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Crawford 447/1, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Pompey the Great, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
Pompey the Great & M. Terentius Varro, 49-48 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.77g; 18mm; 2h).
Mint travelling with Pompey in Greece.

Obverse: VARRO·PRO·Q; Diademed, terminal bust of Jupiter, facing right.

Reverse: Scepter flanked by dolphin and eagle; MAGN·PRO|COS in exergue.

References: Crawford 447/1a; HCRI 8; Sydenham 1033; BMCRR Spain 64; Pompeia 7; Terentia 15.

Provenance: Ex Schulman Vault Collection [Schulman Jubilee Auction 365 (22 Oct 2020), Lot 1510]; from a collection formed in 1950s-80s.

In 49 BCE, when Caesar crossed the Rubicon into Italy with his legions, Pompey was forced to flee to Greece to raise an army (his legions at the time were in Spain). This is the last coin type produced for Pompey before the decisive battle of Pharsalus in 48 BCE. Caesar’s victory in that battle would cement Caesar’s prominence in the Roman world and prompt Pompey’s flight to Egypt, where Pompey was immediately murdered by agents of the Ptolemaic royals.

This coin refers to Pompey’s imperium throughout the Roman world and his military prowess on both land and sea. Terminus was the Roman god of boundaries and boundary markers, and terminal busts were typically used as boundary markers in ancient Greece and Rome. In this case, the terminal bust alludes to the borders of the Roman empire over which Pompey had Senate-granted authority. The reverse suggests Pompey’s military successes on sea and land against Mediterranean pirates and Mithridates.

The coin was produced by M. Terentius Varro as Proquaestor. He was not likely the author of the same name, but perhaps his son or grandson.

This type is now generally assigned to a military mint with Pompey in Greece. However, numismatists previously thought it was an earlier issue by a Spanish mint, and it is worth noting the similarity of flan fabric to other Spanish issues – particularly the way flans were chisel-cut, which is particularly visible on the reverse of this specimen at 10h, 11h and 2h. For Spanish issues with similar flan fabric, see Crawford 469/1 (Spain); Crawford 532/1 (Spain). In addition, Crawford 519/2 (uncertain Eastern mint) often shows similar fabric.
6 commentsCarausius09/25/22 at 19:28SRukke: Fantastic!!!
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Crawford 13/1, ROMAN REPUBLIC - AR DidrachmRome, The Republic.
Anonymous, 310-300 (c. 295?) BCE.
AR Didrachm (7.13g; 21mm).
Mint in Central Italy (Neapolis?).

Obverse: Head of Mars, bearded, in crested Corinthian helmet, facing left; oak spray behind.

Reverse: Bridled horse head facing right; [ROMANO] on base below; wheat stalk behind.

References: Crawford 13/1; HNI 266; Sydenham 1; BMCRR (Romano-Campanian) 1-4.

Provenance: Ex vAuctions Sale 343 (6 Dec 2019) Lot 155; Pegasi Auction VI (8 April 2002), Lot 316.

This coin is part of the very first series of Didrachms produced in the name of Rome. It was a small issue, with only four obverse dies and fifteen reverse dies currently known. In 1974’s Roman Republican Coinage, Crawford assigned the issue to 280-276, however, subsequent evidence and scholarship caused him to reassign the coins to 310-300 BCE. Later scholars, including Rutter in Historia Numorum Italy (2001) have concurred with this revised dating. In a recent tweet, Professor Liv Yarrow announced that her forthcoming book will propose a more recent date of c. 295 BCE; we’ll have to wait for her book to see the evidence to support this re-dating.

While these didrachms bore the inscription ROMANO, they were not struck in Rome and didn’t really circulate in Rome! They were likely produced in Naples or some other nearby mint for a particular purpose. In Coinage & Money Under the Roman Republic (1985), Crawford proposed that the purpose for the issue was the construction of the Appian Way from Rome to Capua, begun in 312 BCE. If Professor Yarrow's proposed later dating is correct, the purpose would need to be reconsidered. The average weight and purity of these coins is consistent with contemporaneous Neapolitan standards, and the fabric of the coins is also consistent with Neapolitan silver issues.

The ROMANO inscription may have been either an abbreviation of the genitive plural ROMANORVM (“of the Romans”) or dative ROMANO (“by the Romans”) either of which would be similar grammar to Greek coin inscriptions.
5 commentsCarausius08/18/22 at 18:44Anaximander: Lovely coin.
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Crawford 21/4, ROMAN REPUBLIC, Aes Grave Quadrans Rome, The Republic.
Anonymous, c. 265 BCE.
AE Aes Grave Quadrans (68.58g; 43mm).
Rome Mint.

Obv: Right hand; ●●● (mark-of-value = 3 unciae) on left.

Rev: Left hand; ●●● (mark-of-value) on right.

References: Vecchi, ICC 44; Haeberlin pp. 66-67, plts 27-28; Crawford 21/4.

Provenance: Ex Baldwin's Auction 99 (4 May 2016), Lot 599; purchased from A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd., Dec 1959.
5 commentsCarausius08/18/22 at 18:43Anaximander: Got to HAND it to you, you pick 'em! Wink
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Crawford 13/1, ROMAN REPUBLIC - AR DidrachmRome, The Republic.
Anonymous, 310-300 (c. 295?) BCE.
AR Didrachm (7.13g; 21mm).
Mint in Central Italy (Neapolis?).

Obverse: Head of Mars, bearded, in crested Corinthian helmet, facing left; oak spray behind.

Reverse: Bridled horse head facing right; [ROMANO] on base below; wheat stalk behind.

References: Crawford 13/1; HNI 266; Sydenham 1; BMCRR (Romano-Campanian) 1-4.

Provenance: Ex vAuctions Sale 343 (6 Dec 2019) Lot 155; Pegasi Auction VI (8 April 2002), Lot 316.

This coin is part of the very first series of Didrachms produced in the name of Rome. It was a small issue, with only four obverse dies and fifteen reverse dies currently known. In 1974’s Roman Republican Coinage, Crawford assigned the issue to 280-276, however, subsequent evidence and scholarship caused him to reassign the coins to 310-300 BCE. Later scholars, including Rutter in Historia Numorum Italy (2001) have concurred with this revised dating. In a recent tweet, Professor Liv Yarrow announced that her forthcoming book will propose a more recent date of c. 295 BCE; we’ll have to wait for her book to see the evidence to support this re-dating.

While these didrachms bore the inscription ROMANO, they were not struck in Rome and didn’t really circulate in Rome! They were likely produced in Naples or some other nearby mint for a particular purpose. In Coinage & Money Under the Roman Republic (1985), Crawford proposed that the purpose for the issue was the construction of the Appian Way from Rome to Capua, begun in 312 BCE. If Professor Yarrow's proposed later dating is correct, the purpose would need to be reconsidered. The average weight and purity of these coins is consistent with contemporaneous Neapolitan standards, and the fabric of the coins is also consistent with Neapolitan silver issues.

The ROMANO inscription may have been either an abbreviation of the genitive plural ROMANORVM (“of the Romans”) or dative ROMANO (“by the Romans”) either of which would be similar grammar to Greek coin inscriptions.
5 commentsCarausius08/16/22 at 05:15Enodia: Great coin, and great write-up too.
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Crawford 362/1, ROMAN REPUBLIC, C. Mamilius Limetanus, AR DenariusRome. The Republic.
C. Mamilius Limetanus, 82 BC.
AR Serrate Denarius (3.97g; 20mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Draped bust of Mercury facing right, wearing winged petasus ; caduceus over l. shoulder; behind, I.

Reverse: C·MAMIL – LIMETAN Ulysses advancing right, holding staff and extending his right hand to his dog Argus.

References: Crawford 362/1; Sydenham 741; Mamilia 6.

Provenance: NAC Sale 78 (26 May 2014), Lot 627.

The Mamilia gens claimed descent from Telegonus, the son of Ulysses and Circe, and so they depict Ulysses on their coins. This denarius is probably the most popular “dog” type in Roman numismatics, depicting the famous scene from Homer’s Odyssey in which Odysseus returns home to Ithaca, disguised as a beggar, and is recognized only by his faithful dog, Argus, who dies after greeting his long-lost master. Homer clearly describes Argus as a hunting hound, trained by Odysseus before he left for Troy. During Odysseus’ absence, Argus hunted deer, hare and wild goats. The 20-year-old Argus is described by Homer as swift, strong and a good tracker in his youth. On the coin, he looks like a slim and short-haired Laconian hound.

The purpose of serrate denarii has long been disputed. They were first employed for the Wheel Series denarii of 209-208 BCE (Crawford 79/1) and were used from time to time thereafter. Some argue that they were meant to complicate counterfeiting (at least a partial failure, as fourree serrati are known); others that that were intended to display solid metal content for certain government expenses; others that they were merely decorative. An interesting theory that I recently read suggest they were intended to dissuade mint workers from swallowing denarii while on the job! No serrate denarii were produced after 59 BCE (Crawford 412/1, redated by Hersh and Walker), so either they were not particularly effective at their intended purpose, or the added production costs were simply too great, or the need (whatever it was) ceased. The serrations were almost certainly cut prior to striking, as the chisel cuts are typically flattened by the strike.
2 commentsCarausius08/15/22 at 22:30Virgil H: This is a stunning example.
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Crawford 400/1, ROMAN REPUBLIC, L. Axsius Naso, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
L. Axsius Naso, 71 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.90g; 20mm).
Rome mint.

Obverse: Beardless head of Mars in helmet with side-feather plumes and peaked visor, facing right; VII (control mark), behind.

Reverse: Diana driving biga of stags to right, spear in right hand; hounds below and behind: VII (control mark) in left field: L·AXSIVS·L·F in exergue.

References: Crawford 400/1a; Sydenham 794 (R6); BMCRR 3448-53; Axia 1.

Provenance: Ex Auctiones eAuction 66 (15 Dec 2019), Lot 224; purchased privately from Nomos; Spink Num. Circ. vol. LXXVI, No. 10 (October 1968), Item 7026 (pl. 19); Sir Charles Oman (d. 1946) Collection [Christie's (2 July 1968) Lot 15 (part)].

The moneyer was identified as a banker on a contemporary tessera nummularia (small bone piece attached to groups of coins for accounting purposes). He is not otherwise known. There are two obverse varieties of this issue of coins, one on which Mars helmet is crested and plumed and the other (this coin) with just side plumes. The dies were paired with matching, Roman numeral control marks; however, the same control marks are known to be used on multiple die pairs. Die numbers I-X were used on this variety. Die numbers XI-XX were used on the crested helmet variety.

Among other things, the goddess Diana was a hunting goddess equated with Artemis and a moon goddess equated with Luna. As huntress, she is often portrayed with bow or spear. In the case of this coin and others of the Republican series, her chariot is drawn by stags which also allude to her hunting connection. The addition of the hounds on this type makes the hunting connection abundantly clear.

This coin is from the Sir Charles Oman Collection. Sir Charles Oman (1860-1946) was a well-published military historian and numismatist.  As an historian, he is widely regarded for restructuring medeival battles from myriad accounts.  He authored an important book on English coinage in 1931.  He collected Greek silver, Roman and English Coins.  He was President of the Royal Numismatic Society from 1919-1930 (a remarkable run).  He received the Medal of the Royal Numismatic Society in 1928.
3 commentsCarausius08/15/22 at 22:09Virgil H: Love this one
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Crawford 511/2, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Sextus Pompey, AR DenariusRome, The Imperators.
Sextus Pompey, 42 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.87g; 21mm).
Sicilian mint.

Obv: [M]AG PIVS IMP [ITER]. Bust of Neptune facing right; trident over shoulder.

Rev: [PR]AEF CLAS ET OR[AE MAR IT EX S C]. Naval trophy.

References: Crawford 511/2; HCRI 333; Sydenham 1347 (R5).

Provenance: Ex Stack's Bowers August 2016 ANA (10 Aug 2016), Lot 20139; ex Nomos Obolos 4 (21 Feb 2016), Lot 522; ex RBW Collection [NAC 63 (17 May 2012), Lot 538]; privately purchased from SKA Zurich, July 1985; De Falco FPL 77 (Dec 1967), Lot 134.

Sextus Pompey was a son of Pompey the Great. After Caesar's assassination, in 43 BCE, he was honored by the Senate with the title "Commander of the Fleet and Sea Coasts". Shortly following this honor, the Second Triumvirate was formed and placed Sextus' name on their proscription list. Sextus soon occupied Sicily where he provided haven to other Romans proscribed by the Triumvirs. He retained control of Sicily from 42 to 36 BCE.
5 commentsCarausius08/15/22 at 13:03*Alex: Superb portrait of Neptune. Outstanding.
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Crawford 500/7, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Brutus and Lentulus Spinther, AR DenariusRome, The Imperators.
Brutus and Lentulus Spinther, 42 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.91g; 20mm).
Military Mint (Smyrna?).

Obv: BRVTVS; axe, simpulum and knife.

Rev: LENTVLVS SPINT; jug and lituus.

References: Crawford 500/7; HCRI 198; Sydenham 1310; BMCRR East 80-1; Junia 41.

Provenance: Ex Stoeklin Collection [Nomos14 (17 May 2017) Lot 301]; ex Munzhandlung Basel 6 (18 Mar 1936), Lot 1483; ex Trau Collection [Gilhoffer & Ranschburg & Hess (22 May 1935), Lot 37].

The sacrificial implements on the obverse refer to Brutus' membership in the college of Pontifs. The implements on the reverse refer to Spinther's membership in the augurate since 57 BCE.

Spinther was the son of P. Cornelius Lentulus, whose nickname was Spinther (reportedly because he resembled an actor by that name). It was a nickname that his father clearly liked as both he and his son later used it on coins. His father was an aristocrat of the Cornelia gens, who was liked by Julius Caesar and worked with Cicero in suppressing the Cataline conspiracy. He was later governor of part of Spain. With Caesar’s help, his father was elected consul in 57BC, when he recalled Cicero from exile. Thereafter he governed Cilicia, at which time Cicero wrote him a still-surviving letter. As relations deteriorated between Caesar and Pompey, both Spinthers sided with Pompey. Despite initial offers of amnesty by Caesar, Spinther senior would not remain neutral and was eventually killed or committed suicide during the civil wars. His son later allied with Caesar’s assassins and struck coins for both Brutus and Cassius.
4 commentsCarausius08/15/22 at 12:59*Alex: Superb example.
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Crawford 480/06, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Julius Caesar, AR DenariusRome. The Imperators.
Julius Caesar and Lucius Aemilius Buca, 44 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.77g; 21mm).
Rome Mint, Feb-Mar 44 BCE.

Obverse: CAESAR DICT- PERPETVO; wreathed head of Julius Caesar facing right.

Reverse: Fasces and winged caduceus in saltire; axe, globe, clasped hands and L BVCA in angles.

References: Crawford 480/6; HCRI 103; Sydenham 1063; BMCRR 4157-9; Julia 37; Alföldi, Type XIII, Plate XCVIII, No. 78.

Provenance: Ex Goldberg Auction #104 (12 Jun 2018) Lot 3248.

Caesar was granted the title of Dictator for Life in mid-February, 44 BCE, thus all coins bearing DICT PERPETVO inscriptions can be firmly dated to the final month of Caesar’s life. This was a period of massive coinage output because Caesar was preparing for a campaign against the Parthians for which a substantial war chest would be needed. To meet the production needs, the college of moneyers was expanded from 3 to 4 moneyers. Nevertheless, manufacturing stress is evident by the frequent poor strikes and off-struck coins that survive today from these final Caesar portrait issues.

The moneyer Lucius Aemilius Buca may have been a relative of Sulla. He does not appear to have struck coins after Caesar’s assassination. With its symbolism, the reverse of this coin suggests Caesar’s growing grasp on religious, military and political power.
3 commentsCarausius08/15/22 at 12:56*Alex: Great coin. Not one I've seen before.
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Crawford 512/2, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, C. Clodius VestalisRome, Moneyer Issues of the Imperatorial Period.
C. Clodius C.f. Vestalis. 41 BCE
AR Denarius (3.99g; 20mm; 12h).
Rome mint, 41 BCE.

Obverse: C•CLODIVS - C• F•; Draped, laureate bust of Flora, facing right; flower behind.

Reverse: VESTALIS; Veiled female seated to left, extending culullus in right hand.

References: Crawford 512/2; HCRI 317; Sydenham 1135 (R3); BMCRR 4196; Clodia 13

Provenance: Ex Nomisma 65 (17 Jun 2022) Lot 40; Aretusa Auction 1 (18 Sep 1993) Lot 265; De Nicola FPL (Sep 1968) Lot 248.

Flora was the Roman goddess of flowers and springtime, with an association to fertility, and her festival began at Rome circa 240-238 BCE. Crawford prefers the later date, which would eliminate the Flora connection to the moneyer’s kinsman, C. Claudius Cento, consul in 240 BCE; David Sear thinks the 240 BCE date of the festival is correct and that the connection to C. Claudius Cento is the reason for the obverse type. The reverse depiction of a seated Vestal Virgin might be a punning allusion to the moneyer’s cognomen, Vestalis, or it may depict one of the Vestal Virgins who were members of the Claudia gens (Claudia Quinta ca. 200 BCE, or Claudia, daughter of Appius Claudius Pulcher, consul in 143 BCE). Grueber argues that the coin depicts Claudia Quinta who was instrumental in bringing the cult of Cybele to Rome, and from whom the Claudians assumed the cognomen “Vestalis.”
1 commentsCarausius08/15/22 at 03:11Jay GT4: Some great Imperatorial additions lately
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Crawford 468/1, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Julius Caesar, AR DenariusRome. The Imperators.
Julius Caesar, 49-44 BCE.
AR Denarius (4.03g; 19mm; 4h).
Spanish mint, 46-45 BCE.

Obverse: Diademed head of Venus Genetrix, facing right, wearing earing and necklace of pendants; Cupid on shoulder.

Reverse: Gallic captives, bound and seated under trophy of Gallic arms; CAESAR in exergue.

References: Crawford 468/1; Sydenham 1014; BMCRR (Spain) 89; Julia 11.

Provenance: Ex Inasta Auction 100 (24 Jun 2022) Lot 180; Varesi E-Live 2 (20 Sep 2020) lot 253; Busso Peus Auction 393 (31 Oct 2007) Lot 488; Numismatik Lanz Auction 42 (23 Nov 1987) Lot 399.

This was part of Caesar’s military mint output during the Spanish campaign against Pompey’s sons. The obverse depicts Venus Genetrix to whom Caesar dedicated a temple in Rome. The reverse, alluding to Caesar’s triumphs in Gaul, was perhaps directed toward his remaining veteran troops from the Gallic campaign. The male captive on right, with wild hair and pointed beard, bears some resemblance to the Gallic head depicted on Crawford 448/2a, which is often attributed as Vercingetorix but which Crawford thought was merely a typical male Gaul.
1 commentsCarausius08/15/22 at 02:51Ken W2: Awesome coin!
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Crawford 545/1, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Marcus Antonius and D. Turullius, AR DenariusRome. The Imperators.
Marcus Antonius and Decimus Turullius, 44-30 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.84g; 19mm; 4h).
Military mint, 31 BCE.

Obverse: M ANTONIVS AVG IMP IIII COS TERT III VIR R P C; bare head of Antony, facing right.

Reverse: Victory holding filleted wreath and palm branch; D TVR to right; all within laurel wreath border.

References: Crawford 545/1; HCRI 387; Sydenham 1211(R7); BMCRR (East) 227; Antonia 146; Turullia 5.

Provenance: Ex Heritage Auction 3093 (29 Oct 2021) lot 31125; obverse collectors’ marks [fleur-de-lis stamp and India-inked #2] suggest a modern history in old European collections.

This is one of the final denarius issues struck by Antony in the lead-up to Actium. The obverse inscription is notable in that it mentions: an uncertain fourth imperatorial acclamation which is lost to history and likely not of real importance; and an intended third consulship with Octavian, which Antony never actually served (Octavian chose another partner).

Decimus Turullius was part of the assassination plot against Julius Caesar and initially fought with the Liberators against the Triumvirate. While a naval commander for Cassius, Turullius sourced wood for a fleet by ordering that a grove of trees sacred to Asclepios, on the Island of Cos, be cut down. He later defected to Antony after Philippi. Turullius was captured by Octavian following Actium, and it is said he was executed on Cos in that same sacred grove that he cut down years earlier.

This scarce coin has an interesting pair of collectors’ marks on the obverse field – a stamped fleur-de-lis and an India ink “2”. The fleur-de-lis is likely not an ancient banker’s mark, but a modern collector stamp as occurs on coins from collections of royalty and nobility in the 17th- 19th centuries. The India ink number is probably later than the stamp, perhaps late 19th or early 20th century. Whether both marks are from the same collection is not yet known. I have so far been unable to determine a likely collection for the fleur-de-lis mark, although a French noble or French royal collection seems plausible.

1 commentsCarausius08/14/22 at 16:25Jay GT4: Wonderful coin!
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Crawford 507/2, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Brutus with Casca Longus, Plated (Fourree) DenariusRome, The Imperators.
Brutus with Casca Longus. 42 BCE.
Plated (fourree) Denarius (2.53g; 20mm).
Military mint, 42 BCE.

Obverse: CASCA LONGVS; Neptune's head facing right; trident below.

Reverse: BRVTVS IMP; Victory advancing right on broken scepter, holding filleted diadem and palm.

References: Crawford 507/2; HCRI 212; Sydenham1298 (R6); BMCRR (East) 63; Junia 44; Servilia 35; Smyth XIV/28 (this coin described).

Provenance: Naville Auction 62 (13 Dec 2020) Lot 393; Duke of Northumberland Collection [Sotheby's (1982) Lot 482]; acquired before 1856.

While it is generally accepted that there were no “official” plated denarii issued by the Roman Republic, there were very-rare exceptions during the Imperatorial Period. Cornuficius’ coinage struck in North Africa circa 42 BC (Crawford 509) are more often found plated than solid and may have been an “official” plated issue. Whether the tyrannicides may have run into occasional silver shortages during the lead-up to Phillipi which required issuance of plated coins on an emergency basis can only be guessed; however, plated coins of the tyrannicides are certainly not common enough to support such a theory. I have seen a few very high-quality plated examples of the above type, but not huge numbers. Also, ancient forgeries would have been produced from impressions of genuine coins and should be of good style. For a solid silver example of the type, see my gallery coin at: https://www.forumancientcoins.com/gallery/displayimage.php?pos=-158193

Publius Servilius Casca Longus was one of the leading conspirators against Julius Caesar, and he was Tribune of the Plebs at the time of the assassination. Plutarch reports that a nervous Casca was the first to stab Caesar on the Ides of March with a glancing blow: “Casca gave him the first cut, in the neck, which was not mortal nor dangerous, as coming from one who at the beginning of such a bold action was probably very much disturbed. Caesar immediately turned about and laid his hand upon the dagger and kept hold of it. And both of them at the same time cried out, he that received the blow, in Latin, ‘Vile Casca, what does this mean?’ and he that gave it, in Greek, to his brother [Gaius] ‘Brother, help!’” [Plutarch: Lives of the noble Grecians and Romans, Arthur Clough (Ed.)] After Caesar’s assassination, Casca was given command of Brutus’ fleet. Nothing is known of Casca following the Battle of Philippi in October 42 BCE, where he likely perished or committed suicide in the aftermath.

The Neptune obverse refers to Casca’s naval command and the naval superiority of the conspirators before Philippi. Coins of the conspirators are replete with depictions of liberty and victory, and this coin is no exception. The reverse, with its broken scepter, clearly alludes to the assassins’ hope to eliminate monarchy in the Roman state and restore the Republic. Some authors have speculated that Victory is breaking a regal diadem on this type, although I don’t think that is abundantly clear.

The coin comes from the Duke of Northumberland Collection, catalogued by Admiral William Smyth in his 1856 book, "Descriptive Catalogue of A Cabinet of Roman Family Coins Belonging to His Grace the Duke of Northumberland," and sold by Sotheby’s in 1982. The Smyth book has no plates (line drawn or otherwise), but it does contain detailed descriptions of the collection coins with weights in grains. This coin is described in Smyth’s book, therefore it must have been acquired by the Duke’s family before 1856. Smyth described the collection as being in the Duke’s family for many years, so the ownership history conceivably dates to the 18th century. In describing this coin, Smyth said: “[t]his remarkably well-plated denarius, in very high preservation, and though fully spread, weighs only 39.5 grains…” Indeed, the coin is remarkably well-plated, with only one spot of the core visible on Neptune’s cheek, and the flan quite full at 20mm. Except for the one spot of visible core, the surfaces are exceptional, with deep iridescent tone, reflecting over a century spent in the Duke’s cabinet.
2 commentsCarausius06/13/22 at 02:13Jay GT4: Wonderful coin!
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Crawford 464/7, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, T. Carisius, AR SestertiusRome, The Republic.
T. Carisius, 46 BCE.
AR Sestertius (0.65g; 12mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: [Mask of Silenus]; [T·]CARISI[VS] below.

Reverse: Panther advancing right with thyrsus; III VIR in exergue.

References: Crawford 464/7a; Sydenham 988 (R8); RBW 1620 (this coin); BMCRR 4076; Babelon, Carisia 12 (this coin illustrated inaccurately as Carisa 13); Borghesi, Oeuvres, Vol 1, Pl. 1, Fig 7 (this coin illustrated inaccurately); Riccio, Le Monete Delle Antiche Famiglie di Roma (2nd Ed., 1843), Carisia 9 and Pl. 54, Fig 2 (this coin cited and illustrated inaccurately); B. Borghesi, “Dodici sesterzj illustrati”, Giornale numismatico, No. IV, July 1808, pp. 52-57, extracted and republished in Borghesi 1862-4, vol. 1, pp. 29-38 (this coin described inaccurately).

Provenance: Ex STR collection; RBW Collection [NAC 63 (2012) Lot 395]; bought from W. Verres in Aug 2002; Sarti Collection [Hirsch VII (1903), Lot 1606]; Bartolomeo Borghesi (d. 1860) Collection, acquired before July 1808 (when it was described in the Borghesi article in Giornale numismatico).

An extremely rare coin with only 5 obverse and 4 or 5 reverse dies known to Crawford (Richard Schaefer identified 6 obverse dies in his Roman Republican Die Project). Crawford listed two obverse varieties – the first with inscription beside and below Silenus’ head (464/7a), and the second with inscription above Silenus’ head (464/7b) for which my coin was the basis. The misinterpretation of my coin by Borghesi, a famous 19th century collector with mediocre eyesight, and the subsequent reliance by cataloguers on the numismatic artist Dardel’s line drawing of the coin which followed Borghesi’s misinterpretation, resulted in the cataloguing of the second obverse variety by Babelon, Sydenham and Crawford. In fact, Borghesi was holding the obverse upside down and thought Silenus’ beard was the top of his head – an easy mistake to make with limited, 19th century numismatic aids and resources. My comparison of this coin to known dies for the type yielded a die match to the Berlin specimen (Crawford’s plate for 464/7a) which proved that the visible obverse device is actually Silenus’ beard, and thus the inscription runs beside and below and beard as per Crawford 464/7a. Recently, an example of the type was auctioned which bore an obverse inscription running over the top of Silenus’ head, providing plausible support to the Crawford 464/7b variety.

Prior researchers have alternately identified the obverse mask as either Silenus or Pan. See, Sear HCRI, no. 75 (Silenus); Crawford 464/7a and 464/7b (Pan); Banti 1981, Carisia 36-38 (Pan); BMCRR, no. 4076 (Pan); Babelon, Carisia 12 and 13 (Pan); Cohen, Carisia 9 (Silenus); Borghesi 1862-4, vol. 1, p. 32, n. 2 (Silenus); Riccio 1843, p. 46, Carisia 9 (Silenus). Silenus is typically identifiable as an old man with pug nose and some horse characteristics (notably, ears and tail), while Pan is recognized as part goat and part man. I believe that this coin actually depicts a Silenus.
3 commentsCarausius05/25/22 at 16:06Timestheus: Extremly interesting
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Crawford 507/2, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Brutus with Casca Longus, AR DenariusRome, The Imperators.
Brutus with Casca Longus. 42 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.88g; 21mm).
Military mint, 42 BCE.

Obverse: CASCA LONGVS; Neptune's head facing right; trident below.

Reverse: BRVTVS IMP; Victory advancing right on broken scepter, holding filleted diadem and palm.

References: Crawford 507/2; HCRI 212; Sydenham1298 (R6); BMCRR (East) 63; Junia 44; Servilia 35.

Provenance: Ex V.L. Nummus Auction 12 (15 Sep 2019) Lot 68; Brüder Egger Auction 45 (12 Nov 1913) Lot 871.

Publius Servilius Casca Longus was one of the leading conspirators against Julius Caesar, and he was Tribune of the Plebs at the time of the assassination. Plutarch reports that a nervous Casca was the first to stab Caesar on the Ides of March with a glancing blow: “Casca gave him the first cut, in the neck, which was not mortal nor dangerous, as coming from one who at the beginning of such a bold action was probably very much disturbed. Caesar immediately turned about and laid his hand upon the dagger and kept hold of it. And both of them at the same time cried out, he that received the blow, in Latin, ‘Vile Casca, what does this mean?’ and he that gave it, in Greek, to his brother [Gaius] ‘Brother, help!’” [Plutarch: Lives of the noble Grecians and Romans, Arthur Clough (Ed.)] After Caesar’s assassination, Casca was given command of Brutus’ fleet. Nothing is known of Casca following the Battle of Philippi in October 42 BCE, where he likely perished or committed suicide in the aftermath.

The Neptune obverse refers to Casca’s naval command and the naval superiority of the conspirators before Philippi. Coins of the conspirators are replete with depictions of liberty and victory, and this coin is no exception. The reverse, with its broken scepter, clearly alludes to the assassins’ hope to eliminate monarchy in the Roman state and restore the Republic. Some authors have speculated that Victory is breaking the regal diadem on this type, although I don’t think that is abundantly clear.
9 commentsCarausius05/24/22 at 23:16ChefStu22: This coin is stunning Cool
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Crawford 464/7, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, T. Carisius, AR SestertiusRome, The Republic.
T. Carisius, 46 BCE.
AR Sestertius (0.65g; 12mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: [Mask of Silenus]; [T·]CARISI[VS] below.

Reverse: Panther advancing right with thyrsus; III VIR in exergue.

References: Crawford 464/7a; Sydenham 988 (R8); RBW 1620 (this coin); BMCRR 4076; Babelon, Carisia 12 (this coin illustrated inaccurately as Carisa 13); Borghesi, Oeuvres, Vol 1, Pl. 1, Fig 7 (this coin illustrated inaccurately); Riccio, Le Monete Delle Antiche Famiglie di Roma (2nd Ed., 1843), Carisia 9 and Pl. 54, Fig 2 (this coin cited and illustrated inaccurately); B. Borghesi, “Dodici sesterzj illustrati”, Giornale numismatico, No. IV, July 1808, pp. 52-57, extracted and republished in Borghesi 1862-4, vol. 1, pp. 29-38 (this coin described inaccurately).

Provenance: Ex STR collection; RBW Collection [NAC 63 (2012) Lot 395]; bought from W. Verres in Aug 2002; Sarti Collection [Hirsch VII (1903), Lot 1606]; Bartolomeo Borghesi (d. 1860) Collection, acquired before July 1808 (when it was described in the Borghesi article in Giornale numismatico).

An extremely rare coin with only 5 obverse and 4 or 5 reverse dies known to Crawford (Richard Schaefer identified 6 obverse dies in his Roman Republican Die Project). Crawford listed two obverse varieties – the first with inscription beside and below Silenus’ head (464/7a), and the second with inscription above Silenus’ head (464/7b) for which my coin was the basis. The misinterpretation of my coin by Borghesi, a famous 19th century collector with mediocre eyesight, and the subsequent reliance by cataloguers on the numismatic artist Dardel’s line drawing of the coin which followed Borghesi’s misinterpretation, resulted in the cataloguing of the second obverse variety by Babelon, Sydenham and Crawford. In fact, Borghesi was holding the obverse upside down and thought Silenus’ beard was the top of his head – an easy mistake to make with limited, 19th century numismatic aids and resources. My comparison of this coin to known dies for the type yielded a die match to the Berlin specimen (Crawford’s plate for 464/7a) which proved that the visible obverse device is actually Silenus’ beard, and thus the inscription runs beside and below and beard as per Crawford 464/7a. Recently, an example of the type was auctioned which bore an obverse inscription running over the top of Silenus’ head, providing plausible support to the Crawford 464/7b variety.

Prior researchers have alternately identified the obverse mask as either Silenus or Pan. See, Sear HCRI, no. 75 (Silenus); Crawford 464/7a and 464/7b (Pan); Banti 1981, Carisia 36-38 (Pan); BMCRR, no. 4076 (Pan); Babelon, Carisia 12 and 13 (Pan); Cohen, Carisia 9 (Silenus); Borghesi 1862-4, vol. 1, p. 32, n. 2 (Silenus); Riccio 1843, p. 46, Carisia 9 (Silenus). Silenus is typically identifiable as an old man with pug nose and some horse characteristics (notably, ears and tail), while Pan is recognized as part goat and part man. I believe that this coin actually depicts a Silenus.
3 commentsCarausius05/24/22 at 22:17PMah: Strong research into deep water.
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Crawford 518/2, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Octavian, AR DenariusRome. The Imperators.
Octavian, 44-27 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.67g; 17mm; 11h).
Military mint travelling with Octavian, 41BCE.

Obverse: C•CAESAR•III•VIR R•P•C; Octavian’s bare head facing right.

Reverse: POPVL IVSSV; Equestrian statue (Octavian?) left.

References: Crawford 518/2; HCRI 299; Sydenham 1317 (R5); BMCRR Gaul 79-80; Julia 97; Banti & Simonetti 701/2 (this coin illustrated).

Provenance: Ex Charles Chamberlain Collection [CNG eSale 509 (9 Feb 2022) Lot 624]; Andrew McCabe Collection [Italo Vecchi Ltd. 17 (15 Dec 1999), Lot 804]; acquired privately from Baldwin’s in 1992; Barone Dr. Pompeo Bonazzi di Sannicandro (1876-1956) Collection [Rodolfo Ratto (23 Jan 1924) Lot 1444].

This type is scarce and generally comes very poorly struck or from worn dies. Obverse die links prove that this type was struck together with the Crawford 518/1 denarii struck by Balbus as Propraetor (see adjacent coin by Balbus in this gallery). Crawford reports 11 obverse dies and 12 reverse dies; Schaefer RRDP has 24 obverse dies for BOTH 518/1 (Balbus type) and 518/2 and 15 reverse dies for 518/2. Based on an inscription, published by Orelli, from a Vatican plinth containing the words “IVSSV POPVLI” (“by order of the people”) originally associated with a statue of Julius Caesar, Babelon thought the reverse depicted a statue of Julius Caesar dedicated in 42BCE at the time of Caesar’s apotheosis. Grueber disagreed, pointing out that since most public statues were erected by order of the Roman people, a similar inscription could apply to a statue of Octavian. He assigned the reverse type as depicting an equestrian statue of Octavian dedicated in 41BCE after the Battle of Philippi. Sear agrees with Grueber on this point, while Crawford merely describes the statue as a “Galloping equestrian statute” without specific attribution.

This coin was part of the important Bonazzi Collection, which was sold anonymously in two parts by Rodolfo Ratto in the mid-1920s. Bonazzi began collecting about 1910 and quickly assembled a broad collection of Roman Republican coins in a very short time.
3 commentsCarausius05/24/22 at 12:29Jay GT4: Excellent
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Crawford 464/7, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, T. Carisius, AR SestertiusRome, The Republic.
T. Carisius, 46 BCE.
AR Sestertius (0.65g; 12mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: [Mask of Silenus]; [T·]CARISI[VS] below.

Reverse: Panther advancing right with thyrsus; III VIR in exergue.

References: Crawford 464/7a; Sydenham 988 (R8); RBW 1620 (this coin); BMCRR 4076; Babelon, Carisia 12 (this coin illustrated inaccurately as Carisa 13); Borghesi, Oeuvres, Vol 1, Pl. 1, Fig 7 (this coin illustrated inaccurately); Riccio, Le Monete Delle Antiche Famiglie di Roma (2nd Ed., 1843), Carisia 9 and Pl. 54, Fig 2 (this coin cited and illustrated inaccurately); B. Borghesi, “Dodici sesterzj illustrati”, Giornale numismatico, No. IV, July 1808, pp. 52-57, extracted and republished in Borghesi 1862-4, vol. 1, pp. 29-38 (this coin described inaccurately).

Provenance: Ex STR collection; RBW Collection [NAC 63 (2012) Lot 395]; bought from W. Verres in Aug 2002; Sarti Collection [Hirsch VII (1903), Lot 1606]; Bartolomeo Borghesi (d. 1860) Collection, acquired before July 1808 (when it was described in the Borghesi article in Giornale numismatico).

An extremely rare coin with only 5 obverse and 4 or 5 reverse dies known to Crawford (Richard Schaefer identified 6 obverse dies in his Roman Republican Die Project). Crawford listed two obverse varieties – the first with inscription beside and below Silenus’ head (464/7a), and the second with inscription above Silenus’ head (464/7b) for which my coin was the basis. The misinterpretation of my coin by Borghesi, a famous 19th century collector with mediocre eyesight, and the subsequent reliance by cataloguers on the numismatic artist Dardel’s line drawing of the coin which followed Borghesi’s misinterpretation, resulted in the cataloguing of the second obverse variety by Babelon, Sydenham and Crawford. In fact, Borghesi was holding the obverse upside down and thought Silenus’ beard was the top of his head – an easy mistake to make with limited, 19th century numismatic aids and resources. My comparison of this coin to known dies for the type yielded a die match to the Berlin specimen (Crawford’s plate for 464/7a) which proved that the visible obverse device is actually Silenus’ beard, and thus the inscription runs beside and below and beard as per Crawford 464/7a. Recently, an example of the type was auctioned which bore an obverse inscription running over the top of Silenus’ head, providing plausible support to the Crawford 464/7b variety.

Prior researchers have alternately identified the obverse mask as either Silenus or Pan. See, Sear HCRI, no. 75 (Silenus); Crawford 464/7a and 464/7b (Pan); Banti 1981, Carisia 36-38 (Pan); BMCRR, no. 4076 (Pan); Babelon, Carisia 12 and 13 (Pan); Cohen, Carisia 9 (Silenus); Borghesi 1862-4, vol. 1, p. 32, n. 2 (Silenus); Riccio 1843, p. 46, Carisia 9 (Silenus). Silenus is typically identifiable as an old man with pug nose and some horse characteristics (notably, ears and tail), while Pan is recognized as part goat and part man. I believe that this coin actually depicts a Silenus.
3 commentsCarausius05/24/22 at 12:28Jay GT4: Amazing acquisition
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Crawford 463/5, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Mn. Cordius Rufus, AR SestertiusRome, The Imperators.
Manius Cordius Rufus. 46 BCE
AR Sestertius (0.73g; 11mm; 6h).
Rome mint, 46 BCE.

Obverse: MN CORD; Diademed head of Venus, facing right.

Reverse: RVFI; Cupid advancing to right, holding wreath and palm.

References: Crawford 463/5b; Sear, HCRI 67 (this coin illustrated); Sydenham 980a (R5); BMCRR 4045-48; Cordia 7; RBW 1609 (this coin illustrated).

Provenance: Ex J. de Wilde Collection [CNG 120 (12 May 2022) Lot 727]; RBW Collection [NAC 63 (17 May 2012), Lot 384]; Numismatic Fine Arts XXIV (18 Oct 1990) Lot 1348; Consul E.F. Weber († Sep 1907) Collection [Hirsch XXIV (10 May 1909) Lot 322].

Another rare, silver sestertius from 46 BCE! The moneyer may have originated from Tusculum where an inscription was found identifying him as a Praetor. There was a cult of the Dioscuri at Tusculum and some of Manius’ denarii bore the Dioscuri on the obverse. His coins, such as this sestertius, also honor Venus, which may be either a canting pun to Venus Verticordia or a nod to Julius Caesar, whose gens claimed descent through Venus.
1 commentsCarausius05/24/22 at 12:27Jay GT4: Great rarity and provenance
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Crawford 494/42, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, L. Mussidius Longus AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
L. Mussidius Longus, 42 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.85g; 19mm; 3h).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: CONCORDIA; Veiled head of Concordia facing right; crescent beneath chin.

Reverse: L•MVSSIDIVS•LONGVS; Shrine of Venus Cloacina with two statues, inscribed CLOACIN.

References: Crawford 494/42c; HCRI 188b; Sydenham 1093b; BMCRR 4246; Mussidia 6.

Provenance: Ex Peter J. Merani Collection [Triton XXIV]; H.J.Berk BBS 201 (13 Jul 2017), lot 163; H.J. Berk BBS 166 (15 Oct 2009), lot 280; Eton College Collection [Sotheby's (1 Dec 1976), lot 409].

Nothing is known of the Mussidia gens except for the coins of L. Mussidius Longus. The reverse depicts the open air, circular shrine of Venus Cloacina containing two statues and a balustrade. Remains of the shrine survive in the Roman Forum today. In antiquity, the shrine was located near Rome’s main sewer outlet, the Cloaca Maxima, and reflected the importance of Rome’s sewer system to the health and well being of the City. Sear interprets the reverse as an allusion to purification needed after Caesar’s assassination.
4 commentsCarausius05/03/22 at 14:26Timestheus: Fine "cloacina" coin!
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Crawford 28/3, ROMAN REPUBLIC, Didrachm-QuadrigatusAnonymous, 225-214 BCE.
AR Didrachm/Quadrigatus (6.79 g; 20mm; 12h).
Apulian Mint.

Obv: Janiform head with straight neck truncaction.

Rev: Jupiter and Victory on fast quadriga, right; ROMA in relief within semi-trapezoidal linear frame below.

Reference: Crawford 28/3; Sydenham 65; BMCRR 101; Gentilehomme II.B.1.

Provenance: Ex Andrew McCabe Collection [Roma E-Sale (6 Jan 2022) lot 856]; Pierre Egbers Collection (active 1930s to 1960s) [Joel Creusy (6 Nov 2014), lot 78]; French export permit no. 159230.

The last few series of Roman silver didrachm coinage, produced from 225-214 BCE, are nicknamed "quadrigati" because of the common reverse type of Jupiter and Victory in a fast quadriga. Crawford's arrangement of quadrigati into distinct series requires a great amount of study to understand. Collectors and dealers alike often misattribute quadrigati among Crawford's series.

The Crawford 28 series of quadrigati, to which this example belongs, really should be split into two separate series. The first (early) series of 28s are almost certainly the earliest of the quadrigatus coinage - struck in good silver and of fine style in high relief with ROMA incuse in a rectangular tablet. The second (later) series of 28s, shown here, is of lower quality style and fabric; the neck truncation is wide and straight; ROMA is in relief in a linear frame. Like other Apulian coins, they often show tabs or other signs of cast flan production, visible on the edge of this coin but not in the photos.
1 commentsCarausius04/24/22 at 23:57Jay GT4: Great quadrigatus
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Crawford 145/1, ROMAN REPUBLIC, Victory & Spearhead Series, AE AsRome. The Republic.
Victory and Spearhead
Series, 189-180 BCE.
AE As (31.14g; 33mm; 5h).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Laureate head of Janus; I (mark-of-value) above.

Reverse: Prow facing right; Victory crowning spearhead above; I (mark-of-value) to right; ROMA below.

References: Crawford 145/1; Sydenham 293; BMCRR 497

Provenance: Ex Barone Dr. Pompeo Bonazzi di Sannicandro (1876-1956) Collection [R. Ratto (23 January 1924), Lot 264].

Grueber surmises that the symbols on this type may allude to a military victory by an ancestor of the anonymous moneyer. He mentions the use of Victory as a symbol on later denarii by C. Terrentius Lucanus (Crawford 217/1 – see my example in this gallery), suggesting this coin may have been produced by a member of the Terrentia gens; but this is pure conjecture.

This coin is a strong example of a type that generally comes either poorly struck or poorly preserved. The coin was part of the important Bonazzi Collection, which was sold anonymously in two parts by Rodolfo Ratto in the mid-1920s. Bonazzi began collecting about 1910 and quickly assembled a broad collection of Roman Republican coins in a very short time. Unlike many of his contemporaries, he favored bronze coins that were un-tooled, and this coin boasts excellent, natural surfaces.
1 commentsCarausius04/18/22 at 01:19PMah: I keep coming back to this coin without commenting...
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Crawford 18/4, ROMAN REPUBLIC, AE Aes Grave QuadransRome, The Republic.
Anonymous Apollo/Apollo Series, c. 270 BCE.
AE Aes Grave Quadrans (79.29g; 43mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Boar running to right; ••• (mark of value) in exergue.

Reverse: Boar running to left; ••• (mark of value) between spokes.

References: Crawford 18/4; ICC 36; Haeberlin pg 87, pl. 36.

Provenance: Ex Forum Ancient Coins; Errett Bishop (†14 Apr 1983) Collection.

All of the Crawford 18 series Aes Grave repeat the same device on the obverse and reverse. Haeberlin reports an average weight of 84 grams for 128 specimens of the quadrans.
2 commentsCarausius04/18/22 at 01:10PMah: A slightly-"bored" boar. Great weight. I have seen...
Mussidia_Cloacina.jpg
Crawford 494/42, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, L. Mussidius Longus AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
L. Mussidius Longus, 42 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.85g; 19mm; 3h).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: CONCORDIA; Veiled head of Concordia facing right; crescent beneath chin.

Reverse: L•MVSSIDIVS•LONGVS; Shrine of Venus Cloacina with two statues, inscribed CLOACIN.

References: Crawford 494/42c; HCRI 188b; Sydenham 1093b; BMCRR 4246; Mussidia 6.

Provenance: Ex Peter J. Merani Collection [Triton XXIV]; H.J.Berk BBS 201 (13 Jul 2017), lot 163; H.J. Berk BBS 166 (15 Oct 2009), lot 280; Eton College Collection [Sotheby's (1 Dec 1976), lot 409].

Nothing is known of the Mussidia gens except for the coins of L. Mussidius Longus. The reverse depicts the open air, circular shrine of Venus Cloacina containing two statues and a balustrade. Remains of the shrine survive in the Roman Forum today. In antiquity, the shrine was located near Rome’s main sewer outlet, the Cloaca Maxima, and reflected the importance of Rome’s sewer system to the health and well being of the City. Sear interprets the reverse as an allusion to purification needed after Caesar’s assassination.
4 commentsCarausius04/18/22 at 01:03PMah: I am a tremendous fan of Venus-of-the-Sewers. The...
624_2.jpg
Crawford 518/2, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Octavian, AR DenariusRome. The Imperators.
Octavian, 44-27 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.67g; 17mm; 11h).
Military mint travelling with Octavian, 41BCE.

Obverse: C•CAESAR•III•VIR R•P•C; Octavian’s bare head facing right.

Reverse: POPVL IVSSV; Equestrian statue (Octavian?) left.

References: Crawford 518/2; HCRI 299; Sydenham 1317 (R5); BMCRR Gaul 79-80; Julia 97; Banti & Simonetti 701/2 (this coin illustrated).

Provenance: Ex Charles Chamberlain Collection [CNG eSale 509 (9 Feb 2022) Lot 624]; Andrew McCabe Collection [Italo Vecchi Ltd. 17 (15 Dec 1999), Lot 804]; acquired privately from Baldwin’s in 1992; Barone Dr. Pompeo Bonazzi di Sannicandro (1876-1956) Collection [Rodolfo Ratto (23 Jan 1924) Lot 1444].

This type is scarce and generally comes very poorly struck or from worn dies. Obverse die links prove that this type was struck together with the Crawford 518/1 denarii struck by Balbus as Propraetor (see adjacent coin by Balbus in this gallery). Crawford reports 11 obverse dies and 12 reverse dies; Schaefer RRDP has 24 obverse dies for BOTH 518/1 (Balbus type) and 518/2 and 15 reverse dies for 518/2. Based on an inscription, published by Orelli, from a Vatican plinth containing the words “IVSSV POPVLI” (“by order of the people”) originally associated with a statue of Julius Caesar, Babelon thought the reverse depicted a statue of Julius Caesar dedicated in 42BCE at the time of Caesar’s apotheosis. Grueber disagreed, pointing out that since most public statues were erected by order of the Roman people, a similar inscription could apply to a statue of Octavian. He assigned the reverse type as depicting an equestrian statue of Octavian dedicated in 41BCE after the Battle of Philippi. Sear agrees with Grueber on this point, while Crawford merely describes the statue as a “Galloping equestrian statute” without specific attribution.

This coin was part of the important Bonazzi Collection, which was sold anonymously in two parts by Rodolfo Ratto in the mid-1920s. Bonazzi began collecting about 1910 and quickly assembled a broad collection of Roman Republican coins in a very short time.
3 commentsCarausius04/18/22 at 01:00PMah: That's a real find. First rate.
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Crawford 507/2, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Brutus with Casca Longus, Plated (Fourree) DenariusRome, The Imperators.
Brutus with Casca Longus. 42 BCE.
Plated (fourree) Denarius (2.53g; 20mm).
Military mint, 42 BCE.

Obverse: CASCA LONGVS; Neptune's head facing right; trident below.

Reverse: BRVTVS IMP; Victory advancing right on broken scepter, holding filleted diadem and palm.

References: Crawford 507/2; HCRI 212; Sydenham1298 (R6); BMCRR (East) 63; Junia 44; Servilia 35; Smyth XIV/28 (this coin described).

Provenance: Naville Auction 62 (13 Dec 2020) Lot 393; Duke of Northumberland Collection [Sotheby's (1982) Lot 482]; acquired before 1856.

While it is generally accepted that there were no “official” plated denarii issued by the Roman Republic, there were very-rare exceptions during the Imperatorial Period. Cornuficius’ coinage struck in North Africa circa 42 BC (Crawford 509) are more often found plated than solid and may have been an “official” plated issue. Whether the tyrannicides may have run into occasional silver shortages during the lead-up to Phillipi which required issuance of plated coins on an emergency basis can only be guessed; however, plated coins of the tyrannicides are certainly not common enough to support such a theory. I have seen a few very high-quality plated examples of the above type, but not huge numbers. Also, ancient forgeries would have been produced from impressions of genuine coins and should be of good style. For a solid silver example of the type, see my gallery coin at: https://www.forumancientcoins.com/gallery/displayimage.php?pos=-158193

Publius Servilius Casca Longus was one of the leading conspirators against Julius Caesar, and he was Tribune of the Plebs at the time of the assassination. Plutarch reports that a nervous Casca was the first to stab Caesar on the Ides of March with a glancing blow: “Casca gave him the first cut, in the neck, which was not mortal nor dangerous, as coming from one who at the beginning of such a bold action was probably very much disturbed. Caesar immediately turned about and laid his hand upon the dagger and kept hold of it. And both of them at the same time cried out, he that received the blow, in Latin, ‘Vile Casca, what does this mean?’ and he that gave it, in Greek, to his brother [Gaius] ‘Brother, help!’” [Plutarch: Lives of the noble Grecians and Romans, Arthur Clough (Ed.)] After Caesar’s assassination, Casca was given command of Brutus’ fleet. Nothing is known of Casca following the Battle of Philippi in October 42 BCE, where he likely perished or committed suicide in the aftermath.

The Neptune obverse refers to Casca’s naval command and the naval superiority of the conspirators before Philippi. Coins of the conspirators are replete with depictions of liberty and victory, and this coin is no exception. The reverse, with its broken scepter, clearly alludes to the assassins’ hope to eliminate monarchy in the Roman state and restore the Republic. Some authors have speculated that Victory is breaking a regal diadem on this type, although I don’t think that is abundantly clear.

The coin comes from the Duke of Northumberland Collection, catalogued by Admiral William Smyth in his 1856 book, "Descriptive Catalogue of A Cabinet of Roman Family Coins Belonging to His Grace the Duke of Northumberland," and sold by Sotheby’s in 1982. The Smyth book has no plates (line drawn or otherwise), but it does contain detailed descriptions of the collection coins with weights in grains. This coin is described in Smyth’s book, therefore it must have been acquired by the Duke’s family before 1856. Smyth described the collection as being in the Duke’s family for many years, so the ownership history conceivably dates to the 18th century. In describing this coin, Smyth said: “[t]his remarkably well-plated denarius, in very high preservation, and though fully spread, weighs only 39.5 grains…” Indeed, the coin is remarkably well-plated, with only one spot of the core visible on Neptune’s cheek, and the flan quite full at 20mm. Except for the one spot of visible core, the surfaces are exceptional, with deep iridescent tone, reflecting over a century spent in the Duke’s cabinet.
2 commentsCarausius02/20/22 at 04:54Curtis JJ: How great to have Admiral Smyth's comments on...
624_2.jpg
Crawford 518/2, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Octavian, AR DenariusRome. The Imperators.
Octavian, 44-27 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.67g; 17mm; 11h).
Military mint travelling with Octavian, 41BCE.

Obverse: C•CAESAR•III•VIR R•P•C; Octavian’s bare head facing right.

Reverse: POPVL IVSSV; Equestrian statue (Octavian?) left.

References: Crawford 518/2; HCRI 299; Sydenham 1317 (R5); BMCRR Gaul 79-80; Julia 97; Banti & Simonetti 701/2 (this coin illustrated).

Provenance: Ex Charles Chamberlain Collection [CNG eSale 509 (9 Feb 2022) Lot 624]; Andrew McCabe Collection [Italo Vecchi Ltd. 17 (15 Dec 1999), Lot 804]; acquired privately from Baldwin’s in 1992; Barone Dr. Pompeo Bonazzi di Sannicandro (1876-1956) Collection [Rodolfo Ratto (23 Jan 1924) Lot 1444].

This type is scarce and generally comes very poorly struck or from worn dies. Obverse die links prove that this type was struck together with the Crawford 518/1 denarii struck by Balbus as Propraetor (see adjacent coin by Balbus in this gallery). Crawford reports 11 obverse dies and 12 reverse dies; Schaefer RRDP has 24 obverse dies for BOTH 518/1 (Balbus type) and 518/2 and 15 reverse dies for 518/2. Based on an inscription, published by Orelli, from a Vatican plinth containing the words “IVSSV POPVLI” (“by order of the people”) originally associated with a statue of Julius Caesar, Babelon thought the reverse depicted a statue of Julius Caesar dedicated in 42BCE at the time of Caesar’s apotheosis. Grueber disagreed, pointing out that since most public statues were erected by order of the Roman people, a similar inscription could apply to a statue of Octavian. He assigned the reverse type as depicting an equestrian statue of Octavian dedicated in 41BCE after the Battle of Philippi. Sear agrees with Grueber on this point, while Crawford merely describes the statue as a “Galloping equestrian statute” without specific attribution.

This coin was part of the important Bonazzi Collection, which was sold anonymously in two parts by Rodolfo Ratto in the mid-1920s. Bonazzi began collecting about 1910 and quickly assembled a broad collection of Roman Republican coins in a very short time.
3 commentsCarausius02/20/22 at 04:46Curtis JJ: Whoa! Great work on the provenance research & Bant...
Mussidia_Cloacina.jpg
Crawford 494/42, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, L. Mussidius Longus AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
L. Mussidius Longus, 42 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.85g; 19mm; 3h).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: CONCORDIA; Veiled head of Concordia facing right; crescent beneath chin.

Reverse: L•MVSSIDIVS•LONGVS; Shrine of Venus Cloacina with two statues, inscribed CLOACIN.

References: Crawford 494/42c; HCRI 188b; Sydenham 1093b; BMCRR 4246; Mussidia 6.

Provenance: Ex Peter J. Merani Collection [Triton XXIV]; H.J.Berk BBS 201 (13 Jul 2017), lot 163; H.J. Berk BBS 166 (15 Oct 2009), lot 280; Eton College Collection [Sotheby's (1 Dec 1976), lot 409].

Nothing is known of the Mussidia gens except for the coins of L. Mussidius Longus. The reverse depicts the open air, circular shrine of Venus Cloacina containing two statues and a balustrade. Remains of the shrine survive in the Roman Forum today. In antiquity, the shrine was located near Rome’s main sewer outlet, the Cloaca Maxima, and reflected the importance of Rome’s sewer system to the health and well being of the City. Sear interprets the reverse as an allusion to purification needed after Caesar’s assassination.
4 commentsCarausius02/08/22 at 18:32vindelicus: Great coin and a wonderful toning.
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Crawford 24/6, ROMAN REPUBLIC, AE Aes Grave QuadransRome, The Republic.
Roma/Wheel Series, c. 230 BCE.
AE Aes Grave Quadrans (65.83g; 40mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Hound prancing to left; ••• (mark of value) in exergue.

Reverse: Wheel with six spokes; ••• (mark of value) between spokes.

References: Crawford 24/6a; ICC 69; Haeberlin pg 61, pl. 25, n 12-14.

Provenance: Ex Dr. Erwin Hartmann (†1979) Collection [Dorotheum Auction (27 May 2021) lot 758]; Karl Hollschek (†1941) Collection [Dorotheum 1108 (Oct 1960) Lot 1017].

The Roma/Wheel Series of aes grave is an interesting series for its types. This Quadrans depicts a prancing hound, a device also used on roughly contemporaneous Republican struck half-litrae (see Crawford 26/4 – two examples in my gallery). The wheel on the reverse of this series is previously unseen on Roman coinage. There were several series of Etrurian aes grave bearing spoked wheels produced in the 3rd century BCE (see HN Italy 56-67; ICC 145-190). It is unclear whether these Etrurian aes grave were inspired by or inspiration for the Roman wheel series.

Haeberlin reported 88 specimens of the quadrans, with an average weight of 65.73 grams.
1 commentsCarausius02/08/22 at 00:30Jay GT4: Amazing Republican
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Crawford 18/4, ROMAN REPUBLIC, AE Aes Grave QuadransRome, The Republic.
Anonymous Apollo/Apollo Series, c. 270 BCE.
AE Aes Grave Quadrans (79.29g; 43mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Boar running to right; ••• (mark of value) in exergue.

Reverse: Boar running to left; ••• (mark of value) between spokes.

References: Crawford 18/4; ICC 36; Haeberlin pg 87, pl. 36.

Provenance: Ex Forum Ancient Coins; Errett Bishop (†14 Apr 1983) Collection.

All of the Crawford 18 series Aes Grave repeat the same device on the obverse and reverse. Haeberlin reports an average weight of 84 grams for 128 specimens of the quadrans.
2 commentsCarausius02/08/22 at 00:30Jay GT4: Huge! Great coin
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Crawford 494/42, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, L. Mussidius Longus AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
L. Mussidius Longus, 42 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.85g; 19mm; 3h).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: CONCORDIA; Veiled head of Concordia facing right; crescent beneath chin.

Reverse: L•MVSSIDIVS•LONGVS; Shrine of Venus Cloacina with two statues, inscribed CLOACIN.

References: Crawford 494/42c; HCRI 188b; Sydenham 1093b; BMCRR 4246; Mussidia 6.

Provenance: Ex Peter J. Merani Collection [Triton XXIV]; H.J.Berk BBS 201 (13 Jul 2017), lot 163; H.J. Berk BBS 166 (15 Oct 2009), lot 280; Eton College Collection [Sotheby's (1 Dec 1976), lot 409].

Nothing is known of the Mussidia gens except for the coins of L. Mussidius Longus. The reverse depicts the open air, circular shrine of Venus Cloacina containing two statues and a balustrade. Remains of the shrine survive in the Roman Forum today. In antiquity, the shrine was located near Rome’s main sewer outlet, the Cloaca Maxima, and reflected the importance of Rome’s sewer system to the health and well being of the City. Sear interprets the reverse as an allusion to purification needed after Caesar’s assassination.
4 commentsCarausius02/07/22 at 19:26Jay GT4: Wonderful coin
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Crawford 455/1, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Restio AR DenariusRome, Moneyer Issues of the Imperatorial Period.
C. Antius Restiio, 47 BC
Rome Mint

Obv: RESTIO; Head of Restio right.

Rev: C ANTIVS C F; Hercules advancing right with club and trophy.

Reference: Crawford 455/1b; HCRI 34; Sydenham 970 var (no cloak over arm); Banti Antia 1/2 (this coin illustrated); G. Lahusen, Die Bildnismunzen Der Romischen Republik, pl. 61, no. 37 (this coin illustrated)

Provenance: ex Student & Mentor Collection [NAC 83 (20 May 2015) Lot 411]; ex F. Sternberg VII (1977), Lot 448; ex Carlo Crippa List 3 (1967), Lot 394.

This is a rare variety of Restio denarius, on which Hercules bears no cloak over his left arm. Banti's corpus contains only three examples of this variety, one of which is this coin.
3 commentsCarausius01/24/22 at 16:48Steve B5: Great style
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Crawford 409/1, ROMAN REPUBLIC, M. Plaetorius Cestianus, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
M. Plaetorius M.F. Cestianus, 67 BCE.
AR Denarius (4.03g; 18mm; 5h).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: CESTIANVS – SC; Draped bust of winged goddess (Vacuna? Isis? Fortuna?) wearing plumed helmet with corn-ear wreath and quiver, facing right, with cornucopia before; all within bead and reel border.

Reverse: M·PLAETORIVS·M F AED CVR; Eagle on thunderbolt with spread wings and head facing left; all within bead and reel border.

References: Crawford 409/1; Sydenham 809; BMCRR 3596; Plaetoria 4.

Provenance: Ex CNG Auction 55 (13 May 2000) Lot 1058; Munzen und Medaillen 53 (29 Nov 1977) Lot 198.

The moneyer is Marcus Plaetorius Cestianus, who was Curule Aedile in 67 BCE and Praetor in 64 BCE. Cestianus issued coins in two different years – once as Curule Aedile (those coins with AED CVR also in their inscriptions) and a second time in a non-aedile capacity, but in both cases by order of the Senate as both series contain “SC” in their inscriptions. The presence of AED CVR in the reverse inscription of this coin identifies it as part of his earlier, Curule Aedile issue of 67 BCE. In their analysis of the Messagne hoard, Hersh and Walker redated the non-aedile coins to 57 BCE. They note that Cestianus’ non-aedile issues do not appear in hoards until long after his Curule Aedile issues of 67 BCE, and they postulate that he issued the non-aedile coins in 57 BCE as pro-praetor (having been praetor in 64 BCE).

The identity of the goddess depicted on the obverse of this coin has long been debated by scholars. The bust mixes attributes of multiple deities, including Minerva (helmet), Diana (quiver), Victory (wings), Ceres (grain wreath, cornucopia), Apollo (curls). These mixed characteristics led some to identify the bust as the Sabine goddess Vacuna, who was often conflated with other deities, though Crawford thought that attribution was incorrect. Others think the obverse may be Isis because of the wreath (which may appear to include lotus and poppy on some specimens) and note the similarity of the reverse to a Ptolemaic eagle. Harlan 2012, agrees with Meyboom 1995 that Fortuna is the only goddess that combines cornucopia, armor and wings, and Harlan suggests this is the likely attribution of the bust. He also notes that the Plaetorii were from Tusculum where an inscription records the care of the temple of Fortuna by an aedile of the Plaetoria gens (Marcus, son of Lucius – not our moneyer). Note that a later coin of Cestianus (which can be found in my Forum gallery here https://www.forumancientcoins.com/gallery/displayimage.php?pos=-166944 ) refers to the worship/oracle of Fortuna at Praeneste. This moneyer was descended from a Cestia gens member who had been adopted into the Plaetoria gens, and the Cestia had ties to Praeneste. So, indeed, Fortuna seems a reasonable candidate for the bust attribution.
3 commentsCarausius10/27/21 at 05:17Skyler: Very nice
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Crawford 457/1, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Julius Caesar and Aulus AllienusRome. The Imperators.
Julius Caesar and Aulus Allienus, 48 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.64g; 20mm; 6h).
Sicilian mint, 47 BCE.

Obverse: C CAESAR IMP COS ITER; diademed and draped bust of Venus, facing right.

Reverse: A ALLIENVS PRO COS; Trinacrus facing left, placing foot on prow and holding a triskeles and cloak.

References: Crawford 457/1; HCRI 54; Sydenham 1022 (R7); BMCRR Sicily 5; Alliena 1.

Provenance: Ex NAC Spring Sale (10 May 2021) Lot 1098; M. Ratto FPL 1 (Feb 1966) Lot 363.

Aulus Allienus was a friend of Cicero's. Two of Cicero's extant letters are addressed to him. He was the legate of Cicero's brother in Asia in 60 BC, and praetor in 49 BCE. In 48 BCE, he held the province of Sicily. He continued in Sicily until 47 BCE when he received the title of proconsul. While proconsul in Sicily, he sent troops to support Julius Caesar in Africa against the Pompeians. These coins were issued as initial pay for those troops.

The coin depicts Venus on the obverse, alluding to the Julia gens’ mythical descent from the goddess and her first appearance on a coin of Caesar (many would follow). On the reverse, Trinacrus holds a trinacria (triskeles), the symbol of “three-cornered” Sicily - his right foot on the prow of a vessel. These devices make clear the Sicilian origin of the issue. Trinacrus is described by numismatic scholars as a son of Neptune, whose myth appears to have been created as an explanation for the early name for Sicily (Trinacria), which is more likely derived from the island’s triangular shape. Grueber agreed with the Trinacrus attribution because the god is depicted in the same position as Neptune is often shown, with his foot on a prow.

The coin is one of the rarer issues in the name of Caesar (R7 in Sydenham). Crawford estimated fewer than 30 obverse dies and fewer than 33 reverse dies. Schaefer’s Roman Republican Die Project includes just 13 obverse and 13 reverse dies.
3 commentsCarausius06/09/21 at 18:01Nemonater: Wonderful
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Crawford 496/1, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Marc Antony, AR DenariusRome. The Imperators.
Marc Antony, 44-31 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.95g; 18mm; 5h).
Military mint travelling with Antony, 42BCE.

Obverse: Antony's bearded head right; M ANTONI - IMP.

Reverse: Facing bust of Sol within distyle temple; III - VIR - R·P·C, around.

References: Crawford 496/1; HCRI 128; Sydenham 1168; BMCRR (Gaul) 62; Antonia 34.

Provenance: Hess Divo 329 (17 Nov 2015) lot 138; J.D. Collection [NAC 72 (16 May 2013) lot 1272]; Gilbert Steinberg Collection [NAC-Spink Taisei (16 Nov 1994) lot 1994]; Numismatic Fine Arts FPL 15 (Jul-Aug 1979) lot 33.

This coin was likely struck shortly after Brutus’s and Cassius’s defeat at Philippi in 42 BCE. Antony is still shown with his beard of mourning (he and Octavian would not shave until Caesar’s assassination was avenged), and it’s likely that the die engravers had not yet been instructed to remove the beard following Philippi. This is the last bearded image of Antony to appear on his coinage. There were two versions of this coin type: one with IMP spelled the standard way, as on this example; the other with IMP ligate. The reverse type emphasizing Sol was a common theme on Antony’s eastern coinage, perhaps reflecting his growing enchantment with eastern Hellenistic culture.
2 commentsCarausius06/09/21 at 04:15akeady: Very nice!
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Crawford 457/1, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Julius Caesar and Aulus AllienusRome. The Imperators.
Julius Caesar and Aulus Allienus, 48 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.64g; 20mm; 6h).
Sicilian mint, 47 BCE.

Obverse: C CAESAR IMP COS ITER; diademed and draped bust of Venus, facing right.

Reverse: A ALLIENVS PRO COS; Trinacrus facing left, placing foot on prow and holding a triskeles and cloak.

References: Crawford 457/1; HCRI 54; Sydenham 1022 (R7); BMCRR Sicily 5; Alliena 1.

Provenance: Ex NAC Spring Sale (10 May 2021) Lot 1098; M. Ratto FPL 1 (Feb 1966) Lot 363.

Aulus Allienus was a friend of Cicero's. Two of Cicero's extant letters are addressed to him. He was the legate of Cicero's brother in Asia in 60 BC, and praetor in 49 BCE. In 48 BCE, he held the province of Sicily. He continued in Sicily until 47 BCE when he received the title of proconsul. While proconsul in Sicily, he sent troops to support Julius Caesar in Africa against the Pompeians. These coins were issued as initial pay for those troops.

The coin depicts Venus on the obverse, alluding to the Julia gens’ mythical descent from the goddess and her first appearance on a coin of Caesar (many would follow). On the reverse, Trinacrus holds a trinacria (triskeles), the symbol of “three-cornered” Sicily - his right foot on the prow of a vessel. These devices make clear the Sicilian origin of the issue. Trinacrus is described by numismatic scholars as a son of Neptune, whose myth appears to have been created as an explanation for the early name for Sicily (Trinacria), which is more likely derived from the island’s triangular shape. Grueber agreed with the Trinacrus attribution because the god is depicted in the same position as Neptune is often shown, with his foot on a prow.

The coin is one of the rarer issues in the name of Caesar (R7 in Sydenham). Crawford estimated fewer than 30 obverse dies and fewer than 33 reverse dies. Schaefer’s Roman Republican Die Project includes just 13 obverse and 13 reverse dies.
3 commentsCarausius06/07/21 at 21:56Tracy Aiello: Great coin indeed.
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Crawford 496/1, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Marc Antony, AR DenariusRome. The Imperators.
Marc Antony, 44-31 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.95g; 18mm; 5h).
Military mint travelling with Antony, 42BCE.

Obverse: Antony's bearded head right; M ANTONI - IMP.

Reverse: Facing bust of Sol within distyle temple; III - VIR - R·P·C, around.

References: Crawford 496/1; HCRI 128; Sydenham 1168; BMCRR (Gaul) 62; Antonia 34.

Provenance: Hess Divo 329 (17 Nov 2015) lot 138; J.D. Collection [NAC 72 (16 May 2013) lot 1272]; Gilbert Steinberg Collection [NAC-Spink Taisei (16 Nov 1994) lot 1994]; Numismatic Fine Arts FPL 15 (Jul-Aug 1979) lot 33.

This coin was likely struck shortly after Brutus’s and Cassius’s defeat at Philippi in 42 BCE. Antony is still shown with his beard of mourning (he and Octavian would not shave until Caesar’s assassination was avenged), and it’s likely that the die engravers had not yet been instructed to remove the beard following Philippi. This is the last bearded image of Antony to appear on his coinage. There were two versions of this coin type: one with IMP spelled the standard way, as on this example; the other with IMP ligate. The reverse type emphasizing Sol was a common theme on Antony’s eastern coinage, perhaps reflecting his growing enchantment with eastern Hellenistic culture.
2 commentsCarausius06/07/21 at 08:07PMah: A great example of this issue.
1847848_1618905696_l.jpg
Crawford 457/1, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Julius Caesar and Aulus AllienusRome. The Imperators.
Julius Caesar and Aulus Allienus, 48 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.64g; 20mm; 6h).
Sicilian mint, 47 BCE.

Obverse: C CAESAR IMP COS ITER; diademed and draped bust of Venus, facing right.

Reverse: A ALLIENVS PRO COS; Trinacrus facing left, placing foot on prow and holding a triskeles and cloak.

References: Crawford 457/1; HCRI 54; Sydenham 1022 (R7); BMCRR Sicily 5; Alliena 1.

Provenance: Ex NAC Spring Sale (10 May 2021) Lot 1098; M. Ratto FPL 1 (Feb 1966) Lot 363.

Aulus Allienus was a friend of Cicero's. Two of Cicero's extant letters are addressed to him. He was the legate of Cicero's brother in Asia in 60 BC, and praetor in 49 BCE. In 48 BCE, he held the province of Sicily. He continued in Sicily until 47 BCE when he received the title of proconsul. While proconsul in Sicily, he sent troops to support Julius Caesar in Africa against the Pompeians. These coins were issued as initial pay for those troops.

The coin depicts Venus on the obverse, alluding to the Julia gens’ mythical descent from the goddess and her first appearance on a coin of Caesar (many would follow). On the reverse, Trinacrus holds a trinacria (triskeles), the symbol of “three-cornered” Sicily - his right foot on the prow of a vessel. These devices make clear the Sicilian origin of the issue. Trinacrus is described by numismatic scholars as a son of Neptune, whose myth appears to have been created as an explanation for the early name for Sicily (Trinacria), which is more likely derived from the island’s triangular shape. Grueber agreed with the Trinacrus attribution because the god is depicted in the same position as Neptune is often shown, with his foot on a prow.

The coin is one of the rarer issues in the name of Caesar (R7 in Sydenham). Crawford estimated fewer than 30 obverse dies and fewer than 33 reverse dies. Schaefer’s Roman Republican Die Project includes just 13 obverse and 13 reverse dies.
3 commentsCarausius06/07/21 at 07:37Ron C2: Great coin!
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Crawford 407/2, ROMAN REPUBLIC, C. Hosidius C. f. Geta, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
C. Hosidius C. f. Geta, 68 BC.
AR Denarius (3.91g; 17mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: IIIVIR – GETA; diademed bust of Diana, facing right, with quiver of arrows over shoulder.

Reverse: C.HOSIDI.C.F.; wounded boar running to right, pursued by hound.

References: Crawford 407/2; Sydenham 903; Hosidia 1.

Provenance: Ex Kunker Auction 257 (10 Oct 2014), Lot 8422.

This type was struck in a serrate and plain-edged variety. Obverse and reverse styles differed on both varieties. Additionally, there are very rare hybrids, with the style and legend variety of one type on edge style flans of the other. The hound on the coins of C. Hosidius are shown in two distinct styles: on the non-serrate coins, in an ultra-slim, almost linear body style; and on the serrate coins, in a more lifelike, heavier style. In both cases, the hunting scene suggests that this dog should be a Laconian or Vertragus hound. Indeed, the dog is slim on both types, with a short haired tail – not a bushy tail, like a Molossian.
2 commentsCarausius03/08/21 at 03:44Virgil H: Love this and the detail about the dog images
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Crawford 041/5, ROMAN REPUBLIC, Anonymous Post-Semilibral, AE As (Struck)Rome, The Republic.
Anonymous. 215-212 BCE.
AE As (58.04g; 37mm; 12h).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Laureate head of Janus: I (mark-of-value) above.

Reverse: Prow facing right; I (mark-of-value) above; ROMA in exergue.

References: Cr 41/--; see Russo, Essays Hersh, no. 1; McCabe Group A2.

Provenance: Ex Vitangelo Collection [Roma e-Sale 80 (4 Feb 2021) lot 937].

The earliest two series of struck bronze Asses (McCabe A1 and A2) were heavy and struck on broad flans in low relief. The flans for A2 were produced in two-part moulds, and often show casting voids as on this specimen. Russo and McCabe consider these part of the Crawford 41 series of early struck prow bronzes, which is otherwise incomplete (except by near contemporaneous aes grave asses).
1 commentsCarausius02/28/21 at 12:39Jay GT4: Huge!
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Crawford 504/1, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Brutus and C. Flavius Hemicillus, AR DenariusRome. The Imperators.
Q. Caepio Brutus & C. Flavius Hemicillus, 44-42 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.83g; 19mm; 12h).
Military Mint, Early Summer 42 BCE.

Obverse: C·FLAV·HEMIC·LEG·PRO·PR; Draped bust of Apollo, facing right with lyre before.

Reverse: Q·CAEP·BRVT·IMP; Victory holding palm branch and crowning trophy.

References: Crawford 504/1; HCRI 205; Syd 1294 (R7); BMCRR East 55; Junia 49; Servilia 31.

Provenance: Ex Barry Feirstein Collection [NAC 45 (2 Apr 2008) Lot 38]; privately purchased from Harlan J. Berk Ltd.

This rare type was issued by Brutus and his legate during the lead-up to the decisive battle of Phillipi. There is debate as to whether this legate is named in the historical texts, because there are multiple, conflicting references to Flaviuses serving with Brutus.
1 commentsCarausius02/21/21 at 20:29paul1888: A beautiful coin.
Hosidia.jpg
Crawford 407/2, ROMAN REPUBLIC, C. Hosidius C. f. Geta, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
C. Hosidius C. f. Geta, 68 BC.
AR Denarius (3.91g; 17mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: IIIVIR – GETA; diademed bust of Diana, facing right, with quiver of arrows over shoulder.

Reverse: C.HOSIDI.C.F.; wounded boar running to right, pursued by hound.

References: Crawford 407/2; Sydenham 903; Hosidia 1.

Provenance: Ex Kunker Auction 257 (10 Oct 2014), Lot 8422.

This type was struck in a serrate and plain-edged variety. Obverse and reverse styles differed on both varieties. Additionally, there are very rare hybrids, with the style and legend variety of one type on edge style flans of the other. The hound on the coins of C. Hosidius are shown in two distinct styles: on the non-serrate coins, in an ultra-slim, almost linear body style; and on the serrate coins, in a more lifelike, heavier style. In both cases, the hunting scene suggests that this dog should be a Laconian or Vertragus hound. Indeed, the dog is slim on both types, with a short haired tail – not a bushy tail, like a Molossian.
2 commentsCarausius02/21/21 at 20:28paul1888: Very nice.
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Crawford 544/15, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Antony Legion III DenariusRome, The Imperators.
Mark Antony, 31 BCE.
Mint travelling with Antony.
AR Denarius (3.69g; 18mm).

Obv: ANT AVG III VIR R P C; Galley right.

Rev: LEG III; Aquilia between two standards.

Reference: Crawford 544/15; HCRI 350; Syd 1217; Viereck, Die Römische Flotte (1975), p. 292 (this coin illustrated).

Provenance: ex CNG Classical Numismatic Review (Jul 2017); ex Triton IV (5 Dec 2000), Lot 432; ex Sternberg XII (18 Nov 1982), Lot 512; ex H.D.L. Viereck Collection (bef. 1975).

Produced by Antony in the lead-up to his final defeat at Actium by Octavian’s navy (commanded by Agrippa), the legionary series was a huge issue that recognized 23 legions under Antony’s command. These coins would continue to circulate throughout the Empire for several centuries after Antony’s loss, partly because their notoriously debased silver discouraged hoarding.
3 commentsCarausius02/21/21 at 14:32Anaximander: Do they get any better than this?
MamiliaDenarius.jpg
Crawford 362/1, ROMAN REPUBLIC, C. Mamilius Limetanus, AR DenariusRome. The Republic.
C. Mamilius Limetanus, 82 BC.
AR Serrate Denarius (3.97g; 20mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Draped bust of Mercury facing right, wearing winged petasus ; caduceus over l. shoulder; behind, I.

Reverse: C·MAMIL – LIMETAN Ulysses advancing right, holding staff and extending his right hand to his dog Argus.

References: Crawford 362/1; Sydenham 741; Mamilia 6.

Provenance: NAC Sale 78 (26 May 2014), Lot 627.

The Mamilia gens claimed descent from Telegonus, the son of Ulysses and Circe, and so they depict Ulysses on their coins. This denarius is probably the most popular “dog” type in Roman numismatics, depicting the famous scene from Homer’s Odyssey in which Odysseus returns home to Ithaca, disguised as a beggar, and is recognized only by his faithful dog, Argus, who dies after greeting his long-lost master. Homer clearly describes Argus as a hunting hound, trained by Odysseus before he left for Troy. During Odysseus’ absence, Argus hunted deer, hare and wild goats. The 20-year-old Argus is described by Homer as swift, strong and a good tracker in his youth. On the coin, he looks like a slim and short-haired Laconian hound.

The purpose of serrate denarii has long been disputed. They were first employed for the Wheel Series denarii of 209-208 BCE (Crawford 79/1) and were used from time to time thereafter. Some argue that they were meant to complicate counterfeiting (at least a partial failure, as fourree serrati are known); others that that were intended to display solid metal content for certain government expenses; others that they were merely decorative. An interesting theory that I recently read suggest they were intended to dissuade mint workers from swallowing denarii while on the job! No serrate denarii were produced after 59 BCE (Crawford 412/1, redated by Hersh and Walker), so either they were not particularly effective at their intended purpose, or the added production costs were simply too great, or the need (whatever it was) ceased. The serrations were almost certainly cut prior to striking, as the chisel cuts are typically flattened by the strike.
2 commentsCarausius02/20/21 at 17:14quadrans: wow, great coin, Shocked
CestianusEagle.jpg
Crawford 409/1, ROMAN REPUBLIC, M. Plaetorius Cestianus, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
M. Plaetorius M.F. Cestianus, 67 BCE.
AR Denarius (4.03g; 18mm; 5h).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: CESTIANVS – SC; Draped bust of winged goddess (Vacuna? Isis? Fortuna?) wearing plumed helmet with corn-ear wreath and quiver, facing right, with cornucopia before; all within bead and reel border.

Reverse: M·PLAETORIVS·M F AED CVR; Eagle on thunderbolt with spread wings and head facing left; all within bead and reel border.

References: Crawford 409/1; Sydenham 809; BMCRR 3596; Plaetoria 4.

Provenance: Ex CNG Auction 55 (13 May 2000) Lot 1058; Munzen und Medaillen 53 (29 Nov 1977) Lot 198.

The moneyer is Marcus Plaetorius Cestianus, who was Curule Aedile in 67 BCE and Praetor in 64 BCE. Cestianus issued coins in two different years – once as Curule Aedile (those coins with AED CVR also in their inscriptions) and a second time in a non-aedile capacity, but in both cases by order of the Senate as both series contain “SC” in their inscriptions. The presence of AED CVR in the reverse inscription of this coin identifies it as part of his earlier, Curule Aedile issue of 67 BCE. In their analysis of the Messagne hoard, Hersh and Walker redated the non-aedile coins to 57 BCE. They note that Cestianus’ non-aedile issues do not appear in hoards until long after his Curule Aedile issues of 67 BCE, and they postulate that he issued the non-aedile coins in 57 BCE as pro-praetor (having been praetor in 64 BCE).

The identity of the goddess depicted on the obverse of this coin has long been debated by scholars. The bust mixes attributes of multiple deities, including Minerva (helmet), Diana (quiver), Victory (wings), Ceres (grain wreath, cornucopia), Apollo (curls). These mixed characteristics led some to identify the bust as the Sabine goddess Vacuna, who was often conflated with other deities, though Crawford thought that attribution was incorrect. Others think the obverse may be Isis because of the wreath (which may appear to include lotus and poppy on some specimens) and note the similarity of the reverse to a Ptolemaic eagle. Harlan 2012, agrees with Meyboom 1995 that Fortuna is the only goddess that combines cornucopia, armor and wings, and Harlan suggests this is the likely attribution of the bust. He also notes that the Plaetorii were from Tusculum where an inscription records the care of the temple of Fortuna by an aedile of the Plaetoria gens (Marcus, son of Lucius – not our moneyer). Note that a later coin of Cestianus (which can be found in my Forum gallery here https://www.forumancientcoins.com/gallery/displayimage.php?pos=-166944 ) refers to the worship/oracle of Fortuna at Praeneste. This moneyer was descended from a Cestia gens member who had been adopted into the Plaetoria gens, and the Cestia had ties to Praeneste. So, indeed, Fortuna seems a reasonable candidate for the bust attribution.
3 commentsCarausius01/16/21 at 23:47Jay GT4: Beautiful
CestianusEagle.jpg
Crawford 409/1, ROMAN REPUBLIC, M. Plaetorius Cestianus, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
M. Plaetorius M.F. Cestianus, 67 BCE.
AR Denarius (4.03g; 18mm; 5h).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: CESTIANVS – SC; Draped bust of winged goddess (Vacuna? Isis? Fortuna?) wearing plumed helmet with corn-ear wreath and quiver, facing right, with cornucopia before; all within bead and reel border.

Reverse: M·PLAETORIVS·M F AED CVR; Eagle on thunderbolt with spread wings and head facing left; all within bead and reel border.

References: Crawford 409/1; Sydenham 809; BMCRR 3596; Plaetoria 4.

Provenance: Ex CNG Auction 55 (13 May 2000) Lot 1058; Munzen und Medaillen 53 (29 Nov 1977) Lot 198.

The moneyer is Marcus Plaetorius Cestianus, who was Curule Aedile in 67 BCE and Praetor in 64 BCE. Cestianus issued coins in two different years – once as Curule Aedile (those coins with AED CVR also in their inscriptions) and a second time in a non-aedile capacity, but in both cases by order of the Senate as both series contain “SC” in their inscriptions. The presence of AED CVR in the reverse inscription of this coin identifies it as part of his earlier, Curule Aedile issue of 67 BCE. In their analysis of the Messagne hoard, Hersh and Walker redated the non-aedile coins to 57 BCE. They note that Cestianus’ non-aedile issues do not appear in hoards until long after his Curule Aedile issues of 67 BCE, and they postulate that he issued the non-aedile coins in 57 BCE as pro-praetor (having been praetor in 64 BCE).

The identity of the goddess depicted on the obverse of this coin has long been debated by scholars. The bust mixes attributes of multiple deities, including Minerva (helmet), Diana (quiver), Victory (wings), Ceres (grain wreath, cornucopia), Apollo (curls). These mixed characteristics led some to identify the bust as the Sabine goddess Vacuna, who was often conflated with other deities, though Crawford thought that attribution was incorrect. Others think the obverse may be Isis because of the wreath (which may appear to include lotus and poppy on some specimens) and note the similarity of the reverse to a Ptolemaic eagle. Harlan 2012, agrees with Meyboom 1995 that Fortuna is the only goddess that combines cornucopia, armor and wings, and Harlan suggests this is the likely attribution of the bust. He also notes that the Plaetorii were from Tusculum where an inscription records the care of the temple of Fortuna by an aedile of the Plaetoria gens (Marcus, son of Lucius – not our moneyer). Note that a later coin of Cestianus (which can be found in my Forum gallery here https://www.forumancientcoins.com/gallery/displayimage.php?pos=-166944 ) refers to the worship/oracle of Fortuna at Praeneste. This moneyer was descended from a Cestia gens member who had been adopted into the Plaetoria gens, and the Cestia had ties to Praeneste. So, indeed, Fortuna seems a reasonable candidate for the bust attribution.
3 commentsCarausius01/16/21 at 22:18quadrans: Nice one
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Crawford 494/39, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, L. Mussidius Longus, AR Denarius Rome, The Imperators.
L. Mussidius Longus. 42 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.72g; 16mm).
Rome mint, 42 BCE.

Obverse: Wreathed head of Julius Caesar facing right.

Reverse: L·MVSSIDIVS·LONGVS; caduceus on globe, flanked by rudder, cornucopia and apex.

References: Crawford 494/39a; HCRI 116; Sydenham 1096a; BMCRR Rome 4238-9; Mussidia 8; Julia 58.

Provenance: Ex Heritage Auction 3087 (17 Dec 2020) Lot 30041; Dr. Walter F. Stöcklin (d. 1975) Collection [Nomos Obolos 9 (25 Mar 2018) Lot 108]; acquired before 1975.

The moneyer is not otherwise known to history. Struck during the lead-up to Phillipi, the coin certainly reflects favor on the Caesarian side of the conflict, with the portrait of the late dictator on the obverse and devices referring to Caesar’s accomplishments on the reverse. The rudder and globe refer to Caesar’s military success and imperium over land and sea. The apex refers to his position as Pontifex Maximus. The cornucopia and caduceus allude to the blessings and happiness that Caesar bestowed on Rome. Multiple legend arrangements appear on this type, with curved and straight-line arrangements sometimes above, beside and below the devices.

The obverse fields show some raised striations, possibly caused from die cleaning or otherwise preparing the die for use. Other examples from the same obverse die show similar field striations.

This coin comes from the Stöcklin Collection, sold by Nomos over a series of auctions beginning with Nomos 14 in 17 May 2017. The collection consisted of ancient coins assembled over three generations in the family by Sebastian Roš (1839-1917), his son-in-law Dr. Walter F. Stöcklin (1888-1975) and grandson Dr. Walter M. Stöcklin (d. 1981).
3 commentsCarausius01/10/21 at 07:30quadrans: Great 👍
CaesarMussidia.jpg
Crawford 494/39, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, L. Mussidius Longus, AR Denarius Rome, The Imperators.
L. Mussidius Longus. 42 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.72g; 16mm).
Rome mint, 42 BCE.

Obverse: Wreathed head of Julius Caesar facing right.

Reverse: L·MVSSIDIVS·LONGVS; caduceus on globe, flanked by rudder, cornucopia and apex.

References: Crawford 494/39a; HCRI 116; Sydenham 1096a; BMCRR Rome 4238-9; Mussidia 8; Julia 58.

Provenance: Ex Heritage Auction 3087 (17 Dec 2020) Lot 30041; Dr. Walter F. Stöcklin (d. 1975) Collection [Nomos Obolos 9 (25 Mar 2018) Lot 108]; acquired before 1975.

The moneyer is not otherwise known to history. Struck during the lead-up to Phillipi, the coin certainly reflects favor on the Caesarian side of the conflict, with the portrait of the late dictator on the obverse and devices referring to Caesar’s accomplishments on the reverse. The rudder and globe refer to Caesar’s military success and imperium over land and sea. The apex refers to his position as Pontifex Maximus. The cornucopia and caduceus allude to the blessings and happiness that Caesar bestowed on Rome. Multiple legend arrangements appear on this type, with curved and straight-line arrangements sometimes above, beside and below the devices.

The obverse fields show some raised striations, possibly caused from die cleaning or otherwise preparing the die for use. Other examples from the same obverse die show similar field striations.

This coin comes from the Stöcklin Collection, sold by Nomos over a series of auctions beginning with Nomos 14 in 17 May 2017. The collection consisted of ancient coins assembled over three generations in the family by Sebastian Roš (1839-1917), his son-in-law Dr. Walter F. Stöcklin (1888-1975) and grandson Dr. Walter M. Stöcklin (d. 1981).
3 commentsCarausius01/09/21 at 11:30shanxi: Wow
CaesarMussidia.jpg
Crawford 494/39, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, L. Mussidius Longus, AR Denarius Rome, The Imperators.
L. Mussidius Longus. 42 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.72g; 16mm).
Rome mint, 42 BCE.

Obverse: Wreathed head of Julius Caesar facing right.

Reverse: L·MVSSIDIVS·LONGVS; caduceus on globe, flanked by rudder, cornucopia and apex.

References: Crawford 494/39a; HCRI 116; Sydenham 1096a; BMCRR Rome 4238-9; Mussidia 8; Julia 58.

Provenance: Ex Heritage Auction 3087 (17 Dec 2020) Lot 30041; Dr. Walter F. Stöcklin (d. 1975) Collection [Nomos Obolos 9 (25 Mar 2018) Lot 108]; acquired before 1975.

The moneyer is not otherwise known to history. Struck during the lead-up to Phillipi, the coin certainly reflects favor on the Caesarian side of the conflict, with the portrait of the late dictator on the obverse and devices referring to Caesar’s accomplishments on the reverse. The rudder and globe refer to Caesar’s military success and imperium over land and sea. The apex refers to his position as Pontifex Maximus. The cornucopia and caduceus allude to the blessings and happiness that Caesar bestowed on Rome. Multiple legend arrangements appear on this type, with curved and straight-line arrangements sometimes above, beside and below the devices.

The obverse fields show some raised striations, possibly caused from die cleaning or otherwise preparing the die for use. Other examples from the same obverse die show similar field striations.

This coin comes from the Stöcklin Collection, sold by Nomos over a series of auctions beginning with Nomos 14 in 17 May 2017. The collection consisted of ancient coins assembled over three generations in the family by Sebastian Roš (1839-1917), his son-in-law Dr. Walter F. Stöcklin (1888-1975) and grandson Dr. Walter M. Stöcklin (d. 1981).
3 commentsCarausius01/09/21 at 03:25Nemonater: Shocked
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Crawford 511/4, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Sextus Pompey, AR DenariusRome, The Imperators.
Sextus Pompey, 42-36 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.49g; 20mm).
Sicilian mint, 42-40 BCE.

Obverse: MAG PIVS IMP ITER; Pharos of Messina with two windows and a balcony, surmounted by statue of Neptune wearing helmet and holding trident and resting foot on prow; galley with aquila passing before.

Rev: PRAEF CLAS ET ORAE MARIT EX S C; the monster, Scylla, her body terminating in two fish-tails and the foreparts of three dogs, facing left and wielding a rudder with two hands.

References: Crawford 511/4a; HCRI 335; Sydenham 1348; BMCRR (Sicily) 18-19; Banti 8/3 (this coin illustrated); Pompeia 22.

Provenance: Ex Kuenker Auction 312 (8 Oct 2018), Lot 2712; Walter Niggeler (d. 1964) Collection [Leu/Muenzen und Medaillen (21-22 Oct 1966), Lot 964].

Sextus Pompey was younger son of Pompey the Great. After Caesar's assassination, in 43 BCE, he was honored by the Senate with the title "Commander of the Fleet and Sea Coasts" (Praefectus classis et orae maritimae). Shortly following this honor, the Second Triumvirate was formed and placed Sextus' name on their proscription list. Sextus soon occupied Sicily where he provided haven to other Romans proscribed by the Triumvirs. He retained control of Sicily from 42 to 36 BCE. In 42 BCE, Octavian sent Salvidienus Rufus to dislodge Sextus, but Rufus was defeated. It was likely between this defeat of Rufus and the Pact of Misenum with the Triumvirs (39 BCE) that Sextus struck much of his coinage, including this type. The rough seas around Sicily were beneficial to Sextus and particularly rough on his enemies, thus Neptune and the marine monster Scylla, destroyer of ships, are prominently displayed on this coin.
4 commentsCarausius01/02/21 at 13:30Limes: Great specimen, with almost complete legendss
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Crawford 464/2, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, T. Carisius, AR DenariusRome, Moneyer Issues of the Imperatorial Period.
T. Carisius, 46 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.91g; 18mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Head of Juno Moneta facing right; MONETA behind.

Reverse: Anvil with garlanded Vulcan cap (die?) above; tongs to left; hammer to right; T. CARISIVS above; surrounded by wreath.

References: Crawford 464/2; Sydenham 982; BMCRR 4056; Carisia 1.

Provenance: Ex Heritage Auction #231946 (14 Nov 2019) Lot 62150; Nomisma 59 (14 May 2019), Lot 92.

Little is known about T. Carisius beyond his coins and some ambiguous prosopographical evidence. He may be the Carisius that commanded the left wing of Octavian’s fleet during a naval battle with Sextus Pompey at Tauromenium, as reported in Appian. He may be the T. Carisius identified as praetor of the Volcae in Narbonese Gaul on inscriptions found in Avignon, France in 1841 and in Beaueaire, France in 2001. He may also be the father or brother of P. Carisius, who served as legatus pro praetor in Spain, ca. 25-23 BCE, and issued a large coinage for Augustus.

Caesar celebrated multiple triumphs in 46 BCE, and the massive output by the moneyers T. Carisius and M. Cordius Rufus may have been to pay the largesse owed to Caesar's legionaries. Carisius issued a large series of silver coins, including various designs of denarii, quinarii and sestertii. His fractional silver are notoriously scarce.

This reverse design of this coin is often debated, with scholars falling into two camps: those who think that coin-striking implements, including a garlanded reverse punch die, are depicted; and those who think general metal smithing implements and a garlanded cap of Vulcan (pileus) are depicted. Crawford (1974) called the disputed device a punch die. Sydenham (1952) called the device "cap of Vulcan, laureate" (See Syd. #982). In BMCRR (1910), Grueber called the device "cap of Vulcan (pileus), laureate" (See BMCRR vol 1, 4056). Barfeldt (1896), correcting Babelon, believed it was a cap of Vulcan. Babelon (1883) identifies it as a die. I believe the upper device is a garlanded cap of Vulcan, not a punch die. It matches similar depictions of garlanded caps of Vulcan on other Roman Republican coins (see, e.g. my Crawford 266/2 here: https://www.forumancientcoins.com/gallery/displayimage.php?pos=-166897 ). Some have noted a pellet, resembling a coin, on some dies between the anvil and “punch die”. I believe these pellets are merely central compass points used by the die engravers which are exposed on some dies.
2 commentsCarausius01/01/21 at 13:22Nemonater: Very nice! I’ve wanted one of these for a long tim...
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Crawford 405/2, ROMAN REPUBLIC, M. Plaetorius Cestianus, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
M. Plaetorius M.F. Cestianus, 57 BCE.
AR Denarius (4.00g; 20mm; 7h).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Female (Fortuna?) bust, facing right.; Φ behind.

Reverse: M PLAETORI· CEST·S·C; Boy facing front, holding a tablet or wooden lot inscribed SORS.

References: Crawford 405/2; Sydenham 801(R5); BMCRR 3525; Plaetoria 10.

Provenance: Ex Naville 60 (27 Sep 2020) Lot 398; from a European Collection, purchased in 1986.

A difficult type, often off-center and with a high-relief reverse design that is prone to heavy wear of the face and tablet. On this example, while not apparent from the photo, the boy’s head is practically three-dimensional in its relief. The unusual, full-frontal reverse design and generally pleasing style make this a very-popular type among Roman Republican collectors.

The moneyer is Marcus Plaetorius Cestianus, who was Curule Aedile in 67 BCE and Praetor in 64 BCE.

Cestianus issued coins in two different years – once as Curule Aedile (those coins with AED CVR also in their inscriptions) and a second time in a non-aedile capacity, but in both cases by order of the Senate. The presence of S·C in the reverse inscription of this coin identifies it as special coinage produced by Senatorial decree. Crawford arranged Cestianus’ non-aedile coins in 69 BCE, ahead of his Curule Aedile issue in 67 BCE; however, hoard evidence strongly supports flipping this order around. In their analysis of the Messagne hoard, Hersh and Walker redated the non-aedile coins to 57 BCE. They note that Cestianus’ non-aedile issues do not appear in hoards until long after his Curule Aedile issues of 67 BCE, and they postulate that he issued the non-aedile coins in 57 BCE as pro-praetor (having been praetor in 64 BCE). In Roman Republican Moneyers and Their Coins, Michael Harlan disagreed with this late date, suggesting instead a date within a year of the AED CVR coins, and explaining their different workmanship and absence from hoards on Cestianus striking the coins overseas for Pompey during his pirate war.

The imagery refers to the worship/oracle of Fortuna at Praeneste, where lots were used for divination. There is some disagreement on the identity of the obverse bust but it seems very likely to be Fortuna, even if inconsistent with other depictions of that deity. Sors were lots, and it is a tablet or wooden lot that the boy holds on the reverse. The moneyer was descended from a Cestia gens member who had been adopted into the Plaetoria gens. The Cestia had ties to Praeneste.
2 commentsCarausius01/01/21 at 13:21Nemonater: Wonderful!
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Crawford 266/2, ROMAN REPUBLIC, C. Cassius Longinus, AE DodransRome, The Republic.
C. Cassius Longinus, 131 BCE.
AE Dodrans (17.08g; 29mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Head of Vulcan facing right, with laureate cap; tongs and S:· (value mark) behind.

Reverse: Prow facing right; C·CASSI above; S:· (value mark) to right; ROMA below.

References: Crawford 266/2; Sydenham 503(R5); BMCRR 1035; Cassia 2.

Crawford dated C. Cassius Longinus’ moneyership in 126 BCE; however, in Essays Hersh, Mattingly proposed an earlier date of 131 BCE. Cassius was consul in 124 BCE, so 126 seems a bit late to have begun his climb up the cursus honorum. Crawford proposed that the moneyer might have been the son of the consul of 124, but the absence of any “C. f.” (son of Caius) abbreviation in the reverse inscription suggests otherwise.

The Dodrans was a scarce bronze denomination, produced only twice during the Roman Republic. The first production was this series in 131 BCE; the second production was by M. Metellus in 125 BCE (Crawford series 263, redated by Mattingly). The word “Dodrans” is a contraction of the Latin “de quadrans”, meaning one quarter less than an As. It is identified by the value mark S:· (a Semis and 3 unciae) for a total of 9 unciae, or three-quarters of an As of 12 unciae. In addition to the Dodrans, C. Cassius also struck a bronze Bes of eight unciae. By 131 BCE, the As had been out of production for nearly 15 years, and it’s possible that the Dodrans and Bes were experimental denominations to satisfy demand for larger bronze coins. Alternatively, they may have satisfied the need for special payments to fund corn or wine distributions.
4 commentsCarausius12/18/20 at 09:17Enodia: Great coin!
t-carisius-denario-46-4935470-O.jpg
Crawford 464/2, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, T. Carisius, AR DenariusRome, Moneyer Issues of the Imperatorial Period.
T. Carisius, 46 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.91g; 18mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Head of Juno Moneta facing right; MONETA behind.

Reverse: Anvil with garlanded Vulcan cap (die?) above; tongs to left; hammer to right; T. CARISIVS above; surrounded by wreath.

References: Crawford 464/2; Sydenham 982; BMCRR 4056; Carisia 1.

Provenance: Ex Heritage Auction #231946 (14 Nov 2019) Lot 62150; Nomisma 59 (14 May 2019), Lot 92.

Little is known about T. Carisius beyond his coins and some ambiguous prosopographical evidence. He may be the Carisius that commanded the left wing of Octavian’s fleet during a naval battle with Sextus Pompey at Tauromenium, as reported in Appian. He may be the T. Carisius identified as praetor of the Volcae in Narbonese Gaul on inscriptions found in Avignon, France in 1841 and in Beaueaire, France in 2001. He may also be the father or brother of P. Carisius, who served as legatus pro praetor in Spain, ca. 25-23 BCE, and issued a large coinage for Augustus.

Caesar celebrated multiple triumphs in 46 BCE, and the massive output by the moneyers T. Carisius and M. Cordius Rufus may have been to pay the largesse owed to Caesar's legionaries. Carisius issued a large series of silver coins, including various designs of denarii, quinarii and sestertii. His fractional silver are notoriously scarce.

This reverse design of this coin is often debated, with scholars falling into two camps: those who think that coin-striking implements, including a garlanded reverse punch die, are depicted; and those who think general metal smithing implements and a garlanded cap of Vulcan (pileus) are depicted. Crawford (1974) called the disputed device a punch die. Sydenham (1952) called the device "cap of Vulcan, laureate" (See Syd. #982). In BMCRR (1910), Grueber called the device "cap of Vulcan (pileus), laureate" (See BMCRR vol 1, 4056). Barfeldt (1896), correcting Babelon, believed it was a cap of Vulcan. Babelon (1883) identifies it as a die. I believe the upper device is a garlanded cap of Vulcan, not a punch die. It matches similar depictions of garlanded caps of Vulcan on other Roman Republican coins (see, e.g. my Crawford 266/2 here: https://www.forumancientcoins.com/gallery/displayimage.php?pos=-166897 ). Some have noted a pellet, resembling a coin, on some dies between the anvil and “punch die”. I believe these pellets are merely central compass points used by the die engravers which are exposed on some dies.
2 commentsCarausius12/18/20 at 02:01Jay GT4: Iconic!
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Crawford 405/2, ROMAN REPUBLIC, M. Plaetorius Cestianus, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
M. Plaetorius M.F. Cestianus, 57 BCE.
AR Denarius (4.00g; 20mm; 7h).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Female (Fortuna?) bust, facing right.; Φ behind.

Reverse: M PLAETORI· CEST·S·C; Boy facing front, holding a tablet or wooden lot inscribed SORS.

References: Crawford 405/2; Sydenham 801(R5); BMCRR 3525; Plaetoria 10.

Provenance: Ex Naville 60 (27 Sep 2020) Lot 398; from a European Collection, purchased in 1986.

A difficult type, often off-center and with a high-relief reverse design that is prone to heavy wear of the face and tablet. On this example, while not apparent from the photo, the boy’s head is practically three-dimensional in its relief. The unusual, full-frontal reverse design and generally pleasing style make this a very-popular type among Roman Republican collectors.

The moneyer is Marcus Plaetorius Cestianus, who was Curule Aedile in 67 BCE and Praetor in 64 BCE.

Cestianus issued coins in two different years – once as Curule Aedile (those coins with AED CVR also in their inscriptions) and a second time in a non-aedile capacity, but in both cases by order of the Senate. The presence of S·C in the reverse inscription of this coin identifies it as special coinage produced by Senatorial decree. Crawford arranged Cestianus’ non-aedile coins in 69 BCE, ahead of his Curule Aedile issue in 67 BCE; however, hoard evidence strongly supports flipping this order around. In their analysis of the Messagne hoard, Hersh and Walker redated the non-aedile coins to 57 BCE. They note that Cestianus’ non-aedile issues do not appear in hoards until long after his Curule Aedile issues of 67 BCE, and they postulate that he issued the non-aedile coins in 57 BCE as pro-praetor (having been praetor in 64 BCE). In Roman Republican Moneyers and Their Coins, Michael Harlan disagreed with this late date, suggesting instead a date within a year of the AED CVR coins, and explaining their different workmanship and absence from hoards on Cestianus striking the coins overseas for Pompey during his pirate war.

The imagery refers to the worship/oracle of Fortuna at Praeneste, where lots were used for divination. There is some disagreement on the identity of the obverse bust but it seems very likely to be Fortuna, even if inconsistent with other depictions of that deity. Sors were lots, and it is a tablet or wooden lot that the boy holds on the reverse. The moneyer was descended from a Cestia gens member who had been adopted into the Plaetoria gens. The Cestia had ties to Praeneste.
2 commentsCarausius12/11/20 at 19:32Jay GT4: Beauty
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Crawford 447/1, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Pompey the Great, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
Pompey the Great & M. Terentius Varro, 49-48 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.77g; 18mm; 2h).
Mint travelling with Pompey in Greece.

Obverse: VARRO·PRO·Q; Diademed, terminal bust of Jupiter, facing right.

Reverse: Scepter flanked by dolphin and eagle; MAGN·PRO|COS in exergue.

References: Crawford 447/1a; HCRI 8; Sydenham 1033; BMCRR Spain 64; Pompeia 7; Terentia 15.

Provenance: Ex Schulman Vault Collection [Schulman Jubilee Auction 365 (22 Oct 2020), Lot 1510]; from a collection formed in 1950s-80s.

In 49 BCE, when Caesar crossed the Rubicon into Italy with his legions, Pompey was forced to flee to Greece to raise an army (his legions at the time were in Spain). This is the last coin type produced for Pompey before the decisive battle of Pharsalus in 48 BCE. Caesar’s victory in that battle would cement Caesar’s prominence in the Roman world and prompt Pompey’s flight to Egypt, where Pompey was immediately murdered by agents of the Ptolemaic royals.

This coin refers to Pompey’s imperium throughout the Roman world and his military prowess on both land and sea. Terminus was the Roman god of boundaries and boundary markers, and terminal busts were typically used as boundary markers in ancient Greece and Rome. In this case, the terminal bust alludes to the borders of the Roman empire over which Pompey had Senate-granted authority. The reverse suggests Pompey’s military successes on sea and land against Mediterranean pirates and Mithridates.

The coin was produced by M. Terentius Varro as Proquaestor. He was not likely the author of the same name, but perhaps his son or grandson.

This type is now generally assigned to a military mint with Pompey in Greece. However, numismatists previously thought it was an earlier issue by a Spanish mint, and it is worth noting the similarity of flan fabric to other Spanish issues – particularly the way flans were chisel-cut, which is particularly visible on the reverse of this specimen at 10h, 11h and 2h. For Spanish issues with similar flan fabric, see Crawford 469/1 (Spain); Crawford 532/1 (Spain). In addition, Crawford 519/2 (uncertain Eastern mint) often shows similar fabric.
6 commentsCarausius12/10/20 at 20:12Tracy Aiello: Magnificent coin.
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Crawford 447/1, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Pompey the Great, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
Pompey the Great & M. Terentius Varro, 49-48 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.77g; 18mm; 2h).
Mint travelling with Pompey in Greece.

Obverse: VARRO·PRO·Q; Diademed, terminal bust of Jupiter, facing right.

Reverse: Scepter flanked by dolphin and eagle; MAGN·PRO|COS in exergue.

References: Crawford 447/1a; HCRI 8; Sydenham 1033; BMCRR Spain 64; Pompeia 7; Terentia 15.

Provenance: Ex Schulman Vault Collection [Schulman Jubilee Auction 365 (22 Oct 2020), Lot 1510]; from a collection formed in 1950s-80s.

In 49 BCE, when Caesar crossed the Rubicon into Italy with his legions, Pompey was forced to flee to Greece to raise an army (his legions at the time were in Spain). This is the last coin type produced for Pompey before the decisive battle of Pharsalus in 48 BCE. Caesar’s victory in that battle would cement Caesar’s prominence in the Roman world and prompt Pompey’s flight to Egypt, where Pompey was immediately murdered by agents of the Ptolemaic royals.

This coin refers to Pompey’s imperium throughout the Roman world and his military prowess on both land and sea. Terminus was the Roman god of boundaries and boundary markers, and terminal busts were typically used as boundary markers in ancient Greece and Rome. In this case, the terminal bust alludes to the borders of the Roman empire over which Pompey had Senate-granted authority. The reverse suggests Pompey’s military successes on sea and land against Mediterranean pirates and Mithridates.

The coin was produced by M. Terentius Varro as Proquaestor. He was not likely the author of the same name, but perhaps his son or grandson.

This type is now generally assigned to a military mint with Pompey in Greece. However, numismatists previously thought it was an earlier issue by a Spanish mint, and it is worth noting the similarity of flan fabric to other Spanish issues – particularly the way flans were chisel-cut, which is particularly visible on the reverse of this specimen at 10h, 11h and 2h. For Spanish issues with similar flan fabric, see Crawford 469/1 (Spain); Crawford 532/1 (Spain). In addition, Crawford 519/2 (uncertain Eastern mint) often shows similar fabric.
6 commentsCarausius12/10/20 at 19:57Blayne W: gorgeous coin and great reverse
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Crawford 477/1, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Sextus Pompey, AR DenariusRome, The Imperators.
Sextus Pompey, 45-44 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.85g; 18mm; 8h).
Spanish Mint.

Obverse: SEX MAG[N-IMP] SAL; bare head of Pompey the Great, facing right.

Reverse: PIETA[S]; Pietas facing left, holding palm and transverse scepter.

References: Crawford 477/1b; HCRI 232a; Sydenham 1042 (R7); BMCRR Spain 93; Pompeia 18; RBW 1670 (this coin).

Provenance: NAC 120 (6-7 Oct 2020) Lot 626; RBW Collection [NAC 63 (2012) Lot 441]; Munzen und Medaillen FPL 511 (1988), Lot 62.

Likely struck in Spain after Caesar departed following his victory at Munda over the Pompeian forces led by Sextus’ brother Gnaeus, this was Sextus Pompey’s first coinage and was used to assemble forces and ships to resurrect the Pompeian cause. There is uncertainty whether this issue occurred before or after Caesar’s assassination on the Ides of March in 44 BCE; with Sear suggesting Sextus may have felt more comfortable issuing coins after the assassination. The use of Pompey the Great’s head and imagery relating to Sextus’ pious devotion to his father’s cause were common devices on Sextus’ coinage until his eventual downfall.

This is one of the rarities of the Imperatorial series, with Schaefer’s Roman Republican Die Study including only 7 obverse dies (for 2 varieties) and 10 reverse dies. There is a known obverse die link to a coin of Sextus’ elder brother, Gnaeus, used to strike coins before Munda. This coin is likely the earlier of the two obverse varieties as it omits the name “Pius” which Sextus later adopted. Many of the issues with the obverse of this coin are die damage – including the flatness to the head and the die break before the forehead.

There is dispute as to the meaning of SAL on the obverse. David Sear believes it is part of legend (possibly an abbreviation of salutatus), while Crawford thinks it is a mintmark of Salpensa in Spain.
2 commentsCarausius12/10/20 at 03:39quadrans: Nice piece 👍
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Crawford 447/1, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Pompey the Great, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
Pompey the Great & M. Terentius Varro, 49-48 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.77g; 18mm; 2h).
Mint travelling with Pompey in Greece.

Obverse: VARRO·PRO·Q; Diademed, terminal bust of Jupiter, facing right.

Reverse: Scepter flanked by dolphin and eagle; MAGN·PRO|COS in exergue.

References: Crawford 447/1a; HCRI 8; Sydenham 1033; BMCRR Spain 64; Pompeia 7; Terentia 15.

Provenance: Ex Schulman Vault Collection [Schulman Jubilee Auction 365 (22 Oct 2020), Lot 1510]; from a collection formed in 1950s-80s.

In 49 BCE, when Caesar crossed the Rubicon into Italy with his legions, Pompey was forced to flee to Greece to raise an army (his legions at the time were in Spain). This is the last coin type produced for Pompey before the decisive battle of Pharsalus in 48 BCE. Caesar’s victory in that battle would cement Caesar’s prominence in the Roman world and prompt Pompey’s flight to Egypt, where Pompey was immediately murdered by agents of the Ptolemaic royals.

This coin refers to Pompey’s imperium throughout the Roman world and his military prowess on both land and sea. Terminus was the Roman god of boundaries and boundary markers, and terminal busts were typically used as boundary markers in ancient Greece and Rome. In this case, the terminal bust alludes to the borders of the Roman empire over which Pompey had Senate-granted authority. The reverse suggests Pompey’s military successes on sea and land against Mediterranean pirates and Mithridates.

The coin was produced by M. Terentius Varro as Proquaestor. He was not likely the author of the same name, but perhaps his son or grandson.

This type is now generally assigned to a military mint with Pompey in Greece. However, numismatists previously thought it was an earlier issue by a Spanish mint, and it is worth noting the similarity of flan fabric to other Spanish issues – particularly the way flans were chisel-cut, which is particularly visible on the reverse of this specimen at 10h, 11h and 2h. For Spanish issues with similar flan fabric, see Crawford 469/1 (Spain); Crawford 532/1 (Spain). In addition, Crawford 519/2 (uncertain Eastern mint) often shows similar fabric.
6 commentsCarausius12/10/20 at 03:38quadrans: Great 👍
image00626_(1).jpg
Crawford 477/1, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Sextus Pompey, AR DenariusRome, The Imperators.
Sextus Pompey, 45-44 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.85g; 18mm; 8h).
Spanish Mint.

Obverse: SEX MAG[N-IMP] SAL; bare head of Pompey the Great, facing right.

Reverse: PIETA[S]; Pietas facing left, holding palm and transverse scepter.

References: Crawford 477/1b; HCRI 232a; Sydenham 1042 (R7); BMCRR Spain 93; Pompeia 18; RBW 1670 (this coin).

Provenance: NAC 120 (6-7 Oct 2020) Lot 626; RBW Collection [NAC 63 (2012) Lot 441]; Munzen und Medaillen FPL 511 (1988), Lot 62.

Likely struck in Spain after Caesar departed following his victory at Munda over the Pompeian forces led by Sextus’ brother Gnaeus, this was Sextus Pompey’s first coinage and was used to assemble forces and ships to resurrect the Pompeian cause. There is uncertainty whether this issue occurred before or after Caesar’s assassination on the Ides of March in 44 BCE; with Sear suggesting Sextus may have felt more comfortable issuing coins after the assassination. The use of Pompey the Great’s head and imagery relating to Sextus’ pious devotion to his father’s cause were common devices on Sextus’ coinage until his eventual downfall.

This is one of the rarities of the Imperatorial series, with Schaefer’s Roman Republican Die Study including only 7 obverse dies (for 2 varieties) and 10 reverse dies. There is a known obverse die link to a coin of Sextus’ elder brother, Gnaeus, used to strike coins before Munda. This coin is likely the earlier of the two obverse varieties as it omits the name “Pius” which Sextus later adopted. Many of the issues with the obverse of this coin are die damage – including the flatness to the head and the die break before the forehead.

There is dispute as to the meaning of SAL on the obverse. David Sear believes it is part of legend (possibly an abbreviation of salutatus), while Crawford thinks it is a mintmark of Salpensa in Spain.
2 commentsCarausius12/10/20 at 03:32Jay GT4: Great rare coin and nice provenance
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Crawford 447/1, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Pompey the Great, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
Pompey the Great & M. Terentius Varro, 49-48 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.77g; 18mm; 2h).
Mint travelling with Pompey in Greece.

Obverse: VARRO·PRO·Q; Diademed, terminal bust of Jupiter, facing right.

Reverse: Scepter flanked by dolphin and eagle; MAGN·PRO|COS in exergue.

References: Crawford 447/1a; HCRI 8; Sydenham 1033; BMCRR Spain 64; Pompeia 7; Terentia 15.

Provenance: Ex Schulman Vault Collection [Schulman Jubilee Auction 365 (22 Oct 2020), Lot 1510]; from a collection formed in 1950s-80s.

In 49 BCE, when Caesar crossed the Rubicon into Italy with his legions, Pompey was forced to flee to Greece to raise an army (his legions at the time were in Spain). This is the last coin type produced for Pompey before the decisive battle of Pharsalus in 48 BCE. Caesar’s victory in that battle would cement Caesar’s prominence in the Roman world and prompt Pompey’s flight to Egypt, where Pompey was immediately murdered by agents of the Ptolemaic royals.

This coin refers to Pompey’s imperium throughout the Roman world and his military prowess on both land and sea. Terminus was the Roman god of boundaries and boundary markers, and terminal busts were typically used as boundary markers in ancient Greece and Rome. In this case, the terminal bust alludes to the borders of the Roman empire over which Pompey had Senate-granted authority. The reverse suggests Pompey’s military successes on sea and land against Mediterranean pirates and Mithridates.

The coin was produced by M. Terentius Varro as Proquaestor. He was not likely the author of the same name, but perhaps his son or grandson.

This type is now generally assigned to a military mint with Pompey in Greece. However, numismatists previously thought it was an earlier issue by a Spanish mint, and it is worth noting the similarity of flan fabric to other Spanish issues – particularly the way flans were chisel-cut, which is particularly visible on the reverse of this specimen at 10h, 11h and 2h. For Spanish issues with similar flan fabric, see Crawford 469/1 (Spain); Crawford 532/1 (Spain). In addition, Crawford 519/2 (uncertain Eastern mint) often shows similar fabric.
6 commentsCarausius12/10/20 at 03:31Jay GT4: Wow!
image01510.jpg
Crawford 447/1, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Pompey the Great, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
Pompey the Great & M. Terentius Varro, 49-48 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.77g; 18mm; 2h).
Mint travelling with Pompey in Greece.

Obverse: VARRO·PRO·Q; Diademed, terminal bust of Jupiter, facing right.

Reverse: Scepter flanked by dolphin and eagle; MAGN·PRO|COS in exergue.

References: Crawford 447/1a; HCRI 8; Sydenham 1033; BMCRR Spain 64; Pompeia 7; Terentia 15.

Provenance: Ex Schulman Vault Collection [Schulman Jubilee Auction 365 (22 Oct 2020), Lot 1510]; from a collection formed in 1950s-80s.

In 49 BCE, when Caesar crossed the Rubicon into Italy with his legions, Pompey was forced to flee to Greece to raise an army (his legions at the time were in Spain). This is the last coin type produced for Pompey before the decisive battle of Pharsalus in 48 BCE. Caesar’s victory in that battle would cement Caesar’s prominence in the Roman world and prompt Pompey’s flight to Egypt, where Pompey was immediately murdered by agents of the Ptolemaic royals.

This coin refers to Pompey’s imperium throughout the Roman world and his military prowess on both land and sea. Terminus was the Roman god of boundaries and boundary markers, and terminal busts were typically used as boundary markers in ancient Greece and Rome. In this case, the terminal bust alludes to the borders of the Roman empire over which Pompey had Senate-granted authority. The reverse suggests Pompey’s military successes on sea and land against Mediterranean pirates and Mithridates.

The coin was produced by M. Terentius Varro as Proquaestor. He was not likely the author of the same name, but perhaps his son or grandson.

This type is now generally assigned to a military mint with Pompey in Greece. However, numismatists previously thought it was an earlier issue by a Spanish mint, and it is worth noting the similarity of flan fabric to other Spanish issues – particularly the way flans were chisel-cut, which is particularly visible on the reverse of this specimen at 10h, 11h and 2h. For Spanish issues with similar flan fabric, see Crawford 469/1 (Spain); Crawford 532/1 (Spain). In addition, Crawford 519/2 (uncertain Eastern mint) often shows similar fabric.
6 commentsCarausius12/10/20 at 02:46Enodia: Great coin, and beautifully toned.
16042043561227600345124347018294.jpg
Crawford 266/2, ROMAN REPUBLIC, C. Cassius Longinus, AE DodransRome, The Republic.
C. Cassius Longinus, 131 BCE.
AE Dodrans (17.08g; 29mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Head of Vulcan facing right, with laureate cap; tongs and S:· (value mark) behind.

Reverse: Prow facing right; C·CASSI above; S:· (value mark) to right; ROMA below.

References: Crawford 266/2; Sydenham 503(R5); BMCRR 1035; Cassia 2.

Crawford dated C. Cassius Longinus’ moneyership in 126 BCE; however, in Essays Hersh, Mattingly proposed an earlier date of 131 BCE. Cassius was consul in 124 BCE, so 126 seems a bit late to have begun his climb up the cursus honorum. Crawford proposed that the moneyer might have been the son of the consul of 124, but the absence of any “C. f.” (son of Caius) abbreviation in the reverse inscription suggests otherwise.

The Dodrans was a scarce bronze denomination, produced only twice during the Roman Republic. The first production was this series in 131 BCE; the second production was by M. Metellus in 125 BCE (Crawford series 263, redated by Mattingly). The word “Dodrans” is a contraction of the Latin “de quadrans”, meaning one quarter less than an As. It is identified by the value mark S:· (a Semis and 3 unciae) for a total of 9 unciae, or three-quarters of an As of 12 unciae. In addition to the Dodrans, C. Cassius also struck a bronze Bes of eight unciae. By 131 BCE, the As had been out of production for nearly 15 years, and it’s possible that the Dodrans and Bes were experimental denominations to satisfy demand for larger bronze coins. Alternatively, they may have satisfied the need for special payments to fund corn or wine distributions.
4 commentsCarausius12/09/20 at 02:36PMah: Quite rare and nice.
16042043561227600345124347018294.jpg
Crawford 266/2, ROMAN REPUBLIC, C. Cassius Longinus, AE DodransRome, The Republic.
C. Cassius Longinus, 131 BCE.
AE Dodrans (17.08g; 29mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Head of Vulcan facing right, with laureate cap; tongs and S:· (value mark) behind.

Reverse: Prow facing right; C·CASSI above; S:· (value mark) to right; ROMA below.

References: Crawford 266/2; Sydenham 503(R5); BMCRR 1035; Cassia 2.

Crawford dated C. Cassius Longinus’ moneyership in 126 BCE; however, in Essays Hersh, Mattingly proposed an earlier date of 131 BCE. Cassius was consul in 124 BCE, so 126 seems a bit late to have begun his climb up the cursus honorum. Crawford proposed that the moneyer might have been the son of the consul of 124, but the absence of any “C. f.” (son of Caius) abbreviation in the reverse inscription suggests otherwise.

The Dodrans was a scarce bronze denomination, produced only twice during the Roman Republic. The first production was this series in 131 BCE; the second production was by M. Metellus in 125 BCE (Crawford series 263, redated by Mattingly). The word “Dodrans” is a contraction of the Latin “de quadrans”, meaning one quarter less than an As. It is identified by the value mark S:· (a Semis and 3 unciae) for a total of 9 unciae, or three-quarters of an As of 12 unciae. In addition to the Dodrans, C. Cassius also struck a bronze Bes of eight unciae. By 131 BCE, the As had been out of production for nearly 15 years, and it’s possible that the Dodrans and Bes were experimental denominations to satisfy demand for larger bronze coins. Alternatively, they may have satisfied the need for special payments to fund corn or wine distributions.
4 commentsCarausius12/08/20 at 20:22quadrans: Nice piece.. Smile
16042043561227600345124347018294.jpg
Crawford 266/2, ROMAN REPUBLIC, C. Cassius Longinus, AE DodransRome, The Republic.
C. Cassius Longinus, 131 BCE.
AE Dodrans (17.08g; 29mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Head of Vulcan facing right, with laureate cap; tongs and S:· (value mark) behind.

Reverse: Prow facing right; C·CASSI above; S:· (value mark) to right; ROMA below.

References: Crawford 266/2; Sydenham 503(R5); BMCRR 1035; Cassia 2.

Crawford dated C. Cassius Longinus’ moneyership in 126 BCE; however, in Essays Hersh, Mattingly proposed an earlier date of 131 BCE. Cassius was consul in 124 BCE, so 126 seems a bit late to have begun his climb up the cursus honorum. Crawford proposed that the moneyer might have been the son of the consul of 124, but the absence of any “C. f.” (son of Caius) abbreviation in the reverse inscription suggests otherwise.

The Dodrans was a scarce bronze denomination, produced only twice during the Roman Republic. The first production was this series in 131 BCE; the second production was by M. Metellus in 125 BCE (Crawford series 263, redated by Mattingly). The word “Dodrans” is a contraction of the Latin “de quadrans”, meaning one quarter less than an As. It is identified by the value mark S:· (a Semis and 3 unciae) for a total of 9 unciae, or three-quarters of an As of 12 unciae. In addition to the Dodrans, C. Cassius also struck a bronze Bes of eight unciae. By 131 BCE, the As had been out of production for nearly 15 years, and it’s possible that the Dodrans and Bes were experimental denominations to satisfy demand for larger bronze coins. Alternatively, they may have satisfied the need for special payments to fund corn or wine distributions.
4 commentsCarausius12/08/20 at 18:07Jay GT4: Great find!
00138Q00.jpg
Crawford 245/3, ROMAN REPUBLIC, M. Marcius, AE QuadransRome, The Republic.
M. Marcius, 134 BCE.
AE Quadrans (6.42g; 21mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Head of Hercules wearing lion-skin headdress, facing right; ●●● behind.

Reverse: Ship’s prow facing right; M·MARCI-MNF above; ●●● value mark below.

References: Crawford 245/3; Banti 18 (this coin illustrated); Sydenham 501a: BMCRR Rome 1017; Marcia 10.

Provenance: Ex Hessian Vordertaunus Collection [Peus 419 (27 Apr 2017), Lot 138]; ex Alberto Banti Collection [Peus 322 (1988), Lot 141].
1 commentsCarausius11/30/20 at 01:53PMah: Nice research.
CTerLucDenarius.jpg
Crawford 217/1, ROMAN REPUBLIC, C. Terentius Lucanus, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
C. Terentius Lucanus, 147-late 140s BCE.
AR Denarius (3.58g; 19mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma, facing right; X value mark and Victory crowning Roma, behind.

Reverse: Dioscuri with couched spears galloping to right; C.TER.LVC beneath; ROMA in linear frame in exergue.

References: Crawford 217/1; Sydenham 425; BMCRR 775-81; Terentia 10; Smyth XV-21 (this coin described).

Provenance: Numismatica Ars Classica Auction 120 (6 Oct 2020), Lot 504; Duke of Northumberland Collection [Sotheby's (4 Mar 1982), Lot 241(part)], acquired before 1856.

The moneyer may be the son of the Terentius Lucanus who, according to Suetonius, purchased and subsequently freed a slave later known as the comedic playwright Terence. Victory with wreath appears on both the silver and bronze issues of this moneyer, perhaps referring to a military victory by a member of the Terentia gens or to some contemporaneous Roman victory. While Crawford dates C. Terentius Lucanus’ coins at 147 BCE, Mattingly prefers a date in the late 140s BCE and suggests he was moneyer with L. Cup and C. Scribonius based on typology, abbreviation styles and prosopography.

The coin comes from the Duke of Northumberland Collection, catalogued by Admiral William Smyth in his 1856 book, "Descriptive Catalogue of A Cabinet of Roman Family Coins Belonging to His Grace the Duke of Northumberland," and sold by Sotheby’s in 1982. The Smyth book has no plates (line drawn or otherwise), but it does contain detailed descriptions of the collection coins with weights in grains. This coin is among those described in Smyth’s book, therefore it must have been acquired by the Duke’s family before 1856. Smyth described the collection as being in the Duke’s family for many years, so the ownership history conceivably dates to the 18th century.
2 commentsCarausius11/30/20 at 01:46PMah: Fantastic obv Victory
16042043801538709971029930379346.jpg
Crawford 34/1, ROMAN REPUBLIC, Anonymous, AR Didrachm-QuadrigatusRome. The Republic.
Anonymous Series, 225-212 BCE.
AR Didrachm-Quadrigatus (6.63g; 22mm).
Uncertain Mint.

Obverse: Laureate Janiform head of the Dioscuri.

Reverse: Jupiter and Victory in fast quadriga galloping right; ROMA incuse on raised tablet in exergue.

References: Crawford 34/1; RBW 82; Gentilhomme pl. 1, no. 13.

Provenance: Ex Italo Vecchi Coll. [Roma XX (29 Oct 2020) Lot 390].

The last few series of Roman silver didrachm coinage, produced from 225-212 BCE, are nicknamed "quadrigati" because of the common reverse type of Jupiter and Victory in a fast quadriga. Crawford's arrangement of quadrigati into distinct series requires a great amount of study to understand. Collectors and dealers alike often misattribute quadrigati among Crawford's series.

The Crawford 34 series of quadrigati, to which this example belongs, is a scarce series. The coins are generally of good style and metal. Stylistically, the series 34 quadrigati typically display a broad, single sideburn, wide faces and the hair at the very top center of the Janiform heads show a distinct horizontal pattern. Neck truncations are typically straight. On the reverse, Jupiter's thunderbolt extends beyond the line border, the front legs of the horses have a strong “connect-the-dots” character, and ROMA is always incuse on a semi-trapezoidal tablet. These coins are often misattributed as Crawford 30 which share the broad, single sideburn; however, the Crawford 34 Janiform heads are much broader with distinct hair patterns at top center.
2 commentsCarausius11/30/20 at 01:42PMah: Very nice. Specially good reverse, with "Victory ...
Crawford39Semuncia.jpg
Crawford 039/5, ROMAN REPUBLIC, Semilibral Reduction AE SemunciaRome, The Republic.
Anonymous, Semilibral Reduction, 217-215 BCE.
AE Struck Semuncia (6.03g; 20mm).
Uncertain Italian Mint.

Obverse: Turreted, draped female bust right.

Reverse: Rider on horseback holding whip and galloping right; ROMA below.

Reference: Crawford 39/5; Sydenham 97 (R4); BMCRR (Romano-Campanian) 136-138; R. Gobl, Antike Numismatik, pl. 1420 (this coin illustrated).

Provenance: Ex CB Collection (private purchase); SC Collection (bought from Richard Pearlman Dec 2015); Numismatic Fine Arts 17 (May 1976); Prof. Bonacini Collection [Rinaldi & Figlio FPL 1 (1942) Lot 4]; Sir Arthur Evans Collection [Ars Classica XVII (3 Oct 1934), Lot 1013]; Martini Collection [R. Ratto (24 Feb 1930) Lot 74].

This coin is part of a short-lived, semi-libral series, struck collateral to the standard prow types (Crawford 38) in 217-215 BC. The economic hardship on Rome imposed by Hannibal’s invasion led to a rapid decline in the weight of Roman bronze coins, resulting in the adoption of a semi-libral bronze standard (AE As of ½ Roman pound) and eventual elimination of cast coins. The Series 39 types appear quite propagandistic in the context of the Second Punic War. On the obverse of this coin, we have a female bust wearing a turreted crown, a device previously unseen on Roman coinage though frequently seen on eastern Greek coinage. The head may represent Roma, but more likely represents Cybele who protects people and cities during wartime. Cybele’s cult officially appeared in Rome circa 205-204 BCE. The reverse alludes to the cavalry’s importance in the war effort. The coin type would not be repeated in Roman bronze coinage; however a similar type AE Biunx (with horseman carrying spear rather than whip) was produced in Capua from 216-211 BCE, after the Capuans allied with Hannibal. While Crawford, relying on Rudy Thomsen’s analysis, attributes this series to the Rome mint, I believe the types and fabric of the coins are inconsistent with the contemporaneous, Crawford 38 prow types which are also attributed to Rome.
3 commentsCarausius11/25/20 at 10:34Anaximander: It's no wonder that that this little marvel is...
16042043801538709971029930379346.jpg
Crawford 34/1, ROMAN REPUBLIC, Anonymous, AR Didrachm-QuadrigatusRome. The Republic.
Anonymous Series, 225-212 BCE.
AR Didrachm-Quadrigatus (6.63g; 22mm).
Uncertain Mint.

Obverse: Laureate Janiform head of the Dioscuri.

Reverse: Jupiter and Victory in fast quadriga galloping right; ROMA incuse on raised tablet in exergue.

References: Crawford 34/1; RBW 82; Gentilhomme pl. 1, no. 13.

Provenance: Ex Italo Vecchi Coll. [Roma XX (29 Oct 2020) Lot 390].

The last few series of Roman silver didrachm coinage, produced from 225-212 BCE, are nicknamed "quadrigati" because of the common reverse type of Jupiter and Victory in a fast quadriga. Crawford's arrangement of quadrigati into distinct series requires a great amount of study to understand. Collectors and dealers alike often misattribute quadrigati among Crawford's series.

The Crawford 34 series of quadrigati, to which this example belongs, is a scarce series. The coins are generally of good style and metal. Stylistically, the series 34 quadrigati typically display a broad, single sideburn, wide faces and the hair at the very top center of the Janiform heads show a distinct horizontal pattern. Neck truncations are typically straight. On the reverse, Jupiter's thunderbolt extends beyond the line border, the front legs of the horses have a strong “connect-the-dots” character, and ROMA is always incuse on a semi-trapezoidal tablet. These coins are often misattributed as Crawford 30 which share the broad, single sideburn; however, the Crawford 34 Janiform heads are much broader with distinct hair patterns at top center.
2 commentsCarausius11/24/20 at 21:47Jay GT4: Wow! Fantastic coins you've added lately
CTerLucDenarius.jpg
Crawford 217/1, ROMAN REPUBLIC, C. Terentius Lucanus, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
C. Terentius Lucanus, 147-late 140s BCE.
AR Denarius (3.58g; 19mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma, facing right; X value mark and Victory crowning Roma, behind.

Reverse: Dioscuri with couched spears galloping to right; C.TER.LVC beneath; ROMA in linear frame in exergue.

References: Crawford 217/1; Sydenham 425; BMCRR 775-81; Terentia 10; Smyth XV-21 (this coin described).

Provenance: Numismatica Ars Classica Auction 120 (6 Oct 2020), Lot 504; Duke of Northumberland Collection [Sotheby's (4 Mar 1982), Lot 241(part)], acquired before 1856.

The moneyer may be the son of the Terentius Lucanus who, according to Suetonius, purchased and subsequently freed a slave later known as the comedic playwright Terence. Victory with wreath appears on both the silver and bronze issues of this moneyer, perhaps referring to a military victory by a member of the Terentia gens or to some contemporaneous Roman victory. While Crawford dates C. Terentius Lucanus’ coins at 147 BCE, Mattingly prefers a date in the late 140s BCE and suggests he was moneyer with L. Cup and C. Scribonius based on typology, abbreviation styles and prosopography.

The coin comes from the Duke of Northumberland Collection, catalogued by Admiral William Smyth in his 1856 book, "Descriptive Catalogue of A Cabinet of Roman Family Coins Belonging to His Grace the Duke of Northumberland," and sold by Sotheby’s in 1982. The Smyth book has no plates (line drawn or otherwise), but it does contain detailed descriptions of the collection coins with weights in grains. This coin is among those described in Smyth’s book, therefore it must have been acquired by the Duke’s family before 1856. Smyth described the collection as being in the Duke’s family for many years, so the ownership history conceivably dates to the 18th century.
2 commentsCarausius11/24/20 at 13:37Jay GT4: Great coin and provenance
44394_0.jpg
Crawford 313/3, ROMAN REPUBLIC, L. Memmius Galeria, AE SemisRome, The Republic.
L. Memmius Galeria, 106 BCE.
AE Semis (12.94g; 25mm; 6h).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Laureate head of Saturn, facing right; S (mark-of-value) behind.

Reverse: Ship’s prow facing right with prow stem ornamented by head of Venus and Cupid, to right, crowning the head; L·(ME)MMI and S (mark-of-value) above; ROMA below.

References: Crawford 313/3; Sydenham 575a; BMCRR 1358; Memmia 4.

Provenance: Ex Naville 59 (26 Jul 2020) Lot 463; Naville 3 (2013) Lot 71.

The Memmii claimed descent from Mnestheus, described in Vergil’s Aeneid as a senior lieutenant under Aeneas. Venus was the titular deity for the family, and thus her head ornaments the prow stem. The denarii issued by this moneyer also show Cupid crowning Venus with wreath.

1 commentsCarausius08/24/20 at 21:59Jay GT4: Great Republican
ArriusSecundus.jpg
Crawford 513/2, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, M. Arrius Secundus, AR DenariusRome, Moneyer Issues of the Imperatorial Period.
M. Arrius Secundus. 41 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.82g; 20mm).
Rome mint.

Obverse: M. ARRIVS - SECVNDVS; bare head, with slight beard, facing right.

Reverse: Victory honors - wreath, spear and phalera.

References: Crawford 513/2; HCRI 319; Sydenham 1084; BMCRR 4210; Arria 2; G. Lahusen, Die Bildnismunzen Der Romischen Republik, pl. 63, nos. 12 and 16 (this coin illustrated twice).

Provenance: Nomisma 59 (14 May 2019) Lot 134; Munzen und Medaillen XIX (5-6 Jun 1959) Lot 172; Munzhandlung Basel 10 (15 Mar 1938) Lot 486.

M. Arrius Secundus was likely son of Quintus Arrius, who had a victory in the Servile War against one of Spartacus’ lieutenants, but subsequently lost a battle to Spartacus himself. He was the only member of his gens to strike coins, and not much else is known about him.

The slightly-bearded, obverse portrait, while probably depicting the moneyer’s father, Quintus Arrius, also bears a striking resemblance to contemporaneous portraits of Octavian. However, without any inscription naming Caesar, a positive identification of the portrait remains debated by scholars. David Sear suggests that the portrait is deliberately ambiguous, as the political and military climate was very risky and the moneyer likely wanted plausible deniability that the portrait was Octavian. The reverse shows awards of victory granted to the moneyer’s father for his Servile War victory: a laurel wreath, golden spear and phalera (a military decoration attached to a harness and worn over a cuirass).
3 commentsCarausius08/15/20 at 22:11Molinari: Well done!
Crawford39Semuncia.jpg
Crawford 039/5, ROMAN REPUBLIC, Semilibral Reduction AE SemunciaRome, The Republic.
Anonymous, Semilibral Reduction, 217-215 BCE.
AE Struck Semuncia (6.03g; 20mm).
Uncertain Italian Mint.

Obverse: Turreted, draped female bust right.

Reverse: Rider on horseback holding whip and galloping right; ROMA below.

Reference: Crawford 39/5; Sydenham 97 (R4); BMCRR (Romano-Campanian) 136-138; R. Gobl, Antike Numismatik, pl. 1420 (this coin illustrated).

Provenance: Ex CB Collection (private purchase); SC Collection (bought from Richard Pearlman Dec 2015); Numismatic Fine Arts 17 (May 1976); Prof. Bonacini Collection [Rinaldi & Figlio FPL 1 (1942) Lot 4]; Sir Arthur Evans Collection [Ars Classica XVII (3 Oct 1934), Lot 1013]; Martini Collection [R. Ratto (24 Feb 1930) Lot 74].

This coin is part of a short-lived, semi-libral series, struck collateral to the standard prow types (Crawford 38) in 217-215 BC. The economic hardship on Rome imposed by Hannibal’s invasion led to a rapid decline in the weight of Roman bronze coins, resulting in the adoption of a semi-libral bronze standard (AE As of ½ Roman pound) and eventual elimination of cast coins. The Series 39 types appear quite propagandistic in the context of the Second Punic War. On the obverse of this coin, we have a female bust wearing a turreted crown, a device previously unseen on Roman coinage though frequently seen on eastern Greek coinage. The head may represent Roma, but more likely represents Cybele who protects people and cities during wartime. Cybele’s cult officially appeared in Rome circa 205-204 BCE. The reverse alludes to the cavalry’s importance in the war effort. The coin type would not be repeated in Roman bronze coinage; however a similar type AE Biunx (with horseman carrying spear rather than whip) was produced in Capua from 216-211 BCE, after the Capuans allied with Hannibal. While Crawford, relying on Rudy Thomsen’s analysis, attributes this series to the Rome mint, I believe the types and fabric of the coins are inconsistent with the contemporaneous, Crawford 38 prow types which are also attributed to Rome.
3 commentsCarausius08/15/20 at 22:10Molinari: Great coin!
OctavianQuadrigaIMP.jpg
RIC 264, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Octavian, AR DenariusRome, The Imperators.
Octavian, 44-27 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.82g; 19mm).
Italian Mint, ca. 30 BCE.

Obverse: Victory standing on prow holding wreath and palm, facing right.

Reverse: Octavian, holding branch, in slow triumphal quadriga advancing right; IMP CAESAR in exergue.

References: HCRI 416; RIC 264; BMCRR 4343; Julia 154.

Provenance: Ex NAC Spring 2020 Sale (25 May 2020) Lot 761; UBS 78 (2008) Lot 1232; Munzhandlung Basel Auction 6 (18 Mar 1936) Lot 1514.

Following the defeat of Antony by Octavian and Agrippa at Actium, Octavian was undisputed leader of the Mediterranean world. By 30 BCE, Octavian had taken complete control of Egypt and the Ptolemaic treasury. The Ptolemaic treasury provided the silver with which Octavian would strike much of his IMP CAESAR coinage of this period both to pay-off his retiring legionary veterans and to fund celebrations in Rome. The obverse of this coin, with Victory standing on a ship’s prow, clearly celebrates the naval victory at Actium. The reverse may depict Octavian’s triumphal entrance into Alexandria. A similar type with CAESAR DIVI F legend was struck in much smaller quantities, likely before the Ptolemaic bullion was moved to Rome.
2 commentsCarausius07/25/20 at 11:06Pharsalos: Beautiful example with a great provenance. Great d...
TurdAs.jpg
Crawford 193/1, ROMAN REPUBLIC, TVRD Series, AE AsRome, The Republic.
C. Papirius Turdus, 169-158 BCE.
AE As (28.69g; 34mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Laureate Janus head; I (mark-of-value) above.

Reverse: Ship’s prow facing right; TVRD above; I (mark-of-value) to right; ROMA below.

References: Crawford 193/1; Sydenham 366; BMCRR 796; Banti 1/3 (this coin illustrated).

Provenance: Ex Numismatica Ars Classica Spring 2020 Auction (25 May 2020) Lot 386; Kunst und Munzen Auction 18 (1-3 Jun 1978) Lot 174.

We know from Cicero’s letters that the Turdii were a plebeian branch of the Papiria gens. Crawford thought the moneyer might be the son of C. Papirius Turdus’, who was tribune in 177 BCE. The moneyer produced no known silver coins.
1 commentsCarausius07/13/20 at 23:08Jay GT4: Very nice
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Crawford 35/1, ROMAN REPUBLIC, Janus/Prow Series, Aes Grave AsRome, The Republic.
Janus/Prow Series, circa 225-217 BCE.
AE Aes Grave As (256.29g; 64mm).

Obv: Head of Janus; - (value mark) below neck.

Rev: Prow right; I (value mark) above.

Reference: Crawford 35/1; Vecchi, ICC 74; Sydenham 71.

Provenance: Ex Kuenker Auction 280 (26 Sep 2016), Lot 315; ex Hannelore Scheiner Collection; acquired 1966 from Martin Nading of Fort Wayne, IN.

Aes Grave were a significant departure from the previous Roman bronze money in that Aes Grave were denominated with marks of value, and thus did not require weighing. The prow series of Libral Aes Grave was a very large issue. E.J. Haeberlin included nearly 1,200 examples of the As in the weight analysis within his monumental "Aes Grave". The Prow series Aes Grave was initially based on an As of about 270 grams. The iconography likely refers to the role of Rome's new and powerful navy in the victory over Carthage in the First Punic War and to the closing of the doors of the Temple of Janus in recognition of the peace. This same iconography subsequently became emblamatic of the As for several centuries of Roman struck bronze coinage.
7 commentsCarausius07/12/20 at 21:46Steve B5: fabulous
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Crawford 13/1, ROMAN REPUBLIC - AR DidrachmRome, The Republic.
Anonymous, 310-300 (c. 295?) BCE.
AR Didrachm (7.13g; 21mm).
Mint in Central Italy (Neapolis?).

Obverse: Head of Mars, bearded, in crested Corinthian helmet, facing left; oak spray behind.

Reverse: Bridled horse head facing right; [ROMANO] on base below; wheat stalk behind.

References: Crawford 13/1; HNI 266; Sydenham 1; BMCRR (Romano-Campanian) 1-4.

Provenance: Ex vAuctions Sale 343 (6 Dec 2019) Lot 155; Pegasi Auction VI (8 April 2002), Lot 316.

This coin is part of the very first series of Didrachms produced in the name of Rome. It was a small issue, with only four obverse dies and fifteen reverse dies currently known. In 1974’s Roman Republican Coinage, Crawford assigned the issue to 280-276, however, subsequent evidence and scholarship caused him to reassign the coins to 310-300 BCE. Later scholars, including Rutter in Historia Numorum Italy (2001) have concurred with this revised dating. In a recent tweet, Professor Liv Yarrow announced that her forthcoming book will propose a more recent date of c. 295 BCE; we’ll have to wait for her book to see the evidence to support this re-dating.

While these didrachms bore the inscription ROMANO, they were not struck in Rome and didn’t really circulate in Rome! They were likely produced in Naples or some other nearby mint for a particular purpose. In Coinage & Money Under the Roman Republic (1985), Crawford proposed that the purpose for the issue was the construction of the Appian Way from Rome to Capua, begun in 312 BCE. If Professor Yarrow's proposed later dating is correct, the purpose would need to be reconsidered. The average weight and purity of these coins is consistent with contemporaneous Neapolitan standards, and the fabric of the coins is also consistent with Neapolitan silver issues.

The ROMANO inscription may have been either an abbreviation of the genitive plural ROMANORVM (“of the Romans”) or dative ROMANO (“by the Romans”) either of which would be similar grammar to Greek coin inscriptions.
5 commentsCarausius07/12/20 at 21:44Steve B5: Monumental first Roman silver coin
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Crawford 437/2, ROMAN REPUBLIC, Caldus, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
Caldus, 51 BCE.
AR Denarius (4.04g; 18mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: [C.COEL.CALDVS] COS; Bare head of C. Coelius Caldus facing right; standard with HIS behind; boar-shaped standard before.

Reverse: C.CALDVS - CALDVS.IIIVIR - IMP.A.X; Table inscribed L.CALDVS VIIVR.EPV with figure preparing epulum; flanked by trophies with shields.

References: Crawford 437/2a; Sydenham 894; BMCRR 3837; Coelia 7.

Provenance: Gorny & Mosch 269 (10 Mar 2020), Lot 965; Künker Auction 288 (13 Mar 2017), Lot 296; Sternberg Auction XI (20 Nov 1981) Lot 513; Spink/Galerie des Monnaies Auction (15 Feb 1977) Lot 446; Leopold G. P. Messenger Collection [Glendining (21 Nov 1951) Lot 62]; Clarence S. Bement (d. 1923) Collection [Ars Classica VIII (25-8 June 1924) Lot 125].

In a paper published in the 2016 Numismatic Chronicle, Bernard Woytek convincingly argues that this coin references military victories by the moneyer’s grandfather, C. Coelius Caldus (Consul in 94 BCE), in Spain and Transalpine Gaul. The obverse depicts the 94 BC consul, C. Coelius Caldus, as confirmed by the consular title abbreviation COS. References to Spain and Gaul appear on both sides of the coin. The obverse includes a vexillum inscribed HIS[pania] and a boar-shaped standard that was used by Gallic tribes. The reverse has two trophies: the left comprised of Spanish-style armor (round shield and crested helmet); and the right comprised of Gallic-style armor (oblong shield, carnyx, etc.). The left and right portions of the reverse inscription identifies C. Caldus as an imperator for 10 years. In the reverse center, a person prepares the epulum, a ritual meal. Woytek proposes that this meal was a supplication served in honor of C. Coileius Caldus’ victory against the Salluvii in 90 BCE. Caldus’ son Lucius, the moneyer’s father, was a member of the Septemviri Epulones, the college of priests that organized such feasts. Based on the inscription on the table on the reverse of this coin, it seems possible he was a member of this college of priests when they organized the supplication meal in honor of his father. The bottom portion of the reverse inscription identifies our moneyer, Caldus (IIIVIR means he is one of the three men superintending the coining of money). Ultimately, the coin references three members of the family: moneyer, father and grandfather.
5 commentsCarausius07/01/20 at 18:50PMah: Portrait is fantastic. No real loss from the off...
DogAsCombined.jpg
Crawford 122/3, ROMAN REPUBLIC, Dog Series, AE AsRome, The Republic.
Dog Series, 206-195 BCE.
AE As (35.91g; 34mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Laureate head of Janus; I (mark-of-value) above.

Reverse: Prow right; dog symbol above; I (mark-of-value) to right; ROMA below.

References: Crawford 122/3; Sydenham 251; BMCRR 489-90.

Provenance: Ex A.J. Scammell Collection [DNW (3 Jun 2020) Lot 119].

Shortly after the introduction of the denarius coinage, the Romans began adding symbols and letters to their coins. In many cases both anonymous coins and coins with symbols/letters can be linked by identical styles, suggesting they were near-contemporaneous issues by the same mint. Symbols were frequently re-used on subsequent series; see, for example the three separate Anchor Series of coins produced in the late third century and second century BCE.

This particular bronze As bears a dog symbol above the prow. The identity of the moneyer or persons responsible for producing these symbol coins is generally unknown. However, because some symbols are later repeated on certain named coins in the Republican series, family connections to the earlier symbol coins are sometimes proposed by researchers. In the case of the dog symbol, we see later silver and bronze coins of the Antestia gens bearing similar dog symbols. For an example, see the following coin in my gallery: https://www.forumancientcoins.com/gallery/displayimage.php?pos=-145800 . It is possible, though unproven, that a member of the Antestia gens was responsible for production of this early bronze dog series as well.
2 commentsCarausius07/01/20 at 18:46PMah: Nice, particularly sharp Dog, usually a near-smudg...
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Crawford 497/2, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Octavian, AR DenariusRome, The Imperators.
Octavian, 44-27 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.96g; 21mm).
Military Mint, 42 BCE.

Obverse: CAESAR·III-VIR·R·P·C; Bare head of Octavian with slight beard, facing right.

Reverse: Curule chair with legs decorated by eagles and wreath on empty seat; inscribed C[ÆS](AR) [•DIC •PE]R.

References: Crawford 497/2a; HCRI 137; Sydenham 1322; BMCRR Gaul 76; Banti-Simonetti 386 (this coin illustrated).

Provenance: Ex John L. Cowan Collection [CNG eSale 469 (Jun 2020) Lot 351]; acquired from Pegasi (6/8/2013); CNG Triton XVI (2013) Lot 968; Goldman Roman Imperatorial Collection [Rauch 83 (2008), Lot 170]; Kunker 124 (2007) Lot 8562; L. Simonetti Collection [Banti-Simonetti (1974) 386]; Hess-Leu Auction 41 (24-5 Apr 1969), Lot 68.

Octavian is depicted with a beard of mourning for Julius Caesar, which he would not shave until Brutus and Cassius were defeated at Philippi later in the year. While the obverse visually reflects Octavian’s personal status as the mourning, adopted son and heir of the recently deified Julius, the obverse inscription highlights his new political status as a member of the triumvirate with Antony and Lepidus. The reverse honors Julius Caesar by referencing his Senatorial appointment as dictator for life and showing a memorial wreath on the curule chair representing Caesar’s imperium. Curule chairs were symbols of political and/or military power in the Roman Republic, perhaps originating from the folding campaign stool of a general, and also derived from the Etruscan kings who dispensed justice from a seat in the royal chariot (“currus”). In the Republic, only high-level magistrates would use curule chairs, including consuls, praetors and certain aediles (so-called “curule aediles”).
1 commentsCarausius07/01/20 at 07:23quadrans: Nice 😉
OctavianQuadrigaIMP.jpg
RIC 264, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Octavian, AR DenariusRome, The Imperators.
Octavian, 44-27 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.82g; 19mm).
Italian Mint, ca. 30 BCE.

Obverse: Victory standing on prow holding wreath and palm, facing right.

Reverse: Octavian, holding branch, in slow triumphal quadriga advancing right; IMP CAESAR in exergue.

References: HCRI 416; RIC 264; BMCRR 4343; Julia 154.

Provenance: Ex NAC Spring 2020 Sale (25 May 2020) Lot 761; UBS 78 (2008) Lot 1232; Munzhandlung Basel Auction 6 (18 Mar 1936) Lot 1514.

Following the defeat of Antony by Octavian and Agrippa at Actium, Octavian was undisputed leader of the Mediterranean world. By 30 BCE, Octavian had taken complete control of Egypt and the Ptolemaic treasury. The Ptolemaic treasury provided the silver with which Octavian would strike much of his IMP CAESAR coinage of this period both to pay-off his retiring legionary veterans and to fund celebrations in Rome. The obverse of this coin, with Victory standing on a ship’s prow, clearly celebrates the naval victory at Actium. The reverse may depict Octavian’s triumphal entrance into Alexandria. A similar type with CAESAR DIVI F legend was struck in much smaller quantities, likely before the Ptolemaic bullion was moved to Rome.
2 commentsCarausius07/01/20 at 07:22quadrans: Great 👍
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Crawford 437/2, ROMAN REPUBLIC, Caldus, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
Caldus, 51 BCE.
AR Denarius (4.04g; 18mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: [C.COEL.CALDVS] COS; Bare head of C. Coelius Caldus facing right; standard with HIS behind; boar-shaped standard before.

Reverse: C.CALDVS - CALDVS.IIIVIR - IMP.A.X; Table inscribed L.CALDVS VIIVR.EPV with figure preparing epulum; flanked by trophies with shields.

References: Crawford 437/2a; Sydenham 894; BMCRR 3837; Coelia 7.

Provenance: Gorny & Mosch 269 (10 Mar 2020), Lot 965; Künker Auction 288 (13 Mar 2017), Lot 296; Sternberg Auction XI (20 Nov 1981) Lot 513; Spink/Galerie des Monnaies Auction (15 Feb 1977) Lot 446; Leopold G. P. Messenger Collection [Glendining (21 Nov 1951) Lot 62]; Clarence S. Bement (d. 1923) Collection [Ars Classica VIII (25-8 June 1924) Lot 125].

In a paper published in the 2016 Numismatic Chronicle, Bernard Woytek convincingly argues that this coin references military victories by the moneyer’s grandfather, C. Coelius Caldus (Consul in 94 BCE), in Spain and Transalpine Gaul. The obverse depicts the 94 BC consul, C. Coelius Caldus, as confirmed by the consular title abbreviation COS. References to Spain and Gaul appear on both sides of the coin. The obverse includes a vexillum inscribed HIS[pania] and a boar-shaped standard that was used by Gallic tribes. The reverse has two trophies: the left comprised of Spanish-style armor (round shield and crested helmet); and the right comprised of Gallic-style armor (oblong shield, carnyx, etc.). The left and right portions of the reverse inscription identifies C. Caldus as an imperator for 10 years. In the reverse center, a person prepares the epulum, a ritual meal. Woytek proposes that this meal was a supplication served in honor of C. Coileius Caldus’ victory against the Salluvii in 90 BCE. Caldus’ son Lucius, the moneyer’s father, was a member of the Septemviri Epulones, the college of priests that organized such feasts. Based on the inscription on the table on the reverse of this coin, it seems possible he was a member of this college of priests when they organized the supplication meal in honor of his father. The bottom portion of the reverse inscription identifies our moneyer, Caldus (IIIVIR means he is one of the three men superintending the coining of money). Ultimately, the coin references three members of the family: moneyer, father and grandfather.
5 commentsCarausius07/01/20 at 07:22quadrans: Wow, 👍
DogAsCombined.jpg
Crawford 122/3, ROMAN REPUBLIC, Dog Series, AE AsRome, The Republic.
Dog Series, 206-195 BCE.
AE As (35.91g; 34mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Laureate head of Janus; I (mark-of-value) above.

Reverse: Prow right; dog symbol above; I (mark-of-value) to right; ROMA below.

References: Crawford 122/3; Sydenham 251; BMCRR 489-90.

Provenance: Ex A.J. Scammell Collection [DNW (3 Jun 2020) Lot 119].

Shortly after the introduction of the denarius coinage, the Romans began adding symbols and letters to their coins. In many cases both anonymous coins and coins with symbols/letters can be linked by identical styles, suggesting they were near-contemporaneous issues by the same mint. Symbols were frequently re-used on subsequent series; see, for example the three separate Anchor Series of coins produced in the late third century and second century BCE.

This particular bronze As bears a dog symbol above the prow. The identity of the moneyer or persons responsible for producing these symbol coins is generally unknown. However, because some symbols are later repeated on certain named coins in the Republican series, family connections to the earlier symbol coins are sometimes proposed by researchers. In the case of the dog symbol, we see later silver and bronze coins of the Antestia gens bearing similar dog symbols. For an example, see the following coin in my gallery: https://www.forumancientcoins.com/gallery/displayimage.php?pos=-145800 . It is possible, though unproven, that a member of the Antestia gens was responsible for production of this early bronze dog series as well.
2 commentsCarausius06/29/20 at 16:02Jay GT4: Good one
image00965_(1).jpg
Crawford 437/2, ROMAN REPUBLIC, Caldus, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
Caldus, 51 BCE.
AR Denarius (4.04g; 18mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: [C.COEL.CALDVS] COS; Bare head of C. Coelius Caldus facing right; standard with HIS behind; boar-shaped standard before.

Reverse: C.CALDVS - CALDVS.IIIVIR - IMP.A.X; Table inscribed L.CALDVS VIIVR.EPV with figure preparing epulum; flanked by trophies with shields.

References: Crawford 437/2a; Sydenham 894; BMCRR 3837; Coelia 7.

Provenance: Gorny & Mosch 269 (10 Mar 2020), Lot 965; Künker Auction 288 (13 Mar 2017), Lot 296; Sternberg Auction XI (20 Nov 1981) Lot 513; Spink/Galerie des Monnaies Auction (15 Feb 1977) Lot 446; Leopold G. P. Messenger Collection [Glendining (21 Nov 1951) Lot 62]; Clarence S. Bement (d. 1923) Collection [Ars Classica VIII (25-8 June 1924) Lot 125].

In a paper published in the 2016 Numismatic Chronicle, Bernard Woytek convincingly argues that this coin references military victories by the moneyer’s grandfather, C. Coelius Caldus (Consul in 94 BCE), in Spain and Transalpine Gaul. The obverse depicts the 94 BC consul, C. Coelius Caldus, as confirmed by the consular title abbreviation COS. References to Spain and Gaul appear on both sides of the coin. The obverse includes a vexillum inscribed HIS[pania] and a boar-shaped standard that was used by Gallic tribes. The reverse has two trophies: the left comprised of Spanish-style armor (round shield and crested helmet); and the right comprised of Gallic-style armor (oblong shield, carnyx, etc.). The left and right portions of the reverse inscription identifies C. Caldus as an imperator for 10 years. In the reverse center, a person prepares the epulum, a ritual meal. Woytek proposes that this meal was a supplication served in honor of C. Coileius Caldus’ victory against the Salluvii in 90 BCE. Caldus’ son Lucius, the moneyer’s father, was a member of the Septemviri Epulones, the college of priests that organized such feasts. Based on the inscription on the table on the reverse of this coin, it seems possible he was a member of this college of priests when they organized the supplication meal in honor of his father. The bottom portion of the reverse inscription identifies our moneyer, Caldus (IIIVIR means he is one of the three men superintending the coining of money). Ultimately, the coin references three members of the family: moneyer, father and grandfather.
5 commentsCarausius06/10/20 at 22:22*Alex: Great coin.
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Crawford 346/1, ROMAN REPUBLIC, C. Marcius Censorinus, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
C. Marcius Censorinus, 88 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.99g; 18mm)
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Jugate, diademed heads of Numa Pompilius and Ancus Marcius, facing right.

Reverse: Desultor, wearing conical cap and holding whip and reins, riding one horse galloping right, with second horse to left; four pellets beneath; C.CENSO in exergue.

References: Crawford 346/1h; Sydenham 713d; BMCRR 2367 var (fractional symbol on rev); Banti 31 (R7) (this coin illustrated); Marcia 18.

Provenance: Ex Numismatica Ars Classica (25 May 2020), Lot 536; Bank Leu (Dec 1970), Lot 104.

The moneyer, C. Marcius Censorinus, was a supporter of Marius in the struggle against Sulla. He was killed during the conflict circa 82 BCE. He was a member of the gens Marcia, who claimed descent from the early Roman kings Numa Pompilius and Ancus Marcius. The jugate heads of Pompilius and Marcius are used on much of Censorinus’ silver and bronze coinage. Numa Pompilius was the legendary 2nd king of Rome, who is crediting with establishment of Roman religion and religious institutions. Among these institutions were the sacred college of priests and the position of Pontifex Maximus. Ancus Marcius was the legendary 4th king of Rome. Ancus Marcius ordered the Pontifex Maximus to display some of Numa Pompilius’ religious commentaries to the people of Rome to facilitate proper religious observance.

The reverse likely refers to the role of the Marcia gens in founding the Ludi Appolinares in 212 BCE. It was the prophecy of a soothsayer named Marcius that instigated the first of these games during the Second Punic War. They were soon declared an annual event, held at the Circus Maximus. Desultors, horse and chariot races would certainly have been part of the entertainment.
1 commentsCarausius06/10/20 at 16:31okidoki: nice silver
SepuliusMacerClemency.jpg
Crawford 480/21, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, P. Sepullius Macer, AR DenariusRome, Moneyers of the Imperatorial Period.
P. Sepullius Macer, 44 BCE.
AR Denarius (4.15g; 18mm).
Rome Mint, April-May 44 BCE.

Obverse: CLEMENTIAE CAESAREIS; Tetrastyle temple with globe in pediment.

Reverse: Desultor wearing conical cap and holding reins and whip, galloping left with 2 horses, palm branch and wreath behind; P SEPVLLIVS above; MACER below.

References: Crawford 480/21; Sear, HCRI 110; Sydenham 1076 (R6); BMCRR 4176-7; Julia 52; Alföldi, Caesar in 44 BC, plate 148-1 (this coin illustrated); FFC 42 (this coin illustrated).

Provenance: Ex Heritage 3083 (24 Apr 2020), Lot 30103; Jose Fernandez Molina Collection a/k/a Alba Longa Collection [Aureo & Calico 339 (14 Nov 2019), Lot 1043]; Leo Benz Collection [Lanz 88 (23 Nov 1998), Lot 782]; Auctiones (12 Jun 1979), Lot 467; Munzen und Medaillen Auction XXVIII (19 Jun 1964), Lot 239.

Reverse die links to Crawford 480/22 (see my example in this Gallery at https://www.forumancientcoins.com/gallery/displayimage.php?pos=-145227 ), identify this type as one of the earliest issued after Caesar’s assassination, when Antony tried to assert control of Rome. The type is scarce, with Crawford reporting only 5 obverse and 6 reverse dies, and this coin has a rare obverse die with CAESAREIS rather than CAESARIS. Julius Caesar was well known for offering clemency toward his vanquished rivals throughout his career, including toward many of his assassins who sided with Pompey during the Civil War. The obverse of this coin refers to the temple to Caesar’s mercy that the Senate had authorized shortly before the Ides of March. The temple is depicted with minimal special detail because it had certainly not been constructed and possibly not even designed by the time this coin was struck. Some historians believe the temple was never constructed because Octavian (later Augustus), who did not share his uncle’s predilection for clemency toward enemies, did not wish the temple to become a source for unfavorable comparisons. The desultor on the reverse alludes to the Parilian games held in April 44 BCE, after the assassination, in honor of Caesar’s victory at Munda. Desultors were equestrian acrobats who thrilled crowds at the games by leaping from one horse to another at full gallop.
1 commentsCarausius05/25/20 at 10:04*Alex: Nice.
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Crawford 463/2, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, M. Cordius Rufus, AR DenariusRome, Moneyer Issues of the Imperatorial Period.
M. Cordius Rufus, 46 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.55g; 18mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Crested Corinthian helmet facing right, with owl perched on crest; RVFVS behind.

Reverse: MN·CORDIVS; aegis with head of Medusa.

Reference: Crawford 463/2; HCRI 64; Sydenham 978; BMCRR 4042; Cordia 4.

Provenance: Ex Jack Frazer Collection [Triton XXIII (14 Jan 2020) Lot 603]; CNG 64 (24 Sep 2003) Lot 827.

Caesar celebrated multiple triumphs in 46 BCE, and the large output by the moneyers Carisius and M. Cordius Rufus may have been to pay the largesse owed to the legionaries. The coinage of this year often alludes to Caesar, rather than the moneyer’s family. On this coin, we see references to Minerva (the helmet, owl and aegis being among her attributes), the Roman goddess of strategic warfare, which likely related to Caesar’s military triumphs.

M. Cordius Rufus is not generally known beyond his coinage. However, his name appears on an inscription found at Tusculum, identifying Manius Cordius Rufus as praetor, proconsul, aedilis lustrando Monti Sacro. It is possible that his family originated in Tusculum, a city in the Alban Hills, sixteen miles southeast of Rome.
5 commentsCarausius04/24/20 at 15:06Anaximander: What an unusual design. Delightful!
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Crawford 437/2, ROMAN REPUBLIC, Caldus, AR DenariusRome, The Republic.
Caldus, 51 BCE.
AR Denarius (4.04g; 18mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: [C.COEL.CALDVS] COS; Bare head of C. Coelius Caldus facing right; standard with HIS behind; boar-shaped standard before.

Reverse: C.CALDVS - CALDVS.IIIVIR - IMP.A.X; Table inscribed L.CALDVS VIIVR.EPV with figure preparing epulum; flanked by trophies with shields.

References: Crawford 437/2a; Sydenham 894; BMCRR 3837; Coelia 7.

Provenance: Gorny & Mosch 269 (10 Mar 2020), Lot 965; Künker Auction 288 (13 Mar 2017), Lot 296; Sternberg Auction XI (20 Nov 1981) Lot 513; Spink/Galerie des Monnaies Auction (15 Feb 1977) Lot 446; Leopold G. P. Messenger Collection [Glendining (21 Nov 1951) Lot 62]; Clarence S. Bement (d. 1923) Collection [Ars Classica VIII (25-8 June 1924) Lot 125].

In a paper published in the 2016 Numismatic Chronicle, Bernard Woytek convincingly argues that this coin references military victories by the moneyer’s grandfather, C. Coelius Caldus (Consul in 94 BCE), in Spain and Transalpine Gaul. The obverse depicts the 94 BC consul, C. Coelius Caldus, as confirmed by the consular title abbreviation COS. References to Spain and Gaul appear on both sides of the coin. The obverse includes a vexillum inscribed HIS[pania] and a boar-shaped standard that was used by Gallic tribes. The reverse has two trophies: the left comprised of Spanish-style armor (round shield and crested helmet); and the right comprised of Gallic-style armor (oblong shield, carnyx, etc.). The left and right portions of the reverse inscription identifies C. Caldus as an imperator for 10 years. In the reverse center, a person prepares the epulum, a ritual meal. Woytek proposes that this meal was a supplication served in honor of C. Coileius Caldus’ victory against the Salluvii in 90 BCE. Caldus’ son Lucius, the moneyer’s father, was a member of the Septemviri Epulones, the college of priests that organized such feasts. Based on the inscription on the table on the reverse of this coin, it seems possible he was a member of this college of priests when they organized the supplication meal in honor of his father. The bottom portion of the reverse inscription identifies our moneyer, Caldus (IIIVIR means he is one of the three men superintending the coining of money). Ultimately, the coin references three members of the family: moneyer, father and grandfather.
5 commentsCarausius04/18/20 at 10:55Anaximander: A magnificent and historically compelling coin
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Crawford 044/7, ROMAN REPUBLIC, Anonymous, AR SestertiusRome. The Republic.
Anonymous, 212-208 BCE
AR Sestertius (1.0g; 12mm).
Rome Mint.

Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma, right; IIS (mark of value) behind.

Reverse: Dioscuri galloping right with spears; two stars above; ROMA below in linear frame.

References: Crawford 44/7; Sydenham 142; BMCRR 13-18.

Provenance: Ex Volteia Collection [CNG 102 (18 May 2016), Lot 777]; ex August Voirol Collection [Munzen und Medaillen 38 (6-7 Dec 1968), Lot 105].

The IIS mark of value denotes that the coin is worth 2 asses + a semis, or 2.5 asses. This quarter-denarius denomination was part of the introduction of the denarius coinage following the Roman sack of Syracuse. The subsequent reduction in the weight standard and size of the bronze coinage eliminated the need for this tiny silver denomination, and it was soon discontinued. However, the denomination would be resurrected for short times during the Social War and Imperatorial eras.

There are various styles of anonymous AR Sestertii that likely correspond to the various styles of anonymous denarii. Some of these stylistic variations may represent different issues and/or different mints. This particular coin depicts Roma with unbound hair and a necklace of a simple line; the helmet visor is "splayed" and consists of two lines with a central, partial third line; the tail of the Dioscuri's horses are fully extended.
5 commentsCarausius04/08/20 at 15:38quadrans: Great piece ..I like it..Smile
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