roman general, T. Quinctius Flamininus' proclamation of the "Freedom of Greece" in 196 B.C. and ends with the destruction of the League and the sack of Corinth by the Romans in 146 B.C. During this short period the league was the dominant state in Greece.Stkp
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Aeolis, Myrina. Pseudo-autonomous AE17. AD 253-268. Amazon MyrinaObv: MVPE-INA, draped, turreted bust of Amazon Myrina left.
Rev: ΜVΡEΙΝΑΩΝ, Tyche in long chiton with cornucopia in l. and rudder in r., standing left.
Myrina, mythological queen of the Amazons. According to Diodorus Siculus she led a military expedition in Libya and won a victory over the people known as the Atlantians, destroying their city Cerne; but was less successful fighting the Gorgons (who are described by Diodorus as a warlike nation residing in close proximity to the Atlantians), failing to burn down their forests. During a later campaign, she struck a treaty of peace with Horus, ruler of Egypt, conquered several peoples, including the Syrians, the Arabians, and the Cilicians (but granted freedom to those of the latter who gave in to her of their own will). She also took possession of Greater Phrygia, from the Taurus Mountains to the Caicus River, and several Aegean islands, including Lesbos; she was also said to be the first to land on the previously uninhabited island which she named Samothrace, building the temple there. The cities of Myrina (in Lemnos), possibly another Myrina in Mysia, Mytilene, Cyme, Pitane, and Priene were believed to have been founded by her, and named after herself, her sister Mytilene, and the commanders in her army, Cyme, Pitane and Priene, respectively. Myrina's army was eventually defeated by Mopsus the Thracian and Sipylus the Scythian; she, as well as many of her fellow Amazons, fell in the final battle. -Wikipediaancientone
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Argentina - 2 Centavos - 1890Obv:- REPUBLICA ARGENTINA, The arms of Argentina and the date below, * 1890 *
Rev:- LIBERTAD * DOS CENTAVOS *, Freedom head, wearing a Phrygian cap to the left, with the value below
Engraver: Eugène-André Oudiné
Mintage:- 3,497,000
Reference:- KM# 33
Part of a large, mixed world lot I bought on a whim.maridvnvm
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Australia, Tasmania, New Town: Reuben JosephsAndrews 310, Renniks 310, KM Tn140
½ penny token , copper; dated 1855 and minted by Heaton and Sons of Birmingham, England per Renniks or W.J. Taylor of London, England per Museums Victoria Collection website (which states that the corresponding penny token was minted by Heaton and Sons). 28.0 mm., 0°
Obv.: Tollgate with associated building, NEW TOWN TOLLGATE / * R. JOSEPHS *,
Rev.: Blindfolded personification of Justice seated holding scale in right hand and inverted overflowing cornucopia in left hand, wine barrel behind her, three-masted sailing ship on the horizon to the left, VAN DIEMAN’S LAND above and 1855 below
Reuben Josephs (1790-1862) was a tailor who sold old clothes from a warehouse in London until 1827, when he was convicted of receiving stolen goods, sentenced to fourteen years transportation and sent to Van Diemen’s Land (later renamed Tasmania). His wife emigrated to Tasmania and purchased two blocks of land at New Norfolk. Reuben was assigned to be her servant, and they started a business. He was granted a ticket of leave in 1833, a conditional pardon in 1836, and his certificate of freedom in 1841. After his wife died in 1844, he moved to Liverpool Street in Hobart. In 1852 he won the tender to operate the New Town toll gate for three years. He married Rachel Levien in Hobart in 1856.
In documents of the Hobart Hebrew Congregation, Reuben Josephs was listed as a contributor to the fund for the construction of the Hobart Synagogue, and as a “seatholder” (financial member) of the Congregation starting in 1852. He was buried in the Jewish section of the Old Hobart Cemetery.
Renniks rarity R1 (most frequently seen)Stkp
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BAR KOCHBA REBELLION, AE25MM. YEAR 2BAR KOCHBA REBELLION, AE25MM. YEAR 2
Hebrew legend, For the Freedom of Jerusalem Grape leaves.
/ Hebrew legend, Simon Palm tree with seven branches.Maritima
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Bar Kokhba Revolt “Silver Zuz”: 134-135 ADBar Kokhba Revolt Silver Zuz (Overstruck Denarius)
Denomination: Zuz
Year: 134-135 AD
Obverse: Paleo-Hebrew legend: Shim'on, bunch of grapes in three lobes hanging from branch, which has a tendril to the left and a leaf to the right;
Reverse: Paleo-Hebrew legend: for the freedom of Jerusalem, kithara with three strings;
Mint: Judean Mint
Weight & Measures: 3.35g; 18mm
Reference: Hendin 1435
Provenance: Ex. Bermondsey Coins (February 2024); Ex. Collection of Dr. Daniel Offer (1929-2013), of Chicago, US, before 1982.
Notes: Bar Kokhba revolt coinage. The revolt was led by Simon bar Kokhba and was the last of the major Jewish-Roman wars. The defeat of the Jewish people after 3 years essentially led to the disbandment of the Jewish state until the reformation of Israel almost 2000 years later.
Justin L1
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Bar Kokhba Revolt Zuz - Domitian UndertypeJudaea, Bar Kokhba Revolt. Silver Zuz (3.22 g), 132-135 CE. Undated, attributed to year 3 (134/5 CE).
O: 'Simon' (Paleo-Hebrew) within wreath of thin branches wrapped around eight almonds, with a medallion at top and tendrils at bottom.
R: 'For the freedom of Jerusalem' (Paleo-Hebrew), fluted jug with handle on left; in right field, willow branch. Partial portrait of Domitian to left.
- Hendin 1418; Mildenberg 79 (O14/R51); TJC 283., ex S. Moussaieff Collection.
For more about the Moussaieff Collection, see https://coinsweekly.com/munich-auction-house-offers-objects-from-the-moussaieff-collection/Nemonater
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Bar Kokhba Revolt Zuz - Vespasian UndertypeJudaea, Bar Kokhba Revolt 132 – 135 CE Silver denarius / Zuz, 3.39 gr. Overstruck on a denarius of Vespasian.
O: Paleo-Hebrew inscription in wreath: “Shimon".
R: Lyre. Paleo-Hebrew inscription: "To the freedom of Jerusalem"
- Mildenberg 130; Meshorer TJC 272c; Hendin 1429. Ex Menashe Landman collection, Haifa. Nemonater
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BCC J11 1st Revolt Year Two 67/68CEJudaea AE Prutah
1st Revolt 67/68CE
Jerusalem Mint
Obv: Sha Na T Sh Ti I M (Year Two)
Amphora with broad rim and two handles.
Rev: He R U T Z I O N (Freedom of Zion)
Grape vine leaf .
17mm. 3.23gm. Axis:150
Hendin 661v-drome
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BCC J12 1st Revolt Year Two 67/68CEJudaean
1st Revolt 67/68CE
AE Prutah-Jerusalem Mint
Obv: Sha Na T Sh Ti I M (Year Two)
Amphora w/ broad rim and two handles.
Rev: He R * T Z I O N (Freedom of Zion)
Grape vine leaf .
17mm. 2.49gm. Axis:150
Hendin 661v-drome
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BCC J13 1st Revolt Year Three 68/69CEJudaea
1st Revolt 68/69CE
AE Prutah-Jerusalem Mint
Obv: [Sha Na T] Sha L O Sh (Year Three)
Amphora w/ broad rim, two handles and cover.
Rev: He R U T [Z I O N ](Freedom of Zion)
Grape vine leaf.
15x16mm. 1.63gm. Axis:180
Hendin 664v-drome
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BCC J14 1st Revolt Year Three 68/69CEJudaean
1st Revolt 68/69CE
AE Prutah-Jerusalem Mint
Obv: Sha Na T Sha [L O Sh] (Year Three)
Amphora w/ broad rim, two handles and cover.
Rev: He R U T [Z I O N ](Freedom of Zion)
Grape vine leaf.
15x17mm. 2.60gm. Axis:150
Hendin 664v-drome
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Bremen 1921 25 PfennigCity: Bremen Free City
State: Bremen
Denomination: 25 Pfennig (Zinc)
Obverse: Notgeld der Stadt Bremen 25 Pfennig 1921
Reverse: Der Roland 1404; an image of a Roland statue symbolizing justice and economic freedom.
Date: 1921
Grade: XF
Catalog #:
Matt Inglima
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Claudius RIC I, 97Claudius 41 - 54
AE - As, 10.97g, 26mm
Rome 41
obv. TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TRP IM[P]
bare head l.
rev. LIBERTAS AVGVSTA
Libertas standing frontal, head r., holding pileus
in r. hand, between S-C
RIC I, 97; C.47
about VF
From Curtis Clay: The obverse of Jochen's As shows the rare earliest
portrait of Claudius' reign, youthful and reminescent of his brother
Germanicus. I think Jochen's coin will have a rank high among the luckiest
first purchases ever made!
PILEUS, a felt cap, given to slaves who received their freedom. Therefore a attribute of LibertyJochen
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Commodus (RIC 241, Coin #429)RIC 241 (C), AR Denarius, Rome, 192 AD.
Obv: L AL AVREL COMM AVG P FEL Laureate head right.
Rev: LIB AVG P M TR P XVII COS VII P P Libertas standing left holding pileus (freedom cap - worn by freed slaves) and rod, star right.
Size: 17.7mm 2.82gm
Rare engraver's error on obverse. Obverse text is "L AL ..." instead of "L AEL ...". A die match to this coin can be seen here: http://www.forumancientcoins.com/gallery/displayimage.php?album=3205&pos=4MaynardGee
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Commodus RIC III, 649Commodus 177 - 192, son of Marcus Aurelius
AR - Denar, 3.65g, 16mm
Rome (?) AD 178
obv. L AVREL COM - MODVS AVG
draped, cuirassed bust, laureate head r.
rev. TRP III IMP II COS PP
Salus seated l. on throne, holding r. poppy to snake coming
out of altar, resting l. arm on chair
RIC III, Marcus Aurelius 649; C. 762 var.; BMCR 777
VF
added to www.wildwinds.com
There is an oddity in the description of this coin between RIC and Cohen:
RIC: holding branch, snake to her feet
Cohen: holding poppy to snake coming out of altar
POPPY, because of the freedom with which it flowers (or the thousands of
semen it produces?) the poppy is sometimes used as a symbol of fertility or prosperityJochen
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EB0254 Amphora / Vine leafJUDAEA, FIRST REVOLT, AE 17 prutah, 67-68 AD.
Obverse: Amphora with Hebrew legend 'year 2'.
Reverse: Vine leaf & tendril around legend 'Freedom of Zion'.
References: SGI 5639; Meshorer 153.
Diameter: 17.5mm, Weight: 2.463g.
Note: Sold.
EB
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First Jewish War, AD 66-70AE Prutah, 17mm, 3g, 6h; Jerusalem, AD 68/9.
Obv.: שנת שלוש (Year Three); Amphora with broad, fringed rim and two handles.
Rev.: חרות ציונ (Freedom of Zion); Grape leaf on vine.
Reference: Hendin 1363.
Notes: ex-Zuzim, electronic sale 3/16/15, 46. John Anthony
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Galerius (293-305 as caesar) radiatus (AE)Obv.: GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES (Emperor with radiate crown) Rev.: CONCORDIA MILITVM (Galerius receiving Victoria on globe from Jupiter) Field: KA Diameter: 21 mm weight: 2,33 g RIC VI 18b, A
Lactantius' De Mortibus Persecutorum provides a gruesome account of Galerius' death, who apparently had some sort of gangrenous affliction. On his deathbed, though having been a ruthless persecutor, he asked the Christians to pray for his health and even issued an edict that provided freedom of religion (before the Edict of Milan by Licinius and Constantine in 313). The condition of this coin reflects Galerius' general physical state at time of his death.Nick.vdw
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GALLIENVS AVG / VBERITAS AVG antoninianus (close to 265-267 A.D.) Obv.: GALLIENVS AVG, radiate bare? bust of Gallienus right, one ribbon behind, one forward across shoulder
Rev.: VBERIT[AS AVG], Uberitas, pregnant, draped, standing left, holding marsupium (purse) (or bunch of grapes, or cow's udder) in right hand and cornucopiae in left hand. ϵ in right field.
d18mm, 1.50g, die axis 1h (medal alignment), material: bronze/copper-based alloy supposedly with some silver.
Authority and portrait: Gallienus (joint reign 253-, sole reign 260-268). Mint: Siscia, Pannonia.
AVG = Augustus. VBERITAS AVG(usti)= the Fertility of the Emperor. Uberitas or Ubertas is a Roman goddess (or allegorical figure, which in this period of Roman culture is difficult to distinguish) of fertility and profitability, introduced by emperor Decius in 249 A.D. Its attributes are the cornucopia (the Horn of Plenty, traditional Roman symbol of abundance) and another object, that she usually holds in her right hand and on coins it is depicted as a triangle. When we look at well preserved coins of Decius, who introduced Uberitas, e. g. in British museum (see link below), this object is clearly a marsupium, money purse. But later this object changes its shape, one can see three protrusions at the bottom of it. This is interpreted either as a bunch of grapes or a cow's udder, both also meaning plentiful bounty. Epsilon probably means officina 5.
RIC V-1 Siscia 585 var; Goebl 583a; RSC 1010c; Sear 10368.
ID notes: Uberitas with epsilon in the right field points directly to RIC V-1 Siscia 585 var. A similar type is RIC Rome 287, but for it obverse legend starts with IMP. It is interesting to note, that the triangular object (purse or whatever) seems very similar pileus, a triangular "freedom" cap, an attribute of another goddess, Libertas. Since her name is also similar, this might create problems when id-ing worn coins with incomplete legends.
Most examples have sizes below 20mm. There is the usual variation with regard to emperor's bust (bare, cuirassed etc.) or just head.Yurii P
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George Bancroft, 1964 NYU Hall of Fame MedalObv: GEORGE BANCROFT - 1800 - 1891, portrait facing three-quarters to the left THE HALL OF FAME FOR GREAT AMERICANS AT NEW YORK UNIVERSITY ©1964.
Rev: "HISTORY INTERPOSES WITH EVIDENCE THAT TYRANNY AND WRONG LEAD INEVITABLY TO DECAY: THAT FREEDOM AND RIGHT, HOWEVER HARD MAY BE THE STRUGGLE, ALWAYS PROVE RESISTLESS." Small figures, groups and objects symbolizing well-known highlights from the early history of the United States with a quote from Bancroft spaced between.
Category: Historian and Statesman
Year Elected: 1910
Medal Issued: 1964
Sculptor: Adlai S. Hardin
Mint: Medallic Art Company
Details: Bronze, 44 mm, 0°
Matt Inglima
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George Washington, Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania MedalObv: GEORGE WASHINGTON AT PRAYER, a depiction of General Washington kneeling in prayer at Valley Forge; FREEDOMS FOUNDATION AT VALLEY FORGE.
Rev: GRAND LODGE OF PENNSYLVANIA - VIRTUTE SILENTIO AMORE (“Virtue, Silence, Love”), the radiant head of Apollo in center.
Note: The Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania was founded in 1731 and is the oldest Masonic lodge in the United States. Benjamin Franklin once served as Grand Master.
Designer: Donald Delue, Mint: Medallic Art Company, Date: 1967
Bronze, 76 mm, 0°Matt Inglima
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GREEK, MOESIA, ISTROS AR DRACHMMoesia, Istros AR Drachm.
4th Century BC.
Facing male heads, the left inverted / ISTPIH, sea-eagle left grasping dolphin with talons, AG monogram below dolphin.
BMC 246; SNG Munich 236; SNG Copenhagen 192; Pick AMNG 417.
20mm, 5.02g.
Ex Roma Numismatics LTD
The reverse shows a dolphin in the talons of Zeus’s eagle. This reverse type
is particularly significant, as the dolphin, long a symbol of the cult of Apollo
Delphinios ( Apollo was associated with dominion over colonists, and as
the patron defender of herds and flocks ), whose leaders were members
of the oligarchy, was now depicted under the influence of Zeus, whose
cult was ascendant under the democratic government, when he was
known as Zeus Eleutherios (Freedom).
So what we are seeing is the ousting of the ruling elite and the
beginnings of democracy in Istros.
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Hadrian Libertas DenariusHADRIAN (117-138). Denarius. Rome.
O: HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS, Laureate bust right, with slight drapery.
R: COS III, Libertas standing left, holding pileus and sceptre.
- RIC 175.
The pileus liberatis was a soft felt cap worn by liberated slaves of Troy and Asia Minor. In late Republican Rome, the pileus was symbolically given to slaves upon manumission, granting them not only their personal liberty, but also freedom as citizens with the right to vote (if male). Following the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., Brutus and his co-conspirators used the pileus to signify the end of Caesar's dictatorship and a return to a Republican system of government. The pileus was adopted as a popular symbol of freedom during the French Revolution and was also depicted on some early U.S. coins. - FACNemonater
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Hadrian RIC-0236 Sestertius Libertas RestitutaRome mint, AD 119 - mid-120, Group 1a.
IMP CAESAR TRAIANVS HADRIANVS AVG, Laureate nude bust right, trace of drapery on far (left) shoulder.
PONT MAX TR POT COS III, S-C, Hadrian seated left on curule chair set on platform, right hand extended towards draped woman, who stands left on ground, holding one child and leading another. LIBERTAS RESTI / TVTA in two lines in exergue.
21.5 g; 32 mm dia; 5h.
This coin was likely struck in AD 119. The coin legend proclaims the restoration of freedom and liberty. According to RIC, the scene shows Hadrian "bestowing his protection on innocent women and children". This likely refers to the reported conspiracy that Hadrian defeated upon his return to Rome in July 118 and which resulted in the execution of four consulars for sedition. It is possible that they had been behind rumors (and possibly more) to the effect that Trajan had not truly named Hadrian his heir.
RIC II/3 236; Str. 526; BMC 1160.
Purchased from Incitatus Coins.SC
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Half Shekel, Tyre LA (Year 1)6.43 g Tyre Mint 126/125 BCE
O: Head of Herakles (Melqart)
R: Eagle standing left; ΤΥΡΟΥ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ "Of Tyre the Holy and City of Refuge." around; Date LA to left; Monogram FP to right.
- DCA Tyre Release 2 Part 2 #720, this coin
BMC Phoenicia page 250 #213 lists one Year 1 half shekel with M monogram. DCA lists this date as R3, the highest rarity rating.
Unique with with FP monogram. Glossy, dark chocolate find patina.
Demetrius II, who twice ruled the Seleucid Kingdom, was the last Greek king to strike silver coins at Tyre (though Seleucid rulers issued silver coins as late as 106 or 105 B.C. at two of Tyre’s close neighbors, Sidon to the north and Ake-Ptolemais to the south). Interestingly, the second reign of Demetrius II, from 129 to 125 B.C., ended with his execution at Tyre after March 125 — the year by which Tyre certainly had introduced its famous shekels.
Before his execution, Demetrius had issued large quantities of tetradrachms and didrachms at Tyre. At about 14 grams, his tetradrachms weighed the same as the shekels that Tyre would strike upon achieving independence from the Seleucids.
Shekels and Half Shekels of Tyre began being issued as autonomous silver coins in 126/125 BCE after gaining freedom from Seleucid domination that year. Although similar in style to the Seleucid coinage, the most obvious change was the King's bust being replaced with the city's chief god Melqart.
They have become highly desired due to their being the money of choice for payments to the Jerusalem Temple. The half shekel was the required yearly tribute to the temple for every Jewish male over the age of 20.
Ed Cohen notes in Dated Coins of Antiquity, that the minting of Tyre shekels or, more specifically, half shekels, ended at the onset of the Jewish Revolt in 65/66 and the minting of the Jewish Revolt shekels then begins. This, along with other compelling evidence, has led many, including me, to believe the later "KP" shekels were struck south of Tyre.Nemonater
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Hendin 1360AE Prutah. Year 2, 67-68 A.D.. Hendin 1360. Obverse: Amphora with broad rim and two handles, (year 2 in Hebrew). Reverse: Vine leaf on small branch, (the freedom of Zion in Hebrew). ex Forvm.Lucas H
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Hendin-661First Jewish Revolt 66-70 AD
AE Prutah,Mint: Jerusalem, Date: 67/68AD
Obv-SH'NAT SHTAYIM-Year Two-Amphora with broad rim and two handles.
Rev-CHAROT TZION - Freedom of Zion-Vine leaf with twig on tendril.
Size:18mm
Meshorer:TJC-196a Brian L
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Hendin-664First Jewish Revolt 66-70 AD
AE Prutah,Mint: Jerusalem, Date: 68/69AD
Obv-SH'NAT SH'LOSH -Year Three-Amphora with broad rim and two handles and lid decorated with tiny globes hanging around edge.
Rev-CHAROT TZION - Freedom of Zion-Vine leaf with twig on tendril.
Size: 17mm
Meshorer:TJC-205Brian L
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Italy, Rome, The Column of FocasThe Column of Phocas at Rome was erected before the Rostra and dedicated to the Emperor on 1 August 608. It was the last addition made to the Forum Romanum. The Corinthian column has a height of 13.6 m (44 ft). Both the column and the marble socle were recycled from earlier use. It still stands in its original location. An English translation of the inscription follows: To the best, most clement and pious ruler, our lord Phocas the perpetual emperor, crowned by God, the forever august triumphator, did Smaragdus, former praepositus sacri palatii and patricius and Exarch of Italy, devoted to His Clemency for the innumerable benefactions of His Piousness and for the peace acquired for Italy and its freedom preserved, this statue of His Majesty, blinking from the splendor of gold here on this tallest column for his eternal glory erect and dedicate, on the first day of the month of August, in the eleventh indiction in the fifth year after the consulate of His Piousness. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_of_Phocas. Image released to public domain.Joe Sermarini
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Italy- Forum Romanum- The Forum of TrajanThe Forum of Trajan has a more complicated foundation than the other Imperial Forums. The piazza is closed, with the Basilica Ulpia. At the back of this the Trajan column was elevated between the two Libraries, and it was believed that the complex concluded with the Temple dedicated to Divo Trajan. One entered the piazza through a curved arch passageway, a type of arch of triumph, in the center of a convex wall decorated with jutting columns.
An equestrian statue of Trajan occupied the center of the piazza, which was bordered by porticos with decorated attics-similar to the Forum of Augustus but with Caryatids instead of Daci. Spacious covered exedras opened up behind the porticos. The facade of the basilica, that closed the piazza, also had an attic decorated with Daci statues. The inside of the Basilica had 5 naves with columns along the short sides and apses at both ends; the very spacious central nave had two floors.
The Trajan Column was closed in a small courtyard, bordered by porticos opposite of the Library's facade. These were constituted of large rooms with niches in the walls and decorated with two types of columns.
The temple was probably of an enormous dimension and probably closed by a fenced portico. Today's archeological excavations in the Forum of Trajan have demonstrated that the Temple of Trajan's position is not what it was hypothesized to be in the past. Archeological evidence has clarified the findings in the area to be Insulae- remains of houses rather than those from a temple structure. These findings lie underneath what is today the Province headquarters- the palazzo of Valentini, next to the Column's location.
Rather, the temple was probably situated exactly in the middle of the forum area, where excavation is now taking place.
The Forum of Trajan was utilized as a splendid area of representation for public ceremonies. We know, for example, that in 118 A.D. Adriano publicly burned tables with citizen's debts in the piazza, as a statement to the treasury.
Also, in the late epoch, exedras behind the lateral porticos were used to host poetry readings and conferences.
Court hearings and ceremonies for the freedom of slaves were probably held in the apses of the Basilica.
The Library was probably used as a sort of historical archive of the Roman state and also conserved republican annals.
The sculptural decorations in the various Forum spaces transmitted messages of imperial propaganda of Trajan.
Above all was the celebration of the Daci conquest and the victorious army with focus on the achievement of peace. The representation was sculpted into the walls with images of the conquests.
Images of cupids watering griffins on the entrance wall allude again to the peacefulness of the Empire's power.
The expansion and growth of the Empire, completed with the campaign towards the Orient and interrupted by the death of the Emperor, would have allowed Trajan to consider himself the new founder of Rome.
His representation as a hero is justified in his sepulcher in the base of the Column, in the heart of the city.
Forum of Trajan
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107 A.D. - Dacia (Romania) conquered and work begins;
January 15th 112 A.D. – Inauguration of the Forum and the Basilica Ulpia;
May 18th 113 A.D. – Inauguration of the Trajan Column;
117 A.D. – Trajan dies and the arch of triumph is ordered by the Senate;
125-138 A.D. – Probable dedication to the temple on behalf of Adrian.
Complex Area: 300x180 meters
uncovered piazza area: 120x90 meters
Area of the Basilica Ulpia: 180x60 meters
Height of Trajan's Column: 39.81 meters
Peter Wissing
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Jewish revolt - AE prutahJerusalem
67-68 AD
amphora
paleo-hebrew: "year two"
vine leaf on a small branch
paleo-hebrew: "The freedom of Zion"
Hendin 6392; Meshorer TJC 204; SNG ANS 446; Sofaer pl. 223
3,9g 18mm
ex DESA KrakówJ. B.
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Jewish Warprutah
O: Amphora. "shnet staïm" (year two)
R: Vine leaf. "Harot Tsion" (Freedom of Zion)
67-68 BC
Hendin 661frederic
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JEWISH WAR - FIRST REVOLT AE PRUTAH, YEAR TWOHendin 1360, Very Fine, 17.4mm, 2.61 grams, Struck year two 67/68 C.E.
Obverse: Rimmed amphora with paleo-hebrew inscription YEAR TWO
Reverse: Vine leaf on small branch with tendril, inscription FREEDOM OF ZIONAntonivs Protti
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Jewish War Year 2OBV: Amphora with broad rim, two handles.
Inscription: (Year Two)
REV: Vine Leaf on small branch,
surrounded by Hebrew (the Freedom of Zion)
Hendin 661 67/ 68 A.D.
2.21gm 16.5mm
Danny S. Jones
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Jewish War Year 2OBV: Amphora with broad rim, two handles.
Inscription: (Year Two)
REV: Vine Leaf on small branch,
surrounded by Hebrew (the Freedom of Zion)
Hendin 661 67/ 68 A.D.
2.6gm 18mm
Danny S. Jones
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Jewish War Year 2AE Prutah
OBV: Amphora with broad rim, two handles.
Inscription: (Year Two)
REV: Vine Leaf on small branch,
surrounded by Hebrew (the Freedom of Zion)
Hendin 661 67/ 68 A.D.Danny S. Jones
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Jewish War year 2 bronze prutahBronze prutah (3.3 g - 18.8 mm), Jerusalem mint, year 2 of the Jewish War (67/8 CE).
"Precise wording in the legends and selection of the images on the coins of the Jewish wars suggests that the leaders had a clear understanding of using coins for political communication.
The slogans on the lower value coins, used daily in the markets, differed in tone. Huge numbers of bronze prutot were dated to the second and third years of the war, and each carried the words, “[for the] freedom of Zion.” These are perhaps the earliest recorded Zionistic slogans.
Each “phrase akin to a slogan” represented a rallying cry for the Jews. For years, the Romans had effectively used their coins to carry political messages; now the Jews did likewise for the first time to communicate their message of hope for a free Jerusalem and a free people. Simon bar Giora's party most likely minted the bronze coins, whose slogans represent a more radical ideology than the silver coins (whose legends were more generic).
The paleo-Hebrew inscriptions are remarkable for their form as well as their content. This script was essentially discontinued several hundred years earlier… even the script selection was part of the effort of the Jewish leaders to make a statement about themselves and their kingdom. It would be used, even if few could read it.
However, lack of literacy need not reduce the efficacy of messages or their transmission via coins. Considering the strong Jewish oral traditions, it is likely that the coins provoked patriotic discussion among the rebels. One can imagine a Jewish rebel passing along a coin during a transaction: “Look, it is written in the language used by King David, do you know what it says? ‘For the freedom of Zion.’” Now the coin and the verbal legend, playing on tales of the glorious, distant past, could pass from hand to hand into every corner of Judaea where the rebels carried on their lives."
- Hendin, D. (2012). Jewish Coinage of the Two Wars, Aims And Meaning. Judaea and Rome in Coins
65 BCE – 135 CE
Yoel S
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Judaea First revolt Prutah𐤔𐤍𐤕 𐤔𐤕𐤉𐤌
(Year Two) in ancient Hebrew script, amphora with broad rim and two handles.
𐤇𐤓𐤕 𐤔 𐤉𐤅𐤍
Freedom of Zion in ancient Hebrew, vine leaf on a small branch.
Jerusalem, April 67-March 68 CE
2.42g
Hendin 6389 (6th); Hendin 1360 (5th)
Ex-Barakat
Jay GT4
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Judaea First Revolt PrutahW𐤕𐤋𐤔𐤍𐤕 𐤔
(Year 3) in ancient Hebrew script,
Amphora with broad rim, two handles and conical lid decorated with tiny gloves hanging around edge.
𐤇𐤓𐤕 𐤔 𐤉𐤅𐤍
Freedom of Zion in ancient Hebrew, vine leaf on a small branch.
Jerusalem April 68-May 69 CE
3.16g
Hendin 6392 (6th); 1363 (5th)
Ex-Barakat
Jay GT4
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Judaea, Bar Kochba RevoltBar Kochba bronze, 132-135 AD.
Obverse- Palm tree, 'Simon'.
Reverse- Vine leaf, 'year 2 of the freedom of Israel.'
Hendin-708, 24 mm, 8.4 g.b70
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Judaea, Bar Kochba Revolt. Æ Small Bronze ShM`WN
Simon in Paleo-Hebrew, seven-branched palm tree with two bunches of dates.
L-HRWT YRWShLM
For the freedom of Jerusalem (Paleo-Hebrew), bunch of grapes with branch and small leaf.
Undated, attributed to year 3 (134/5 CE).
19mm; 4.46g
Hendin 6467 (6th); Hendin 1440 (5th)
All Bar Kokhba coins are over struck on contemporary coins circulating in Judaea at the time. A mint has not been found, but Herodium has been suggested (by Barag) as the location for the "regular" mint and Jerusalem for the "irregular" issues.
From David Hendin's "Guide to Biblical Coins 5th Edition":
"From the Roman point of view, both were irregular rebel mints. For the Bar Kokhba administration the "irregular" mint was a second, subsidiary, mint operating not at the central mint but at a different location, and there is no reason to assume that it was considered to be irregular. The occasional reference to these coins as "irregular" does not carry much weight. In the eyes of the Greeks and Romans all Jewish coinage was no doubt considered "irregular coinage"
Ex-Pavlos S. PavlouJay GT4
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Judaea, First Jewish War. 66-70 C.E. Æ prutah, Year 2 (67/8 C.E.).amphora / 'The freedom of Zion', vine leaf on branch with tendril. Dark brown patina. Very fine.
References: TJC 197; Hendin 1360.
17mm, 3.5 grams, Very fine example.Canaan
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Judaea, First Jewish War. 66-70 C.E. Æ prutah, Year 2 (67/8 C.E.).amphora / 'The freedom of Zion', vine leaf on branch with tendril. Dark brown patina. Very fine.
References: TJC 197; Hendin 1360.
17mm, 3.3 gramsCanaan
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Judaea, First Revolt, (Year 2 = 67-68 A.D.), AE-16(Prutah), Hedin 661, Vine leaf, #1Judaea, First Revolt, (Year 2 = 67-68 A.D.), AE-16(Prutah), Hedin 661, Vine leaf, #1
avers: שנח שתים, Hebrew legend "Shenath Shethaim" (Year Two) around amphora with a wide rim and two handles.
reverse: חרות ציון, Hebrew legend "Cheruth Zion" (Freedom of Zion) around vine leaf with small branch and tendril.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 15,5mm, weight: 2,12g, axes: 6h,
mint: Judaea, First Revolt, date: Year 2 = 67-68 A.D., ref: Hendin (old) 661, Hendin (2010), 1360, Meshorer 196.
Q-001quadrans
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Judaea, First Revolt, AE 19mm Prutah. Year 2 = 67-8 AD.Obv: Hebrew legend "Shenath Shethaim" (Year Two) around amphora with wide rim and two handles.
Rev: Hebrew legend "Cheruth Zion" (Freedom of Zion) around vine leaf with small branch and tendril.ancientone
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Judaea, Jewish First Revolt (67-68 AD) AE Prutah, Year 2Ancient Greek, Judaea, Jewish First Revolt (67-68 AD) AE Prutah, Year 2
Obverse: SNT-STYM, Year Two in ancient Hebrew script, amphora with fluted body, broad rim and two handles.
Reverse: HRT-SYWN, Freedom of Zion in ancient Hebrew, vine leaf on a small branch.
Reference: Hendin 1360, AJC II P.260 11a
Ex: Kayser-i Rum Numismatics +photo
Viewable with Segoe UI Historic
Obverse Legend:
𐤔𐤍𐤕𐤔𐤕𐤉𐤌 ← SNT-STYM "Year Two"
Reverse Legend:
𐤇𐤓𐤕𐤔𐤉𐤅𐤍 ← HRT-SYWN "Freedom of Zion"
Gil-galad
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JUDAEA, Jewish War First RevoltAE prutah, 18.69mm (2.91 gm).
Amphora with broad rim and two handles, legend around (year 2) / Vine leaf on small branch, legend around ("the freedom of Zion"). Struck AD 67-68.
Hendin, 661; Meshorer, 197.
socalcoins
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Judaea. Jewish War Against Rome Hendin 661, Meshorer TJC 196, Meshorer AJC II, 260, 12.
AE Prutah, year 2 (67/68 A.D.) 16-17 mm.
Obv: Amphora with broad rim and two handles; around שנח שתים(year two)
Rev: Vine leaf on small branch; around חרות ציון (the freedom of Zion).Stkp
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Judaea. Jewish War Against Rome Hendin 664, Meshorer TJC 204, Meshorer AJC II, 261, 20.
AE Prutah, year 3 (68/69 A.D.) 15-18 mm.
Obv: Amphora with broad rim, two handles, and lid decorated with tiny globes hanging around edge; around שנח שלוש(year three)
Rev: Vine leaf on small branch; around חרות ציון (the freedom of Zion).Stkp
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Judaea. Bar Kochba revolt CE132-135. Dated Year Two (133/4 CE) Middle bronze AEObv. Simon" on Paleo-Hebrew across fields; seven-branched palm tree with two bunches of dates.
Rev. "Year two of the freedom of Zion" in paleo-Hebrew; vine leaf on tendril.
25mm, 8.9 Grams
Hendin 1408; Mesh. 195.Canaan
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JUDEAN--FIRST JEWISH REVOLT66 - 70 AD
AE Prutah 16.43 mm max., 2.26 g
O: Amphora with broad rim and two handles, "year 2" (in Hebrew) around
R: Vine leaf on small branch, "the freedom of Zion" (in Hebrew) around
Jerusalem mint; year 2, Hendin 1360
(ex Forum)laney
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Julian II 'The Philosopher' (as Augustus) 361-363 AD
AE Maiorina (29mm, 7.36g)
O: Pearl diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right; DN F L CL IULIANVS P F AVG.
R: Bull standing right, two stars above; SECVRITAS REIPVB, TESΓ between two palm branches in exergue.
Thessalonica mint, 3rd Officina.
RIC VIII Thes 225; Sear 4072v
"So long as you are a slave to the opinions of the many you have not yet approached freedom or tasted its nectar… "
~ Julian Enodia
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Knidos, Caria, c. 465 - 449 B.CSilver drachm, Cahn 80 (V38/R53), SNG Keckman 132 (same dies), SNG Cop 232 (same dies), aVF, toned, Knidos mint, weight 6.057g, maximum diameter 16.5mm, die axis 270o, c. 465 - 449 B.C.; obverse forepart of roaring lion right; reverse archaic head of Aphrodite right, hair bound with taenia, within incuse square; ex Barry P. Murphy
CARIA, Knidos. Circa 465-449 BC. AR Drachm - 16mm (6.06 g). Obverse: forepart of roaring lion right; Reverse: archaic head of Aphrodite right, hair bound with taenia. Cahn 80 (V38/R53); SNG Helsinki 132 (same dies); SNG Copenhagen 232 (same dies). Toned, near VF, good metal. Ex Barry P. Murphy.
While this coin falls within the time frame that numismatists call "Classical" Greek coinage, I have chosen to place it in both the "Archaic" (coin 020a) and "Classical" Greek sections of my collection. This specimen is one of those wonderful examples of transition--it incorporates many elements of the "Archaic" era, although it is struck during the "Classical" Greek period and anticipates characteristics of the later period.
As noted art historian Patricia Lawrence has pointed out, "[this specimen portrays] A noble-headed lion, a lovely Late Archaic Aphrodite, and [is made from]. . . beautiful metal." The Archaic Aphrodite is reminiscent of certain portraits of Arethusa found on tetradrachms produced in Syracuse in the first decade of the 5th century BC.
Knidos was a city of high antiquity and as a Hellenic city probably of Lacedaemonian colonization. Along with Halicarnassus (present day Bodrum, Turkey) and Kos, and the Rhodian cities of Lindos, Kamiros and Ialyssos it formed the Dorian Hexapolis, which held its confederate assemblies on the Triopian headland, and there celebrated games in honour of Apollo, Poseidon and the nymphs.
The city was at first governed by an oligarchic senate, composed of sixty members, and presided over by a magistrate; but, though it is proved by inscriptions that the old names continued to a very late period, the constitution underwent a popular transformation. The situation of the city was favourable for commerce, and the Knidians acquired considerable wealth, and were able to colonize the island of Lipara, and founded a city on Corcyra Nigra in the Adriatic. They ultimately submitted to Cyrus, and from the battle of Eurymedon to the latter part of the Peloponnesian War they were subject to Athens.
In their expansion into the region, the Romans easily obtained the allegiance of Knidians, and rewarded them for help given against Antiochus by leaving them the freedom of their city.
During the Byzantine period there must still have been a considerable population: for the ruins contain a large number of buildings belonging to the Byzantine style, and Christian sepulchres are common in the neighbourhood.
Eudoxus, the astronomer, Ctesias, the writer on Persian history, and Sostratus, the builder of the celebrated Pharos at Alexandria, are the most remarkable of the Knidians mentioned in history.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidus
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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LibertasClaudius Ae AS
Obv:– TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG P M TR P IMP, Claudius facing left
Rev:– LIBERTAS AVGVSTA / S C, Libertas standing facing, with pileus and extending left hand
References– RIC 97
'Freedom' holds a triangular pileus or cap given to freed slaves. This same cap is shown on very early US coins. maridvnvm
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Low Countries, silver jeton 1574: freedom of religionObverse: LAPIS•REIECTVS/CAPVT•ANGVLI•:, triangular stone in the middle, rose above, coat-of-arms of Holland below
Reverse: DNS•FECIT•HOC•ET•FV•MI•IN•OC•H•1574, the name 'Jehova' written in Hebrew within aureole
Minted in: Dordrecht
The triangular stone represents the Holy Trinity: The Father (Pater), The Son (Filius) and the Holy Spirit (Spiritus)RomaVictor
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Magna Graecia, Bruttium, SNG von Aulock 26AR - drachm, 21mm, 4.39g
struck 214/213-211 BC, during Hannibal's campaign in southern Italy after the
Battle of Cannae
obv. Bust of Hera Lakinia, veiled and wearing polos, sceptre over l. shoulder, fly
behind
rev. Zeus, nude, stg. l., r. foot set on Ionic column, holding sceptre in l. hand;
before him eagle flying l., holding wreath in talons
ANG von Aulock 26; HN Italy 1970; Scheu 84; Arslan dies 28/33'
VF, dark toned
The Brettii were the allies of Hannibal against the Romans hoping to get their liberty when he has won the war. But after the defeat of Hannibal they lost all of their freedom.
For more information please look at the thread 'Coins of mythological interest'!
Jochen
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Massachusetts, H. M. & E. I. RichardsObv: LAFAYETTE, A FRIEND TO AMERICA & FREEDOM. DIED MAY 20 | 1834, the Marquis de Lafayette standing.
Rev: HM & EI • RICHARDS | MANUFACTURERS | OF | JEWELRY | NEAR THE | UNION HOUSE | ATTLEBORO | MASSHM & EI • RICHARDS | MANUFACTURERS | OF | JEWELRY | NEAR THE | UNION HOUSE | ATTLEBORO | MASS
Date: 1834
HT 150Matt Inglima
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Messenia, Messene, ca. 40s-30s BC, Æ Hemiobol or Hexachalkon Head of Demeter right wearing diadem.
Zeus Ithomatos standing right, hurling thunderbolt with right hand, eagle with spread wings perched on left wrist; ΔAMIΩN to left with wreath in outermost left field, ME above tripod in right field.
HGC 5, 580; BCD Peloponnesos 752 (this coin); Grandjean 556a (this coin illustrated); BMC 29; SNG Cop 512; Sear 2853.
(22 mm, 6.66 g, 6h).
Forestier & Lambert, December 2007; ex- BCD Collection: LHS Numismatics Auction 96, 8-9 May 2006, 752; ex- P. R. Franke collection.
The image of Zeus Ithomatas is a recurring theme on the civic coinage of Messene; a symbol of the Messenian belief that after four centuries of bondage to their Spartan neighbours that they had the support and assistance of the Zeus to maintain their independence and freedom.n.igma
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MIDDLESEX 1/2-PENNY TOKENMIDDLESEX 1/2-PENNY TOKEN - Cu token, Middlesex, Obv.: A stag left; FREEDOM WITH INNOCENCE. Rev.: Plough left; date 1796 below; INDUSTRY *R SUPPLIETH WANT. The *over R character between INDUSTRY and SUPPLIETH is possibly a maker's mark? Reference: D&H-1041B, Conder 179.dpaul7
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Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1968 NYU Hall of Fame MedalObv: RALPH WALDO EMERSON 1803 - 1882, bust of Emerson facing right.
Rev: THE SHOT HEARD ROUND THE WORLD, Scene from Emerson's poem "CONCORD HYMN" that also illustrates the spirit of the fight for freedom for the individual. THE HALL OF FAME FOR GREAT AMERICANS AT NEW YORK UNIVERSITY ©1968 in exergue.
"By the rude bridge that arched the flood,
Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled,
Here once the embattled farmers stood,
And fired the shot heard round the world."
Excerpt from The Concord Hymn by Ralph Waldo Emerson
Category: Literature
Year Elected: 1900
Medal Issued: 1968
Sculptor: Dexter Jones
Mint: Medallic Art Company
Details: Bronze, 44 mm, 0°
Matt Inglima
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Rama V, King Chulalongkorn the Great (1853- 1910 AD), ThailandKing Rama V, AR, 1 baht, R.S. 126, 1907 AD, 31m, 14.9 g, Royal Mint: Bangkok. Obverse: head of Rama V facing L, King's "first" name (สมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาจุฬาลงกรณ์) above, his "last" name (พระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว) below . Reverse: The Coat of Arms of Chulalongkorn--On the top of the coat of arms is the Great Victory Crown of Thailand, the most important royal regalia and the symbol of kingship. Under the crown is the symbol of the Royal House of Chakri, the King's royal family, which is a disc intersected with a trident. The royal multi-tiered umbrellas of state are also present on either side of the crown. To both sides of the coat of arms are the other regalia, the royal sword and the royal baton. In the background is the draped robe - either the Royal robe of the King or the robe of the Order of Chulachomklao - an order created by the King. The supporters are two mythical creatures, one is the Royal Lion, rajasiha, and the other is Elephant Lion, gaja-siha. The shield itself is partitioned into three parts, signifying the Thai part of the Kingdom (the 3-headed elephant) on the top, the Laotian suzerainty (another elephant), and the Malay suzerainty (two "kris", or Malayan short swords). The chain under the Arms is a necklace that is a part of the Order of Chulachomklao. The ribbon under the Arms is inscribed with the motto (in Pali, the language of the Buddhist canon) which may be translated as "Unity brings happiness." Khrueng Thep (กรุงสยาม--Bangkok) left, Rama V (รัชกาลที่) right, one baht (บาทหนึ่ง) below. RS 126 has the regnal date 40 over the 127; EF, Rare.
Rama V, King Chulalongkorn the Great (1853- 1910 AD); during his 42-year reign, King Chulalongkorn (the fifth king of the Chakri Dynasty) succeeded in establishing a government based on the western system, which ultimately paved the way for the present democracy. He reformed the rule of law, established a proper judicial system and introduced compulsory military service, improving the country's national defense. He introduced the Baht (still in use today) as the official currency and made taxes directly payable to the government, cutting out the corrupt middlemen. King Chulalongkorn also set up Siam's first hospital based on western medical practices, the first medical school and a nationwide education system.
The Thai Nation rightly reveres King Chulalongkorn. The preservation of Thailand's sovereignty and independence, in contrast to other Asian countries that capitulated to colonialism, was a direct result of his efforts. His skills of diplomacy abroad and ability to form a central government at home endeared him to the people. His reign was one of the most successful of any monarch in any country in the world and through his vision and leadership; a small, traditional Kingdom was transformed into a modern Nation at the heart of Asian affairs.
(http://www.chiangmai-chiangrai.com/chulalongkorn_rama_5.html)
On his first enthronement, King Chulalongkorn issued a royal decree that all the people born during his reign would be born free; he had determined that slavery should eventually disappear from his realm. In order not to create a social upheaval suddenly, King Rama V took gradual measures to release slaves to freedom, and in 1905 he issued a law for the abolition of slavery. Thus the Thai people won freedom without any struggle.
The first public museum was established by King Rama V in 1880 at the Concordia Building inside the Grand Palace compound. Later, when the viceroy or Uparat position was replaced by the crown Prince position, the Palace of the Uparat or the Front Palace was vacant. In 1887 the museum was moved to the Front Palace and developed to be the National Museum.
In 1917, Siam (Thailand) opened its first university. It was named after this beloved King: Chulalongkorn University was referred to as "the Harvard of Asia" by President Bill Clinton of the United States.
Cleisthenes
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Roger Williams, 1963 NYU Hall of Fame MedalObv: THE HALL OF FAME FOR GREAT AMERICANS AT NEW YORK UNIVERSITY - ROGER WILLIAMS 1604 - 1684, left facing bust of Williams, Protestant theologian and founder of the Providence Plantation colony.
Rev: Three figures worshipping as they see fit; quote from Williams on the freedom of religion: "A TRUE FREEDOM TO ALL THE PEOPLE SO THAT NO PERSON BE FORCED TO PRAY NOR PRAY OTHERWISE THAN HIS SOUL BELIEVETH & CONSENTETH."
Category: Clergyman
Year Elected: 1920
Medal Issued: 1963
Sculptor: Robert Weinman
Mint: Medallic Art Company
Details: Bronze, 44 mm, 0°
Matt Inglima
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Nero, AV Aureus, A.D.66-67- Auréus, Néron, Rome, 66-67
Avers : IMP NERO CAESAR - AVGVSTVS Tête laurée de Néron à droite.
Revers : IVPPITER - CVSTOS Jupiter trônant à gauche, tenant un foudre de la main droite et un sceptre long de la gauche.
Cohen 120 | RIC 63
Monetary reform 64 allowed to restore state finances while supporting the people of the Empire the price thereof. This year 64 is marked by the Great Fire of Rome and its consequences, including the persecution against Christians in the city. The following year, it was the discovery of the conspiracy of Piso, the death of Seneca and Lucan. In 66 Tiridates king of Armenia was inducted in Rome. Nero then went to Greece, where he performed on stage and proclaimed "Freedom of Greece." Excess the Emperor cause at the beginning of the year 68 a wave of discontent which culminated in the rebellion of Vindex in Gaul, Galba and Otho Spain. Nero is declared a public enemy by the Senate. He committed suicide on June 9 not to fall alive into the hands of his enemies.
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