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Image search results - "bound"
2014-051-2_ProbusVirtusProbiAvgMarsShield.jpg
Detail of shield decorated with Emperor on horseback charging left, holding spear appearing to impale bound captive seated left.gordian_guy
DCF0CCBF-B3A4-4332-B4EB-0C3432F621A1.jpeg
Philip I Arabs, 244-249. Dupondius 248, Rome, on the city's 1000th anniversary. Bust / cippus. RIC 162 C. 197 10.14 g. Dark brown patina, rare good Very nice
Ex auction Leu 10, 1974, 319 (hammer price: 1700 CHF).

While Claudius (47) and Antoninus Pius (147) used the founding date of 753 B.C. As a basis, Philippus Arabs assumed the Capitoline era, which began a year later. The boundary stone (cippus terminalis) is used in Roman iconography to mark the beginning and end.
paul1888
PHILIP_II_OF_MACEDON.JPG
Philip II, 359 - 336 BC. AE18. Struck after 356 BC at an uncertain mint in MacedoniaObverse: No legend. Young male head, usually identified as Apollo, with hair bound in a taenia, facing left.
Reverse: ΦIΛIΠΠOY, Naked rider on horse prancing left, uncertain control mark, often described as the head of a lion, beneath the horse. The control mark looks a bit like the ram on the prow of a galley to me, but that is just my personal opinion.
Diameter: 17.4mm | Weight: 6.9gms | Die Axis: 12
SNG ANS 872 - 874

The bronze series of this type is extensive and differentiated principally by the different control marks. These control marks are symbols and letters which generally appear on the reverse, very occasionally the obverse, of the coin, and they were used to identify the officials responsible for a particular issue of coinage.
Philip II won the horseback race at the 106th Olympics in 356 BC, and it is thought that the horseman on the reverse of this coin commemorates that event.


Philip II of Macedon was King of Macedon from 359 until his death in 336 BC. He was the father of Alexander the Great and Philip III Arrhidaeus. In 357 BC, Philip married Olympias, who was the daughter of the king of the Molossians. Alexander was born in 356 BC, the same year as Philip's horse won at the Olympic Games.
Only Greeks were allowed to participate in the Olympic Games, and Philip was determined to convince his Athenian opposition that he was indeed worthy to be considered Greek. And, after successfully uniting Macedonia and Thessaly, Philip could legitimately participate in the Olympics. In 365 BC Philip entered his horse into the keles, a horseback race in the 106th Olympics, and won. He proceeded to win two more times, winning the four horse chariot race in the 352 BC 107th Olympics and the two horse chariot race in the 348 BC 108th Olympics. These were great victories for Philip because not only had he been admitted officially into the Olympic Games but he had also won, solidifying his standing as a true Greek.
The conquest and political consolidation of most of Greece during Philip's reign was achieved in part by the creation of the Macedonian phalanx which gave him an enormous advantage on the battlefield. After defeating Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC Philip II established the League of Corinth, a federation of Greek states, with him at it's head, with the intention of invading the Persian empire. In 336 BC he sent an army of 10,000 men into Asia Minor to make preparations for the invasion by freeing the Greeks living on the western coast and islands from Persian rule. All went well until the news arrived that Philip had been assassinated. The Macedonians were demoralized by Philip's death and were subsequently defeated by Persian forces near Magnesia.
Philip II was murdered in October 336 BC, at Aegae, the ancient capital of the Macedonian kingdom, while he was entering into the town's theatre. He was assassinated by Pausanius, one of his own bodyguards, who was himself slain by three of Philip's other bodyguards. The reasons for Philip's assassination are not now fully known, with many modern historians saying that, on the face of it, none of the ancient accounts which have come down to us appear to be credible.
5 comments*Alex
PHILIP_II.JPG
Philip II, 359 - 336 BC. AE18. Struck after 356 BC at an uncertain mint in MacedoniaObverse: No legend. Young male head, usually identified as Apollo, with hair bound in a taenia, facing left.
Reverse: ΦIΛIΠΠOY, Naked rider on horse prancing right, forepart of bull butting right control mark (helmet?) beneath the horse.
Diameter: 19mm | Weight: 6.95gms | Die Axis: 9
GCV: 6699 | Forrer/Weber: 2068

The bronze series of this type is extensive and differentiated principally by the different control marks. These control marks are symbols and letters which generally appear on the reverse, very occasionally the obverse, of the coin, and they were used to identify the officials responsible for a particular issue of coinage.
Philip II won the horseback race at the 106th Olympics in 356 BC, and it is thought that the horseman on the reverse of this coin commemorates this event.


Philip II of Macedon was King of Macedon from 359 until his death in 336 BC. He was the father of Alexander the Great and Philip III Arrhidaeus. In 357 BC, Philip married Olympias, who was the daughter of the king of the Molossians. Alexander was born in 356 BC, the same year as Philip's horse won at the Olympic Games.
The conquest and political consolidation of most of Greece during Philip's reign was achieved in part by the creation of the Macedonian phalanx which gave him an enormous advantage on the battlefield. After defeating Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC Philip II established the League of Corinth, a federation of Greek states, with him at it's head, with the intention of invading the Persian empire. In 336 BC, Philip II sent an army of 10,000 men into Asia Minor to make preparations for the invasion by freeing the Greeks living on the western coast and islands from Persian rule. All went well until the news arrived that Philip had been assassinated. The Macedonians were demoralized by Philip's death and were subsequently defeated by Persian forces near Magnesia.
Philip II was murdered in October 336 BC, at Aegae, the ancient capital of the Macedonian kingdom, while he was entering into the town's theatre. He was assassinated by Pausanius, one of his own bodyguards, who was himself slain by three of Philip's other bodyguards. The reasons for Philip's assassination are not now fully known, with many modern historians saying that, on the face of it, none of the ancient accounts which have come down to us appear to be credible.
*Alex
Philip_II_retrograde_E.JPG
Philip II, 359 - 336. AE18. Struck after 356 BC at an uncertain mint in Macedonia Obverse: No legend. Young male head, usually identified as Apollo, with hair bound in a taenia, facing right.
Reverse: ΦIΛIΠΠOY, Naked rider on horse prancing right, retrograde E control mark beneath the horse.
Diameter: 17.16mm | Weight: 6.09gms | Die Axis: 12
SNG ANS 919 - 920

The bronze series of this type is extensive and differentiated principally by the different control marks. These control marks are symbols and letters which generally appear on the reverse, very occasionally the obverse, of the coin, and they were used to identify the officials responsible for a particular issue of coinage.
Philip II won the horseback race at the 106th Olympics in 356 BC, and it is thought that the horseman on the reverse of this coin commemorates this event.


Philip II of Macedon was King of Macedon from 359 until his death in 336 BC. He was the father of Alexander the Great and Philip III Arrhidaeus. In 357 BC, Philip married Olympias, who was the daughter of the king of the Molossians. Alexander was born in 356 BC, the same year as Philip's horse won at the Olympic Games.
The conquest and political consolidation of most of Greece during Philip's reign was achieved in part by the creation of the Macedonian phalanx which gave him an enormous advantage on the battlefield. After defeating Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC Philip II established the League of Corinth, a federation of Greek states, with him at it's head, with the intention of invading the Persian empire. In 336 BC, Philip II sent an army of 10,000 men into Asia Minor to make preparations for the invasion by freeing the Greeks living on the western coast and islands from Persian rule. All went well until the news arrived that Philip had been assassinated. The Macedonians were demoralized by Philip's death and were subsequently defeated by Persian forces near Magnesia.
Philip II was murdered in October 336 BC, at Aegae, the ancient capital of the Macedonian kingdom, while he was entering into the town's theatre. He was assassinated by Pausanius, one of his own bodyguards, who was himself slain by three of Philip's other bodyguards. The reasons for Philip's assassination are not now fully known, with many modern historians saying that, on the face of it, none of the ancient accounts which have come down to us appear to be credible.
*Alex
359_-_336_BC_PHILIP_II_of_MACEDON.JPG
Philip II, 359 - 336. AE18. Struck after 356 BC at an uncertain mint in MacedoniaObverse: No legend. Young male head, usually identified as Apollo, with hair bound in a taenia, facing right.
Reverse: ΦIΛIΠΠOY, Naked rider on horse prancing left, spearhead control mark beneath the horse.
Diameter: 18.00mm | Weight: 6.00gms | Die Axis: 12
SNG ANS 850 | Mionnet I: 750

The bronze series of this type is extensive and differentiated principally by the different control marks. These control marks are symbols and letters which generally appear on the reverse, very occasionally the obverse, of the coin, and they were used to identify the officials responsible for a particular issue of coinage.
Philip II won the horseback race at the 106th Olympics in 356 BC, and it is thought that the horseman on the reverse of this coin commemorates this event.


Philip II of Macedon was King of Macedon from 359 until his death in 336 BC. He was the father of Alexander the Great and Philip III Arrhidaeus. In 357 BC, Philip married Olympias, who was the daughter of the king of the Molossians. Alexander was born in 356 BC, the same year as Philip's horse won at the Olympic Games.
The conquest and political consolidation of most of Greece during Philip's reign was achieved in part by the creation of the Macedonian phalanx which gave him an enormous advantage on the battlefield. After defeating Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC Philip II established the League of Corinth, a federation of Greek states, with him at it's head, with the intention of invading the Persian empire. In 336 BC, Philip II sent an army of 10,000 men into Asia Minor to make preparations for the invasion by freeing the Greeks living on the western coast and islands from Persian rule. All went well until the news arrived that Philip had been assassinated. The Macedonians were demoralized by Philip's death and were subsequently defeated by Persian forces near Magnesia.
Philip II was murdered in October 336 BC, at Aegae, the ancient capital of the Macedonian kingdom, while he was entering into the town's theatre. He was assassinated by Pausanius, one of his own bodyguards, who was himself slain by three of Philip's other bodyguards. The reasons for Philip's assassination are not now fully known, with many modern historians saying that, on the face of it, none of the ancient accounts which have come down to us appear to be credible.
*Alex
0116prob2.jpg
Probus RIV VII 220, Rome.AE Antoninianus,
Obverse: IMP PROBVS PF AVG, radiate, cuirassed bust right.
Reverse: VICTORIA GERM, Trophy of cuirass, four spears and two shield
stands between two captives bound and seated back to back at the
base.
Mintmark R thunderbolt A.
NORMAN K
Gordian_III_Syd_616.jpg
1 Gordian IIIGordian III
AE22 of Caesarea, Cappadocia
Dated Year 7 = Jan - Feb 244 AD

O: AV KAI M ANT GORDIANOC, laureate, draped & cuirassed bust right

R: MHTP KAI BNE, six ears of corn bound together, in lower field ET-Z

BMC 346-349, SGI 3778, Syd 616
Sosius
Aurelian_RIC_63_Rome.jpg
3 AurelianAURELIAN
AE Antoninianus, Rome Mint, Late 274 A.D.
IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, Bust right, radiate, cuirassed / ORIENS AVG, Sol stg. facing, head l., with r. hand raised and holding globe in l. hand; at feet, on each side, a bound and std. captive, both head turned back; the captive on the l. is in oriental dress, the captive on the r. is bearded and in Gallic costume. ∈XXIR in emerge.
RIC temp 1795: http://www.ric.mom.fr/en/coin/1795
1 commentsSosius
au64.jpg
Aurelian RIC 64 Rome 274-275 CEAurelian silvered Antoninianus
Obverse: IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, radiate, cuirassed bust right.
Reverse: ORIENS AVG, Sol standing left with hand raised, foot on bound captives.
Episilon in left field, XXIR in ex. Rome mint
RIC 64
21.9.6 mm., 4.5 g.
NORMAN K
crisp21.jpg
Crispus AE follis. 324-325 AD.Sirmium RIC VII 49

Crispus AE follis.. 324-325 AD. FL IVL CRISPVS NOB CAES, laureate head right / ALEMANNIA DEVICTA, Victory advancing right, holding trophy and palm, treading upon bound captive on right. Mintmark dot SIRM dot. Cohen 1.
Britanikus
charlemagne-denier-bourges~0.JPG
D.175 Charles the Great [Charlemagne] (denier, class 3, Bourges)Charles the Great, king of the Franks (768-840) and Holy Roman emperor (800-814)
Denier (Bourges, class 3, 781-800)

Silver, 1.18 g, 20 mm diameter, die axis 3h

O/ [+CA]RLVS REX FR; cross pattée with a crescent in each quarter
R/ [+B]ITVRICA[S]; carolingian monogram KRLS

For the 3rd type of his coinage, Charles the Great introduced the famous KRLS monogram. This one contains all the letters of Karolvs : the consonants are clearly written at the edges and bound by a lozenge. The vowels are at the center of the monogram: A (using the upper part of the lozenge, O as the whole lozenge and V as the down part of the lozenge).
This monogram still appeared two centuries later in the coinage of Hugh Capet, first capetian king.
philippe6-gros-couronne-4eme.JPG
Dy.262C Philip VI (of Valois): Gros à la couronne, 4th emissionPhilip VI, king of France (1328-1350)
Gros à la couronne, 4th emission (04/06/1340)

White billon (479 ‰), 2.16 g, diameter 24 mm, die axis 3h
O: inner circle: PhI-LIP-PVS-REX; legend interrupted by a cross pattée and 4 ringlets at its boundaries; outer circle: BnDICTV⋮SIT⋮nOmЄ⋮DNIâ‹®nRI⋮DЄI
R: inner circle: +FRANCORVm; châtel tournois under a crown and 2 fleurs-de-lis, with a ring inside; a circlet of 10 fleur-de-lis and a small cross

The silver content goes on lowering.
The ring in the chatel is characteristic of the 4th emission.
licin_iovi_w.jpg
(0308) LICINIUS308 - 324 AD
Struck 317 - 320 AD
AE 17.5 mm, 3.38 g
O: IMP LICI_NIVS AVG, Laureate bust left in imperial mantle, mappa in right hand, globe and scepter in left
R: IOVI CONS_ERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter standing facing, head left, naked but for chlamys across left shoulder, Victory on globe in right hand, scepter in left, bound captive before, S in right field; SMANT in exergue
Antioch mint RIC VII, 27 (R1)
laney
licinius_iovi_06_30_10.jpg
(0308) LICINIUS I308 - 324 AD
AE 21.5 mm 3.48 g
O: IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS P F AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and Victory on globe, eagle with wreath in beak and bound captive at his feet, X/ IIGamma in right field
SMANTB in exe
Antioch, RIC 35 Rare.

laney
licinius_iovi_0702.jpg
(0308) LICINIUS I308 - 324 AD
AE 19 mm 2.94 g
O: IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS P F AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and Victory on globe, eagle with wreath in beak and bound captive at his feet, X/ IIGamma in right field
struck 321 - 324 AD
SMALA in exe
Alexandria
1 commentslaney
licinius_iovi_cap.jpg
(0308) LICINIUS I308 - 324 AD
AE 18.5 mm 3.00 g Struck 317-320, Officina 8
O: IMP LICI_NIVS AVG Laureate bust left in imperial mantle, mappa in right hand, globe and scepter in left
R: IOVI CONS_ERVATORI AVGG Jupiter standing facing, head left, naked but for chlamys across left shoulder, Victory on globe in right hand, scepter in left, bound captive before, H in right field SMANT in exergue,
Antioch RIC VII, 27
laney
gratian_gloria_2_res.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--GLORIA367 - 375 AD
AE 18.5 mm 2.28 g
O: DN GRATIANVS PF AVG, pearl-diademed, draped & cuirassed bust right
R: GLORIA ROMANORVM, emperor advancing right, head turned back, holding labarum WITH CHI-RHO and dragging bound captive behind him; F to left, R above right hooked K to right; DSISCV?
SISCIA, cf. RIC 14c
laney
gratian_gloria_romanoruom_sisc_b.jpg
(0367) GRATIAN--GLORIA367-375 AD
AE 17.5 mm, 2.17 g
O: D N GRATIANVS P F AVG, Pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right
R: GLORIA ROMANORVM, Emperor advancing right, head left, dragging bound captive and holding labarum; M in left field, star (*) and P in right field, ΓSISC in exergue (3rd Officina)
Siscia mint; Ref.: RIC IX 14c.xvii
laney
Licinius_II.jpg
*SOLD*Licinius II AE

Attribution: RIC VII 30, Alexandria
Date: AD 321-324
Obverse: DN VAL LICIN LICINIVS NOB C, helmeted and cuirassed bust r., holding shield,
spear over shoulder
Reverse: IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l.; chlamys over l. shoulder, Victory in r. hand, staff in l., eagle w/ wreath in beak at feet, bound captive behind, X w/ 12 ½ denarii communes mark below, SMALA in exergue
Size: 18 mm
1 commentsNoah
Constantius_II.jpg
*SOLD*Constantius II AE2

Attribution: RIC VIII 67, Nicomedia
Date: AD 348-351
Obverse: DN CONSTAN-TIVS PF AVG, pearl diademed, draped,
cuirassed bust l., holding globe
Reverse: FEL TEMP-REPARATIO, emperor standing l., holding labarum in r. hand,
resting l. hand on shield; two bound captives kneeling before him, SMNA in exergue
Size: 21 mm
Weight: 4.04 grams
6 commentsNoah
Larissa_Drachm_Larissa_L_Horse_Prance_R.jpg
00098 Larissa Profile Left, Horse Prancing RightThessaly Greece, the City of Larissa

Obv: [ΛAPlΣA in small letters l. and up], head of Larissa facing l., hair bound at top of head, triple drop earring, pearl necklace. All within a border of dots.
Rev: Bridled horse with tail in an upright curl prancing r. on ground line, ΛAP above, I in front of horse’s head, ΣAI down and in front, ΩN up and behind.
Denomination: silver drachm; Mint: Larissa; Date: c. 370 - 360 BC1; Weight: 5.78g; Diameter: 19mm: Die axis: 330º; References, for example: Hermann Group V, pl. IV, 16; Liampi 1992, 25; Lorber 2008, pl. 45, 100; BCD Thessaly I 1133; BCD Thessaly II 183; HGC 4, 448.

Notes:
1This date range fits within BCD Thessaly I and II, Lorber 2008, and HGC 4.

Despite the absence of ΛAPlΣA in tiny letters in front of Larissa’s head (with 25x magnification I can detect what are perhaps very, very faint indications of parts of the legend), the shape of the mouth, the chin, and the stray lock of hair in front of Larissa’s forehead lead me to determine that this is an example of BCD Thessaly I 1133 and II 183 and not 1134 and 184 respectively. Thus, this is an example of, per BCD Thessaly I and Lorber 2008, Larissa’s profile in the style of Euainetos at Syracuse.

Provenance: Ex. CNG Electronic Auction 505 December 1, 2021 Lot 124, from the Sigmund collection.

Photo Credits: CNG

CLICK FOR SOURCES




4 commentsTracy Aiello
aug2.jpg
002a6. AugustusAR cistophorus. 24mm, 11.37 gm. Ephesus mint, ca. 25 BC. Obv: IMP•CAE-SAR, bare head of Augustus right; linear border. Rev: AVGV-STVS, six grain ears bound together; pellet in center, dotted border. RIC I 481.2 commentslawrence c
sept_sev_trphy.jpg
004 - Septimus Severus (193-211 AD), denarius - RIC 63Obv: L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP V, laureated bust right.
Rev: PART ARAB PART ADIAB, two bound captives each sitting on shield, between them a trophy. COS II P P in eregue.
Minted in Rome 195 AD.

This coin refer to Severus´victory over the Arabians and Adiabenians, maybe in the civil war against Pescennius Niger.
1 commentspierre_p77
coin345.JPG
004. Caligula GAIUS (CALIGULA). 37-41 AD.

Whatever damage Tiberius's later years had done to the carefully crafted political edifice created by Augustus, Gaius multiplied it a hundredfold. When he came to power in A.D. 37 Gaius had no administrative experience beyond his honorary quaestorship, and had spent an unhappy early life far from the public eye. He appears, once in power, to have realized the boundless scope of his authority and acted accordingly. His reign highlighted an inherent weakness in the Augustan Principate, raw monarchy in which only the self-discipline of the incumbent acted as a restraint on his behavior.

Æ As (28mm, 10.19 gm). Rome mint. Struck 37-38 AD. Bare head left / Vesta seated left, holding patera and sceptre. RIC I 38; Cohen 27. Near VF, dark brown surfaces. Ex-CNG
ecoli
1_My_Titus.jpg
004.Titus 79-81 ADAR Denarius
Mint: Rome, Date: 80 AD
Obv: IMP TITVS CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM,Laureate head of Titus right.
Rev: TRP IX IMP XV COS VIII PP, Two captives seated left and right, back to back, between them, trophy composed of cuirass, helmet, and oblong shields,the captive on left is a woman, draped, hooded, and rests head on right hand; the captive on right is a man, naked,and has his hands bound behind his back.
Ref: RIC II-102
Possible Judea Capta type,Hendin-778;Meshorer TJC,Supplement 5,Type I
2 commentsBrian L
2620274.jpg
01 Julius Caesar, CaptivesJulius Caesar. AR Denarius. Military mint traveling with Caesar in Spain. c. 46-45 B.C. (3.71g, 19.5mm, 6h). Obv: Diademed head of Venus right, Cupid on shoulder. Rev: Gallia seated in attitude of mourning and a Gaulish male captive, hands bound, seated beneath trophy, possibly Vercingetorix. CAESAR in Exergue. RSC 13. Craw. 468/1.

This type was minted during Caesar’s final campaign against Pompeian forces in Spain. The obverse refers to Caesar's mythical descent from the goddess Venus. The reverse refers to Caesar's victories in Gaul and the male Gaulish captive may be Vercingetorix. Not perfect, but well centered, a good state of preservation, with a clear CAESAR on the reverse.
Lucas H
Piso-Frugi.jpg
012. C. Calpurnius Piso L.f. Frugi.Denarius (3.93 gm), ca 67-59 BC, Rome mint.

Obverse: Die O-229. Head of Apollo, in high relief, facing right;
his hair long and in ringlets, bound with taenia (fillet).
Sequence mark: IE (retrograde E), with bar above.

Reverse: Die R-2045. Horseman galloping to right; no hat; carrying palm branch.
Sequence mark below: dolphin facing right.
Legend: C PISO . L . F FRV

In Hersh’s die study of this issue, these 2 dies come together in #219.
Crawford #3/8.
Sydenham #851.
Sear #348.

The dating of the coins by this moneyer vary greatly:
67 BC: Crawford, Sear.
64 BC: BMCRR, Sydenham.
63 BC: Hersh (1976).
61 BC: Hersh & Walker (1984).
59 BC: Harlan RRM II.

Hersh, Charles A. “A Study of the Coinage of the Moneyer C. Calpurnius Piso L. F. Frugi.” The Numismatic Chronicle (1966-) 16 (136) (1976): pp. 7–63.

3 commentsCallimachus
trajan~1.jpg
015a26. TrajanAR Denarius. Rome, AD 110. IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC P M TR P, laureate bust to right, slight drapery on far shoulder / COS V P P SPQR OPTIMO PRINC, Dacian standing to left, with bound hands, before pile of captured arms; DAC CAP in exergue. RIC II 99; BMCRE 383; RSC 121a. 3.22g, 19mm, 7h. Roma Numismatics Auc 648, Lot 938.lawrence c
KnidosARdrachm.jpg
020a, CARIA, Knidos. Circa 465-449 BC. AR Drachm.CARIA, Knidos. Circa 465-449 BC. AR Drachm - 16mm (6.06 g). Obverse: forepart of roaring lion right; Reverse: archaic head of Aphrodite right, hair bound with taenia. Cahn 80 (V38/R53); SNG Helsinki 132 (same dies); SNG Copenhagen 232 (same dies). Toned, near VF, good metal. Ex Barry P. Murphy.

While this coin falls within the time frame that numismatists call "Classical" Greek coinage, I have chosen to place it in both the "Archaic" (coin 020a) and "Classical" Greek sections of my collection. This specimen is one of those wonderful examples of transition--it incorporates many elements of the "Archaic" era, although it is struck during the "Classical" Greek period and anticipates characteristics of the later period.

As noted art historian Patricia Lawrence has pointed out, "[this specimen portrays] A noble-headed lion, a lovely Late Archaic Aphrodite, and [is made from]. . . beautiful metal." The Archaic Aphrodite is reminiscent of certain portraits of Arethusa found on tetradrachms produced in Syracuse in the first decade of the 5th century BC.

Knidos was a city of high antiquity and as a Hellenic city probably of Lacedaemonian colonization. Along with Halicarnassus (present day Bodrum, Turkey) and Kos, and the Rhodian cities of Lindos, Kamiros and Ialyssos it formed the Dorian Hexapolis, which held its confederate assemblies on the Triopian headland, and there celebrated games in honour of Apollo, Poseidon and the nymphs.

The city was at first governed by an oligarchic senate, composed of sixty members, and presided over by a magistrate; but, though it is proved by inscriptions that the old names continued to a very late period, the constitution underwent a popular transformation. The situation of the city was favourable for commerce, and the Knidians acquired considerable wealth, and were able to colonize the island of Lipara, and founded a city on Corcyra Nigra in the Adriatic. They ultimately submitted to Cyrus, and from the battle of Eurymedon to the latter part of the Peloponnesian War they were subject to Athens.

In their expansion into the region, the Romans easily obtained the allegiance of Knidians, and rewarded them for help given against Antiochus by leaving them the freedom of their city.

During the Byzantine period there must still have been a considerable population: for the ruins contain a large number of buildings belonging to the Byzantine style, and Christian sepulchres are common in the neighbourhood.

Eudoxus, the astronomer, Ctesias, the writer on Persian history, and Sostratus, the builder of the celebrated Pharos at Alexandria, are the most remarkable of the Knidians mentioned in history.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidus

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
1 commentsCleisthenes
lverc.jpg
020a03. Lucius VerusAE Sestertius. AD 166. Obv: L VERVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX, laureate, cuirassed bust right, seen from the back. Rev: TR POT VI IMP III COS II, S-C across fields, captive Parthia, hands bound behind back, sitting right at the foot of a trophy with a shield at its base. RIC 1440.lawrence c
97921q00.jpg
020a07. Lucius VerusDenarius, RIC III 540, RSC II 273, BMCRE IV 387, Hunter II 22, MIR 18 112, SRCV II 5358, , Rome mint, weight 2.996g, maximum diameter 19.2mm, die axis 0o, Dec 164 - Dec 165 A.D.; obverse L VERVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX, laureate head right; reverse TR P VI•IMP III COS II, Parthian captive seated right on ground, wearing pointed cap, tunic, and breeches to ankles, hands bound behind back, quiver, bow, and shield(?) at his feet. A FORUM coin.lawrence c
Traianus_AR-Den_IMP-TRAIANO-AVG-GER-DAC-PMTRP_COS-V-P-P-SPQR-OPTIMO-PRINC_DAC-CAP_RIC-99_Q-001_7h_18,5mm_3,12ga-s.jpg
027 Traianus (98-117 A.D.), Rome, RIC II 0099, AR-Denarius, COS V P P S P Q R OPTIMO PRINC, -/-//DAC CAP, Dacia standing left, #1027 Traianus (98-117 A.D.), Rome, RIC II 0099, AR-Denarius, COS V P P S P Q R OPTIMO PRINC, -/-//DAC CAP, Dacia standing left, #1
avers: IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC P M TR P, Laureate head right, drapery on far shoulder.
reverse: COS V P P S P Q R OPTIMO PRINC, Dacia standing with bound hands before piling of arms, DAC CAP in exergue.
exergue: -/-//DAC CAP, diameter: 18,5mm, weight:3,12g, axis: 7h,
mint: Rome, date: 103-111 A.D.,
ref: RIC II 099, p-251, BMCRE-, RSC 121a,
Q-001
2 commentsquadrans
severusalexander.jpg
028. Severus Alexander, 222-235. AR Denarius. Victoria.AR Denarius. Rome mint. AD 231-235.
Obv. Laureate head right IMP ALEXANDER PIVS AVG
Rev. Victoria standing left, left hand holding palm, right resting on shield, bound captive at feet VICTORIA AVG.

RIC 257, RSC 558a. aEF.

Struck to commemorate the 'victories' over the Persians in the emperors' eastern campaign of 231-233.
2 commentsLordBest
elegab~0.jpg
030a19. ElagabalusBronze AE 18, cf. Sofaer 53, Spijkerman 56, Rosenberger IV 35, SNG ANS 1373 ff., SNG Cop 150, SNG Righetti 2548, BMC Arabia -, VF, Petra (Jordan) mint, weight 2.827g, maximum diameter 17.6mm, die axis 180o, 16 May 218 - 11 Mar 222 A.D.; obverse IMP C M AVP ANTONIN (or similar), laureate and draped bust right, seen from behind; reverse emperor ceremonially plowing right with a cow and an ox, marking the pomerium (sacred boundary) to found the new colony, togate, right hand raised, PETΛA above, COLON in exergue. A FORUM coin.lawrence c
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035b Marcus Aurelius. AE Dupondusobv: M ANTONINVS AVG GERM SARM TR P XXXI rad. head r.
rev: IMP VIII COS III PP/SC two german captives bound to trophy
ex: DEGERM
hill132
new_tranquillina.jpg
036b. TranquillinaWife of Gordian III. Her fate after his death is unknown. A peculiarity of her coinage is that her imperial coins are very rare, but her provincial coins are common.

Coin: Bronze AE 24. Cappadocia, Caesarea (Kayseri, Turkey). 7.322g, 23.9mm. 243 - 244 A.D. Obv: CAB TPANKVΛΛINA AV (Sabinia Tranquillina Augusta), draped bust to right, wearing stephane. Rev: MHTP KAI B NE (Metropolis Caesarea, 2 neokoroi), six grain ears bound together, ET-Z (year 7 [of Gordian III]) across fields. RPC VII.2 3401. A FORUM coin.
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normal_new_tranquillina_28129.jpg
036b03. TranquillinaBronze AE 24. Cappadocia, Caesarea (Kayseri, Turkey). 7.322g, 23.9mm. 243 - 244 A.D. Obv: CAB TPANKVΛΛINA AV (Sabinia Tranquillina Augusta), draped bust to right, wearing stephane. Rev: MHTP KAI B NE (Metropolis Caesarea, 2 neokoroi), six grain ears bound together, ET-Z (year 7 [of Gordian III]) across fields. RPC VII.2 3401. A FORUM coin.lawrence c
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046a06. GallienusBillon Antoninianus. Joint reign. Lyons mint. 258-9 AD. Obv: GALLIENVS dot P dot F dot AVG, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield.
Rev: GERMANICVS MAX V, two German captives bound and seated at the foot of a trophy. RIC 18 (j), RSC 310.
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051_Caracalla_RIC_IV-I_054b_AR-Den,_ANTONINVS_PIVS_AVG,_PART_MAX_PONT_TR_P_IIII,_RSC_175cf,_BMC_262,_Rome,_201_AD_Q-001,_6h,_18mm,_2,99g-s.jpg
051 Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Rome, RIC IV-I 054b, AR-Denarius, PART MAX PONT TR P IIII, Trophy, #1051 Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Rome, RIC IV-I 054b, AR-Denarius, PART MAX PONT TR P IIII, Trophy, #1
avers: ANTONINVS PIVS AVG, Laureate, and draped bust right.
reverse: PART MAX PONT TR P IIII, Two Persians bound and seated back to back at the base of the trophy.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 18,0-19,0mm, weight: 3,00g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 201 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV-I 054b, p-220, RSC 175cf, BMC 262, Sear 6853,
Q-001
3 commentsquadrans
post1.jpg
052a23. PostumusAE Dupondius or Double Sestertius. Trier, ca 261 AD. 24mm, 9.59 g.
Obv: IMP C M CASS LAT POSTVMVS P F AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right. Rev: GERMAN-ICVS MAX V, trophy with bound captive to either side; in both fields, crossed shields. RIC V 198 (Lugdunum), Cohen 86, Sear 11041 (double Sest.).
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054a01. Claudius GothicusAE Antoninianus. Obv: IMP CLAVDIVS P F AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Rev: VICTORIAE GOTHIC, trophy with two bound captives seated at base. RIC 252, Cohen 308.lawrence c
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060a09. AurelianAntoninianus. 22mm, 3.78 g. Siscia. Obv: IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG. Radiate and cuirassed bust right. Rev: ORIENS AVG / S / XXIVI. Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip; bound captive seated to left and right.. RIC V online 2343. Naumann 101, Lot 749
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062a CONSTANTINUS II RIC SISCIA 126 R3 EMPEROR: Constantinus II
DENOMINATION: AE reduced follis
OBVERSE: CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C, laureate, draped bust left, holding Victory ON GLOBE and mappa.
REVERSE: VIRTVS EXERCIT; standard inscribed VOT X with bound captive seated to left and right of its base.
EXERGUE: BSIS*
WEIGHT:
RIC: VII SISCIA 126 (R3)
Barnaba6
RI_064sb_img.jpg
064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 432 varDenarius
Obv:– IMP CAE L SPE (sic) SEV - PERT AVG COS II, Laureate head right
Rev:– TR P III IMP V COS II, captive seated right with peaked cap, hands bound behind, quiver and shields behind, curved sword in ex
Minted in Emesa. A.D. 195
Reference:– RIC 432 var (obv legend). RSC 660 var (same)
maridvnvm
RI 064fq img.jpg
064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 496a corr.Obv:– L SEP SEVERVS PER AVG P M IMP XI, Laureate bust right
Rev:– PAR AR AD TR P VI COS II P P, Captives bound and both sitting on discarded armor on the ground, both are sitting on shield; between them, a large trophy
Minted in Laodicea ad Mare, A.D. 198
References:– RIC 496a corr. (Scarce), RSC 360
2 commentsmaridvnvm
Cappadocia,_Caesarea,_073p_Tranquilina,_Syd-618,_AE_21,_CAB_T_#929;ANKY_#923;_#923;INA_AY_#915;,_MHTR_KAI_B_NE_ET-Z,_SGI_3864,_244_AD,_Q-001,_0h,_21mm,_6,28g-s.jpg
073p Tranquilina (241-244 A.D., Augusta), Cappadocia, Caesarea, Syd. 618, AE-21, MHTR KAI B NЄ, Six-grain ears, #1073p Tranquilina (241-244 A.D., Augusta), Cappadocia, Caesarea, Syd. 618, AE-21, MHTR KAI B NЄ, Six-grain ears, #1
Wife of Emperor Gordian III.
avers: CAB TΡANKYΛΛINA AYΓ, Diademed and draped bust right.
reverse: MHTR KAI B NЄ, Six-grain ears bound together, ЄT-Z across the field.
exergue: ЄT/Z//--, diameter: 21,0mm, weight: 6,28g, axis:0h,
mint: Cappadocia, Caesarea, date: Year=7, 244 A.D., ref: Syd-618,
Q-001
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RI_076f_img.JPG
076 - Julia Maesa denarius - RIC 249 NoteObv:– IVLIA MAESA AVG Draped bust of Julia Maesa to right, her hair bound in a bun at the back
Rev:– FECVNDITAS, Fecunditas seated left, holding branch and scepter; child to left and right.
Minted in Antioch. A.D. 218-220
Reference– RIC 249, note; BMC p. 540, * note; RSC 7a.

2.74g, 20.20mm, 0o
maridvnvm
RI_076e_img.jpg
076 - Julia Maesa denarius - RIC 266Denarius
Obv:– IVLIA MAESA AVG Draped bust of Julia Maesa to right, her hair bound in a bun at the back
Rev:– PIETAS AVG Pietas standing facing, her head turned to left, raising both hands in prayer; at her feet to left, altar
Minted in Rome. A.D. 218-220
Reference– Cohen 34a. RIC 266

3.88g, 20.04mm, 180o
3 commentsmaridvnvm
cons2.jpg
083a02. Constantine IFollis. Ticinum. 20mm, 2.93 g. Obv: CONSTANTINVS AVG .
Helmeted and cuirassed bust right. Rev: VIRTVS EXERCIT / ST.
Vexillum inscribed VOT / XX in two lines; bound captive to left and right.
RIC 114. Naumann Auction 97, Lot 582.
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cons1~0.jpg
083a30. Constantine IFollis. 20mm, 3.10 g. Constantinople mint. Obv: CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG. Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right. Rev: CONSTANTINIANA DAFNE / Z / CONS✷. Victory seated left on cippus, with head right and holding palm frond in each hand; to left, bound captive seated left, head right; trophy behind. RIC 38. Naumann Auction 70, Lot 700.lawrence c
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083c01. CrispusAE3. 18mm, 2.61 g. Ticinum, 319-320 AD. Obv: CRISPVS NOB CAES, laureate cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield. Rev: VIRTVS EXERCIT, standard inscribed VOT XX with two bound captives seated to left and right of its base. Mintmark TT. RIC VII 117; Sear 16850.lawrence c
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083c07. CrispusAE2. 324-325 AD. 19mm, 3.00 g. Obv: FL IVL ORISPVS NOB CAES, laureate head right Note die error w/ “O” instead of “C”. Rev: ALEMANNIA DEVICTA, Victory advancing right, holding trophy and palm, treading upon bound captive on right. Mintmark dot SIRM dot. Cohen 1. Sirmium RIC VII 49.lawrence c
licin.jpg
084a. LiciniusBorn to a Dacian peasant family. Made Western Augustus by Galerius in 308. When Galerius died in 311, split empire with Maximinus Daia. Married half-sister of Constantine. Licinius broke with Maximinus, and in war between the two, Maximinus was defeated. Licinius then split empire with Constantine. On and off again conflict emerged between the two, In 324, Constantine defeated Licinius at battles of Adrianople and Chrysopolis. Licinius initially imprisoned, but then hanged.

Coin: 308-324 AD. Follis. 19mm, 2.80 g. Ticinum mint. Obv: IMP LICINIVS AVG. Helmeted and cuirassed bust right. Rev: VIRTVS EXERCIT / TT. Vexillum inscribed VOT/XX; bound captive to left and right. RIC 116. Naumann Auction 70, Lot 664.


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licinius1~0.jpg
084a02. Licinius I AE3. 19.4 mm, 2.427 g. 2nd officina, Nicomedia (Izmit, Turkey) mint, 321 - 324 A.D. Obv: IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS P F AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right. Rev: IOVI CONSERVATORI (to Jupiter the protector), Jupiter standing slightly left, nude but for chlamys over shoulders, Victory on globe presenting wreath in right hand, long eagle-topped scepter vertical in left hand, eagle standing left with wreath in beak at feet on left, in right field: X/IIΓ over bound bearded captive seated right and looking left, SMNB in exergue. Hunter V 143 (also 2nd officina), RIC VII Nicomedia 44 (R2), SRCV IV 15223, Cohen VII 74. A FORUM coin.
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agora2.jpg
084a03. Licinius IBI centenionalis. 18.5 mm, 3.08 g. Aquilea mint, AD 320. Obv: IMP LICINIVS AVG, laureate head of Licinius I right. Rev: VIRTVS EXERCIT, two bound captives seated back-to-back at foot of vexillum with banner inscribed VOT / XX in two lines; S - F / AQS. RIC VII 50.lawrence c
licinius~1.jpg
084a07. Licinius I308-324 AD. Follis. 19mm, 2.80 g. Ticinum mint. Obv: IMP LICINIVS AVG. Helmeted and cuirassed bust right. Rev: VIRTVS EXERCIT / TT. Vexillum inscribed VOT/XX; bound captive to left and right. RIC 116. Naumann Auction 70, Lot 664.1 commentslawrence c
constantiusa.jpg
091a02. Constantius IIAE2. 21.5mm, 3.82 g.. Rome mint, Jan-June 350 AD. Obv: D N CONSTANTIVS P F AVG, laurel and rosette-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust left, holding globe in right hand; N behind. Rev: FEL TEMP REPARATIO, Constantius standing left with Chi-Rho standard and shield, two bound captives standing to left. N in left field. Mintmark RB. RIC VIII Rome 188lawrence c
Claudius-II__AE-Ant_IMP-CLAVDIVS-AVG_VICTORIAE-GOTHIC_SPQR_RIC-252var_T-946-iss-3-Ph-2_Komin-1149_Cyzicus-269-270-AD_Q-001_11h_22-23,5mm_4,74ga-s.jpg
104 Claudius II. (268-270 A.D.), T-0946 (Estiot), RIC V-I 252, Cyzicus, AE-Antoninianus, VICTORIAE GOTHIC, -/-//SPQR, Trophy of arms, Rare!,104 Claudius II. (268-270 A.D.), T-0946 (Estiot), RIC V-I 252, Cyzicus, AE-Antoninianus, VICTORIAE GOTHIC, -/-//SPQR, Trophy of arms, Rare!,
avers:- IMP-CLAVDIVS-AVG, Bust right, radiate, cuirassed and draped with paludamentum, seen from rear, (D2).
revers:- VICTORIAE-GOTHIC, Trophy of arms (helmet l.); on each side, a bound and std. captive in oriental dress, (Trophy 1c).
exerg: -/-//SPQR, diameter: 22-23,5mm, weight: 4,74g, axes: 11h,
mint: Cyzicus, iss-3, Ph-2, date: 269-270 A.D., ref: T-0946 (Estiot), RIC V-I 252, Komin 1149, Rare!,
Q-001
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s-l1600_28129.jpg
104a15. Theodosius IAe3. AD 384-387. DN THEODO-SIVS PF AVG, pearl diademed bust right, draped and cuirassed / GLORIA RO MANORVM, Emperor standing right with head turned left, holding hair of bound and kneeling captive and banner with Chi-Rho on it. Mintmark Symbol-BSISC. 18mm, 2.13 g. RIC38b.lawrence c
Aurelianus_AE-silvered-Ant_AVRELIANVS-AVG_ORI-E-NS-AVG_S_RIC-V-I-135-p-RIC-T-1509_iss-5-Ph-1_off-2_Mediolanum_274-AD_Q-001_7h_20,5-21,5mm_3,70ga-s.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1509, RIC V-I 135, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-/S, Sol standing faceing, head left, #1106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1509, RIC V-I 135, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-/S, Sol standing faceing, head left, #1
avers:- AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated, cuirassed bust right. (B1)
revers:- ORIENS AVG, Sol standing facing, head left, with right hand raised and holding globe in left hand; at feet to left, a bound and seated captive in oriental dress. (Sol 2c)
exerg: -/-/S, diameter: 20,5-21,5mm, weight: 3,70g, axes: 7h,
mint: Mediolanum, iss-5, ph-1, off-2, date: 274 A.D., ref: T-1509 (Estiot), RIC V-I 135,
Q-001
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Aur-xy007-s.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1509, RIC V-I 135, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-/S, Sol standing faceing, head left, #2106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1509, RIC V-I 135, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-/S, Sol standing faceing, head left, #2
avers:- AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated, cuirassed bust right. (B1)
revers:- ORIENS AVG, Sol standing facing, head left, with right hand raised and holding globe in left hand; at feet to left, a bound and seated captive in oriental dress. (Sol 2c)
exerg: -/-/S, diameter: 21,5mm, weight: 3,85g, axes: 0h,
mint: Mediolanum, iss-5, ph-1, off-2, date: 274 A.D., ref: T-1509 (Estiot), RIC V-I 135,
Q-002
quadrans
Aurelianus_Ant_RIC-V-I-154_T-1532_0h_21-21,5mm_4,47g-s.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1532, RIC V-I 154, Ticinum, AE-Antoninianus, SOLI INVICTO, */-/SXXT, Sol walking left,106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1532, RIC V-I 154, Ticinum, AE-Antoninianus, SOLI INVICTO, */-/SXXT, Sol walking left,
avers: IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated, cuirassed bust right. (B1)
reverse: SOLI INVICTO, Sol standing left, with right hand raised and holding the globe in left hand, right foot resting on a bound captive in an oriental dress seated left, on the other side, another bound captive in an oriental dress seated right, head turned left. (Sol 2g)
exergue: */-/SXXT, diameter: 21,0-21,5mm, weight: 4,47g, axes: 0h,
mint: Ticinum, iss-2, ph-, off-2, date: 274 A.D., ref: T-1532 (Estiot), RIC V-I 154, p-282,
Q-001
quadrans
Aur-xy003-s.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1533, RIC V-I 151, Ticinum, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, */-/TXXT, Sol walking left,106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1533, RIC V-I 151, Ticinum, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, */-/TXXT, Sol walking left,
avers: IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated, cuirassed bust right. (B1)
reverse: ORIENS AVG, Sol standing left, with right hand raised and holding the globe in left hand, right foot resting on a bound captive in oriental dress seated left, on the other side, another bound captive in an oriental dress seated right, head turned left. (Sol 2g)
exergue: */-/TXXT, diameter: mm, weight: g, axes: h,
mint: Ticinum, iss-2, off-3, date: 274 A.D., ref: T-1533 (Estiot), RIC V-I 151,
Q-001
1 commentsquadrans
106_Aurelianus_T-1535,_RIC_V-I_151,_Ticinum,_AE-Ant_IMP_C_AVRELIANVS_AVG(B1),_ORIENS_AVG(Sol2g),_star_QXXT,_iss-2,_off-4,_274_AD,_Q-001,_6h,_20-22mm,_3,80g-s.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1535, RIC V-I 151, Ticinum, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, */-/QXXT, Sol walking left,106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1535, RIC V-I 151, Ticinum, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, */-/QXXT, Sol walking left,
avers: IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated, cuirassed bust right. (B1)
reverse: ORIENS AVG, Sol standing left, with right hand raised and holding the globe in left hand, right foot resting on a bound captive in oriental dress seated left, on the other side, another bound captive in an oriental dress seated right, head turned left. (Sol 2g)
exergue: */-/QXXT, diameter: 20,0-22,0mm, weight: 3,80g, axes: 6h,
mint: Ticinum, iss-2, off-4, date: 274 A.D., ref: T-1535 (Estiot), RIC V-I 151,
Q-001
2 commentsquadrans
Aur-xy005-s.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1536, RIC V-I 154, Ticinum, AE-Antoninianus, SOLI INVICTO, */-//QXXT, Sol walking left, #1106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1536, RIC V-I 154, Ticinum, AE-Antoninianus, SOLI INVICTO, */-//QXXT, Sol walking left, #1
avers:- IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated, cuirassed bust right. (B1)
revers:- SOLI INVICTO, Sol standing left, with right hand raised and holding globe in left hand, right foot resting on a bound captive in oriental dress seated left, on the other side, another bound captive in oriental dress seated right, head turned left. (Sol 2g)
exerg: */-//QXXT, diameter: mm, weight: g, axes: h,
mint: Ticinum, iss-2, off-4, date: 274 A.D., ref: T-1536(Estiot), RIC V-I 154,
Q-001
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Aurelianus_AE-Ant_IMP-AVRELIANVS-AVG_(B1)_ORIENS-AVG_(Sol8)_VII-XXI_RIC-V-I-62-p-T-1748-7th-off-iss-8_LV_818-26_Rome_274-AD_Q-001_5h_22-23mm_3,34g-s.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1748, RIC V-I 062, Rome, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/VII/XXI, Sol walking left,106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1748, RIC V-I 062, Rome, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/VII/XXI, Sol walking left,
avers:- IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated, cuirassed bust right. (B1)
revers:- ORIENS AVG, Sol standing left, with right hand raised and holding globe in left hand, right foot resting on a bound captive in oriental dress seated left, on the other side, another bound captive in oriental dress seated right, head turned left. (Sol 2g)
exerg: -/VII/XXI, diameter: 22-23mm, weight: 3,34g, axes: 5h,
mint: Rome, iss-8, ph-, off-7 date: 274 A.D., ref: T-1748 (Estiot), RIC V-I 62, p-, LV 818-26,
Q-001
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Aurelianus_AE-Ant_IMP-AVRELIANVS-AVG_ORI-E-NS-AVG_A-XXI-R_RIC-V-63-p-RIC-T-1790_off-1_iss-10_Rome_274-AD_Q-001_11h_20,5-21,5mm_3,59g-s~0.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1790, RIC V-I 063, Rome, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-/AXXIR, Sol standing facing, head left, #1106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1790, RIC V-I 063, Rome, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-/AXXIR, Sol standing facing, head left, #1
avers:- IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated, cuirassed bust right. (B1)
revers:- ORIENS AVG, Sol standing facing, head left, with right hand raised and holding globe in left hand; at feet, on each side, a bound and seated captive, both head turned back; the captive on the left is in oriental dress, the captive on the right is bearded and in Gallic costume. (Sol 2e)
exerg: -/-/AXXIR, diameter: 20,5-21,5mm, weight: 3,59g, axes: 11h,
mint: Rome, iss-10, ph-, off-1, date: 274 A.D., ref: T-1790 (Estiot), RIC V-I 63, p-,
Q-001
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Aurelianus_AE-Ant_IMP-AVRELIANVS-AVG_ORI-E-NS-AVG_A-XXI-R_RIC-V-63-p-RIC-T-1790_off-1_iss-10_Rome_274-AD_Q-002_6h_21-21,5mm_2,94g-s.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1790, RIC V-I 063, Rome, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-/AXXIR, Sol standing facing, head left, #2106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1790, RIC V-I 063, Rome, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-/AXXIR, Sol standing facing, head left, #2
avers:- IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated, cuirassed bust right. (B1)
revers:- ORIENS AVG, Sol standing facing, head left, with right hand raised and holding globe in left hand; at feet, on each side, a bound and seated captive, both head turned back; the captive on the left is in oriental dress, the captive on the right is bearded and in Gallic costume. (Sol 2e)
exerg: -/-/AXXIR, diameter: 21-21,5mm, weight: 2,94g, axes: 6h,
mint: Rome, iss-10, ph-, off-1, date: 274 A.D., ref: T-1790 (Estiot), RIC V-I 63, p-,
Q-002
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Aurelianus_AE-denar_IMP-AVRELIANVS-AVG_VICTORIA-AVG_Epsilon_RIC-V-73v-p-_RIC-T-1860_off-5_iss-11_Rome_275-AD_Q-001_axis-6h_18-19mm_2,60g-s.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1860, RIC V-I 073v, Rome, AE-Denarius, VICTORIA AVG, -/-//E, Victory walking left,106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1860, RIC V-I 073v, Rome, AE-Denarius, VICTORIA AVG, -/-//E, Victory walking left,
avers:- IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, Laureate, cuirassed bust right. (B1*)
revers:- VICTORIA AVG, Victory walking left, holding wreath in right hand and palm against left shoulder in left hand; at feet to left, a bound and std. captive left, head turned right. (Victory 3d)
exerg: -/-//E, diameter: 18-19mm, weight: 2,60g, axes: 6h,
mint: Rome, iss-11, off-5, date: 275 A.D., ref: T-1860 (Estiot), RIC V-I 73v,
Q-001
quadrans
Aurelianus_AE-Ant_IMP-AVRELIANVS-AVG_PACATOR-ORIENTIS_RIC-V-231-RIC-Temp-2211-3rd-off-6th-iss_Siscia_272-274-AD_Q-001_axis-6h_22-23,5mm_3,16g-s.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-2211, RIC V-I 231, Siscia, AE-Antoninianus, PACATOR ORIENTIS, T/*//--, Emperor and captive,106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-2211, RIC V-I 231, Siscia, AE-Antoninianus, PACATOR ORIENTIS, T/*//--, Emperor and captive,
avers:- IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated and cuirassed bust right. (B1)
revers:- PACATOR ORIENTIS, Emperor in military dress standing right, holding long sceptre in right hand and pugio in left hand, trampling with left foot on a bound and std. captive in oriental dress right, head turned left. (Emperor 15)
exerg: T/*//--, diameter: 22-23,5mm, weight: 3,16g, axes: 6h,
mint: Siscia, iss-6, off-3, date: 272-274 A.D., ref: RIC-V-231 T-2211 (Estiot),
Q-001
quadrans
106_Aurelianus_T-2281,_RIC_V-I_254,_Siscia,_AE-Ant_IMP_C_AVRELIANVS_AVG,_ORIENS_AVG,_V,_ph-2,_iss-7,_off-5,_274_AD,_Q-001,_0h,_21-21,5mm,_3,49ga-s.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-2281, RIC V-I 254, Siscia, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, */-/V, Sol walking left,106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-2281, RIC V-I 254, Siscia, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, */-/V, Sol walking left,
avers: IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated, cuirassed bust right. (B1)
reverse: ORIENS AVG, Sol standing left, with right hand raised and holding globe in left hand, right foot resting on a bound captive in oriental dress seated left, on the other side, another bound captive in oriental dress seated right, head turned left. (Sol 2g)
exergue: */-/V, diameter: 21,0-21,5mm, weight: 3,49g, axes: 0h,
mint: Siscia, iss-7, ph-2, off-5, date: 274 A.D., ref: T-2281 (Estiot), RIC V-I 254,
Q-001
quadrans
Aur-xy006-s.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-2325, RIC V-I 254, Siscia, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, */-/VI, Sol walking left,106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-2325, RIC V-I 254, Siscia, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, */-/VI, Sol walking left,
avers:- IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated, cuirassed bust right. (B1)
revers:- ORIENS AVG, Sol standing left, with right hand raised and holding globe in left hand, right foot resting on a bound captive in oriental dress seated left, on the other side, another bound captive in oriental dress seated right, head turned left. (Sol 2g)
exerg: */-/VI, diameter: mm, weight: g, axes: h,
mint: Siscia, iss-7, ph-3, off-6, date: 274 A.D., ref: T-2325 (Estiot), RIC V-I 254,
Q-001
quadrans
Aurelianus_AE-Ant_IMP-C-AVRELIANVS-AVG_ORIENS-AVG_XX-dot-I-S_RIC-V-255-p-RIC-T-2366_off-2_iss-9_Siscia_274-75-AD_Q-001_axis-11h_22-23mm_3,94g-s.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-2366v, RIC V-I 255, Siscia, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-//XX•IS, Sol walking left,106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-2366v, RIC V-I 255, Siscia, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-//XX•IS, Sol walking left,
avers:- IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated, cuirassed bust right. (B1)
revers:- ORIENS AVG, Sol walking left, raising right hand and holding whip in left hand, at feet, on each side, a bound and std. captive in oriental dress, the captive on the right has his head turned left. (Sol 1b)
exerg: -/-//XX•IS, diameter: 22-23mm, weight: 3,94g, axes: 11h,
mint: Siscia, iss-9, off-2, date: , ref: T-2366v (Estiot), RIC V-I 255,
Q-001
quadrans
Aurelianus_AE-Ant_IMP-C-AVRELIANVS-AVG_ORIENS-AVG_XX-dot-I-S_RIC-V-255-p-RIC-T-2366_off-2_iss-9_Siscia_274-75-AD_Q-001_axis-h_mm_g-s.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-2373, RIC V-I 255, Siscia, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-/XXIT, Sol walking left,106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-2373, RIC V-I 255, Siscia, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-/XXIT, Sol walking left,
avers:- IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated, cuirassed bust right. (B1)
revers:- ORIENS AVG, Sol walking left, raising right hand and holding whip in left hand, at feet, on each side, a bound and seated captive in oriental dress, the captive on the right has his head turned left. (Sol 1b)
exerg: -/-/XXIT, diameter: mm, weight: g, axes: h,
mint: Siscia, iss-9, ph-1, off-3, date: 274-275 A.D., ref: T-2373 (Estiot), RIC V-I 255,
Q-001
quadrans
106_Aurelianus_T-2385,_RIC_V-I_255,_Siscia,_AE-Ant_IMP_C_AVRELIANVS_AVG,_ORIENS_AVG,_XXIV,_ph-1,_iss-9,_off-5,_274-5_AD,_Q-001,_6h,_21,4-21,8mm,_3,95g-s.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-2385, RIC V-I 255, Siscia, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-/XXIV, Sol walking left, #1106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-2385, RIC V-I 255, Siscia, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-/XXIV, Sol walking left, #1
avers: IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated, cuirassed bust right. (B1)
reverse: ORIENS AVG, Sol walking left, raising right hand and holding a whip in left hand; at feet, on each side, a bound and seated captive in oriental dress, the captive on the right has his head turned left (Sol 1b).
exergue: -/-/XXIV, diameter: 21,0-21,5mm, weight: 3,49g, axes: 0h,
mint: Siscia, iss-9, ph-1, off-5, date: 274-275 A.D.,
ref: T-2385 (Estiot), RIC V-I 255, LV 8738-78,
Q-001
3 commentsquadrans
106_Aurelianus,_T-2637,_RIC_V-I_276,_Serdica,_AE-Ant,_IMP_AVRELIANVS_AVG(B1),_ORIENS_AVG(Sol_2c),_S,_iss-5,_Ph-2,_off-2,_274_AD,_Q-001,_11h,_23-24mm,_3,37g-s.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-2637, RIC V-I 276, Serdica, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-//S, Sol standing facing, head left, #1106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-2637, RIC V-I 276, Serdica, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-//S, Sol standing facing, head left, #1
avers: IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated, cuirassed bust right. (B1)
reverse: ORIE NS AVG, Sol standing facing, head left, with right hand raised and holding the globe in left hand, at feet to left, a bound and seated captive in oriental dress. (Sol 2c)
exergue: -/-//S, diameter: 23,0-24,0mm, weight: 3,37g, axes: 11h,
mint: Serdica, iss-5, phase-2, off-2, date:274 A.D., ref: T-2637 (Estiot), RIC V-I 276,
Q-001
3 commentsquadrans
Aurelianus_AE-Ant_IMP-C-AVRELIANVS-AVG(B1)_ORIENS-AVG(Sol2g)_S_RIC-V-I-278-T-2644-iss-6_off-2_Ph-1_Serdica_274-AD_Q-001_0h_mm_g-s.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-2644, RIC V-I 278, Serdica, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-//S, Sol walking left,106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-2644, RIC V-I 278, Serdica, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-//S, Sol walking left,
avers:- IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated, cuirassed bust right. (B1)
revers:- ORIENS AVG, Sol walking left, raising right hand and holding globe in left hand, right foot resting on a bound captive in oriental dress seated left; on the other side, another bound captive in oriental dress seated right, head turned left, (Sol 2g)
exerg: -/-//S, diameter: mm, weight: g, axes: h,
mint: Serdica, iss-6, off-2, pnase-1, date:274 A.D., ref: T-2644 (Estiot), RIC V-I 278,
Q-001
quadrans
Aurelianus_AE-Ant_IMP-AVRELIANVS-AVG_(B1)_ORIENS-AVG_(Sol2c)_C-B_RIC-V-I-361-p-T-3011-2nd-off-iss-8-Phase-3_Cyzicus_273-74-AD_Q-001_0h_22,5-24,5mm_3,85g-s~0.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-3011, RIC V-I 361, Cyzicus, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-//CB, Sol and captive, R!106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-3011, RIC V-I 361, Cyzicus, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-//CB, Sol and captive, R!
avers:- IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, Bust right, radiate, cuirassed, (B1).
revers:- ORIE N S AVG, Sol standig left, with right hand raised and holding globe in left hand, right foot resting on a bound captive in oriental dress seated left. (Sol 2c)
exerg: -/-//CB, diameter: 22,5-24,5mm, weight: 3,85g, axes: 0h,
mint: Cyzicus, iss-8 ph-3, off-2, date: 273-274 A.D., ref: T-3011 (Estiot), RIC V-I 361, R,
Q-001
quadrans
Aurelianus_AE-Ant_IMP-C-AVRELIANVS-AVG-B1_ORIE-N-S_AVG-Sol2f_B-C_RIC-xx_C-xx_Cyzicus-8issue_272-275-AD__Q-001_25mm_3,67g-s.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-3012, RIC V-I 360, Cyzicus, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-//BC, Sol and captive,106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-3012, RIC V-I 360, Cyzicus, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-//BC, Sol and captive,
avers:- IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG, Bust right, radiate, cuirassed, (B1).
revers:- ORIE N S AVG, Sol standig left, with right hand raised and holding globe in left hand, right foot resting on a bound captive in oriental dress seated left. (Sol 2f)
exerg: -/-//BC, diameter: 25mm, weight: 3,67g, axes: 1h,
mint: Cyzicus, iss-8 ph-3, off-2, date: 273-274 A.D., ref: T-3012 (Estiot), RIC V-I 360, R,
Q-001
quadrans
T-3169_Aurelianus-AE-Antoninianus_IMP-AVRELIANVS-AVG_CONSE-R-VAT-AVG_Delta_XXI_RIC-V-I-385_T-3169_Antioch_iss-5_off-4_274-5_AD_Q-001_11h_21,2-21,8mm_2,94g-s.jpg
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-3169, RIC V-I 385, Antioch, AE-Antoninianus, CONSERVAT AVG, -/Δ//XXI, Sol and captive, R!,106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-3169, RIC V-I 385, Antioch, AE-Antoninianus, CONSERVAT AVG, -/Δ//XXI, Sol and captive, R!,
106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-3169, RIC V-I 385, Antioch, AE-Antoninianus, CONSERVAT AVG, -/Δ//XXI, Sol and captive, R!,
avers:- IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, Bust right, radiate, cuirassed, (B1).
revers:- CONSE R VAT AVG, Sol standig left, with right hand raised and holding globe in left hand, right foot resting on a bound captive in oriental dress seated left. (Sol 2f)
exerg: -/Δ//XXI, diameter: 21,2-21,8mm, weight: 2,94g, axes: 11h,
mint: Antioch, iss-5, off-4, date: 274-275 A.D., ref: T-3169 (Estiot), RIC V-I 385, R!, (2nd. known example after by Estiot site),
Q-001
quadrans
RI 107f img.jpg
107 - Gallienus Antoninianus - RIC 018Obv:– GALLIENVS P F AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust left bearing spear over shoulder & shield
Rev:– GERMANICVS MAX V, two German captives bound & seated at the foot of a trophy
Minted in Lugdunum. A.D. 258 - 259
Ref:– Gobl 872m. RIC 18. RSC 311.
1 commentsmaridvnvm
RI_125ai_img.jpg
125 - Aurelian Ant. - RIC - RIC temp #2671.1Obv:- IMP C L DOM AVRELIANVS P F AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust right
Rev:- ORIENS AVG, Mars in military dress stg. right, holding long sceptre in left hand, receiving globe from Sol standing left, holding whip in left hand, resting with right foot on a bound captive in oriental dress seated left, head turned right
Minted in Serdica (–/–//XXI(•)P(•)). Issue 7, Phase 2. April – November A.D. 274
Reference:- RIC Unlisted, RIC temp #2671.1 corr. (this coin)

Same reverse die as RIC temp #2672
maridvnvm
RI_125ak_img.jpg
125 - Aurelian Ant. - RIC 151 Bust Type FAntoninianus
Obv:– IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiate and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– ORIENS AVG, Sol standing left, with right hand raised and holding globe in left hand, right foot resting on a bound captive in oriental dress seated left; on the other side, another bound captive in oriental dress seated right, head turned left
Minted in Ticinum. (* | _ //QXXT). Issue 2. June – September A.D. 274
Reference:– RIC 151 Bust Type F. RIC temp #1535 (117 ex.). LV 5065-139
maridvnvm
RI_125ab_img.jpg
125 - Aurelian, Antoninianus- RIC 063Obv:– IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, Laureate, cuirassed  bust right
Rev:– ORIENS AVG, Sol standing left, raising right hand, holding globe in left hand and palm, resting right foot on bound captive in front, with another bound captive seated behind.
Minted in Rome, (_ | VI //XXI*).
Reference:– Paris-144, LV 849-856. RIC 63.
maridvnvm
RI_125ac_img.jpg
125 - Aurelian, Antoninianus- RIC 151Obv:– IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– ORIENS AVG, Sol standing left, raising right hand, holding globe in left hand and palm, resting right foot on bound captive in front, with another bound captive seated behind.
Minted in Ticinum, (* | _ //TXXT). Emission 2, Officina 3. June - September A.D. 274 (Estiot)
Reference:– Paris-592-594, LV 5005-5064, RIC 151
1 commentsmaridvnvm
12th_Century_Talmud_Rear.jpg
12th Century Handwritten Vellum Leaf of the TalmudThis page of the Talmud predates publication of the first complete edition of the Talmud in 1540 by Daniel Bomberg. Bomberg employed rabbis, scholars, and apostates at his Venetian publishing house, and was responsible for the first Rabbinic Bible, as well as the first complete Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds. It was once customary for Jews to use old manuscripts as binding material for their newly printed and bound books. This piece is an example of that practice

Ex Living Torah Museum collection
Quant.Geek
12th_Century_Talmud_Front.jpg
12th Century Handwritten Vellum Leaf of the TalmudThis page of the Talmud predates publication of the first complete edition of the Talmud in 1540 by Daniel Bomberg. Bomberg employed rabbis, scholars, and apostates at his Venetian publishing house, and was responsible for the first Rabbinic Bible, as well as the first complete Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds. It was once customary for Jews to use old manuscripts as binding material for their newly printed and bound books. This piece is an example of that practice

Ex Living Torah Museum collection
Quant.Geek
1353_Aurelian_3055a.jpg
1353 Aurelian - silvered antoninianusCyzicus
spring - end 274 AD
Issue 9
radiate and cuirassed bust right
IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG
Sol standing left, wearing chalmys, raising hand, holding globe; bounded captive seated left, waering oriental dress
ORIE_N_S AVG
B
XXI
LV 10671-2; RIC1st 360
http://www.ric.mom.fr/en/coin/3055
3,8g 23mm
ex Naumann
J. B.
jovian.jpg
1410a, Jovian, 27 June 363 - 17 February 364 A.D.Bronze AE 3, RIC 179, aVF, Constantinople, 3.126g, 21.6mm, 180o. Obverse: D N IOVIANVS P F AVG, pearl diademed, draped and cuirassed bust left; Reverse: VOT V MVLT X within wreath, CONSPG in exergue; scarce.

Flavius Jovianuswas born in 331 at Singidunum, modern Belgrade. His distinguished father, Varronianus, had been a tribune of the legion Ioviani and a comes domesticorum, perhaps under Constantius II, who had retired to private life shortly before Jovian's elevation to the purple. Jovian married a daughter of Lucillianus, perhaps named Charito, and by her produced at least two children.

Jovian himself was a protector domesticus under Constantius II and Julian and, under Julian, primicerius domesticorum. Various Christian sources maintain that Jovian's Christianity led to his deposition by Julian, though most modern scholars dismiss this as ex post facto Christian apologetic. Jovian, recalled to the ranks if he had ever been dismissed, marched with Julian against Sapor in 363, and on 27 June, the day after that emperor's death, was acclaimed Augustus.

Ammianus and Zosimus, among others, detail the difficult straits of the Roman army during its withdrawal from Persian territory, Ammianus from the perspective of a proud soldier confident even in defeat of the superiority of Roman arms, Zosimus, in a much shorter and confused version, concentrating on the predicament of Jovian's troops and on the dire effects to the empire of the peace terms agreed to with Sapor. These terms entailed the cessation to Persia of Roman territory beyond the Tigris -- the cities of Singara and Nisibis, however, to be surrendered on the condition of the safe passage of their inhabitants -- and the guarantee of the neutrality of Rome's ally Arsaces, King of Armenia, in the event of future hostilities between Roman and Persia. Ammianus asserts that in agreeing to these terms Jovian misjudged his tactical strength and wasted an opportunity presented by negotiations with Sapor to move his forces closer to supplies at Corduena, and that Jovian acted on the advise of flatterers to preserve the fighting strength of his forces in the event of an attempt by Julian's relative Procopius to seize the throne. Others present the treaty terms as unavoidable given the Roman predicament.

Jovian appears to have treaded cautiously with regard to religious matters during the early months of his reign. Eunapius says that Jovian continued to honor Maximus and Priscus, the Neoplatonist advisors of Julian, and, upon reaching Tarsus, Jovian performed funeral rites for Julian. Nonetheless, various Christians, most notably Athanasius, took the initiative in an effort to gain Jovian's favor and support. An adherent of the Nicaean creed, Jovian did eventually recall various bishops of homoousian disposition and restore to their followers churches lost under earlier emperors. But in spite of such measures, unity among various Christian sects seems to have been the foremost concern of Jovian, whose ipsissima verba Socrates Scholasticus purports to give: "I abhor contentiousness, but love and honor those hurrying towards unanimity" (Hist. Eccl. 3.25).

Jovian died at the age of thirty-two on 17 February 364 at Dadastana on the boundary of Bithynia and Galatia. The cause of his death was most probably natural and is variously attributed to overeating, the consumption of poisonous mushrooms, or suffocation from fumes of charcoal or of the fresh paint on the room in which he was sleeping. Ammianus' comparison of the circumstances of Jovian's death to those of Scipio Aemilianus suggest the possibility of foul play, as does John of Antioch's reference to a poisoned rather than a poisonous mushroom, while John Chrysostom -- in a highly suspect literary context of consolatio-- asserts outright that the emperor was murdered. Eutropius records that he was enrolled among the gods, inter Divos relatus est. Zonaras says he was buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles and that his wife, Charito, was eventually laid to rest beside him.

Ancient authors agree that Jovian was of modest intellect but imposing physique and disposed to excessive eating and drinking.

By Thomas Banchich, Canisius College
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited By J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.

Cleisthenes
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