| Image search results - "Sicily," |
Sicily, Syracuse, Hieron II. 287-278BC. AE20mm. Obv. Head of Persephone left, with Wreath of grain ears. Rev.Bull butting left with dolphins above and below. Reference: Calciati II pg. 341, 190
Lee S
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Hiketas II, Sicily, Syracuse Mint 287-278 BC. AE20mm . Obv. Laureate head of Zeus Hellanios left. Rev. Eagle standing left on thunderbolt. Lee S
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AE Onkia, 2.11 g, Sicily, Panormos, ca. 415-380 B.C. Obv: Forepart of Man-headed bull facing left, possibly ear of corn above or simply an encrustation divided from the man-faced bull by the tooler, in which case SYS should be above. Rev: Horse trotting right, ear of corn above. Calciati I, 272, no. 11. Hoover HGC 2, 1062 (this coin); Giuseppe Bucetti "Monete, Storia e topografia della Sicilia Greca," p. 344 (this coin); MSP I, 48b (this coin illustrated).
Definite tooling around the major devices, on the legs and back. Face apparently untouched though field in front has been smoothed.
Ex. Dr. Busso-Peus, Auction 386, No. 108 (unsold). Tooled.Molinari
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Sicily, Syracuse. Agathokles. Æ 23 mm. Arethusa / Bull Butting
Reign: 317-289 B.C.
Denomination: Æ 17 mm.
Weight: 3.93 grams..
Date Struck: c. 317-310 B.C.
Obverse: Head of Arethusa left, wearing pendant earring and pearl necklace; behind, grain ear.
Reverse: Bull butting left; above, dolphin to left above Δ; below, H.
Reference: CNS II, 101 var. (Π below dolphin); HGC 2, 1489.paul1888
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Sicily, Syracuse, Agathocles (317-289 BC), Silver Tetradrachm, struck c.310-305 BC.
Obv/ Head of nymph Arethusa facing left, her hair wreathed with grain, wearing a triple-pendant earring and a pearl necklace, three dolphins swimming around, NK below neck.
Rev/ ΣYPAKOΣIΩN (in exergue); charioteer, wearing a long chiton and holding a kentron (goad) in his right hand and the reins on his left, driving a fast quadriga left, triskeles above, AI monogram in exergue off flan.paul1888
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SicilyGreek colonies dotted the island of Sicily from about the mid-8th C. BC onward, sometimes conflicting with the native tribes (Sikels to the east, Sikanians in central Sicily, and Elymians to the west) and several Phoenician colonies. The largest issuance of coinage by the city-states often came amidst conflict among themselves and later arrivals, the Carthaginians and Romans. While Greek coin types and denominations predominated, the local litra and its fractions of onkiai survived down to the Roman conquest in 212 BC, when local striking withered. Major mints include Akragas, Gela, Himera, Kamarina, Katane, Leontini, Messene, Naxos, Segesta, Selinos, Syracuse, and the siculo-punic mints of Entella and Lilybaion.
Anaximander
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Sicily Syracuse drachm
Sicily, Syracuse, AE drachm (c. 375-344 BC)
28mm, 24.64g, 12h. Struck under Dionysos I and Dionysos II.
O/ ΣYPA. Head of Athena in corinthian helmet l.
R/ Sea-star between two dolphins. Pellet below.
Hoover1436 T.MooT
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(501i) Roman Republic, D. Junius L.f. Silanus, 91 B.C.Silver denarius, Syd 646a, RSC Junia 16, S 225 var, Cr 337/3 var, VF, 3.718g, 18.6mm, 0o, Rome mint, 91 B.C.; obverse head of Roma right in winged helmet, X (control letter) behind; reverse Victory in a biga right holding reins in both hands, V (control numeral) above, D•SILANVS / ROMA in ex; mint luster in recesses. Ex FORVM.
Although the coin itself does not commemorate the event, the date this coin was struck is historically significant.
MARCUS Livius DRUSUS (his father was the colleague of Gaius Gracchus in the tribuneship, 122 B.C.), became tribune of the people in 91 B.C. He was a thoroughgoing conservative, wealthy and generous, and a man of high integrity. With some of the more intelligent members of his party (such as Marcus Scaurus and L. Licinius Crassus the orator) he recognized the need of reform. At that time an agitation was going on for the transfer of the judicial functions from the equites to the senate; Drusus proposed as a compromise a measure which restored to the senate the office of judices, while its numbers were doubled by the admission of 300 equites. Further, a special commission was to be appointed to try and sentence all judices guilty of taking bribes.
The senate was hesitant; and the equites, whose occupation was threatened, offered the most violent opposition. In order, therefore, to catch the popular votes, Drusus proposed the establishment of colonies in Italy and Sicily, and an increased distribution of corn at a reduced rate. By help of these riders the bill was carried.
Drusus now sought a closer alliance with the Italians, promising them the long coveted boon of the Roman franchise. The senate broke out into open opposition. His laws were abrogated as informal, and each party armed its adherents for the civil struggle which was now inevitable. Drusus was stabbed one evening as he was returning home. His assassin was never discovered (http://62.1911encyclopedia.org/D/DR/DRUSUS_MARCUS_LIVIUS.htm).
The ensuing "Social War" (91-88 B.C.) would set the stage for the "Civil Wars" (88-87 & 82-81 B.C.) featuring, notably, Marius & Sulla; two men who would make significant impressions on the mind of a young Julius Caesar. Caesar would cross the Rubicon not thirty years later.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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0001 Sextus Pompey, Imperator and Prefect of the Fleet [Youngest Son of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great)]Q. Nasidius for Sextus Pompey
Obv: NEPTVNI (open P) downward on the l., bareheaded portrait of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus facing r., trident with prongs pointing upward on the r., dolphin facing r. below neck, banker's mark to r. of bottom of neck. Border of dots.
Rev: Q. NASIDIVS below galley moving r. with billowing sail and bank of rowers, steersman on l. facing r. on stern with star above, pilot on r. facing r. standing on prow. Border of dots.
Denomination: silver denarius; Mint: Sicily, uncertain location1; Date 42 BC2; Weight: 3.87g; Diameter: 19mm: Die axis: 150º; References, for example: Cohen 15; Babelon Nasidia 1 and Pompeia 28; BMCRR v. II Sicily 21; Crawford RRC 483/2; Sydenham 1350; CRI 235.
Notes:
Q. Nasidius, a naval commander under Pompey the Great, eventually wound up in the services of Sextus. See Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily p. 564 and Sear CRI pp. 139 - 140.
1Sydenham, Crawford RRC, and Estiot (2006) place the minting of this coin type in Sicily, but without referencing a location. Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily also places the minting of this coin in Sicily and hesitatingly suggests the city of Catana. By his own admission "...this attribution is quite conjectural" (p. 557). Sear CRI, however, argues for a completely different location. On the basis of the naval theme and the absence of the title PRAEF⦁ORAE⦁MARIT⦁ET⦁CLAS⦁S⦁C, which for him pushes the date of minting to a time prior to April of 43 BC, Sear posits the minting of this coin to Sextus' time at the port of Massilia in southern Gaul.
2This is the date argued for in Estiot (2006) (p. 145), "...possibly around the time just before the beginning of the issue of Sextus Pompieus" imp. iter. praef. clas. et orae marit ex S C. coinage" [translation my own]. Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily proposes 38 - 36 BC with Sydenham and DeRose Evans (1987) following suit. Crawford RRC suggests 44 - 43 BC.
Provenance: Ex CNG Auction 114 May 13, 2020 Lot 646; From the B. G. Collection, Ex CNG Auction 108 May 16, 2018 Lot 526.
Photo Credits: CNG
CLICK FOR SOURCESTracy Aiello
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0002 Sextus Pompey -- Neptune and Naval TrophySextus Pompey, Imperator and Prefect of the Fleet
[Youngest Son of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great)]
Obv: [MAG or MA (ligatured) G]⦁PIVS⦁IMP⦁ITER; Portrait of Neptune facing r., diademed and bearded, trident over l. shoulder. Border of dots.
Rev: [PRAE (AE ligatured) F⦁CLAS⦁ET⦁ORAE (AE ligatured)]⦁MAR (ligatured) IT⦁EX⦁S⦁C⦁; Naval trophy with trident on top and anchor on bottom, prow stem on l. and aplustre on r., at base two representations of Charybdis and two dog heads of Scylla. Border of dots.
Denomination: silver denarius; Mint: Sicily, uncertain location1; Date: summer 42 - summer 39 BC2; Weight: 3.89g; Diameter: 17mm; Die axis: 30º; References, for example: Sear CRI 333; BMCRR v. II Sicily 15, 16, and 17 variant3; Sydenham 1347 variant3; Crawford RRC 511/2a or 2b4.
Notes:
Obverse legend: MAG[NUS]⦁PIVS⦁IMP[ERATOR]⦁ITER[UM]
Reverse legend: PRAEF[ECTUS]⦁CLAS[SIS]⦁ET⦁ORAE⦁MARIT[IMAE]⦁EX⦁S[ENATUS]⦁C[ONSULTO]
1Sear CRI, Crawford RRC, Sydenham, and DeRose Evans (1987) all place the minting of this coin type in Sicily, but they do not reference a possible location. Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily suggests Messana.
2This is the date range argued for in Estiot 2006 (p. 145). Estiot recommends returning to Crawford's proposal of 42 - 40 BC. Crawford RRC, p. 521 suggests the period in 42 BC after Sextus Pompey defeated Q. Salvidienus Rufus. Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily, p.562 proposes 38 - 36 BC and Sydenham, p. 210 adopts the same datation. DeRose Evans (1987), p. 129 offers a time between late summer 36 and September 36 BC.
3Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily 15, 16, and 17 and Sydenham 1347 only list a reverse legend containing MAR (ligatured) I but the coin here is MAR (ligatured) IT.
4It is impossible to see the full obverse legend, so it cannot be determined if MA is ligatured or not. The reverse legend is clearly the first variety of 2a or 2b, a variety not found on 2c.
Provenance: Ex Shanna Schmidt Numismatics April 11, 2019; from the collection of W. F. Stoecklin, Amriswil, Switzerland; acquired from Hess AG in Luzern, from the Ernst Haeberlin collection, Cahn & Hess, Frankfurt, July 17, 1933 Lot 2889.
Photo credits: Shanna Schmidt Numismatics
CLICK FOR SOURCESTracy Aiello
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0004 Sextus Pompey -- Pharos and ScyllaSextus Pompey, Imperator and Prefect of the Fleet
[Youngest Son of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great)]
Obv: MAG⦁PIVS⦁IMP⦁ITER; Pharos of Messana, Neptune on top standing r. with r. hand on a trident and l. hand on a rudder, resting l. foot on prow. Galley sailing l., aquila atop a tripod placed in prow and a scepter tied with a fillet in stern. Border of dots.
Rev: PRAEF⦁ORAE⦁MARIT⦁ET⦁CLAS⦁S⦁C [AEs and MAR ligatured]; Scylla attacking l. wielding a rudder in both hands, the torso of a nude woman with two fishtails and the foreparts of three dogs as the lower body. Border of dots.
Denomination: silver denarius; Mint: Sicily, uncertain location1; Date: summer 42 - summer 39 BC2; Weight: 3.566g; Diameter: 19.8mm; Die axis: 225º; References, for example: BMCRR v. II Sicily 20 variant3, Sydenham 1349 variant3; Crawford RRC 511/4d; Sear CRI 335b.
Notes:
Obverse legend: MAG[NUS]⦁PIVS⦁IMP[ERATOR]⦁ITER[UM]
Reverse legend: PRAEF[ECTUS]⦁ORAE⦁MARIT[IMAE]⦁ET⦁CLAS[SIS]⦁S[ENATUS]⦁C[ONSULTO]
1Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily, p.557 and Sear CRI, p. 203 suggest Messana as a possible mint location. DeRose Evans (1987), p. 124 hesitatingly suggests Mitylene (on the island of Lesbos).
2This is the date range suggested by Estiot 2006, p. 145, as she recommends going back to Crawford's proposal of 42 - 40 BC. Crawford RRC, p. 521 suggests the period in 42 BC after Sextus Pompey defeated Q. Salvidienus Rufus. Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily, p.556 proposes 38 - 36 BC. Sydenham, p.211 follows Grueber. DeRose Evans (1987), p. 129 submits 35 BC.
3Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily 20 and Sydenham 1349 list MAR (ligatured) I but the coin here is clearly MAR (ligatured) IT. Neither Grueber nor Sydenham record MAR (ligatured) IT as part of this reverse legend for this coin type. Crawford and Sear do.
Provenance: Ex Forum Ancient Coins 15 January 2019; Nomos Obolos 10, 30 June 2018 Lot 349.
Photo credits: Forum Ancient Coins
CLICK FOR SOURCESTracy Aiello
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0006 Sextus Pompey -- Pompey the Great and Neptune with Catanaean BrothersSextus Pompey, Imperator and Prefect of the Fleet
[Youngest Son of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great)]
Obv: [MAG⦁PIVS⦁IMP⦁ITER]; portrait of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus r.; behind jug; before lituus. Border of dots.
Rev: above, [PRAE (AE ligatured) F]; in exergue, CLAS⦁ET⦁[ORAE (AE ligatured)⦁MAR (ligatured) IT⦁EX⦁S⦁C]; Neptune standing l., wearing diadem, aplustre in r. hand, cloak over l. arm, r. foot on prow,; on either side a Catanaean brother bearing one of his parents on his shoulders1. Border of dots.
Denomination: silver denarius; Mint: Sicily, uncertain location2; Date: summer 42 - summer 39 BC3; Weight: 3.68g; Diameter: 17mm; Die axis: 30º; References, for example: Sear CRI 334; BMCRR v. II Sicily 7, 8, 9, and 10; Sydenham 1344; Crawford RRC 511/3a.
Notes:
Obverse legend: MAG[NUS]⦁PIVS⦁IMP[ERATOR]⦁ITER[UM]
Reverse legend: PRAEF[ECTUS]⦁CLAS[SIS]⦁ET⦁ORAE⦁MARIT[IMAE]⦁EX⦁S[ENATUS]⦁C[ONSULTO]
1Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily appears a bit hesitant in his pronouncement that the representation of the Catanaean brothers in fact refers to Sextus' title Pius (p. 561), but Sear CRI appears to have no such hesitation when he states "...the type illustrates the theme of 'Pietas' in connection with the assumption of the name Pius." (p.203). DeRose Evans (1987) goes further (pp. 115 - 116), arguing that Sextus chose the Catanaean brothers ("...he consciously identifies himself with the south Italian heroes") as a way to deliberately contrast his Pietas with that of Octavian's.
2Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily tentatively suggests Catana as a possible location and Sear CRI follows suit.
3This is the date range argued for in Estiot 2006 (p. 145). Estiot recommends returning to Crawford's proposal of 42 - 40 BC. Crawford RRC, p. 521 suggests the period in 42 BC after Sextus Pompey defeated Q. Salvidienus Rufus. Grueber BMCRR v. II Sicily, p.560 proposes 42 - 38 BC and Sydenham, p. 210 follows suit. DeRose Evans (1987), p. 129 offers a time between late summer 36 and September 36 BC.
Provenance: Ex Shanna Schmidt Numismatics 11 June 2019; from the collection of W. F. Stoecklin, Amriswil, Switzerland, acquired from Hess AG in Luzern prior to 1975. Ex Dr. Jacob Hirsch 33, 17 November 1913 Lot 1058.
Photo credits: Shanna Schmidt Numismatics
CLICK FOR SOURCESTracy Aiello
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000c. Sextus PompeySextus Pompeius Magnus Pius, in English Sextus Pompey, was a Roman general from the late Republic (1st century BC). He was the last focus of opposition to the second triumvirate.
Sextus Pompeius was the youngest son of Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) by his third wife, Mucia Tertia. His older brother was Gnaeus Pompeius, from the same mother. Both boys grew up in the shadow of their father, one of Rome's best generals and originally non-conservative politician who drifted to the more traditional faction when Julius Caesar became a threat.
When Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 BC, thus starting a civil war, Sextus' older brother Gnaeus followed their father in his escape to the East, as did most of the conservative senators. Sextus stayed in Rome in the care of his stepmother, Cornelia Metella. Pompey's army lost the battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC and Pompey himself had to run for his life. Cornelia and Sextus met him in the island of Mytilene and together they fled to Egypt. On the arrival, Sextus watched his father being killed by treachery on September 29 of the same year. After the murder, Cornelia returned to Rome, but in the following years Sextus joined the resistance against Caesar in the African provinces. Together with Metellus Scipio, Cato the younger, his brother Gnaeus and other senators, they prepared to oppose Caesar and his army to the end.
Caesar won the first battle at Thapsus in 46 BC against Metellus Scipio and Cato, who committed suicide. In 45 BC, Caesar managed to defeat the Pompeius brothers in the battle of Munda. Gnaeus Pompeius was executed, but young Sextus escaped once more, this time to Sicily.
Back in Rome, Julius Caesar was murdered on the Ides of March (March 15) 44 BC by a group of senators led by Cassius and Brutus. This incident did not lead to a return to normality, but provoked yet another civil war between Caesar's political heirs and his assassins. The second triumvirate was formed by Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus, with the intention of avenging Caesar and subduing all opposition. Sextus Pompeius in Sicily was certainly a rebellious man, but the Cassius and Brutus faction was the second triumvirate's first priority. Thus, with the whole island as his base, Sextus had the time and resources to develop an army and, even more importantly, a strong navy operated by Sicilian marines.
Brutus and Cassius lost the twin battles of Philippi and committed suicide in 42 BC. After this, the triumvirs turned their attentions to Sicily and Sextus.
But by this time, Sextus was prepared for strong resistance. In the following years, military confrontations failed to return a conclusive victory for either side and in 39 BC, Sextus and the triumvirs signed for peace in the Pact of Misenum. The reason for this peace treaty was the anticipated campaign against the Parthian Empire. Antony, the leader, needed all the legions he could get so it was useful to secure an armistice in the Sicilian front. The peace did not last for long. Octavian and Antony's frequent quarrels were a strong political motivation for resuming the war against Sextus. Octavian tried again to conquer Sicily, but he was defeated in the naval battle of Messina (37 BC) and again in August 36 BC. But by then, Octavian had Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a very talented general, on his side. Only a month afterwards, Agrippa destroyed Sextus' navy off Naulochus cape. Sextus escaped to the East and, by abandoning Sicily, lost all his base of support.
Sextus Pompeius was caught in Miletus in 35 BC and executed without trial (an illegal act since Sextus was a Roman citizen) by order of Marcus Titius, Antony's minion. His violent death would be one of the weapons used by Octavian against Antony several years later, when the situation between the two became unbearable.
Sicilian Mint
Magn above laureate Janiform head
PIVS above, IMP below, prow of galley right
Sear RCV 348, RPC 671, Sydenham 1044a, Cohen 16
43-36 BC
Check ecoli
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001 Caesar (100-44 B.C.), Crawf 457-1, Sicily, AR-denarius, A•ALLIENVS PRO•COS, Trinacrus standing left,001 Caesar (100-44 B.C.), Crawf 457-1, Sicily, AR-denarius, A•ALLIENVS PRO•COS, Trinacrus standing left,
avers: C•CAESAR IMP•COS•ITER, Diademed, draped Venus Head Right,
reverse: A•ALLIENVS PRO•COS, Trinacrus standing left, placing the right foot on prow, holding triskeles in right hand and cloak in left.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 17-18,5mm, weight: 3,59g, axes: 6h,
mint: Sicily, date: 47B.C., ref: Crawford-457/1, Sydenham-1022, Babelon-Julia-14, Alliena-1, C-1,
Q-001
"In late 47 B.C. Caesar was on Sicily, preparing for his assault on the Pompeian forces in north Africa. During this period a small issue of denarii was produced in his name by Aulus Allienus, then the proconsul of Sicily. The reverse shows a figure of Trinacrus, supposedly a son of Neptune, who may have been invented to account for the name Trinacria, commonly used for Sicily. The coins of Allienus must have seen considerable circulation: almost all surviving specimens are considerably worn."quadrans
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0aa Defeat of Hannibal on Sicily, 222 BCCn. Lentulus, moneyer
90-85 BC
Quinarius
Laureled head of Jupiter, right
Victory crowning trophy, CN LENT in ex
Seaby, Cornelia 51
Possibly a reference to this event: [Q. Fabius Maximus, afterwards called Cunctator] broke up his camp at Suessula and decided to begin by an attack on Arpi. . . . Now at last the enemy was roused; there was a lull in the storm and daylight was approaching. Hannibal's garrison in the city amounted to about 5000 men, and the citizens themselves had raised a force of 3000. These the Carthaginians put in front to meet the enemy, that there might be no attempt at treachery in their rear. The fighting began in the dark in the narrow streets, the Romans having occupied not only the streets near the gate but the houses also, that they might not be assailed from the roofs. Gradually as it grew light some of the citizen troops and some of the Romans recognised one another, and entered into conversation. The Roman soldiers asked what it was that the Arpinians wanted, what wrong had Rome done them, what good service had Carthage rendered them that they, Italians-bred and born, should fight against their old friends the Romans on behalf of foreigners and barbarians, and wish to make Italy a tributary province of Africa. The people of Arpi urged in their excuse that they knew nothing of what was going on, they had in fact been sold by their leaders to the Carthaginians, they had been victimised and enslaved by a small oligarchy. When a beginning had been once made the conversations became more and more general; at last the praetor of Arpi was conducted by his friends to the consul, and after they had given each other mutual assurances, surrounded by the troops under their standards, the citizens suddenly turned against the Carthaginians and fought for the Romans. A body of Spaniards also, numbering something less than a thousand, transferred their services to the consul upon the sole condition that the Carthaginian garrison should be allowed to depart uninjured. The gates were opened for them and they were dismissed, according to the stipulation, in perfect safety, and went to Hannibal at Salapia. Thus Arpi was restored to the Romans without the loss of a single life, except in the case of one man who had long ago been a traitor and had recently deserted. The Spaniards were ordered to receive double rations, and the republic availed itself on very many occasions of their courage and fidelity.
Livy, History of Rome, 24.46-47Blindado
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1479 - Sextus Pompeius and Q. Nasidius, DenariusMint moving with Sextus Pompeius, Sicily, 42-39 BC
NEPTVNI, head of Pompey the great right, trident before head, dolphin below
Q.NASIDIVS at exergue, galley sailing right, star in upper field
3.92 gr
Ref : HCRI # 235, RCV # 1390, Crawford # 483/2, Sydenham # 1350, Cohen # 20
Ex Freeman & Sear, Ex Barry Feirstein collection (NAC auction # 42/279)
Ex Roma NumismaticsPotator II
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1608 - Lepidus and Octavian, DenariusDenarius minted in Italy, 42 BC
LEPIDVS PONT MAX III V R P C, bare head of Lepidus right (NT and MA in monograms)
C CAESAR IMPIII VIR R P C, bare head of Octavian right (MP in monogram)
3.78 gr
Ref : HCRI # 140, RCV # 1523, Cohen # 2
The following from forum catalog :
"Lepidus was a faithful follower of Julius Caesar, and he served as Praetor and Consul. When Caesar was assassinated, Lepidus was in charge of the cavalry and commanded a legion. This position secured him a place in the Second Triumvirate along Marc Antony and Octavian. His cut was Africa. When Octavian attacked Sextus Pompey's Sicily, Lepidus' ships and troops supported him. In an uninspired move, Lepidus thought he could force Octavian to leave him the island. The two armies separated and isolated skirmishes occurred, but soon the soldiers sick of yet another civil war, acknowledging Octavian's superiority deserted Lepidus en-masse. Lepidus left the island as a simple civilian, retaining only his priesthood, but he was the only defeated Imperator not to suffer a violent death."Potator II
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202-205 AD - PLAUTILLA As (cast)obv: PLAVTILLA AVGVSTA (draped bust right)
rev: PIETAS AVGG / S.C. (Pietas standing right holding scepter & child)
ref: RIC IVi 581(Caracalla) (R), C.19 (8frcs)
3.32gms, 23mm
Extremely rare
Fulvia Plautilla was the wife of Caracalla (AD202-205). In 205 she was banished to Sicily, later to the isle of Lipari, where was assassinated by Caracalla’s order in 212 AD.berserker
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275 - 240 B.C. Bronze AE 19, Apollo right/ Two eagles & hareAkragas, Sicily, 275 - 240 B.C. Bronze AE 19, Calciati I p. 217, 134; SNG ANS 1132, F, Akragas mint, 3.891g, 18.8mm, 135o, obverse laureate head Apollo right; reverse, two eagles standing right, devouring hare upon which they stand. Ex FORVMPodiceps
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338-287 B.C. AE Onkia; Eagle head right/ crab, AKRAGASicily, Akragas Onkia AE14. 338-287 B.C. 1.94g, 14mm. Eagle standing facing with head right / crab, AKRAGA below. SNG Cop 94; BMC 103 var. Sear Greek 1025 var. Rare with head right. Ex Roma NumismaticsPodiceps
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405 - 392 B.C.; Herakles Head Countermark. Bronze hemilitronAkragas, Sicily, 405 - 392 B.C.; Herakles Head Countermark. Bronze hemilitron, Calciati I p. 197, 92; for undertype: Calciati I pg. 176, 42, F, countermark Fine, 20.660g, 27.5mm, obverse large round countermark of young head of Herakles; obscured undertype: eagle grasping fish; reverse, crab. Ex FORVMPodiceps
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405-367 BC - Dionysis I - Syracuse, Sicily - Calciati 62 - AE DrachmKing: Dionysios I
Date: 405-367 BC
Denomination: AE Drachm
Condition: Fair
Obverse: Head of Athena left, wearing Corinthian helmet.
Reverse: Two dolphins around starfish.
Sicily, Syracuse
Calciati 62
28.73g; 33.4mm; 0°Pep
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415 - 406 B.C. Bronze onkia, Eagle left with fish/ crab, fish & pelletAkragas, Sicily, c. 415 - 406 B.C. Bronze onkia, Calciati I p. 192, 85; SNG ANS 1060, F, Akragas mint, 2.944g, 15.1mm, 315o, obverse [AKPA], eagle standing left, head right, fish in talons, fly right; reverse, crab, fish below, pellet between claws; scarce. Ex FORVM Podiceps
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420-406 BC. Æ Tetras; eagle right of hare/ crab, 3 pellets and crayfishSICILY, AKRAGAS. Circa 420-406 BC. Æ Tetras (7,42 g. - 20 mm) Obv: Eagle standing right on hare, head lowered, wings spread. Rev: Crab; below, three pellets and crayfish left. Calciati p.180, 54; SNG ANS 1041.Podiceps
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425 - 406 B.C. Bronze hexas, eagle on hare/ crab & two fishesAkragas, Sicily, c. 425 - 406 B.C. Bronze hexas, Calciati I, p. 188, 71, F, Akragas mint, 7.293g, 20.6mm, 45o, c. 425 - 406 B.C.; obverse eagle right, wings open, head lowered, standing on hare or rodent; reverse, crab, two fish right below, pellets outside each claw. Ex FORVMPodiceps
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425 - 406 B.C. Bronze hexas, Eagle r. standing on fish/ two fish below, pellets; AE21Akragas, Sicily, c. 425 - 406 B.C. Bronze hexas, BMC Sicily p. 17, 107 ff.; SNG Cop 79 ff., Akragas mint, 7.840g, 21.2mm, 270o, c. 425 - 406 B.C.; obverse eagle right, wings open, standing on fish; reverse , crab, two fish below, upper head right, lower head left, pellets outside each claw. Ex FORVM, photo credit FORVMPodiceps
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425 - 415 B.C. Bronze onkia, Calciati 9Syracuse, Sicily, c. 425 - 415 B.C. Bronze onkia, Calciati 9, VF, 2.252g, 14.6mm, 0°, obverse female head right; reverse octopus. ex FORVM & areich, photo credit areichPodiceps
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425 - 415 B.C. Bronze onkia, Calciati 9Syracuse, Sicily, c. 425 - 415 B.C. Bronze onkia, Calciati II p. 28, 9, aVF, 3.757g, 17.1mm, obverse female head right; reverse, octopus. Ex FORVMPodiceps
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Agathocles; AE 21; Head of Kore right/ Nike driving biga rightSICILY, Syracuse. Agathokles. Circa 317-289 B.C. Bronze AE 21, Calciati II pp. 255-7, 122; cf. BMC Sicily p. 201, 441 (monogram off flan on our coin), F, corrosion and encrustation, Syracuse mint, weight 8.126g, maximum diameter 23.5mm, die axis 90o, 287 - 278 B.C.; obverse ΣΥΡΑΚΟΣΙΩΝ, head of Kore right, wreathed in grain; reverse Nike driving biga right, whip in right, reigns in left, star above, monogram upper left. Ex FORVMPodiceps
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AgathoklesSicily, Syracuse. Agathokles. (317-289 BC). 20mm, 6g. Head of Kore left, wreath with grain-ears / Bull butting left; astralagos above. VF; Calciati II 102. 722568; SNG ANS 604Neal A
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Agathokles, Æ 21; Artemis / thunderboltSicily, Syracuse. Agathokles, 317-289 B.C., 21 mm, 7.25 g.
Obverse: draped bust of Artemis Soteira right, quiver over shoulder. Reverse: AGATHOKLEOS BASILEOS; thunderbolt, ex areich
Podiceps
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Agathokles, SNG ANS 708, 295 BC, Sicily, SyracuseHead of Artemis right, in triple-pendant earring & necklace, quiver over shoulder. Winged thunderbolt
Remnants of SWTEIRA on front.
AGAQOKLEOS BASILEOS
Saving/Savior Artemis
of King AgathoklesJonathan N
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Agyrium, Sicily, AE3 350-300 BCSicily, Agyrium
AE 16
Agyrium, 350-300 BC
Youthful head of Heracles l., wearing lion's skin
Man-headed, bearded forepart of bull (river god Palangkaios) l., between legs, P
BMC Sicily 4, Calciati III 125 10/11Ardatirion
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AkragasSicily, Akragas, c. 440-430 BC. Cast Æ 7.85g.
O/ Eagle standing left
R/ Crab.
HGC Sicily 129 ; CNS I p.147 9 ; Westermark, The Coinage of Akragas, 524 Brennos
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Akragas (Agrigentum), SicilyObv: AK to r. above, inward; AR to l. below, outwards (R is reversed); eagle with closed wings to l. standing on Ionic capital.1 Border of dots.
Rev: crab2 seen from above, ΛΙ below (mark of value, ΛΙ = litra).
Denomination: silver litra; Mint: Akragas (Agrigentum, Sicily); Date: Period of Transitional Art, BC 472-circ. to BC 413; Weight: .574g; Diameter: 10.7mm; Die axis: 0º; References, for example: BMC Sicily p. 9 no. 50; Traité Plate LXXVIII no. 15 & 16 and Volume I p. 1547 no. 2332 & 2333; McClean 2036.
Notes:
1In BMC Sicily Poole refers to the perch as the capital of a Corinthian column (p. 9) while Grose in McClean refers to the column as Ionic (p. 238).
2In HN Head discusses that the crab probably represents "...the fresh-water crab common in the rivers of Italy, Sicily, and Greece. If so the crab represents the river Akragas and is the παρασημον [sign or emblem?] of the city." (p. 120).
Provenance: Ex Forum Ancient Coins March 30, 2020; Ex Forum Ancient Coins 2018.
Photo Credits: Forum Ancient Coins
CLICK FOR SOURCESTracy Aiello
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Akragas HemilitronSicily, Akragas, c. 415-406 BC. Hemilitron Æ 20.15g.
O/ AKPAΓAN TI NON ; Eagle right head straight upwards, on hare ; cicada in r. field.
R/ Crab with slooping sides in shallow incuse ; below Triton to r., blowing a conch-shell, 6 pellets
HGC Sicily 131 ; CNS I p.174 32 ; Westermark, The Coinage of Akragas, 618 (O6/R5)Brennos
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Akragas TetrasSicily, Akragas, c. 415-406 BC. Tetras Æ xg.
O/ AKPA on left side ; Eagle right on hare ; eagle has broad tail.
R/ Crab; bellow crayfish to left, 3 pellets on horizontal row
HGC Sicily 140 ; CNS I p.180 54 ; Gabrici 50, tav. I.33 (same obv. die); Westermark, The Coinage of Akragas, 841 (O23/R37)Brennos
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Anonymous, AE Uncia (after 217 B.C.), Rome, Republic AE-25, Crawford 38-6, Prow of galley right, #1Anonymous, AE Uncia (after 217 B.C.), Rome, Republic AE-25, Crawford 38-6, Prow of galley right, #1
avers: Helmeted head of Roma left, one pellet (mark of value) behind the neck.
reverse: ROMA, Prow of galley right, one pellet (mark of value) below.
exergue: ROMA//•, diameter: 24,5-26,0mm, weight: 12,81g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, Sicily, date: after 217-215 B.C., ref: Crawford 38-6, Syd 86, BMC 88,
Q-001quadrans
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Anonymous, Sicily, 214-212 BC. Æ19 Uncia.Obv: Helmeted head of Roma r.
Rev: Prow r. above ROMA and corn ear.
Crawford 42/4.ancientone
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Bruttium, Rhegion, 415-387 B.C., Drachm 14mm, 3.89 grams
Reference: Sear 502; B.M.C.1.38
Lion's scalp facing.
PHΓINON, Laureate head of Apollo right, olive-sprig behind.
"Dionysios I, after concluding a peace with the Carthaginians, went about securing his power in the island of Sicily. His troops, however, rebelled against him and sought help from, among others, the city of Rhegion (Diod. Sic. 14.8.2). In the ensuing campaigns, Dionyios I proceeded to enslave the citizens of Naxos and Katane, with whom the Rhegians shared a common history and identity (Diod. Sic. 14.40.1). This association was a source of anger and fear for the inhabitants of Rhegion. The Syracusan exiles living there also encouraged the Rhegians to go to war with Syracuse (Diod. Sic. 14.40.3). The overarching strategy of Dionysios I included extending his power into Italy by using Rhegion as a stepping stone to the rest of the peninsula. In 387 BC, after a siege that lasted eleven months, the Rhegians, on the brink of starvation, surrendered to Dionysus. Indeed, we are told that by the end of the siege, a medimnos of wheat cost about five minai (Diod. Sic. 14.111.2). Strabo remarks that, following Dionysios' capture of the city, the Syracusan “destroyed the illustrious city” (Strabo 6.1.6).
The next decade or so of the history of Rhegion is unclear, but sometime during his reign, Dionysios II, who succeeded his father in 367 BC, rebuilt the city, giving it the new name of Phoibia (Strabo 6.1.6). Herzfelder argues that this issue was struck by Dionysios II of Syracuse after he rebuilt the city, and dates it to the period that Dionysios II is thought to have lived in the city. Due to civil strife at Syracuse, Dionysios II was forced to garrison Region, but was ejected from the city by two of his rivals circa 351 BC (Diod. Sic. 16.45.9).
The coin types of Rhegion, founded as a colony of Chalcis, are related to its founding mythology. Some of the earliest tetradrachms of the city, from the mid-5th century BC, depict a lion’s head on the obverse, and a seated figure on the reverse. J.P. Six (in NC 1898, pp. 281-5) identified the figure as Iokastos, the oikistes (founder) of Rhegion (Diod. Sic. 5.8.1; Callimachus fr. 202). Head (in HN), suggested Aristaios, son of Apollo. Iokastos was one of six sons of Aiolos, ruler of the Aeolian Islands. All of the sons of Aiolos secured their own realms in Italy and Sicily, with Iokastos taking the region around Rhegion. Aristaios, born in Libya, discovered the silphium plant, and was the patron of beekeepers (mentioned by Virgil), shepherds, vintners, and olive growers. He also protected Dionysos as a child, and was the lover of Eurydike. The replacement of the seated figure type with the head of Apollo circa 420 BC also suggests the figure could be Aristaios. An anecdote from the first-century BC geographer Strabo (6.1.6 and 6.1.9), which connects Rhegion’s founding to the orders of the Delphic Oracle and Apollo, as the reason for the advent of the new type could be simply serendipitous.
Different theories exist for the lion’s head on the coins of Rhegion. The lion’s head (or mask as it is sometimes described) first appeared on the coinage of Rhegion at the start of the reign of Anaxilas, in about 494 BC. E.S.G. Robinson, in his article “Rhegion, Zankle-Messana and the Samians” (JHS vol. 66, 1946) argues that the lion was a symbol of Apollo. He makes a comparison to the coinage of the nearby city of Kaulonia, “At Kaulonia Apollo’s animal was the deer; if at Rhegion it was the lion, the early appearance and persistence of that type is explained. The lion is a certain, though infrequent, associate of Apollo at all periods.” The link, he suggests, is that the lion was associated with the sun, as was Apollo himself.
The lion’s head could also relate to the exploits of Herakles, who had some significance for the city. The extant sources tell us that Herakles stopped at southern Italy near Rhegion on his return with the cattle of Geryon (Diod. Sic. 4.22.5). It was here that supposedly a bull broke away from the rest of the herd and swam to Sicily (Apollod. 2.5.10). Though but a passing reference in Apollodorus, it is very possible that the Rhegians venerated Herakles. Indeed, Herakles was a very important figure throughout the entire area. Dionysios of Halicarnassus says that “in many other places also in Italy [besides Rome] precincts are dedicated to this god [Herakles] and altars erected to him, both in cities and along highways; and one could scarcely find any place in Italy in which the god is not honoured” (I.40.6). As the skin of the Nemean Lion was one of the main attributes of Herakles, the lion’s head may refer to him through metonymic association."Leo
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c. 425 - 406 B.C. Bronze hexas, Eagle on fish/ crab & two fishesAkragas, Sicily, c. 425 - 406 B.C. Bronze hexas, Calciati I p. 189, 75, aF, Akragas mint, 6.490g, 19.7mm, 180o, c. 425 - 406 B.C.; obverse eagle right, wings open, standing on fish; reverse, crab, two fish below, upper head right, lower head left, pellets outside each claw. Ex FORVMPodiceps
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Carthaginians in Sicily: AE15.Sicily, Sicilo-Punic 4th-3rd Century B.C. 3.18g - 15.7mm, Axis 6h.
Obv: Palm tree with fruit.
Rev: Pegasus left.
SNGCop 1018v.
Provenance: Chris Scarlioli Collection.Christian Scarlioli
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Constantine V and Leo IV, follis, Syracuse; Sear 1569Constantine V and Leo IV, 6 June 751 - 14 September 775 A.D. Bronze follis, SBCV 1569, aEF, Sicily, Syracuse mint, 2.715g, 19.8mm, 180o, obverse “Λ”E/W/N (on right), Byzantine Empire, Constantine V and Leo IV, each stand facing wearing crown and chlamys and holding akakia, cross between heads; reverse “Λ”/E/O/N - “Δ”/E/C/“Î ”, Leo III, bearded, standing facing wearing crown and chlamys, cross potent in right; scarce. Ex FORVMPodiceps
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Cr 401/1 AR Denarius Mn. Aquillius Mn.f. Mn.no: VIRTVS - III VIR Helmeted and draped bust of Virtus to right, with large head
r: MN F MN N / MN AQVIL / SICIL. Mn. Aquilius (Cos. 101) raising fallen Sicily
65 BCE Denarius Serratus (19 mm, 3.82 g, 6 h), Rome.
Babelon (Aquilia) 2. Crawford 401/1. Sydenham 798. Toned and struck on a broad flan.
This coin is somewhat unintentionally ironic. The moneyer's honored grandfather was accused of fleecing the people of Sicily, when he was governor of the province after the slave revolts. He later managed to antagonize Mithridates VI of Pontus, leading to widespread slaughter of Romans in Asia.
As Wikipedia summarizes the aftermath: "Mithridates defeated Aquillius in 88 near Protostachium. Aquillius was attempting to make his way back to Italy and managed to make it to Lesbos, where he was delivered to Mithridates by the inhabitants of Mytilene. After being taken to the mainland, he was then placed on a donkey and paraded back to Pergamon. On the trip, he was forced to confess his supposed crimes against the peoples of Anatolia. Aquillius's father, the elder Manius Aquillius, was a former Roman governor of Pergamon and was hated for the egregious taxes that he imposed. It was generally thought that Manius Aquillius the younger would follow in the footsteps of his father as a tax profiteer and was hated by some of the local peoples."
Grandpa was thereafter killed by Mithridates by having molten gold poured down his throat. PMah
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Crawford 042/1, ROMAN REPUBLIC - AR Didrachm - Quadrigatus - VERY RARERome. The Republic.
Corn-Ear Series, 214-212 BCE.
AR Didrachm-Quadrigatus (6.82g; 21mm).
Unknown Sicilian Mint.
Obverse: Laureate Janiform head of the Dioscuri.
Reverse: Jupiter and Victory in fast quadriga galloping right; corn ear below; ROMA in linear frame in exergue.
References: Crawford 42/1; Sydenham 66 (R8); BMCRR 108.
Provenance: Ex Naville Numismatics 41 (24 Jun 2018) Lot 389; ex NAC 50 (4 Apr 2011), Lot 1729; purchased from Freeman & Sear, before 2011.
The last few series of Roman silver didrachm coinage, produced from 225-212 BCE, are nicknamed "quadrigati" because of the common reverse type of Jupiter and Victory in a fast quadriga. Crawford's arrangement of quadrigati into distinct series requires a great amount of study to understand. Collectors and dealers alike often misattribute quadrigati among Crawford's series.
The Crawford 42 series of quadrigati, to which this example belongs, is the rarest of all the quadrigati series. In his study of the 42 series quadrigati, Charles Hersh could only locate 33 examples of the type. Based on the corn-ear control symbol, the series was likely struck somewhere in Sicily, perhaps during Rome’s Second Punic War offensive against Syracuse, from 214-212 BCE. While Crawford puts this series last in order of his various quadrigati series, it is likely they were produced near the same time as the debased, lightweight quadrigati that ended the Crawford 28 series. The coins are generally of debased style and metal, thought their weight is good, and in this regard they are similar to Crawford 31 quadrigati. Stylistically, the series 42 quadrigati typically display well-defined, separated “J”-shaped sideburns, with horizontal hairs, on the Janiform head. Neck truncations range from open C curve (as on this example) to straight and V truncations. On the reverse, Jupiter's thunderbolt is entirely within the line border, angle of the horses is on tbe low-side, and ROMA is always in relief in a linear frame. The type usually has a corn-ear on the reverse beneath the quadriga; however, “anonymous” versions of this series, without corn-ears but stylistically identical to the corn-eared coins, are known.
Carausius
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Crawford 042/1, ROMAN REPUBLIC, AR Didrachm - Quadrigatus - VERY RARERome. The Republic.
Corn-Ear Series, 214-212 BCE.
AR Didrachm-Quadrigatus (6.83g; 20mm).
Unknown Sicilian Mint.
Obverse: Laureate Janiform head of the Dioscuri.
Reverse: Jupiter and Victory in fast quadriga galloping right; corn ear below; ROMA in linear frame in exergue.
References: Crawford 42/1; RBW 138 (this coin); Sydenham 66 (R8); BMCRR 108; Hersh 9a (O-6; R-4).
Provenance: Ex Naville Numismatics 47 (3 Mar 2019) Lot 352; RBW Collection [NAC 61 (2011) Lot 141]; privately purchased from Munzen und Medaillen in August 1981.
The last few series of Roman silver didrachm coinage, produced from 225-212 BCE, are nicknamed "quadrigati" because of the common reverse type of Jupiter and Victory in a fast quadriga. Crawford's arrangement of quadrigati into distinct series requires a great amount of study to understand. Collectors and dealers alike often misattribute quadrigati among Crawford's series.
The Crawford 42 series of quadrigati, to which this example belongs, is the rarest of all the quadrigati series. In his study of the 42 series quadrigati, Charles Hersh could only locate 33 examples of the type. Based on the corn-ear control symbol, the series was likely struck somewhere in Sicily, perhaps during Rome’s Second Punic War offensive against Syracuse, from 214-212 BCE. While Crawford puts this series last in order of his various quadrigati series, it is likely they were produced near the same time as the debased, lightweight quadrigati that ended the Crawford 28 series. The coins are generally of debased style and metal, thought their weight is good, and in this regard they are similar to Crawford 31 quadrigati. Stylistically, the series 42 quadrigati typically display well-defined, separated “J”-shaped sideburns, with horizontal hairs, on the Janiform head. Neck truncations range from open C curve (as on this example) to straight and V truncations. On the reverse, Jupiter's thunderbolt is entirely within the line border, angle of the horses is on the low-side, and ROMA is always in relief in a linear frame. The type usually has a corn-ear on the reverse beneath the quadriga; however, “anonymous” versions of this series, without corn-ears but stylistically identical to the corn-eared coins, are known.
Carausius
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Crawford 457/1, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Julius Caesar and Aulus AllienusRome. The Imperators.
Julius Caesar and Aulus Allienus, 48 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.64g; 20mm; 6h).
Sicilian mint, 47 BCE.
Obverse: C CAESAR IMP COS ITER; diademed and draped bust of Venus, facing right.
Reverse: A ALLIENVS PRO COS; Trinacrus facing left, placing foot on prow and holding a triskeles and cloak.
References: Crawford 457/1; HCRI 54; Sydenham 1022 (R7); BMCRR Sicily 5; Alliena 1.
Provenance: Ex NAC Spring Sale (10 May 2021) Lot 1098; M. Ratto FPL 1 (Feb 1966) Lot 363.
Aulus Allienus was a friend of Cicero's. Two of Cicero's extant letters are addressed to him. He was the legate of Cicero's brother in Asia in 60 BC, and praetor in 49 BCE. In 48 BCE, he held the province of Sicily. He continued in Sicily until 47 BCE when he received the title of proconsul. While proconsul in Sicily, he sent troops to support Julius Caesar in Africa against the Pompeians. These coins were issued as initial pay for those troops.
The coin depicts Venus on the obverse, alluding to the Julia gens’ mythical descent from the goddess and her first appearance on a coin of Caesar (many would follow). On the reverse, Trinacrus holds a trinacria (triskeles), the symbol of “three-cornered” Sicily - his right foot on the prow of a vessel. These devices make clear the Sicilian origin of the issue. Trinacrus is described by numismatic scholars as a son of Neptune, whose myth appears to have been created as an explanation for the early name for Sicily (Trinacria), which is more likely derived from the island’s triangular shape. Grueber agreed with the Trinacrus attribution because the god is depicted in the same position as Neptune is often shown, with his foot on a prow.
The coin is one of the rarer issues in the name of Caesar (R7 in Sydenham). Crawford estimated fewer than 30 obverse dies and fewer than 33 reverse dies. Schaefer’s Roman Republican Die Project includes just 13 obverse and 13 reverse dies.
Carausius
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Crusader States, Normans of Sicily, William II, AD 1166-1189, AE Trifollaro, Spahr 117.Crusader States, Sicily, William II, AD 1166-1189, AE Trifollaro (24-25 mm), 8,82 g.
Obv.: Facing head of lioness within circle of dots.
Re.: Palm tree with five branches and two bunches of dates, within circle of dots.
Biaggi 1231, Spahr 117 ; Grie 210 (Roger II); Thom 2480 .
William II of Sicily (1153-1189), called the Good, was king of Sicily and Naples from 1166 to 1189.
William was only thirteen years old at the death of his father William I, when he was placed under the regency of his mother, Margaret of Navarre.
Until the king came of age in 1171 the government was controlled first by the chancellor Stephen du Perche, cousin of Margaret (1166-1168), and then by Walter Ophamil, archbishop of Palermo, and Matthew of Ajello, the vice-chancellor.
William's character is very indistinct. Lacking in military enterprise, secluded and pleasure-loving, he seldom emerged from his palace life at Palermo. Yet his reign is marked by an ambitious foreign policy and a vigorous diplomacy. Champion of the papacy and in secret league with the Lombard cities he was able to defy the common enemy, Frederick I Barbarossa. In 1174 and 1175 he made treaties with Genoa and Venice and his marriage in February 1177 with Joan, daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, marks his high position in European politics.
In July 1177, he sent a delegation of Archbishop Romuald of Salerno and Count Roger of Andria to sign the Treaty of Venice with the emperor. To secure the peace, he sanctioned the marriage of his aunt Constance, daughter of Roger II, with Frederick's son Henry, afterwards the emperor Henry VI, causing a general oath to be taken to her as his successor in case of his death without heirs. This step, fatal to the Norman kingdom, was possibly taken that William might devote himself to foreign conquests.
Unable to revive the African dominion, William directed his attack on Egypt, from which Saladin threatened the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem. In July 1174, 50,000 men were landed before Alexandria, but Saladin's arrival forced the Sicilians to re-embark in disorder. A better prospect opened in the confusion in Byzantine affairs which followed the death of Manuel Comnenus (1180), and William took up the old design and feud against Constantinople. Durazzo was captured (June 11, 1185). Afterwards while the army marched upon Thessalonica, the fleet sailed towards the same target capturing on their way the Ionian islands of Corfu, Cephalonia,Ithaca and Zakynthos. In August Thessalonica surrendered to the joint attack of the Sicilian fleet and army.
The troops then marched upon the capital, but the troop of the emperor Isaac Angelus overthrew the invaders on the banks of the Strymon (September 7, 1185). Thessalonica was at once abandoned and in 1189 William made peace with Isaac, abandoning all the conquests. He was now planning to induce the crusading armies of the West to pass through his territories, and seemed about to play a leading part in the Third Crusade. His admiral Margarito, a naval genius equal to George of Antioch, with 60 vessels kept the eastern Mediterranean open for the Franks, and forced the all-victorious Saladin to retire from before Tripoli in the spring of 1188.
In November 1189 William died, leaving no children. Though Orderic Vitalis records a (presumably short-lived) son in 1181: Bohemond, Duke of Apulia. His title of "the Good" is due perhaps less to his character than to the cessation of internal troubles in his reign. The "Voyage" of Ibn Jubair, a traveller in Sicily in 1183-1185, shows William surrounded by Muslim women and eunuchs, speaking and reading Arabic and living like "a Moslem king."
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
my ancient coin database
Arminius
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Crusaders, Achaia, Charles II. of Anjou (1285–1289 A.D.), AR-denar, Achaia, ͓̽ ✠ ͓̽DЄ͓̽CLΛRЄNTIΛ, Châtel tournois, #1Crusaders, Achaia, Charles II. of Anjou (1285–1289 A.D.), AR-denar, Achaia, ͓̽ ✠͓̽DЄ͓̽CLΛRЄNTIΛ, Châtel tournois, #1
avers: ✠•K•R•PRINC'ΛCh•, Cross pattée, the legend flanked by •, and has unbarred Λ's.
reverse: ͓̽ ✠͓̽DЄ͓̽CLΛRЄNTIΛ, Châtel tournois.
diameter: 17,5-18,5mm, weight: 0,97g, axis: 7h,
mint: Clarentza, mint mark: ,
date:1285-1289 A.D., ref: Metcalf, Crusades,; Malloy CCS 12,
Q-001
"Charles II, known as "the Lame" (French le Boiteux, Italian lo Zoppo; 1254 – 5 May 1309), was King of Naples and Sicily, titular
King of Jerusalem, and Prince of Salerno.
He was the son of Charles I of Anjou, who had conquered the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily in the 1260s. His mother was Beatrice of Provence."quadrans
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Dionysios I, Sicily, SyracuseSICILY, Syracuse. Dionysios I. 405-367 BC. Æ Drachm. Head of Athena left, wearing Corinthian helmet decorated with wreath / Sea-star between two dolphins. CNS 62; HGC 2, 1436.ecoli
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E. Jewelry, "Edge Altered": Syracuse Tetradrachm, c. 450 BCEThis coin also in my "Greek Coins" Album, w/ notes on its unpublished (unique?) die pair: https://www.forumancientcoins.com/gallery/displayimage.php?pid=180304
Greek (Classical). Sicily, Syracuse, AR Tetradrachm (16.19g, 28mm, 12h), Second Democracy (466-405 BCE), c. 450 – 440.
Obv: Charioteer, wearing long chiton, holding kentron and reins, driving slow quadriga right; above, Nike flying right, crowning with wreath a horse to outside left, rearing up to receive it; in exergue, Pistrix (Sea serpent or ketos) right; all within pearl border, except the charioteer, whose head breaks the dotted circle.
Rev: ΣVRAKOΣ-IO-N. Head of Arethusa facing right, wavy hair rolled up in back under a thin band (or diadem), wearing beaded necklace with a jewel, and loop-and-pendant earrings; four dolphins around, facing clockwise.
Ref: Böhringer series XV, unlisted die pair (V274/R378). Only known example to my knowledge, in trade or published. Cf. SNG ANS 177; du Chastel 28-29 type; HGC 2, 1311; BMC 85; SNG München 1018-9; McClean 2663.
Prov: Ex Goldberg 84 (27 Jan 2015), Lot 3010 [LINK]; NGC #3763070-001 (XF; Strike: 4/5, Surface: 2/5, Edge altered), encapsulated by 2014 [LINK].
Notes: The NGC tag indicates "edge altered." Although the reason for alteration is not suggested, jewelry seems most likely. Syracuse tetradrachm flans from this period rarely approximate a perfect circle, so this coin's edges were likely shaved to fit a circular bezel. I see no tool marks on the edges or periphery, so I'm not sure whether there was also some smoothing. Despite being exceptionally broad, the weight is 0.5-1.0g too light (it should weigh ~16.7 - 17.4g), suggesting metal was removed. (Of course, I'd really like to be able to double-check NGC's weight and make sure a digit isn't in error!)
Assuming the toning is natural, I'd guess the housing was from the 19th century, but that's just speculation until I find a prior provenance (a long shot, since Boehringer didn't find it) or get a technical opinion based on how the coin was modified.Curtis JJ
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EB0015 Biga / HareMessana, SICILY, AR tetradrachm, 478-476 BC.
Obverse: Mule driven biga right, olive leaf in exergue.
Reverse: Hare running right, dot below, legend around.
References: Caltabiano-71 (same reverse die).
Diameter: 26.5mm, Weight: 17.35g.
Ex: Ariagno Collection.EB
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EB0016 Arethusa / OctopusSyracuse, SICILY, AR litra, 466-460 BC.
Obverse: ΣYPA, Diademed head of Arethusa right, wearing pearl necklace.
Reverse: Octopus.
References: Boehring 421; SNG ANS 131.
Diameter: 12mm, Weight: 0.665g.
Ex: Harold F. Donald.EB
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EB0017 Persephone / NikeSyracuse Agathokles, SICILY, AR tetradrachm, 305-289 BC.
Obverse: KOΡAΣ, Head of Persephone right in wreath of corn.
Reverse: AΓAΘOKΛEIOΣ, Nike standing right, erecting trophy, hammer in her right hand, triskeles rotating right in lower left field.
References: Sear 974; BAR Issue 23; Hoover HGC 1536.
Diameter: 26.5mm, Weight: 17.05g.EB
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EB0172 Eagle / CrabAgrigentum, SICILY, AE Hemilitron, 425-406 BC.
Obverse: Eagle standing right on dead hare.
Reverse: Crab; sea serpent [and conch below], three dots in left field, [three dots in right field].
References: Cf. BMC 93; GROSE 2064; Calciati 17.
Diameter: 32mm, Weight: 22.83.EB
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EB0173 Griffin / HorseAlaisa, SICILY, AE 21, ca. 340 BC.
Obverse: Griffin springing to left.
Reverse: Horse prancing left.
References: SG 1048, BMC 2, no. 6.
Diameter: 21.5mm, Weight: 9.38g.EB
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EB0174 Athena / Owl & LizardCamarina (Kamarina), SICILY, AE 15, 410-405 BC.
Obverse: Helmeted head of Athena left.
Reverse: KAMA (retrograde), Owl grasping lizard; three dots in ex.
References: SG 1063, BMC 2.40.
Diameter: 15mm, Weight: 3.553g.EB
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EB0174, Kamarina, SICILYEB0174, Kamarina, SICILY, AE 16 (trias), 413-405 BC
Obv: Helmeted head of Athena L.
Rev: Owl standing left, holding lizard, KAMA retrograde
Diameter: 15.5 mm, Weight: 3.553 grams
EB
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EB0175 Gorgoneion / Owl & LizardCamarina (Kamarina), SICILY, AE Obol, 425-405 BC.
Obverse: Gorgoneion.
Reverse: KAM-A, Owl standing right grasping lizard, pellet below.
References: Cf. SG 1064; Calciati 4; BMC 2.41.
Diameter: 13mm, Weight: 1.053g.EB
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EB0176 Gorgoneion / Owl & LizardCamarina (Kamarina), SICILY, AE 14 (trias), 413-405 BC.
Obverse: Gorgoneion.
Reverse: KAMA, Owl standing left grasping lizard, pellet below.
References: SG 1062, BMC 2.37.
Diameter: 14mm, Weight: 2.927g.EB
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EB0177 Persephone / PlowKentoripai, SICILY, AE 17 (hexas), 344-336 BC.
Obverse: Draped bust of Persephone right, grain ear in hair; stalk of grain behind.
Reverse: KENTOΡIΠINΩN, Plow with a small bird standing on the share; two dots.
References: SG 1084; Calciati 7; BMC 2.15.
Diameter: 17.5mm, Weight: 4.435g.EB
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EB0178 Demeter / GelasGela, SICILY, AE 14, 339-310 BC.
Obverse: [ΓEΛΩIΩN], head of Demeter, facing slightly right, wearing wreath of grain ears.
Reverse: Bearded head of the river-god Gelas left, grain ears in hair.
References: SG 1099; BMC 2.77,78.
Diameter: 14.5mm, Weight: 2.653g.EB
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EB0178.2 Gelas / BullGela, SICILY, AE 17 (trias), 420-405 BC.
Obverse: Horned head of river god right, grain ear to left.
Reverse: ΓEΛAΣ [and grain ear] above bull walking right, three dots below.
References: Jenkins 506-508; McClean 2277; BMC 2, 73.
Diameter: 17mm, Weight: 3.767g.EB
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EB0179 Nymph / WreathHimera, SICILY, AE Hemilitron, 420-408 BC.
Obverse: IM-E, head of nymph left; six pellets before.
Reverse: Six pellets in wreath.
References: Cf. SG 1110; BMC 2.54; Calciati 35.
Diameter: 20mm, Weight: 3.539g.EB
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EB0180 Apollo / TripodLeontini, SICILY, AE trias, 405-402 BC.
Obverse: ΛEON, laureate head of Apollo right, laurel leaf with berry behind.
Reverse: Tripod, lyre behind, barley grains to sides; three pellets in ex.
References: SG 1118, BMC 2.56; SNG ANS 270; SNG Cop 360.
Diameter: 14.5mm, Weight: 2.11g.EB
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EB0181 Arethusa / WheelSyracuse, SICILY, AE 17, Before 357 BC.
Obverse: Head of Artemis-Arethusa left, [dolphin behind].
Reverse: ΣΥΡΑ, Wheel with four spokes, dolphins in lower quarters.
References: SG 1186; BMC 2.243; SNGCop 314.
Diameter: 17mm, Weight: 3.42g.EB
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EB0182 Arethusa / Dolphin & ScallopSyracuse, Dionysios I, SICILY, AE litra, 405-367 BC.
Obverse: Head of Arethusa left; laurel branch right.
Reverse: ΣYPA; Dolphin leaping right, scallop shell below.
References: SNG ANS 414ff; Calciati 24.
Diameter: 18mm, Weight: 2.619g.EB
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EB0184 Zeus / Thunderbolt & EagleSyracuse,Timoleon, SICILY, AE 25, 345-317 BC.
Obverse: ZEYΣ EΛEYΘEΡIOΣ to left and right of head of Zeus Eleutherios right.
Reverse: Thunderbolt, eagle to right.
References: SNG Cop 729; Mionnet I, 892.
Diameter: 25.5mm, Weight: 16.099g.EB
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EB0185 Apollo / PegasusSyracuse,Timoleon, SICILY, AE 20, 344-289 BC.
Obverse: [ΣYΡAKOΣIΩN], Laureate head of Apollo left, unidentified object (amphora? Signs of tooling?) behind.
Reverse: Pegasus flying left. (NI? HP?) monogram below.
References: Cf. Mionnet 624.
Diameter: 20.5mm, Weight: 4.94g.EB
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EB0186 Athena / HippocampSyracuse,Timoleon, SICILY, AE 20, 344-336 BC.
Obverse: ΣYPA, ethnic read from outside above visor of Athena wearing crested Corinthian-style helmet, a dolphin swims in each of the fields, right and left.
Reverse: Hippocamp with curled wing left. Eagle head below?
References: SG 1193, BMC 2.289.
Diameter: 20mm, Weight: 7.956g.EB
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EB0186 Timoleon SICILY SyracuseSyracuse,Timoleon, SICILY, AE 20 (trias), 344 BC-336 BC
Obverse: Athena head L. with dolphins
Reverse: hippocamp
EB
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EB0187 Apollo / DogSyracuse,Timoleon, SICILY, AE 13, 344-336 BC.
Obverse: Apollo head left.
Reverse: Dog lying left, looking back.
References: Boutin 1378; Weber 1664; SNG ANS 745var (href=https://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=250044).
Diameter: 13mm, Weight: 1.496g.EB
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EB0189 Herakles / LionSyracuse, Agathokles, SICILY, AE 22, 317-289 BC.
Obverse: Diademed head of Herakles left.
Reverse: Lion walking right, club above.
References: SG 1201, BMC 2.389.
Diameter: 22mm, Weight: 8.083g.EB
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EB0189.2 Syracuse, Agathokles, SICILY, AE 24Syracuse, Agathokles, SICILY, AE 24, 317 BC-289 BC
Obverse: Young Herakles head R.
Reverse: Lion R., club above. Signs of overstriking (thunderbolt) on foreleg.
References: SG 1201 (SG 1200 for thunderbolt?)
Diameter: 22.5mm, Weight: 8.011 g
EB
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EB0190 Artemis / ThunderboltSyracuse, Democracy, SICILY, AE 20, 289-288 BC.
Obverse: ΣΩTEIΡA, head of Artemis left, in single-pendant earring & necklace, quiver over shoulder.
Reverse: ΔIOΣ EΛEY-ΘEΡIOY, winged thunderbolt.
References: Calciati 147; SG 1206; BMC 2.426; SNG Cop 784.
Diameter: 20.5mm, Weight: 7.971g.EB
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EB0191 Zeus / EagleSyracuse, Hiketas, SICILY, AE 24, 287-278 BC.
Obverse: ΔIOΣ EΛΛANIOY, Laureate head of Zeus Hellanios right.
Reverse: ΣYΡAK-[OΣIΩN], Eagle standing left on thunderbolt; star & A before.
References: SG 1211; BMC 2.468; Calciati 168A.
Diameter: 24mm, Weight: 9.571g.EB
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EB0192 Herakles / AthenaSyracuse, Pyrrhos, SICILY, AE 22, 278-276 BC.
Obverse: Head of Herakles left, wearing lionskin. Signs of overstriking.
Reverse: ΣYΡAKOΣIΩN, Athena Promachos advancing right, wielding spear and holding shield on outstretched left arm.
References: SG 1214; BMC 2.503; Weber 1699.
Diameter: 23.5mm, Weight: 10.543g.EB
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EB0193 Hieron II / HorsemanSyracuse, Hieron II, SICILY, AE 27, 275-215 BC.
Obverse: Laureate head of Hieron left.
Reverse: [IEΡΩNOΣ]? beneath horseman, wearing helmet, cuirass and chlamys, on horse prancing right, holding couched lance.
References: Cf. SG 1222, BMC 2.583, BMC 566.
Diameter: 27.5mm, Weight: 17.957g.EB
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EB0194 Poseidon / TridentSyracuse, Hieron II, SICILY, AE 20, 275-215 BC.
Obverse: Head of Poseidon left, hair bound in a taenia.
Reverse: IEΡ-ΩNOΣ, ornamented trident between two dolphins.
References: BMC 2.609, see SG 1223, Grose 2935.
Diameter: 20mm, Weight: 6.257g.EB
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EB0196 Persephone / BullEB0196 Persephone / Bull
Syracuse, Hieron II, SICILY, AE 20, 275-215 BC.
Obverse: Persephone head left, wreathed with corn.
Reverse: Bull butting left, club and A above, IE below.
References: BMC 2.624.
Diameter: 20mm Weight: 5.387.EB
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EB0197 Persephone / BullSyracuse, Hieron II, SICILY, AE 19, 275-215 BC.
Obverse: Persephone head left, wreathed with corn.
Reverse: Bull butting left, club and ? above, ?? below.
References: Cf. SG 1216 (Pyrrhos); BMC 2.620ff.
Diameter: 19.5mm, Weight: 5.041g.EB
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EB0198 Apollo / TripodSyracuse, SICILY, AE 12, 214-200 BC.
Obverse: Laureate head of Apollo left.
Reverse: ΣYPAKOΣIΩN, tripod.
References: Cf. SG 1227; BMC 2.681; CNS II, 212; HGC 2, 1523.
Diameter: 12.5mm, Weight: 1.542g.EB
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EB0257 Apollo / LyreAlaisa, Sicily, AE 18, after 204 BC.
Obverse: Laureate head of Apollo left.
Reverse: AΛAIΣAΣ AΡX, lyre, cornucopiae in right (not left!) field.
References: Cf. Calciati I, 8; Hoover HGC 197.
Diameter: 18.5mm, Weight: 3.448g.EB
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EB0258 Griffin / HorseAlaisa, Sicily, AE 25, Circa 340 BC.
Obverse: Griffin running left, locust below.
Reverse: Horse galloping left, bridle trailing; KAINON in exergue, star above.
References: SNG ANS 1169ff,1175-1178; Sear 1048 sim.
Diameter: 25mm, Weight: 9.623g.EB
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EB0259 Hermes / CaduceusKephaloidion, Sicily, AE 13, 250-200 BC.
Obverse: Draped bust of Hermes right, wearing Petatos, caduceus over shoulder.
Reverse: KE-ΦA, winged caduceus.
References: Sear 1087; Calciati 9; Hoover HGC 655; SNG Cop 233; Mionnet Supp I, 178.
Diameter: 13mm, Weight: 1.519g.EB
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EB0260 Athena / Starfish and DolphinsSyracuse, Sicily, AE 30.
Obverse: ΣYPA, head of Athena left wearing Corinthian helmet.
Reverse: Eight rayed starfish between two dolphins.
References: SG 1189.
Diameter: 30mm, Weight: 32.55g.EB
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EB0261 Persephone / BullSyracuse, Sicily, AE 16, 317-310 BC.
Obverse: Head of Persephone left.
Reverse: Bull butting left, club and ΛΥ above, and [] in exergue.
References: Grose 2830; SNG ANS 597; Calciati II, 404, 199.
Diameter: 16mm, Weight: 3.638g.EB
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EB0265 Apollo / MarsMamertini, SICILY, AE 26, 230-200 BC.
Obverse: Laureate head of Apollo right, [lyre behind head].
Reverse: [MAMEΡTINΩN], Mars standing front, holding spear and sword, upright shield at his side. Γ in right field.
References: Cf. SNG ANS 432.
Diameter: 26mm, Weight: 8.686g.EB
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EB0911 Serapis / DemeterSicily, Katana, AE 22, Circa 1st Century BC.
Obverse: Janiform head of Serapis; three monograms around.
Reverse: KATA-NAI-ΩN, Demeter standing left, holding grain ear and torch.
References: SNG ANS 1302.
Diameter: 22mm, Weight: 9.37g.EB
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Entella, Sicily, Bronze AE18 c. 420 - 404 B.C.Entella, Sicily, Bronze AE18 c. 420 - 404 B.C.
Entella mint, 18.3mm, 3.290 grams, die axis 180 degrees.
Obv: Female head left, wearing sphendone, earring, and necklace.
Rev: ENTEΛ, bearded head (Zeus?) right, wearing fillet.
Ref: Calciati I p. 317, 1; SNG Morcom 580; SNG Cop -; SNG München.
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