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007a. Civil Wars 68-69The Civil Wars erupted in Gaul in March 68 under the leadership of Vindex, quickly followed by Galba in Spain. Vindex was beaten, but Galba's revolt continued. Clodius Macer also rose up in Africa. About a year later, in March 69, pro-Vitellian forces rose up in Gaul. Finally, in late 69, a separate widespread revolt under the leadership of Julius Civilis erupted in Southern Gaul, but eventually was crushed. Some portrait coins were struck, but the majority of coinage from the firsy period was one of three types: 1) denarii with the portrait of Augustus; 2) denarii with symbolic devices; and 3) bronze coins of Nero that were overstruck with SPQR lawrence c
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007a1. Civil WarVindex AR Denarius. Uncertain Gallic Mint, AD 68. SALVS GENERIS [HVM]ANI, Victory standing to left on globe, holding palm branch and wreath / S P Q R, within corona civica with circular jewel in bezel at apex. RIC I 72 (Civil War); BMCRE 34. 3.35g, 17mm, 6h. From a private German collection; Ex Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG, Auction 341, 1 October 2020, lot 5810. Roma Numismatics Auction 85 Lot 1604.lawrence c
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007a2. Civil WarAR Denarius. Struck under Vitellian forces in Southern Gaul, March AD 69. I• O• M [CA]PITOLINVS, diademed and draped bust of Jupiter to left, palm branch below chin / VESTA P R QVIRITIVM, veiled Vesta enthroned to left, holding patera and lit torch. RIC I 125a; BMCRE 72; RSC 432. 3.00g, 18mm, 9h. Roma Numismatics Auction 85 Lot 1613.lawrence c
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007a3. Countermarked Nero by Vindex (?)Civil War Countermark on Nero As
As. 28.7mm, 10.45 g. Lyons mint. Obv: NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM P M TR P IMP PP, bare head right, globe at point of neck. Countermark across neck SPQR. Rev: PONTIF MAX TR POT IMP PP, Nero as Apollo Citharoedus standing right, with lyre.. SC across field, I (mark of value) in exergue. RIC I 454. A FORUM coin. Posted on Wildwinds.
NOTE: The SPQR countermark was applied to some coins of Nero by rebels against him, normally on the bust. Vindex is normally believed to have been the most likely leader to have issued theselawrence c
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008a. Clodius MacerDuring his revolt in 68 AD, Clodius Macer isssued very rare portrait denarii.lawrence c
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008a. GalbaEmperor 3 Apr 68 AD - 15 Jan 69
Servius Sulpicius Galba. After Nero's suicide, Galba seized power. He reportedly was ruthless and greedy. He assumed the role of emperor, but quickly lost the support of the praetorians. Overthrown by Otho and executed. He also had struck portrait coins as imperator.lawrence c
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008a01. Galba Dupondius. Rome. Obv: IMP SER GALBA CAES AVG TR P. Laureate head right. Rev: PAX AVGVST / S - C. Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia. RIC² 370. 27mm, 11.83 g. Naumann Auction 108, lot 682.lawrence c
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008a1. GalbaBillon tetradrachm. Alexandria. 9 Jun - 28 Aug 68 A.D.
Obv: ΛOYK ΛIB ΣOYΛΠ ΓAΛBA KAIΣ ΣEB AY, laureate head right, LA ( year 1 ) lower right. Rev: EIPHNH (peace), draped and veiled bust of Eirene right, crowned with wreath of olive, caduceus behind shoulder.
24.7mm, 11.88 g. RPC Online I 5328 (7 spec.); Dattari 302; Milne 308; Geissen 219; BMC Alexandria p. 23, 190; Kampmann 17.3; Emmett 171/1 (R1). from the Errett Bishop Collection. A FORUM coin.lawrence c
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008a2. GalbaTetradrachm. 24.21mm, 11.76 g. Alexandria, Egypt.
Obv: ΣΕΡΟΥΙ ΓΑΛΒΑ ΑΥΤΟΚ ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒΑ, LΒ; laureate head of Galba, right.
Rev: ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑ; Eleutheria standing looking left with wreath and sceptre, left; to left, star.
RPC I 5337. Posted on Wildwinds.lawrence c
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008a3. GalbaDenarius. Obv: IMP SER GALBA CAESAR AVG, laureate, draped bust right. Rev: DIVA AVGVSTA, Livia standing left, holding patera and vertical sceptre. RSC 55, RIC 189.
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008a5. GalbaAntioch, Syria. AE. 22 mm, 6.81 g. Obverse: IM·SER·SVL·GALBA·CAE; laureate head of Galba, right. Reverse: S C; inscription in a laurel wreath of eight leaves. RPC Volume: I №: 4315. Agora Auc (2023), Lot 330.lawrence c
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009a. OthoEmperor 15 January -- 17 April 69.
Marcus Salvius Otho. Governor of Lusitania. He initially supported Galba, but ousted him in a coup after Galba refused to name him Caesar. The legions on the Rhine under Vitellius fought Otho's forces, which lost the initial battle. Rather than continue the war, Otho committed suicide.
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009a1. OthoAD 69. AR Denarius (17mm, 2.76 g, 6h). Rome mint. Struck 15 January-8 March. Obv: Bare head right IMP M OTHO CAESAR AVG TR P, bare head right. Rev: SECVRITAS P R, Securitas standing left, holding wreath and sceptre. RSC 17, RIC I 8.
NOTE: According to auction house, detecting find found in Berwick Bassett, near Avebury in Wiltshire (2017).
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009a2. OthoTetradrachm. 25.31mm, 12.40 g. 69 AD. Alexandria, Egypt.
Obv: ΑΥΤΟΚ ΜΑΡΚ ΟΘΩΝΟΣ ΚΑΙΣ ΣΕΒ, LΑ; laureate head of Otho, right. Rev: ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑ; Eleutheria, standing looking left with wreath and sceptre. RPC I 5354.lawrence c
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009a3. OthoAE 23.7mm, 7.96 g. Antioch, Syria. 69 AD. Obv: IMP M OTHO CAE AVG; laureate head of Otho, right. Rev: SC; inscription in a laurel wreath of eight leaves. No dot. RPC I 4321. A FORUM coin.lawrence c
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010a. VitelliusEmperor 2 January -- 20 December 69
Aulus Vitellius. Well connected politically. While commander in Germania, troops proclaimed him emperor. Beat Otho in battle for the throne. On approach of Vespasian, he was killed by a mob.lawrence c
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010a1. VitelliusDenarius. Rome mint. Obv: A VITELLIVS GERMANICVS IMP, laureate head right. Rev: CONCORDIA P R, Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopiae. RIC 66, RSC 21.lawrence c
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010a2. VitelliusDenarius. Obv: A VITELLIVS GERMAN IMP TR P, laureate head right.
Rev: XV VIR SACR FAC, tripod lebes surmounted by dolphin, raven standing right beneath. RIC 86, RSC 114.
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010b. Germanicus & Vitellia VitelliusChildren of Vitellius. When he lost the war with Vespasian, the son was executed, but the daughter was allowed to live.
Coin: VITELLIUS Fouree Denarius. A VITELLIVS GERMAN IMP TR P, laureate head right / LIBERI IMP GERMAN, confronted busts of Vitellius’ son and daughter, both draped. RIC 79.
Coin Note: A truly ugly example, but a tough one to find.lawrence c
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010c. Lucius VitelliusFather of Vitellius, who struck posthumous coins for him. Lucius had enjoyed a distinguished political career before his death and was highly respected.lawrence c
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