| Last additions - lawrence c's Gallery |
010b. Germanicus & Vitellia VitelliusChildren of Vitellius. When he lost the war with Vespasian, the son was executed, but the daughter was allowed to live.lawrence cApr 20, 2024
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004a2. CaligulaAE As. 27mm, 9.48 g. Struck 37-8 AD. Obv: C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT, bare head left. Rev: VESTA above, S C across field, Vesta seated left, holding patera and sceptre. Cohen 27, RIC 38.lawrence cApr 20, 2024
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001j2. OctavianAR Quinarius. 14mm, 1.31 g. Uncertain Italian mint, 29-27 BC. Obv: CAESAR IMP VII, bare head right. Rev: ASIA RECEPTA, Victory standing left on cista mystica between two serpents erect. BMCRE 647, RSC 14, RIC 276.lawrence cApr 19, 2024
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015d02. MarcianaBronze trihemiassaria, Ziegler 107.3 (Vs1/Rs2, same dies & c/m), RPC Online III 3371.2 (same), c/m: Howgego 23, Anazarbus (Anavarza, Turkey) mint, 1.319g, 25.4mm, axis 0o, 113 -114 A.D.; obverse AYTO KAI NEP TPAIANOC CE ΓEP ΔA (Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Augustus Germanicus Dacicus), laureate head of Trajan right, oval countermark of head of Zeus right; reverse KAICAPE ΠP ANAZAPBΩ MAPKIANHN ΘE (ΠP ligate), draped bust of Diva Marciana right, seen from front, wearing large stephane, hair plaited and coiled on top at back of head, ET - BΛP (year 132) divided across field. A FORUM coin.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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003c02. Tiberius Gemellus & Germanicus Junior Æ Sestertius. 34mm, 25.25 g. Confronting heads, each on top of cornucopia, caduceus between / DRVSVS CAESAR TI AVG F DIVI AVG N PONT TR POT II around large SC. RIC 42.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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025a03. Clodius AlbinusAs Caesar, AD 193-195. Æ Sestertius (27mm, 21.70 g, 12h). Rome mint. Struck under Septimius Severus, AD 194-195. Bare head right / Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter. RIC IV 52b; Banti 6. Dark brown patina with some green. In NGC encapsulation 6158025-006, graded Fine. CNG Auction 556, Lot 576.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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131a. ZenoEastern Augustus First Reign 29 January 474 – 9 January 475
Second Reign August 476 – 9 April 491
Father of Leo II. Crowned senior co-emperor with the approval of the Senate. Deposed by a revolt led by his mother-in-law Verina & Basiliscus, and he fled to Isauria. He then was able to return and re-establish control over Constantinople.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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130b. VerinaEmpress consort of Leo I. She was a sister of Basiliscus. Her daughter Ariadne was Empress consort of first Zeno and then Anastasius I. Verina was the maternal grandmother of Leo II.
Note: Verina also had her own coinage with her portrait on the obverse.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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129a. Leo IEastern Augustus 7 February 457 – 18 January 474
Thracian of humble origins. He was only a tribune when selected for emperor by Aspar, the magister militum. Shifted much of the political power at court from Germans to Isaurians. Many military difficulties with Vandals and Huns. Died at age 73.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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119a. MarcianEastern Augustus 25 August 450 – 27 January 457
Without an heir to Theodosius, Marcian was selected by Pulcheria as the successor, and she married him in a purely political marriage. He was a 58 or 60 year old soldier and personal assistant to senior officials when selected. Reasonably successful reign.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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118a. Valentinian IIIWestern Augustus 425-455.
In 424, at age 5 he was named Caesar. Son of Constantius III. Supported by Theodosius II over Johannes. Lost Africa to Vandals and also lost most of Gaul and Spain. Very weak ruler. He killed by his own hand Aetius, his best general. Six months later, Valentinian was killed by 2 of his own guards.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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117a. JohannesWestern Augustus 20 November 423 – May 425
After Honorius died, a delay in choosing new ruler. Johannes, a civil servant, was selected for the position without approval of East. Very insecure rule, and he was ousted by an army sent by Theodosius II. Johannes was captured and then taken to Aquileia where first his hand was cut off, then he was paraded on a donkey in the Hippodrome to the insults of the populace. After further insults and injuries, Joannes was finally decapitated in June or July 425.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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112a. MaximinusMaximus was the leader of the forces that fought against Constantine III. These forces did not represent a group that supported Honorius, but were an independent power. Maximus's troops killed Constans II. Maximus then escaped, and his ultimate fate is unknown.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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111a. Constans IIConstantine III declared his son Constans II as co-emperor.
lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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110a. Constantine IIIConstantine III (no relation to that family), a soldier in Britain, declared himself emperor in Gaul & Britain in 407. He also occupied Spain. He declared his son Constans II as co-emperor. Constantine III was recognized by Honorius in 409 due to lack of any option. After a series of setbacks, he surrendered and abdicated in 411, but was killed.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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109a. Theodosius IIEastern Empire
Co-Augustus under Arcadius 402 - 408
Sole Augustus 408 - 450
Proclaimed as co-emperor in 402 as an infant by his father Arcadius. In 408 at age 7, he became sole emperor of the East. Actual power initially was wielded first by his praetorian praefect, then in 414 his older sister Pulcheria was proclaimed augusta and assumed practical power. Many border stresses and incursions. Very involved in religious controversies of the time. Killed in a riding accident in 450.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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108a. HonoriusWestern Augustus January 393-August 423.
Younger brother of Arcadius. Took control of West in 395 at age 10. Capital at Milan, then Ravenna. Under thumb of Vandal Magister Militum Stilicho. Rome sacked in 410. Died in 423, leaving no heir.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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107b. EudoxiaAelia Eudoxia. Wife of Arcadius. Daughter of Frankish general. She controlled Arcadius during much of his reign. Died 404. Very pious Christian who influenced Arcadius in his religious edicts.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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107a. ArcadiusEastern Augustus
Co-Augustus under Theodosius January 383- January 395
Sole reign in East January 395 - May 408.
Named co-emperor at age 5 with father Theodosius. Made emperor of East, with capital at Constantinople. Age 17 when Theodosius died. Very weak ruler, with most power exercised by his wife and ministers.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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106a. EugeniusWestern Augustus August 392 - September 394
After murder or suicide of Valentinian II, Arbogastes ruled West for about three months. He then unilaterally named Eugenius, a former teacher, as Emperor. In a war with Theodosius, Arbogastes and Eugenius lost, and Eugenius was executed and Arbogastes committed suicide.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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105b. Flavius VictorSon of Magnus Maximus, and co-emperor May 387 - August 388. He was a child at the time. When Magnus invaded Italy in 387, Flavius Victor was left in Gaul for his safety, but he was executed by the Frankish Magister Militum Arbogastes by order of Theodosius.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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105a. Magnus MaximusOf Spanish descent, Maximus became a very successful general. In 383, as commander of Britain, he tried to usurp Gratian. After negotiations with emperor Theodosius I, he was made emperor in Britannia and Gaul the next year while Gratian's brother Valentinian II retained Italy, Pannonia, Hispania, and Africa. In 387, Maximus invaded Italy, resulting in his defeat by Theodosius I at the Battle of the Save in 388. He then was beheaded. Maximus later featured prominently in both Welsh folklore and in literature.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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104b. Aelia FlaccillaWife of Theodosius I and mother of Arcadius and Honorius.
lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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104a. Theodosius IEastern Augustus 379-395
Of Spanish origin. A very successful general. Named co-emperor by Gratian out of necessity and who had a very complicated relationship with the other rulers. Briefly reunited both the Eastern and Western empires. Died of disease at age 50.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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103a. Valentinian IIEmperor November 375-May 392.
Son of Valentinian I. Proclaimed emperor by officers at age 4 on death of father. Remained junior augustus in West under Gratian, and the East was governed by his uncle Valens until 378 and Theodosius I from 379. When Gratian was killed in 383, Valentinian II established his court in Mediolanum. In 387, Maximus invaded Italy, and Valentinian fled to Theodosius’s court. After Theodosius defeated Maximus, Valentinian was re-installed in the West. However, Valentinian soon found himself struggling to break free from the control of his magister militum Arbogast. In 392, Valentinian was discovered hanged in his room, either suicide or murder.
lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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102a. GratianWestern Augustus August 367-August 383.
Son of Valentinian I, and made co-emperor at age 8. Put in charge of West in 375 at age 16. Appointed Theodosius as co-emperor, but considerable struggles between the two. Gratian campaigned against Magnus Maximus. Gratian’s troops turned against him and he was killed while fleeing.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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097a. Julian II The ApostateAugustus 361-363.
Half-nephew of Constantine I. Somewhat accidently spared in the massacre of relatives by the sons of Constantine due to his youth. Caesar under Constantius II November 355-February 360. He rose up against Constantius in 360. Constantius moved forces to confront him, but Constantius died on the way. On his death bed, he named Julian as his successor. Julian tried to reinstate the pagan gods, but failed in his efforts. He was killed in wars with the Persians. Last of the Constantinian line.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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096a. Constantius GallusCaesar under Constantius II, 351-354. Appointed to guard the East while Constantius campaigned against Magnentius. Gallus was extremely cruel and hated. When summoned by Constantius, Gallus was arrested en route and executed.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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095a. VetranioRuled Illyricum 1 March-25 December 350. He supported Constantius II and was named co-Emperor for the region. The two campaigned together. After Magnentius was defeated, Vetranio abdicated and was given full honors.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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093a. DecentiusBrother (or by other sources, cousin) of Magnentius, who appointed him to defend Gaul and the Rhine area. Lost series of battles to Constantius. Upon hearing of Magnentius’s death, he committed suicide.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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091a. Constantius IICaesar 324-337. Emperor 337-361. Took control of the East. Off and on again wars with Persians. After Magnentius rose against Constans and had him killed, Constantius II beat him in 353 and controlled all the empire. Major persecution of pagans. Died of natural causes.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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090a. ConstansYoungest son of Constantine. Caesar 333-337. Emperor 337-350. Held Balkans, Italy, and North Africa. Very unpopular with the public and the army. He was viewed as corrupt and was intolerant of pagans and Jews. He faced an uprising by Magnentius. Constans fled and then was found and killed.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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089a. HanniballianusHanniballianus held the unique title of Rex Regnum under Constantine. Hanniballianus, the nephew of Constantine, had control of some eastern cities. He married Constantine's eldest daughter. He was murdered by the sons of Constantine after they assumed power.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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088a. DelmatiusCaesar under Constantine, 335-337. Nephew of Constantine. He came from the Theodora branch of the family that was purged after Constantine's death, and he was murdered by the sons of Constantine.
lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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087a. Constantine IIEldest son of Constantine. Made Caesar in 317 at age one. Became emperor along with his brothers in 337, and massacred most of their relatives who might become a threat. Constantine took rule over Gaul, Britannia, and Hispania. Became involved in the orthodox-Arian religious struggle. Decided that his territory was not sufficient for the eldest of the family, and fought Constans. Killed in an ambush outside Aquileia in 340.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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083d. FaustaWife of Constantine. Daughter of Maximianus and sister of Maxentius. In 326, she reportedly accused her stepson Crispus of trying to seduce or rape her. The charge proved to be false (after Crispus had been executed). She was then steamed to death. It should be noted that this is the most commonly cited version of the story, but as with much of the history of the period, there are alternative arguments.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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132a. BasiliscusEastern Augustus 475-476
As a military commander before becoming emperor, he led a disastrous campaign against the Vandals, with some suspicions that he sold out the Roman side. Despite this, when Zeno was driven out of power, the Senate named Basiliscus as Augustus. Basiliscus quickly alienated everyone in power, and Zeno was reinstalled as emperor. Basiliscus was exiled and allowed to die of starvation.
lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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078a. Domitius DomitianusUsurper ca.296-297
Seized control of Alexandria in 296. Diocletian sent forces against him, but in contrast to the situation with most usurpers, it required considerable time and a siege to oust Domitius, who was executed. This also marked the end of the very long lasting mintage of provincial coins in Alexandria.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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083c. CrispusCaesar under Constantine 316-326. Eldest son who proved to be an able politician and general. Executed by Constantine, probably based on charges by his stepmother Fausta of Crispus trying to seduce her.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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083a. Constantine I The GreatAbout a year as Caesar, emperor 307-337. Gained sole power after beating all the other claimants. Moved capital to Constantinople in 330. Established Christianity as the official state religion, even though he was not baptized until his deathbed. A very harsh ruler.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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085a. Maximinus IIKnown as Daza or Daia. Dacian peasant and soldier. Nephew of Galerius, who named him Caesar in 305. Fought against Licinius in 313 and lost. Died a few months after. Known for his strong anti-Christian sympathies.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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084b. Licinius IISon of Licinius. Born in 315 and named Caesar in 317. Executed by Constantine in 326lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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084a. LiciniusBorn to a Dacian peasant family. Made Western Augustus by Galerius in 308. When Galerius died in 311, split empire with Maximinus Daia. Married half-sister of Constantine. Licinius broke with Maximinus, and in war between the two, Maximinus was defeated. Licinius then split empire with Constantine. On and off again conflict emerged between the two, In 324, Constantine defeated Licinius at battles of Adrianople and Chrysopolis. Licinius initially imprisoned, but then hanged.
lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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083b. HelenaEither wife or concubine of Constantius and mother of Constantine. Later divorced by Constantius so that he could marry Theodora, a more political marriage. She became devoted to Christianity and given sainthood.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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082a. Severus IIArmy officer from Illyria. Named Caesar by Galerius in 305. When Constantius died in 306, elevated to co-Augustus. Severus invaded Italy in 307 to quash the revolt of Maxentius. His troops deserted him, and he fled to Ravenna. Severus surrendered and was imprisoned. He later either was executed or committed suicide.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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081b. RomulusSon of Maxentius, who died about 309, probably age 3. Divus coins issued.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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081a. MaxentiusSon of Maximianus. Along with Constantine, passed over for rank of Caesar when Diocletian and Maximianus abdicated. Proclaimed emperor by soldiers in Rome in 306. Galerius refused to recognize this. Severus marched on Rome, but was defeated by Maxentius. Maxentius later defeated Galerius. Lost battle of Milvian Bridge to Constantine in 312, and drowned while trying to escape.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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080b. Galeria ValeriaDaughter of Diocletian and wife of Galerius. When Galerius died, in 311, Licinius was entrusted with the care of Valeria and her mother Prisca. The two women, however, fled from Licinius to Maximinus Daia. After a short time, Valeria refused the marriage proposal of Maximinus, who arrested and confined her in Syria and confiscated her properties. At the death of Maximinus, Licinius ordered the death of both women. Valeria and Prisca fled, hiding for a year, until they were recognized by residents in Thessaloniki. She and her mother were captured by Licinius' soldiers, beheaded in the central square of the city, and their bodies thrown in the sea.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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080a. GaleriusCaesar in East 293 - 305
Augustus in East 305 -311
Son of a Thracian herder. Very successful soldier and commander. Named Caesar in 293 along with Constantius. As Caesar, won major victories over the Sassanids, including seizing and sacking their capital. Became co-Augustus in 305. Weakened by Constantine and then loss of Rome to Maxentius. During much of his reign, persecution of Christians. Died 311.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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079b. TheodoraFlavia Maximiana Theodora. Second wife of Constantius, whom he married for political reasons. Mother of six, including Delmatius, Julian, Hannibalianus, Anastasia, and Constantia.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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079a. Constantius ICaesar under Maximianus 293-305
Western emperor 305-306
Illyrian. Refused to implement Diocletian’s edict against Christians. Excellent military commander. Died in York. Father of Constantine I.
lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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074a. MaximianAugustus 285-305, 306-308 & 310
Caesar 285-286. Became co-Augustus with Diocletian as part of the Tetrarchy in 286 to 305. He was the ‘Heraclean’ Augustus in the West. He reluctantly retired in 305 along with Diocletian (and at the latter’s urging). Tried to regain power in support of his son Maxentius in 306, then tried to depose his son. He then turned against Constantine and was forced to kill himself by Constantine in 310.lawrence cApr 05, 2024
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071c. NigrinianNigrinian was the grandson of Carus and probable son of Carinus. He died about 284.lawrence cApr 04, 2024
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071b. Magnia UrbicaWife of Carinus and probable mother of Nigrinian. No details are known about her.lawrence cApr 04, 2024
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071a. CarinusCaesar October 282 – February/March 283
Co-Augustus with Carus and Numerian February/March 283 – July/August 283
Co-Augustus with Numerian July/August 283 – October/November 284
Augustus October/November 284 – Spring 285
Son of Carus. Left in Rome while his father and brother launched the attack on the Sasanids. Carinus led several campaigns in the West. Faced forces of Diocletian at Battle of the Margus. Was killed, purportedly by one of his own officers whose wife he had seduced.
lawrence cApr 04, 2024
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070a. NumerianCaesar November/December 282 - February/March 283
Co-Augustus with brother Carinus and father Carus February/March 283 - July/August 283
Co-Augustus with brother Carinus July/August 283 - October/November 284
Numerian participated in the Persian campaign with his father, Carus. When Carus was killed, Numerian had to resolve the war and negotiated a peace with the Sasanids. On his return trip to the West, he was found dead in a closed litter. Arrius Aper was accused of the murder by Diocles, the head of the Emperor's bodyguard and was executed. It also has been argued that Diocles was in fact behind the murder. Diocles is better known by the name Diocletian, the future Augustus.lawrence cApr 04, 2024
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069a. CarusAugustus 282-283
Probably born in Gaul. He was chosen as Augustus by his soldiers when Probus was killed. He informed the Senate, which had no choice in the matter. He launched an invasion of Persia that was initially successful, but he died during the campaign, either murdered or dying after being struck by lightning.lawrence cApr 04, 2024
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065a. ProbusAugustus June/July 276 - September/October 282
Born in Pannonia. Fought with Florian for title, and won. Very successful campaigns against barbarians. Good relations with Senate, but was killed by disgruntled soldiers.lawrence cApr 04, 2024
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064a. FlorianAugustus July 276 - September 276
Half-brother of Tacitus. Assumed role of emperor after Tacitus’s death in July 276. When faced by army of Probus, Florian’s troops killed him.lawrence cApr 04, 2024
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063a. TacitusAugustus November/December 275-June 276
There was a delay between death of Aurelian and the elevation of Tacitus; many questions on the details of his assumption. Died either from natural causes or was murdered.lawrence cApr 04, 2024
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060b. SeverinaWife of Aurelianlawrence cApr 04, 2024
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060a. AurelianAugustus October 270 - October/November 275
Probably born in Illyricum of peasant background. Rose through ranks of army. Proclaimed emperor about May 270 by the legions in Sirmium and defeated Quintillus. As emperor, had significant military victories and largely restabilized the frontiers, including the Gallic secessionist state. Killed by some officers after they feared he would punish them.lawrence cApr 04, 2024
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059a. QuintillusAugustus August - October/November 270.
Younger brother of Claudius. Quintillus's soldiers proclaimed him emperor and the Senate acceded. After Aurelian's troops proclaimed him emperor in opposition, Quintillus's troops deserted him, and he committed suicide.lawrence cApr 04, 2024
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054a. Claudius II GothicusAugustus September 268 - August 270
Of Balkan origins. He was successful militarily, but his reign was cut short when he died of plague.lawrence cApr 04, 2024
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050a. QuietusUsurper Summer 260 - Summer 261
Younger brother of Macrianus Junior. When Macrianus Senior and Junior campaigned against Gallienus, Quietus was left in Syria to guard the Eastern frontier. The King of Palmyra allied with Gallienus and besieged the city of Emesa which Quietus was trying to hold. Quietus was killed by the citizens of Emesa.lawrence cApr 04, 2024
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049a. MacrianusUsurper 260 - 261
Macrianus was the oldest son of Macrianus Senior (who was not viewed as a candidate for emperor due to his lameness and who did not strike coins). After Valerian was captured by the Sasanians, Macrianus tried to usurp the empire by naming his two sons, Macrianus Junior and Quietus as co-emperors in Summer 260. Macrianus Senior and Macrianus Junior succeeded in driving the Persians out of Antioch, but were defeated and killed in the Balkans in Summer 261 against Gallienus's troops.lawrence cApr 04, 2024
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048c. Valerian JuniorSon of Gallienus. Made Caesar in 256 by Valerian. As a teenager, assigned to control the Illyrian provinces under tutelage of a more experienced commander. Died under mysterious circumstances in 258.lawrence cApr 04, 2024
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046d. SaloninusCaesar 258 - 260
Co-Augustus (under Gallienus) 260
About age 16 when he was made co-emperor. Killed the same year during revolt of Postumus.lawrence cApr 04, 2024
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077a. AllectusUsurper 293 - 296
Killed Carausius and assumed power in Britain in 293. In 296, he was defeated and killed by generals under Constantius, and Britain brought back under central control.
lawrence cApr 03, 2024
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076a. CarausiusHe was a military commander put in charge of controlling piracy off the coast of Gaul. It became clear that he was seizing much of their loot and keeping it. He fled to Britain and declared an independent empire in 286 in Britain and part of Gaul. He unsuccessfully tried to gain legitimacy from the actual emperors. Assassinated by Allectus in 293.
lawrence cApr 03, 2024
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062b. ZenobiaIn 270, her forces conquered Egypt and much of Asia Minor. In 272, Aurelian reconquered the area and took Zenobia and her son prisoner. After using both of them in his triumph, he allowed them to live in some prosperity in Italy. All her coins were struck in 272.lawrence cApr 03, 2024
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062a. VabalathusKing of Palmyra 267-272
"Augustus", 272
Son of Odaenathus, close ally of Gallienus. Vabalathus was 10 years old when his father died. His mother, Zenobia (who also struck coins), was the Queen of Palmyra. Vabalathus was not granted the same rights as his father by the Romans, and he rose against them. Ultimately defeated by Aurelian, and he and his mother were captured and led through Rome in a triumphal procession. Afterwards, however, they were allowed to live comfortably in Italy.lawrence cApr 03, 2024
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061b. Tetricus IISon of Tetricus, with same fate.lawrence cApr 03, 2024
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061a. Tetricus IAugustus "Gallic Empire" 271 - 274 AD
Nephew of Victorina, mother of Victorinus, who nominated him. Lost a battle to Aurelian, and the Gallic Empire was restored to Roman control. The battle itself may have been essentially a sham (except of course for the soldiers who fought and died), because both Tetricus and his son Tetricus II survived and in fact prospered as nobles in the empire.lawrence cApr 03, 2024
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058a. VictorinusAugustus "Gallic Empire" Summer 269 - Fall 271
One of the more successful generals for Postumus, he was chosen as Augustus after Marius was assassinated. He faced a number of internal revolts and the secession of many of the outlying territories of the Gallic Empire. Killed in Cologne by an officer whose wife he had seduced.lawrence cApr 02, 2024
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056a. MariusAugustus "Gallic Empire" May - August/September 269.
Successor to Postumus in Gallic Empire. Marius reputedly was a former blacksmith who rose through the ranks of the army. He was proclaimed emperor by soldiers after the death of Postumus. Marius then was killed by his own troops.lawrence cApr 02, 2024
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052a. PostumusAugustus "Gallic Empire" 260 - 269
Of Batavian origin and Roman commander in Gaul. As pressures mounted on Roman rule in Gaul, he established an independent government in Gaul, Germania, Britannia and Hispania in 260. The emperors in Rome did not have the power to regain control over his territory. In 269, troops loyal to Laelianus (one of Postumus’s commanders) rose in revolt in Mogontiacum (Mainz). Postumus removed the threat, but as a result of his refusal to allow his troops to sack Mainz, some of his troops killed him.lawrence cApr 02, 2024
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046b. SaloninaWife of Gallienus.lawrence cApr 02, 2024
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101a. ProcopiusUsurper September 365-May 366.
Relation of Julian, Procopius was a general who led revolt in Constantinople. He was betrayed by his officers and executed. His head was paraded through Gaul as a warning to others.lawrence cApr 02, 2024
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100a. ValensEastern Augustus March 364-August 378.
Brother of Valentinian. Due to abuses by Roman officials, revolt by Visigoths, with support by other tribes. In battle of Hadrianopolis, Roman army crushed and Valens killed. Body never found.lawrence cApr 02, 2024
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099a. Valentinian IWestern Augustus February 364-November 375.
Pannonian. Chosen after debate among army officers. He re-split empire with his brother Valens, who took charge of the East. Valentinian ruled from Mediolanum (Milan). Fought a series of wars against barbarians. Died of stroke while negotiating with barbarians.lawrence cApr 02, 2024
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098a. JovianAugustus June 363-February 364.
Hastily made emperor by soldiers after death of Julian II. Reinstated Christianity as the official religion. Due to the situation, made a bad peace with the Sasanids. Subsequently either died or was killed while travelling.
lawrence cApr 02, 2024
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134a. AnastasiusEastern Augustus 11 April 491 – 9 July 518
In 498, Anastasius revamped the coinage system (at least of the bronze coins) into a new pattern. This makes for a convenient point to distinguish between Roman coinage and Byzantine coinage.lawrence cApr 02, 2024
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053a. AureolusAlly of Postumus
Aureolus was one of the premier generals serving under Gallienus. After a seeming demotion, he turned against Gallienus and began to support Postumus. After Claudius Gothicus assumed power, his praetorians killed Aureolus. Aureolus struck a number of coins in Mediolanum in the name of Postumus; most are marked by inscriptions that include EQVIT in honor of the cavalry.lawrence cApr 02, 2024
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046a. GallienusCo-Augustus (with Valerian) 253 -260
Sole Augustus 260 - 268
After Valerian was seized by the Sasanids, Gallienus took control in the midst of a security crisis. It did not get any better for him as the central government lost control of Gaul, Britain, and Spain. Gallienus had shown earlier that he was an able commander, but he was unable to cope with the multiple threats. In operations against Aureolus, Gallienus killed by one of his own officers. Future emperors Claudius II and Aurelian were involved in the plot.lawrence cApr 02, 2024
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045b. MarinianaPresumed to be the wife of Valerian. Assumed to have died before 253.lawrence cApr 02, 2024
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045a. ValerianAugustus October 253 - Summer 260
From senatorial family. Beat Aemilian in battle. At the beginning of 260, Valerian campaigned against the Sasanids. He was seized by them during peace talks and held as an abused prisoner for the remainder of his life.lawrence cApr 02, 2024
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042b. Cornelia SuperaCornelia Supera was the presumed wife of Aemilian.lawrence cApr 02, 2024
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041b. VolusianSon of Trebonianus Gallus, who initially made Volusian Caesar, while appointing Hostilian as co-emperor. When Hostilian died, Volusian was made co-emperor in November 251. Killed along with Gallus in August 253, possibly by own soldiers as Aemilian approached (there are conflicting reports).lawrence cApr 02, 2024
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041a. Trebonianus GallusAugustus June 251 - August 253
Etruscan senatorial background. After Decius was killed, Gallus proclaimed emperor. Bad but necessary peace treaty with Goths. Killed in battle (perhaps by own troops) with Aemilian.
lawrence cApr 02, 2024
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