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Denarius - 116/115 BC. Rome mint (or in Italy)
CNAEVS DOMITIVS - Gens Domitia (Curtia)
Obv.: Helmeted head of Roma right with curl on left shoulder, ROMA before, X behind
Rev.: Jupiter in quadriga right with thunderbolt & branch, CN DOMI in ex.
Gs. 3,9 mm. 19,02x19,30
Crawf. 285/1, Sear RCV 161, Grueber II 490 (Italy)
MaxentiusJun 26, 2006
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3.0 Bar Kokhba small bronze, year 3 (134-135 CE)Bar Kokhba rebellion (second Jewish Revolt against Rome)
Year 3 (134-135 CE)
small bronze (19.5 mm)
VF+/VF
Hendin 739
obv. seven branched palm tree, symbolizing Judaea (like Menorah?)
SHIMON (Simon [Bar Kokhba]) in field below tree
rev. Bunch of grapes L'CHAROT YERUSHALAYIM (For the Freedom of Jerusalem) aroundEcgþeowJun 26, 2006
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Moesia inferior, Nikopolis ad Istrum, 36. Gordian III, HrHJ (2018) 8.36.35.14 (plate coin)Gordian III, AD 238-244
AE 26, 11.43g, 27.47mm, 0°
struck under governor Sabinius Modestus
obv. AVT K M ANT G - ORDIANOC AVG
bust, draped and cuirassed, seen from behind, laureate, r.
rev. VP CAB MODECTOV N - IKOPOLEITWN PROC / I / C (WN and PR ligate)
Nemesis, in long chiton, wearing kalathos, holding cornucopiae in l. arm and in
extended r. hand rod downward; wheel at r. foot
ref. a) AMNG I/1, 2080
b) Varbanov (engl.) 4136
c) Hristova/Hoeft/Jekov (2018) No. 8.36.35.14 (plate coin)
about VF, dark green patina
JochenJun 25, 2006
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Nero Claudius Drusus, Provincial ImitationObv: NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS GERMANICVS IMP
Bare head, left.
Rev: TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG P M TR P IMP
Either Claudius or Drusus holding branch and seated, left, on curule chair amid an assortment of arms.
Sestertius 15 gm 32.7 mm (RIC 93)
Comment: The official issue was minted by Claudius in 41-42. Drusus was a son of Livia and the younger brother of Tiberius; husband of Antonia (daughter of Marc Antony); father of Germanicus, Claudius and Lavilla. Died of injuries sustained from a horse fall while on campaign in Germany.Jun 25, 2006
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Thracia, Hadrianopolis, Gordian III, Jurokova 630 #1Gordian III AD 238-244
AE 27, 15.5g
obv. AVT KM ANT GORDIANOC A
bust, draped and cuirassed, laureate, r.
rev. A - DRIANOPO - LEITWN (WN ligate)
Female deity, in long chiton and himation, stg. l., holding cornucopiae and in
outstretched r. hand wand(?)
Jurokova 630 (thanks to gordian_guy!)
about VF, nice green patina
It is Nemesis holding measuring-rod and cornucopiae! For Hadrianopolis there are some types showing Nemesis with rod and cornucopiae, sometimes without wheel too (gordian_guy).JochenJun 25, 2006
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Julia Domna RIC IV, 373Julia Domna, died 217(?), wife of Septimius Severus
AR - denar, 2.67g, 19mm
struck in Rome AD 211-217
obv. IVLIA PIA - FELIX AVG
Bust of Julia, head bare, draped, r. Hair elaborately waved in 5 vertical waves,
varying numbers of horizontal ridges, fastened in bun at back and queue
below it.
rev. DIANA - LVCIFERA
Diana, draped, standing front, holding long lighted torch, pointing slightly
upward to l., in both hands
RIC IV/1, (Caracalla) 373; C.32; BMC 2; RCV 6578
about EFJochenJun 25, 2006
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Moesia inferior, Nikopolis ad Istrum, 10. Commodus, HrHJ (2018) 8.10.32.02 (plate coin)Commodus, AD 177-192
AE 26, 12.68g, 26.29mm, 100°
struck under governor Caecilius Servilianus
obv. AV - T KAI MAR AVRH - KOMODOC
head, laureate, r.
rev. HG - EMO KAIKI CERBEILIA.NEIKOPO PROC ICT
River-god, bearded, leaning l., holding rudder(?) in outstretched r. hand, resting
with l. arm on urn from whitch water flows l.
ref. a) AMNG I/1, 1235, pl. XVII, 31
b) Varbanov (engl.) 2160
c) Hristova/Hoeft/Jekov (2018) No. 8.10.32.2 (plate coin)
d) not in RPC online
rare, about VF
The object in the r. hand of the river-god appears as a thin stick but should be a rudder; anyway it is no reed as Santini has suggested (Pick).
The big bronzes from Commodus are from bad style. They all seem to come from the same die-cutter, perhaps his first ones (Pick). JochenJun 25, 2006
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Moesia inferior, Markianopolis, 18. Caracalla, HrJ (2013) 6.18.36.20Caracalla, AD 198-217
AE 22, 4.6g, 21.85, 0°
obv. AVT KM AVR ANT - WNINOC P AV - G
bearded head, laureate, r.
rev. MARKIANO - POLITWN (AR ligate)
Homonoia, in chiton and himation, wearing kalathos, holding cornucopiae and
and sacrificing from patera over flaming altar l.
ref. a) AMNG I/1, 631
b) Varbanov (engl.) 905 (5 ex.)
c) Hristova/Jekov (2013) 6.18.36.20
about VF, obv. excentric, nice green patinaJochenJun 25, 2006
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Moesia inferior, Nikopolis ad Istrum, 36. Gordian III, HrHJ (2018) 8.36.05.03 #1Gordian III, AD 238-244
AE 29, 12.30g, 28.79mm, 180°
struck under governor Sabinius Modestus
obv. AVT K M ANT G - ORDIANOC AVG
bust, draped and cuirassed, seen from behind, laureate, r.
rev. VP CAB MODECTOV NI - KOP - OLEITWN POC (sic!) ICTR (WN ligate)
Demeter, stg. l., holding 2 corn-ears and a poppy-head in her outstretched r. hand, leaning
with l. hand on lighted torch.
ref. a) AMNG I/1, 2047 (3 ex., Athens, Wien, Welzl)
b) Varbanov (engl.) 4186 corr. (rev. same die, writes in error ICTRON)
c) Hristova/Hoeft/Jekov (2018) No. 8.36.5.3 (same dies)
VF, dark green patina
POC may be a ligate PR?JochenJun 25, 2006
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[18H456] Judean Kingdom, John Hyrcanus I (Yehohanan), 134 - 104 B.C.Judean Kingdom, John Hyrcanus I (Yehohanan), 134 - 104 B.C. Bronze prutah, TJC I 62, AJC I group N, Hendin 456, choice VF+, Jerusalem mint, 2.88g, 13.9mm, 0o. Obverse: Hebrew inscription, Yehohanan the High Priest and Council of the Jews, surrounded by wreath; Reverse: double cornucopia adorned with ribbons, pomegranate between horns, AP monogram below left; very rare full script. EX FORVM
The ancient Hebrew script says
NN(HUH)WHY = Yehohanan
H = the
NHK = Priest
LDGH = high
H = the ( ancient Hebrew mostly use W = and, in this coin mistakinly they used the !!
RB(HUH) = Consel
H = the
MYDHY = Jews.
(Translation by Salem Alshdaifat, IMPERATOR, Caesar--thank you, Salem)
John Hyrcanus was the son of Simon the Maccabee and nephew of the folk hero Judah Maccabee. Not long after Hyrcanus assumed power, the Seleukid kingdom marched on Jerusalem. The Seleukid king, Antiocus VII, and Hyrcanus I negotiated a treaty that left Hyrcanus a vassal to the Syrian king.
See: http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/indexfrm.asp?vpar=105&pos=0CleisthenesJun 25, 2006
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Moesia inferior, Markianopolis, 14. Septimius Severus, HrJ (2013) 6.14.38.10 (plate coin)Septimius Severus, AD 193-211
AE 27, 9.3g, 27.48mm, 45°
struck under governor Aurelius Gallus
obv. AVT KL CEP - CEVHROC P
bust, draped and cuirassed, laureate, r.
rev. V AV GALLOV MA - RKIANOPOLITWN
Tyche, in long chiton and himation, wearing kalathos, stg. l., holding
cornucopiae in l. arm and rudder in r. hand
ref. a) AMNG I/1, 559
b) Varbanov (engl.) 748
c) Hristova/Jekov (2013) No.6.14.38.10 (plate coin)
nice VFJochenJun 25, 2006
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Moesia inferior, Nikopolis ad Istrum, 26. Elagabal, HrHJ (2018) 8.26.38.19 (plate coin)Elagabal AD 218-222
AE 27, 11.07g, 26.83mm, 0°
struck under governor Novius Rufus
obv. AVT K M AVRH - [ANTWNEINOC]
laureate head r
rev. VP NOBIOV ROVFOV NI - KOPOLITON PROC ICT /
in l. and r. field RO - N
Tyche Euposia as City Goddess, wearing mural crown, stg. l., holding cornucopiae in l. arm and rudder in
outstretched r. hand; on the cornucopiae std. a small child (Ploutos) l.!
ref. a) not in AMNG:
rev. cf. AMNG I/1, 1972 (different die breaks)
obv. AMNG I/1, 1968
b) Varbanov (engl.) cf.4090 (doesn't mention Ploutos!)
c) Hristova/Hoeft/Jekov (2018) No. 8.26.38.19 (plate coin)
about VF, nice serious portrait
Both references don't mention the small child! For more informations please look at the coin AMNG 1868 of Diadumenian from Nikopolis! Tyche Euposia here doesn't wear a kalathos but a mural crown. So it is the City Goddess!
JochenJun 25, 2006
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Moesia inferior, Markianopolis, 26. Elagabal, HrJ (2013) 6.26.36.27 (plate coin)Elagabal, AD 218-222
AE 27, 10.22g, 26.55mm, 180°
struck under governor Iulius Antonius Seleucus
obv. AVT.KM.AVRH - ANTWNEINOC
laureate head r.
rev. VP [IOVL ANT CEL] - EVKOV MARKIANOPO / LITWN (WN ligate)
female figure, in long chiton and with kalathos, stg. l., holding cornucopiae and
two corn-ears downwards in outstretched r. hand (Abundantia or Annona?)
ref. a) not in AMNG:
rev. AMNG I/1, 860 var. (depiction, without kalathos)
AMNG I/1, 850 (rev., legend)
obv. AMNG I/1, 860
b) Varbanov (engl.) 1568
c) Hristova/Jekov (2013) No. 6.26.36.27 (plate coin)
rare, about VF, glossy black green patina
added to www.wildwinds.com
Varbanov usually doesn't differentiate between different legend breaks!JochenJun 25, 2006
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Moesia inferior, Markianopolis, 28. Elagabal & Julia Maesa, HrJ (2013) 6.28.36.01 (plate coin)Elagabal, AD 218-222
AE 28, 13.79g, 28.34mm, 345°
struck under governor Iulius Antonius Seleucus
obv. AVT KM AVR ANTWNEINOC AVG IOVLIA MAICA AVG
confronted busts of Elagabal, draped and cuirassed, seen from behind, laureate, r., and Julia Maesa, draped and diademed, l.
rev. VP.IOVL.ANT.CELE - VKOV.MARKIANOPOLI / TWN
female figure, in long chiton and himation, stg. l., holding
cornucopiae in l. arm and two corn-ears downwards in outstretched r. hand (Abundantia?)
E in l. field (for pentassarion)
ref. a) AMNG I/1, 968 (2 ex., München, Mionnet, but end of rev.-legend missed)
b) Varbanov (engl.) 1624 (cites AMNG 968, but has the same breaks on reverse like Hristova/Jekov!)
c) Hristova/Jekov (2013) No. 6.28.36.1 (plate coin)
very rare, about VF, deep green patina
JochenJun 25, 2006
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Moesia inferior, Markianopolis, 26. Elagabal, HrJ (2013) 6.26.05.06 #1Elagabal, AD 218-222
AE 26, 10.1g, 26.35mm, 180°
struck under governor Iulius Antonius Seleucus
obv. AVT KM AVRHLIOC - ANTWNEINOC
bust, draped and cuirassed, seen from behind, laureate, r.
rev. VP.IOVL.ANT.CELE - VKOV MARKIANOPO / LITWN
Demeter, in long chiton and himation, stg. frontal, head l., holding two corn-
ears in outstretched r. hand and leaning with l. hand on sceptre.
ref. a) AMNG I/1, 819 var. (has torch)
b) Varbanov (engl.) 1560 (cites AMNG 819, but writes scepter which can be seen on pic too!)
c) Hristova-Jekov (2013) 6.26.5.6
d) BMC 50
about VF, small scratches on obv.
Pedigree:
ex Colosseum 1997
VF, glossy black-green patina
AMNG has two corn-ears, head of poppy and torch. Here it is doubtless no poppy and a sceptre with knob. But it is Demeter nevertheless.JochenJun 25, 2006
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[18H749] Domitian, 13 September 81 - 18 September 96 A.D., Judaea Capta, Caesarea, SamariaDomitian, 13 September 81 - 18 September 96 A.D., Judaea Capta, Caesarea, Samaria. Bronze AE 23, Hendin 749, BMC 42-52, SNG ANS 492- 494, F, Caesarea, 9.012g, 21.9mm, 0o, obverse IMP DOMITIANVS CAES AVG GERMANICVS, laureate head left; reverse no legend, helmeted figure of Athena standing left, holding shield and spear, placing helmet on trophy, consisting of cuirass, two shields and spears, two crossed greaves at bottom.
Flavius Domitianus was an effective emperor who spent much of his time in the provinces preserving order. Despite his effectiveness, he was extremely unpopular with the senatorial class at Rome. He appointed persons from the lower classes to positions of authority. When asked to prohibit execution of senators without a trial by peers he declined, thus dispelling the old illusions of republican government and exposing the true autocracy of his rule. Domitian's reign was marred by paranoia and cruelty in his latter years and he executed many Senators. In 96 A.D. he was stabbed to death in a plot, allegedly involving his own wife.
After Herod's death, Caesaria was the seat of the Roman procurator and capital of Roman Palestine for about 500 years. A riot in 66 A.D. between Syrians and Jews in the city led to the First Jewish revolt and the Judaea Capta of Titus. Paul was delivered to Caesaria when his life was threatened in Jerusalem (Acts 9:30). From Caesaria, Paul departed to Tarsus, his birthplace. Paul met the church in Caesarea (Acts 18:22; 21:8,16). Finally, Paul was taken prisoner (Acts 23:23,33) and returned to Caesaria where he was tried before Festus and King Agrippa (Acts 25:1-4; 24:6-13).
See: http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/index.asp?vpar=135&pos=0CleisthenesJun 25, 2006
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[18H759] Vespasian, 1 July 69 - 24 June 79 A.D., Judaea CaptaSilver denarius, Hendin 759, RIC 15, BM 35, RSC 226, S 2296, Fair, 2.344g, 17.0mm, 180o, Rome mint, 69-70 A.D.; obverse IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG, laureate head right; reverse IVDAEA in exergue, Jewess, mourning, seated at right of trophy.
De Imperatoribus Romanis:
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Titus Flavius Vespasianus (A.D. 69-79)
John Donahue
College of William and Mary
Introduction
Titus Flavius Vespasianus (b. A.D. 9, d. A.D. 79, emperor A.D. 69-79) restored peace and stability to an empire in disarray following the death of Nero in A.D. 68. In the process he established the Flavian dynasty as the legitimate successor to the Imperial throne. Although we lack many details about the events and chronology of his reign, Vespasian provided practical leadership and a return to stable government - accomplishments which, when combined with his other achievements, make his emperorship particularly notable within the history of the Principate.
Early Life and Career
Vespasian was born at Falacrina near Sabine Reate on 17 November, A.D. 9, the son of T. Flavius Sabinus, a successful tax collector and banker, and Vespasia Polla. Both parents were of equestrian status. Few details of his first fifteen years survive, yet it appears that his father and mother were often away from home on business for long periods. As a result, Vespasian's early education became the responsibility of his paternal grandmother, Tertulla. [[1]] In about A.D. 25 Vespasian assumed the toga virilis and later accepted the wearing of the latus clavus, and with it the senatorial path that his older brother, T. Flavius Sabinus, had already chosen. [[2]] Although many of the particulars are lacking, the posts typically occupied by one intent upon a senatorial career soon followed: a military tribunate in Thrace, perhaps for three or four years; a quaestorship in Crete-Cyrene; and the offices of aedile and praetor, successively, under the emperor Gaius. [[3]]
It was during this period that Vespasian married Flavia Domitilla. Daughter of a treasury clerk and former mistress of an African knight, Flavia lacked the social standing and family connections that the politically ambitious usually sought through marriage. In any case, the couple produced three children, a daughter, also named Flavia Domitilla, and two sons, the future emperors Titus and Domitian . Flavia did not live to witness her husband's emperorship and after her death Vespasian returned to his former mistress Caenis, who had been secretary to Antonia (daughter of Marc Antony and mother of Claudius). Caenis apparently exerted considerable influence over Vespasian, prompting Suetonius to assert that she remained his wife in all but name, even after he became emperor. [[4]]
Following the assassination of Gaius on 24 January, A.D. 41, Vespasian advanced rapidly, thanks in large part to the new princeps Claudius, whose favor the Flavians had wisely secured with that of Antonia, the mother of Germanicus, and of Claudius' freedmen, especially Narcissus. [[5]] The emperor soon dispatched Vespasian to Argentoratum (Strasbourg) as legatus legionis II Augustae, apparently to prepare the legion for the invasion of Britain. Vespasian first appeared at the battle of Medway in A.D. 43, and soon thereafter led his legion across the south of England, where he engaged the enemy thirty times in battle, subdued two tribes, and conquered the Isle of Wight. According to Suetonius, these operations were conducted partly under Claudius and partly under Vespasian's commander, Aulus Plautius. Vespasian's contributions, however, did not go unnoticed; he received the ornamenta triumphalia and two priesthoods from Claudius for his exploits in Britain. [[6]]
By the end of A.D. 51 Vespasian had reached the consulship, the pinnacle of a political career at Rome. For reasons that remain obscure he withdrew from political life at this point, only to return when chosen proconsul of Africa about A.D. 63-64. His subsequent administration of the province was marked by severity and parsimony, earning him a reputation for being scrupulous but unpopular. [[7]] Upon completion of his term, Vespasian returned to Rome where, as a senior senator, he became a man of influence in the emperor Nero's court. [[8]] Important enough to be included on Nero's tour of Greece in A.D. 66-67, Vespasian soon found himself in the vicinity of increasing political turbulence in the East. The situation would prove pivotal in advancing his career.
Judaea and the Accession to Power
In response to rioting in Caesarea and Jerusalem that had led to the slaughter in the latter city of Jewish leaders and Roman soldiers, Nero granted to Vespasian in A.D. 66 a special command in the East with the objective of settling the revolt in Judaea. By spring A.D. 67, with 60,000 legionaries, auxiliaries, and allies under his control, Vespasian set out to subdue Galilee and then to cut off Jerusalem. Success was quick and decisive. By October all of Galilee had been pacified and plans for the strategic encirclement of Jerusalem were soon formed. [[9]] Meanwhile, at the other end of the empire, the revolts of Gaius Iulius Vindex, governor of Gallia Lugdunensis, and Servius Sulpicius Galba , governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, had brought Nero's reign to the brink of collapse. The emperor committed suicide in June, A.D. 68, thereby ensuring chaos for the next eighteen months, as first Galba and then Marcus Salvius Otho and Aulus Vitellius acceded to power. Each lacked broad-based military and senatorial support; each would be violently deposed in turn. [[10]]
Still occupied with plans against Jerusalem, Vespasian swore allegiance to each emperor. Shortly after Vitellius assumed power in spring, A.D. 69, however, Vespasian met on the border of Judaea and Syria with Gaius Licinius Mucianus, governor of Syria, and after a series of private and public consultations, the two decided to revolt. [[11]] On July 1, at the urging of Tiberius Alexander, prefect of Egypt, the legions of Alexandria declared for Vespasian, as did the legions of Judaea two days later. By August all of Syria and the Danube legions had done likewise. Vespasian next dispatched Mucianus to Italy with 20,000 troops, while he set out from Syria to Alexandria in order to control grain shipments for the purpose of starving Italy into submission. [[12]] The siege of Jerusalem he placed in the hands of his son Titus.
Meanwhile, the Danubian legions, unwilling to wait for Mucianus' arrival, began their march against Vitellius ' forces. The latter army, suffering from a lack of discipline and training, and unaccustomed to the heat of Rome, was defeated at Cremona in late October. [[13]] By mid-December the Flavian forces had reached Carsulae, 95 kilometers north of Rome on the Flaminian Road, where the Vitellians, with no further hope of reinforcements, soon surrendered. At Rome, unable to persuade his followers to accept terms for his abdication, Vitellius was in peril. On the morning of December 20 the Flavian army entered Rome. By that afternoon, the emperor was dead. [[14]]
Tacitus records that by December 22, A.D. 69, Vespasian had been given all the honors and privileges usually granted to emperors. Even so, the issue remains unclear, owing largely to a surviving fragment of an enabling law, the lex de imperio Vespasiani, which conferred powers, privileges, and exemptions, most with Julio-Claudian precedents, on the new emperor. Whether the fragment represents a typical granting of imperial powers that has uniquely survived in Vespasian's case, or is an attempt to limit or expand such powers, remains difficult to know. In any case, the lex sanctioned all that Vespasian had done up to its passing and gave him authority to act as he saw fit on behalf of the Roman people. [[15]]
What does seem clear is that Vespasian felt the need to legitimize his new reign with vigor. He zealously publicized the number of divine omens that predicted his accession and at every opportunity he accumulated multiple consulships and imperial salutations. He also actively promoted the principle of dynastic succession, insisting that the emperorship would fall to his son. The initiative was fulfilled when Titus succeeded his father in A.D. 79.[[16]]
Emperorship
Upon his arrival in Rome in late summer, A.D. 70, Vespasian faced the daunting task of restoring a city and a government ravaged by the recent civil wars. Although many particulars are missing, a portrait nevertheles emerges of a ruler conscientiously committed to the methodical renewal of both city and empire. Concerning Rome itself, the emperor encouraged rebuilding on vacated lots, restored the Capitol (burned in A.D. 69), and also began work on several new buildings: a temple to the deified Claudius on the Caelian Hill, a project designed to identify Vespasian as a legitimate heir to the Julio-Claudians, while distancing himself from Nero ; a temple of Peace near the Forum; and the magnificent Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre), located on the site of the lake of Nero 's Golden House. [[17]]
Claiming that he needed forty thousand million sesterces for these projects and for others aimed at putting the state on more secure footing, Vespasian is said to have revoked various imperial immunities, manipulated the supply of certain commodities to inflate their price, and increased provincial taxation. [[18]] The measures are consistent with his characterization in the sources as both obdurate and avaricious. There were occasional political problems as well: Helvidius Priscus, an advocate of senatorial independence and a critic of the Flavian regime from the start, was exiled after A.D. 75 and later executed; Marcellus Eprius and A. Alienus Caecina were condemned by Titus for conspiracy, the former committing suicide, the latter executed in A.D. 79.
As Suetonius claims, however, in financial matters Vespasian always put revenues to the best possible advantage, regardless of their source. Tacitus, too, offers a generally favorable assessment, citing Vespasian as the first man to improve after becoming emperor. [[19]] Thus do we find the princeps offering subventions to senators not possessing the property qualifications of their rank, restoring many cities throughout the empire, and granting state salaries for the first time to teachers of Latin and Greek rhetoric. To enhance Roman economic and social life even further, he encouraged theatrical productions by building a new stage for the Theatre of Marcellus, and he also put on lavish state dinners to assist the food trades. [[20]]
In other matters the emperor displayed similar concern. He restored the depleted ranks of the senatorial and equestrian orders with eligible Italian and provincial candidates and reduced the backlog of pending court cases at Rome. Vespasian also re-established discipline in the army, while punishing or dismissing large numbers of Vitellius ' men. [[21]]
Beyond Rome, the emperor increased the number of legions in the East and continued the process of imperial expansion by the annexation of northern England, the pacification of Wales, and by advances into Scotland and southwest Germany between the Rhine and the Danube. Vespasian also conferred rights on communities abroad, especially in Spain, where the granting of Latin rights to all native communities contributed to the rapid Romanization of that province during the Imperial period. [[22]]
Death and Assessment
In contrast to his immediate imperial predecessors, Vespasian died peacefully - at Aquae Cutiliae near his birthplace in Sabine country on 23 June, A.D. 79, after contracting a brief illness. The occasion is said to have inspired his deathbed quip: "Oh my, I must be turning into a god!" [[23]] In fact, public deification did follow his death, as did his internment in the Mausoleum of Augustus alongside the Julio-Claudians.
A man of strict military discipline and simple tastes, Vespasian proved to be a conscientious and generally tolerant administrator. More importantly, following the upheavals of A.D. 68-69, his reign was welcome for its general tranquility and restoration of peace. In Vespasian Rome found a leader who made no great breaks with tradition, yet his ability ro rebuild the empire and especially his willingness to expand the composition of the governing class helped to establish a positive working model for the "good emperors" of the second century.
Bibliography
Since the scholarship on Vespasian is more comprehensive than can be treated here, the works listed below are main accounts or bear directly upon issues discussed in the entry above. A comprehensive modern anglophone study of this emperor is yet to be produced.
Atti congresso internazionale di studi Flaviani, 2 vols. Rieti, 1983.
Atti congresso internazionale di studi Vespasianei, 2 vols. Rieti, 1981.
Bosworth, A.B. "Vespasian and the Provinces: Some Problems of the Early 70s A.D." Athenaeum 51 (1973): 49-78.
Brunt, P. A. "Lex de imperio Vespasiani." JRS (67) 1977: 95-116.
D'Espèrey, S. Franchet. "Vespasien, Titus et la littérature." ANRW II.32.5: 3048-3086.
Dudley, D. and Webster, G. The Roman Conquest of Britain. London, 1965.
Gonzalez, J. "The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law." JRS 76 (1986): 147-243.
Grant, M. The Roman Emperors: A Biographical Guide to the Rulers of Rome, 31 B.C. - A.D. 476. New York, 1985.
Homo, L. Vespasien, l'Empereur du bons sens (69-79 ap. J.-C.). Paris, 1949.
Levi, M.A. "I Flavi." ANRW II.2: 177-207.
McCrum, M. and Woodhead, A. G. Select Documents of the Principates of the Flavian Emperors Including the Year of the Revolution. Cambridge, 1966.
Nicols, John. Vespasian and the Partes Flavianae. Wiesbaden, 1978.
Scarre, C. Chronicle of the Roman Emperors. The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial Rome. London, 1995.
Suddington, D. B. The Development of the Roman Auxiliary Forces from Caesar to Vespasian, 49 B.C. - A.D. 79. Harare: U. of Zimbabwe, 1982.
Syme, R. Tacitus. Oxford, 1958.
Wardel, David. "Vespasian, Helvidius Priscus and the Restoration of the Capitol." Historia 45 (1996): 208-222.
Wellesley, K. The Long Year: A.D. 69. Bristol, 1989, 2nd ed.
Notes
[[1]] Suet. Vesp. 2.1. Suetonius remains the major source but see also Tac. Hist. 2-5; Cass. Dio 65; Joseph. BJ 3-4.
[[2]] Suetonius (Vesp. 2.1) claims that Vespasian did not accept the latus clavus, the broad striped toga worn by one aspiring to a senatorial career, immediately. The delay, however, was perhaps no more than three years. See J. Nicols, Vespasian and the Partes Flavianae (Wiesbaden, 1978), 2.
[[3]] Military tribunate and quaestorship: Suet. Vesp. 2.3; aedileship: ibid., 5.3, in which Gaius, furious that Vespasian had not kept the streets clean, as was his duty, ordered some soldiers to load him with filth;,they complied by stuffing his toga with as much as it could hold. See also Dio 59.12.2-3; praetorship: Suet. Vesp. 2.3, in which Vespasian is depicted as one of Gaius' leading adulators, an account consistent with Tacitus' portrayal (Hist 1.50.4; 2.5.1) of his early career. For a more complete discussion of these posts and attendant problems of dating, see Nicols, Vespasian, 2-7.
[[4]] Marriage and Caenis: Suet. Vesp. 3; Cass. Dio 65.14.
[[5]] Nicols, Vespasian, 12-39.
[[6]] Suet. Vesp. 4.1 For additional details on Vespasian's exploits in Britain, see D. Dudley and G. Webster, The Roman Conquest of Britain (London, 1965), 55 ff., 98.
[[7]] Concerning Vespasian's years between his consulship and proconsulship, see Suet. Vesp. 4.2 and Nicols, Vespasian, 9. On his unpopularity in Africa, see Suet. Vesp. 4.3, an account of a riot at Hadrumentum, where he was once pelted with turnips. In recording that Africa supported Vitellius in A.D. 69, Tacitus too suggests popular dissatisfaction with Vespasian's proconsulship. See Hist. 2.97.2.
[[8]] This despite the fact that the sources record two rebukes of Vespasian, one for extorting money from a young man seeking career advancement (Suet. Vesp. 4.3), the other for either leaving the room or dozing off during one of the emperor's recitals (Suet. Vesp. 4.4 and 14, which places the transgression in Greece; Tac. (Ann. 16.5.3), who makes Rome and the Quinquennial Games of A.D. 65 the setting; A. Braithwaite, C. Suetoni Tranquilli Divus Vespasianus, Oxford, 1927, 30, who argues for both Greece and Rome).
[[9]] Subjugation of Galilee: Joseph. BJ 3.65-4.106; siege of Jerusalem: ibid., 4.366-376, 414.
[[10]] Revolt of Vindex: Suet. Nero 40; Tac. Ann. 14.4; revolt of Galba: Suet. Galba 10; Plut. Galba, 4-5; suicide of Nero: Suet. Nero 49; Cass. Dio 63.29.2. For the most complete account of the period between Nero's death and the accession of Vespasian, see K. Wellesley, The Long Year: A.D. 69, 2nd. ed. (Bristol, 1989).
[[11]] Tac. Hist. 2.76.
[[12]] Troops in support of Vespasian: Suet. Vit. 15; Mucianus and his forces: Tac. Hist. 2.83; Vespasian and grain shipments: Joseph. BJ 4.605 ff.; see also Tac. Hist. 3.48, on Vespasian's possible plan to shut off grain shipments to Italy from Carthage as well.
[[13]] On Vitellius' army and its lack of discipline, see Tac. Hist. 2.93-94; illness of army: ibid., 2.99.1; Cremona: ibid., 3.32-33.
[[14]] On Vitellius' last days, see Tac. Hist. 3.68-81. On the complicated issue of Vitellius' death date, see L. Holzapfel, "Römische Kaiserdaten," Klio 13 (1913): 301.
[[15]] Honors, etc. Tac. Hist. 4.3. For more on the lex de imperio Vespasiani, see P. A. Brunt, "Lex de imperio Vespasiani," JRS (67) 1977: 95-116.
[[16]] Omens: Suet. Vesp. 5; consulships and honors: ibid., 8; succession of sons: ibid., 25.
[[17]] On Vespasian's restoration of Rome, see Suet. Vesp. 9; Cass. Dio 65.10; D. Wardel, "Vespasian, Helvidius Priscus and the Restoration of the Capitol," Historia 45 (1996): 208-222.
[[18]] Suet. Vesp. 16.
[[19]] Ibid.; Tac. Hist. 1.50.
[[20]] Suet. Vesp. 17-19.
[[21]] Ibid., 8-10.
[[22]] On Vespasian's exploits in Britain, see esp. Tac., Agricola, eds. R. M. Ogilvie and I. A. Richmond (1967), and W. S. Hanson, Agricola and the Conquest of the North (1987); on the granting of Latin rights in Spain, see, e.g., J. Gonzalez, "The Lex Irnitana: a New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law." JRS 76 (1986): 147-243.
[[23]] For this witticism and other anecdotes concerning Vespasian's sense of humor, see Suet. Vesp. 23.
Copyright (C) 1998, John Donahue. Published on De Imperatoribus Romanis, an Online Encyplopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families.
http://www.roman-emperors.org/vespasia.htm
Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.CleisthenesJun 25, 2006
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Caracalla, AR DenariusCARACALLA AR silver denarius. Struck at Rome, 213 AD. ANTONINVS PIVS AVG BRIT, laureate head right. Reverse - PROFECTIO AVG, Caracalla standing right, holding a transverse spear, accompanied by signifer, standard behind him. RCV 6877, scarce. 19mm, 3.5g. Good Very FineJun 24, 2006
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Geta, AR DenariusGETA AR silver denarius.
Obverse: P SEPT GETA PIVS AVG BRIT, laureate head right.
Reverse - FORT RED TR P III COS II P P, Fortuna reclining right, leaning on wheel and holding cornucopiae.
RIC 77, RSC 62. Jun 24, 2006
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ROMAN EMPIRE PROVINCIAL, Elagabal AE24 from Alexandria TroasElagabal AE24, 218-222 AD, Alexandria Troas.
Obv: ANTONINVS PIVS AVG, laureate and draped bust right, seen from rear.
Rev: COL ALEXA AVG, Marsyas on pedestal right, raising right, holding wine-skin over his shoulder with left.
Ø 22-24 mm, 7.28 g
Bellinger -, Hunter -, Leypold -, Lindgren -, SNG Aul. -, SNG Cop. -, SNG München -, SNG Tüb. -
An unpublished reverse for Elagabal from Alexandria Troas. See discussion herePscipioJun 24, 2006
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Caracalla, AR DenariusCARACALLA AR silver denarius. Struck at Rome, 216 AD. ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM, laureate head right. Reverse - VENVS VICTRIX, Venus standing left holding Victory & scepter, helmet on ground to right. RSC 606. Broad 19mm flan, 2.9g. Extremely Fine.Jun 24, 2006
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Faustina I - ConsecratioAttribution-RIC 384 RSC 175 BMC 473 Cohen 176
Obv.DIVA FAV-STINA-Draped bust right
Rev.CONSECRATIO-Peacock walking right,head leftJun 24, 2006
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Magnus Maximus - VICTORIAAttribution:RIC 33:Cohen 10:Sear 4204
Mint:Lugdunum(Lyon)
Obv.DN MAG MAXI-MVS PF AVG Diademed,draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev.VICTOR_IA AVGG Emperor standing,head left,holding victory and standard
Ex.LVGP
AE2 23mm
Comments:Rarer reverse type Jun 24, 2006
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Commemorative VRBS ROMA - CONSE•Attribution-RIC VII Constantinople 78
Ex.CONSepsilon-dotJun 24, 2006
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165Carausius 287-93 AD
Antoninianus
Obv “IMP CARAVSIVS PF AVG”
Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev “SALVS PVBLICA”
Salus standing right feeding serpent in arms
London Mint
B/E//MLXXI
RIC 165mauseusJun 23, 2006
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880Carausius 287-93AD
AE Antoninianus
Obv: "IMP CARAVSIVS PF AVG"
Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev: "PAX AVG"
Pax standing left holding vertical sceptre
Unmarked mint
RIC 880mauseusJun 23, 2006
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881Carausius 287-93AD
AE Antoninianus
Obv: "IMP CARAVSIVS P AVG"
Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev: "PAX AVG"
Pax standing left holding vertical sceptre
Unmarked mint
RIC 881mauseusJun 23, 2006
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953Carausius 287-93AD
AE Antoninianus
Obv: "IMP CARAVSIVS P AVG"
Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev: "PROVID AVG"
Providentia standing left holding cornucopia and baton
Unmarked mint
RIC 953mauseusJun 23, 2006
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982cfCarausius 287-93AD
AE Antoninianus
Obv: "IMP C..........."
Radiate, draped bust left holding eagle tipped sceptre
Rev: "SALVS AVG"
Salus standing left feeding serpent rising from altar
Unmarked mint
RIC - (cf 982ff)mauseusJun 23, 2006
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Irregular MonetaCarausius 287-93AD
Antoninianus
Obv “IMP CARAVSIVS P AVG”
Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev “MONITA AVG”
Moneta standing left holding scales
Irregular mint
mauseusJun 23, 2006
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591cfCarausius 287-93AD
AE Antoninianus
Obv: "IMP CARAVSIVS PF AVG"
Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev: "TETVS AVG"
Lion springing left
London mint (?)
-/-//RSR
RIC - (cf 591)
Overstruck on a Victorinus antoninianus, reverse VIRTVS AVGmauseusJun 23, 2006
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Carausius uncertainCarausius 287-93AD
Antoninianus
Obv "IMP CARAVSIVS PF AVGG"
Radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right
Rev uncertain
RIC -
This coin shares the same obverse die as a coin in the Vogelaar collection which has the reverse MONITA AVG (sic)mauseusJun 23, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 350AObv:– IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG, Laureate head right
Rev:– MONETA AVG, Moneta standing left, holding scales in right hand, cornucopiae in left
Minted in Alexandria, A.D. 194
References:– BMCRE pg 83, RIC 350A (Rare), RSC 338a
[SOLD]maridvnvmJun 22, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 344Obv:- IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG, Laureate head right
Rev:- AEQVITAS II, Aequitas standing left, holding scales in right hand, cornucopiae in left
Minted in Alexandria, A.D. 194
References:- RIC 344 (Rare), BMCRE 319, RSC 18
[SOLD]maridvnvmJun 22, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 347Obv:- IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG, Laureate head right
Rev:- BONI EVENTVS, Bonus Eventus standing left holding basket of fruit and corn ears
Minted in Alexandria, A.D. 194
References:- RIC 347, BMCRE 321, RSC 66
[SOLD]maridvnvmJun 22, 2006
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Gallienus (254-268)Obv: GALLIENVS P F AVG
Radiate and cuirassed bust, right.
Rev: VICT GERMANICA
Victory on globe advancing right with trophy over left shoulder. Captives seated left and right.
Antoninianus, 3.7 gm, 21.8 mm, Cologne RIC 49.
Commentary: Celebrates his expulsion of the Jethungi from Italy.
History (As co-Augustus, 253-260): He was raised to the rank of co-Augustus in 253 by his father, Valerian, and tasked to bring order to the Western half of the Empire. Until 256 he concentrated his efforts against the barbarian hordes crossing the Danube. Having largely met with success, he then turned to the Rhine where until 258, he continued his string of successes in securing the borders against the German invasions. Between 255 and 258, the Senate awarded him the title of Germanicus Maximus five times for his stupendous victories and a belated Dacicus Maximus in 257. In 258 he returned to the Danube to meet fresh incursions by the Goths. In the following year, the Jethungi crossed the Upper Danube and invaded Italy forcing Gallienus to return to the homeland. Initial success was met at Milan followed by complete victory in early 260 at Augsburg with the recovery of thousands of Roman captives. But those successes were marred by the capture of his father by Shapur I.Jun 22, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 266Obv:- SEVERVS PIVS AVG, Laureate head right
Rev:- INDVLGENTIA AVGG / IN CARTH, Dea Caelestis, goddess of Carthage, with elaborate headdress, looking front, riding right on springing lion, holding thunderbolt and sceptre, water gushing from rocks at left below
Minted in Rome, A.D. 203
References:- RIC 266 (Common), RCV02 6285, RSC222 maridvnvmJun 22, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 167aObv:- SEVERVS AVG PART MAX, Laureate head right
Rev:- RESTITVTOR VRBIS, Severus in military garb, standing left, sacrificing over tripod
Minted in Rome, 201 A.D.
References:- VM 134, RIC 167a (Common), RSC 599maridvnvmJun 22, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 308Obv:- SEVERVS PIVS AVG, Laureate bust facing right
Rev:- VOTA SVSCEPTA XX, Emperor, veiled as a priest, standing left, sacrificing over a tripod
Minted in Rome, A.D. 207
References:- VM 179, RIC 308, RCV02 6394, RSC 791 maridvnvmJun 22, 2006
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BEAUTIFUL Severus Alexander 222-235 A.D. Caesarea Maritima mint AE 24Severus Alexander AE24 Ros-86
Obv:bust r,laur and cuirssed
IMPCAES ALEXANER
Rev:eagle displayed ,supporting a wreath enclosingthe letters SPQR
CIF AFC CAE METROPOLISMaritimaJun 22, 2006
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Commemorative VRBS ROMA - SMNgammaAttribution-RIC VII Nicomedia 195
Field mark-2 stars and 3 vertical dots
Ex.SMNgamma
Jun 22, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 261Obv:- SEVERVS PIVS AVG, Laureate head right
Rev:- FELICITAS AVGG, Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia
Reverse Legend -
Minted in Rome, A.D. 205
References:- RIC 261 (Common), RCV02 6273, RSC 135 maridvnvmJun 21, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 264Obv:- SEVERVS PIVS AVG, Laureate bust facing right
Rev:- FORTVNA REDVX, Fortuna seated left with wheel beneath seat.
Minted in Rome, 202-210 A.D.
References:- VM 38, RIC 264, RCV02 6279, RSC 181 maridvnvmJun 21, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 171aObv:- SEVERVS AVG PART MAX, Laureate head right
Rev:- VIRT AVGG, Virtus standing left, holding Victory, spear and shield.
Minted in Rome 200 A.D.
References:- VM 172, RIC 171a, RSC 761 maridvnvmJun 21, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 084Obv:- L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP VIII, Laureate head right
Rev:- P M TR P IIII COS II P P, Fortuna standing left holding cornucopia and rudder on globe
Minted in Rome, A.D. 196-197
References:- VM 104/2, RIC 84, RSC 424 maridvnvmJun 21, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 120cObv:- L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP X, Laureate head right
Rev:- VICT AVG COS II P P, Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm
Minted in Rome A.D. 197-198
References:- RIC 120c (Common), RSC 694 maridvnvmJun 21, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 136Obv:- L SEPT SEV AVG IMP XI PART MAX, Laureate head right
Rev:- P M TR P VII COS II P P, Fortuna standing front, head right, holding a cornucopiae and rudder: prow left
Minted in Rome, A.D. 199 - 200
References:- VM 108/1, RIC 136 (Common), RSC 452 maridvnvmJun 21, 2006
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Numerianus, AntoninianusAntoninianus minted in Siscia, AD 284
IMP C NVMERIANVS PF AVG, Radiate and cuirassed bust right
FIDES EXERCIT AVGG, Fides seated left, holding patera, three standards. Gamma in field, SMSXXI at exergue
4,53 gr
Ref : RIC 460F, Cohen #15, RCV #12245, Monnaies XXI #3373, scarcePotator IIJun 21, 2006
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Carinus, AntoninianusAntoninianus struck in Ticinium, 3rd officina, AD 283
IMP CARINVS P F AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust of Carinus right
FELICIT PVBLICA, Felicitas standing right, leaning on a column. T XXI at exergue
3.54 gr
Ref : Cohen #24, RCV #12343Potator IIJun 21, 2006
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Commemorative VRBS ROMA - SMKdeltaAttribution-RIC VII Cyzicus 91
Ex.SMKdeltaJun 21, 2006
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Sicily, GelaSicily Gela AR Litra, 430-415 BC
Obverse- Horseman with spear and shield galloping right.
Reverse- Forepart of man-headed bull right.
13.56 mm, 0.8 grams.
SG 797b70Jun 21, 2006
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ROMAN EMPIRE, PHILIP I- ROMAE AETERNAEAttribution-PHILIP I AR ANTONINIANUS,244-247,ROME-RIC IV, part III, 44b
Obv. IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG-Radiate,cuirassed,draped bust right,seen from behind
Rev. ROMAE AETERNAE-Roma seated left on shield,Victory in right hand,scepter in left
Size 23mmJun 20, 2006
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Helena - SECVRITVS REIPVBLICEAE3
Obv: FL HELENA AVGVSTA - Diademed bust right
Rev: SECVRITAS REIPVBLICE - Helena standing left holding branch, SMTS(A, B, Delta or Epsilon) in exergue - Thessalonica Mint
RIC VII THESSALONICA 159James S2Jun 20, 2006
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Caracalla, Hadrianopolis, Thrace, eagle, AE 1817.95 mm, 3.10 g
obv.: laureate bust right, AVT [ ] NTΩNEINOC
rev.: eagle standing right on cippus looking back over shoulder, holding wreath in beak
not in Jurukova or the Bulgarian edition of VarbanovareichJun 20, 2006
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Septimius Severus, Nikopolis ad Istrum, AE 1717.1 mm, 3.55 g
obv.: laureate head right, AVKA[ ] CEVNPOC
rev.: NIKOΠ [ ] PROCIC
areichJun 20, 2006
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Elaia, Aiolis, W. Asia Minor, c. 350 - 320 B.C.Silver hemiobol, SNG Kayhan 82, S 4197, Elaia mint, 0.272g, 6.9mm, c. 350 - 320 B.C.; obverse head of Athena left in crested Attic helmet; reverse [E - L - A - I], olive wreath, all within incuse square
ex FORVMareichJun 20, 2006
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GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR, 100 - 44 BCGaius Julius Caesar, 100 - 44 BC. Denarius, Africa, 47 - 46 BC.
Obverse- Head of Venus right.
Reverse- CAESAR/ Aeneas carrying Anchises and Palladium out of Troy.
Cr. 458/1; A. 1400.
3.77 g, 18 mmb70Jun 20, 2006
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Senones, GalliaPotin-coin from the Senones, Celts in Gallia.
Obverse- Head right.
Reverse- Horse left.
Castelin number 699-701.b70Jun 20, 2006
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Roman Empire, Antoninus Pius AE AsAs of Antoninus Pius. Minted between 155 and 156 A.D. 10,7 gr. 25
mm. Choice Very Fine. Strong strike. Well centered. Choice high relief
portrait and reverse. Dark-green patina. Rare.
Obverse: ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP IMP II. Laureate head right with
drapery on left shoulder.
Reverse: TR POT XIX COS IIII SC. Pax standing left holding branch
and cornucopiae.
Unlisted in BMC, Cohen, RIC and Sear !Jun 20, 2006
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Constantine II- Virtvs AvgvstiConstantine II , 22 May 337 - March or April 340 A.D.
Obverse:
Laureate, cuirassed bust right.
VICCONSTANTINVSAVG
VIC: The conqueror
CONSTANTINVS: Constantine
AVG: Augustus, emperor
Reverse:
VIRTVSAVGVSTI, The braveness of the emperor
VIRTVS: Braveness
AVGVSTI: The emperor
Constantine II standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.
Domination: Bronze, size 13 mm
Exe: RP, mint Rome 337-340, 1 st. officina
RIC VIII Rome 4. the exergue is R leaf (probably P) rated as common and it was issued between 9 Sept 337- April 340
The P stands for the officina (P is "prima" or first officina) The leaf stands for nothing more (that I know of) than the Romans penchant for using marks from nature. Lots of marks from nature are employed...leafs, branches, trees etc. Of course there is liable to be plenty of symbolism that we do not recognize.
Additional information:
http://www.constantinethegreatcoins.com/comm/comm.html
Though RIC calls them common, they're a) not common and b) mostly struck so poorly on wretched little flans that they're hard to read and attribute. Your piece, despite the hardly legible exergue, is well above average!
Peter WissingJun 20, 2006
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Constantine The Great- City of Constantinopolis Commemorative VictoryConstantine the Great, early 307 - 22 May 337 A.D.
Obverse:
CONSTAN-TINOPOLI, Constantinopolis' helmeted bust left in imperial cloak and holding scepter across left shoulder
City of Constantinople Commemorative, 334 -335 A.D.
Reverse:
Victory standing left, foot on prow or ship, holding spear and shield. The Constantinopolis coin depicts the foot of Victory on a prow, which is the bow of a ship.
Domination: Silver, Size: 18 mm. Rare to see so much silvering on a Constantinopolis, but it always seems to be Alexandria that it survives on.
Mint: exergue is SMALB (Sacra Moneta ALexandria officina B second officina), which is Alexandria. RIC VII Alexandria 64 r1 A.D. 333-335.
Coin rated: Very Fine
Peter WissingJun 20, 2006
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Xian Feng Yuan BaoEmperor Xiang Feng, Qing Dynasty. Issued during the war. Huge coin and high value, 1000 cents. Scare. 1851～1861 ADJun 20, 2006
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De Yi Yuan Bao & Shuntian Yuan BaoIssued by rebel army Shi Si'ming. Tang Dynasty. Around 750 ADJun 20, 2006
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Fu Chang Tong BaoIssued by Liu Yu, Dummy Emperor by Jing Dynasty. 1125 ADJun 20, 2006
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Long Feng Tong BaoIssued by rebellion Han Lin'er, late Yuan Dynasty.. 1355 AD. Scarce.Jun 20, 2006
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Jian Yan Zhong BaoSouth Song Dynasty, Emperor Zhao Gou, 1127-1162 AD
Minted for a very short term. Scarce.Jun 20, 2006
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Valentinian III - CONCORDIA AVGAttribution:RIC X 434,438- LRBC 2237,2603
Obv: DN VALENTINIANO PF AVG-Pearl diadem,draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev: CONCOR-DIA AVG-Victory facing with two wreaths
Ex.?
Comments:Full readable legends and center strike.The finest example of this type I have ever seen.One of my personal favorites and maybe the best coin I own.Jun 20, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 046Obv:- L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP IIII, laureate head right
Rev:- MARS PATER, Mars advancing right carrying spear and trophy
Minted in Rome. A.D. 194-195
Reference(s) - Cohen 311. RIC 46 (Scarce) maridvnvmJun 19, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 097Obv:- L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP VIIII, Laureate head right
Rev:- HERCVLI DEFENS, Hercules standing right, resting on club and holding bow and lion-skin on left arm
Minted in Rome. A.D. 197
Reference:- RIC 97. RSC 212 maridvnvmJun 19, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 018Obv:- IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG, Laureate head right
Rev:- LIBERAL AVG COS, Liberalitas, standing left, holding abacus and cornucopia
Minted in Rome between A.D. 193 - 194
References:- VM 65, RIC 18 (Common), RSC 281 maridvnvmJun 19, 2006
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Vandals anonymousObverse: Pearl-diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right
Reverse: Victory advancing left, wreath upward in right hand, palm in left
Mint : Carthage
Date : 5th Century AD
Reference : Wroth, Coins of the Vandals, Victory type 21-31, Pl. III, 10
Grade : V
Weight : 0.99g
Metal : AE
Acquired: 16/06/06
Comments : Wroth notes that coins showing inscriptions represented by strokes or lozenges are probably indicative of barbarous imitations (possibly the Mauri tribe).PeattieJun 19, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 039Obv:- L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP III, Laureate head right
Rev:- VIRT AVG TR P II COS II P P, Virtus, helmeted, standing left, holding Victory and reversed spear
Minted in Rome. A.D. 194
Reference:- RIC 39 (Scarce). RSC 755 maridvnvmJun 19, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 032Obv:- L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP III, Laureate head right
Rev:- LIBERO PATRI, Bacchus (Liber) standing half-left, holding oenochoe and thyrsos; on left, panther standing left, head turned back to catch drips from jug
Minted in Rome. A.D. 194
Reference:- BMCRE 64. RIC 32 (Scarce). RSC 301 maridvnvmJun 19, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 086 var.Obv:- L SEPT SEV PE-RT AVG IMP VIII, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from behind
Rev:- P M TR P IIII COS II P P, Victory walking left, holding wreath in right hand, palm in left
Minted in Rome. A.D. 196
Reference(s) - BMCRE 146 var., RIC IV 86 var. RSC 419 var. (unpublished variety in any of these references with this bust type)maridvnvmJun 19, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 012Obv:- IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG, Laureate head right
Rev:- LEG XI CL / TR P COS, Legionary eagle between two standards, Capricorns on standards.
Minted in Rome. A.D. 193
Reference:- Cohen 268. RIC 12 (Scarce)
Capricorns were the symbols of the XIIII the legion though Capricorns have been noted on several other legions in error.
Legio XI Claudia Pia Fidelis dates back to the two legions (the other was the XIIth) recruited by Julius Caesar to invade Gallia in 58 BC, and it existed at least until early 5th century, guarding lower Danube in Durostorum (modern Silistra, Bulgaria). maridvnvmJun 19, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 254Obv:- SEVERVS PIVS AVG, Laureate head right
Rev:- AFRICA, Africa, wearing elephant-skin head-dress, reclining left with scorpion & cornucopiae; basket of corn-ears before
References:- VM 8/2, RIC 254, RCV02 6261, RSC 31 maridvnvmJun 19, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 013Obv:- IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG, Laureate head right
Rev:- LEG XIII GEM / TR P COS, Legionary eagle between two standards.
Minted in Rome. A.D. 193
Reference:- Cohen 269. BMCRE 17, RIC 13 (Scarce)
Legion XIII Gemina was stationed at Apulum in Dacia. It is important for collectors to distinguish carefully issues of this scarce legion from the common Legion XIIII Gemina Marti Victrix. Legion XIII coins never have 'MV' following 'LEG XIII GEM' while Legion XIIII coins always have 'MV' following 'LEG XIIII GEM'. maridvnvmJun 19, 2006
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 014Obv:- IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG, Laureate head right
Rev:- LEG X-IIII GE-M M V / TR P COS, Legionary eagle between two standards, Capricorns shown on standard.
Minted in Rome. A.D. 193
Reference:- Cohen 272. BMCRE 19, RIC 14 (Scarce)
Early example of the bust type with straight hair rather than curly. maridvnvmJun 19, 2006
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Denarius - 82 BC. - Mint moving with Sulla
L. MANLIVS TORQVATVS & L. CORNELIVS SVLLA - Gens Manlia & Cornelia
Obv.: Helmeted head of Roma right, PROQ behind; L MANLI T (T in horizontal position) before.
Rev.: Triumphator in quadriga right, crowned by flying Victory, L SVLLA IMP in ex.
Gs. 4,1 mm. 17,86x18,26
Crawf. 367/3, Sear RCV 287, Grueber II (East) 13
On the coins of this Sulla's issue, there is one of the best stylistic depictions of Rome's headMaxentiusJun 19, 2006
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Denarius - 77 BC. - Rome mint
L. RVTILIVS FLACCVS - Gens Rutilia
Obv.: Helmeted head of Roma right, FLAC behind
Rev.: Victory in biga right, L RVTILI in ex.
Gs. 4 mm. 17,8
Crawf. 387/1, Sear RCV 318, Grueber I 3242.
MaxentiusJun 19, 2006
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Herennia Etruscilla-PUDICITIAAttribution-RIC 59b-RSC 19
Obv.HER ETRVSCILLA AVG- diademed and draped bust right on crescent
Rev. PVDICITIA AVG- Pudcitia seated left holding sceptre and drawing veil from her face.(chair is highbacked)
Size-23mmJun 19, 2006
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