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Countermarks

Countermark on unidentified Greek coinusshelby10

CantharosTHRACE. Maroneia. Julia Domna. Æ 23 (3 Assaria). A.D. 198-217. Obv: IOYÎ›IA-Î”OMNACEB. Draped bust right; countermark on bust, below chin. Rev: MAPÎ©N-EITÎ©N. Naked figure of Dionysus standing, facing left, holding bunch of grapes in right hand, arrows and drapery in left. Ref: BMC -; Moushmov 3966. 30°, 8.15 g. Very rare. Cm: Vase or cantharos (?) in circular punch, 5 mm, Howgego 485 (2 pcs). Maroneia was commonly associated with Dionysus, and one of Dionysus’ attributes was the cantharos, so the identification of the countermark as such is logical.Automan

Athena (helmeted bust)CILICIA. Flaviopolis. Domitian. Æ 23 (Assarion). A.D. 89/90 (year 17 of era of Flaviopolis). Obv: Î”OMETIANOC-KAICAP. Laureate bust right; countermark to right, below head. Rev: ETOYCZIÎ¦Î›AV-IOÎ OÎ›EITWN. City-goddess seated left, holding flowers (?). River-god reclining at her feet. Ref: BMC 2. Axis: 360°. Weight: 6.19 g. CM: Helmeted bust of Athena right, in rectangular punch, 4 x 6 mm. Howgego 190 (21 pcs). Collection Automan. 1 commentsAutoman

Î“ in rectangular punchLYDIA. Thyatira. Elagabalus. Æ 26. A.D. 218-222. Obv: AVTKMAAN-TÎ©NEINOC. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right; countermark on lower part of bust. Rev: (Î˜VA)TEIP-HNÎ©N. Tyche standing left, holding cornucopia and rudder. Ref: BMC -; cf. Sear 3072 (same obv. die). Axis: 165°. Weight: 7.92 g. CM: Î“ in rectangular punch, 4 x 5 mm. Howgego 772, 774 or 777 (?). Note: The coin is light for 772, has greater greater diamater than 774 and is not as late as 777. Collection Automan.
Automan

Athena (helmeted bust)CILICIA. Flaviopolis. Domitian. Æ 28 (2 Assaria). A.D. 89/90 (year 17 of era of Flaviopolis). Obv: Î”OMETIANOC-KAICAP. Laureate bust right; countermark in front of head. Rev: Î¦Î›AYI-OÎ OÎ›EI-TWN-ETOYCZI. Laureate and draped bust of the Dioskuri face to face, each with star on forehead. Ref: BMC 1; Sear SGI 861; SNG Levante 1529. Axis: 360°. Weight: 14.03 g. CM: Helmeted bust of Athena right, in rectangular punch, 4 x 6 mm. Howgego 190 (21 pcs).Automan

Î” and Six-pointed starCILICIA. Ninica-Claudiopolis. Maximinus I. Æ 28. A.D. 235-238. Obv: IMPCSIVLVERMAXIMINVS. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right; 2 countermarks: (1) before face, (2) on bust. Rev: NIN-C-CLAV. Colonist ploughing behind two oxen, in background vexillum. Ref: BMC 8. Axis: 360°. Weight: 9.86 g. CM (1): Î” containing dot, all within circle; circular punch, 6 mm. Howgego 669 (49 pcs). Not likely to be a denominational countermark. CM (2): Six-pointed star, incuse, 6 mm from point to point. Howgego 451 (45 pcs). Collection Automan.Automan

Î” containing dotCILICIA. Seleuceia ad Calycadnum. Gordian III. Æ 33. A.D. 238-244. Obv: (ANTÎ©NI)OC-(Î“Î©PÎ”IAN)OC, (C)EBA. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right; countermark on neck. Rev: CELEUKEÎ©-N-(TÎ©Î POCTÎ©K)-AÎ›V-KAÎ”-NÎ©. Athena standing left, holding Nike in right hand and resting left hand on shield, behind which rises a spear. Ref: BMC 37. Axis: 180°. Weight: 19.13 g. CM: Î” containing dot, in triangular punch, c. 6 x 5 mm. Howgego 670 (206 pcs). Note: Not likely to be a denominational countermark. Collection Automan. Automan

Î” in circular punchARABIA PETRAEA. Petra. Septimius Severus. Æ 22. A.D. 193-211. Obv: (…)-CEOYHPON(…). Laureate head right; countermark on shoulder. Rev: (…)-MHTPOÎ (…). Tyche seated left on rock, holding trophy in right hand and stele in extended left hand (?). Ref: Spijkerman 28v; BMC -. Axis: 360°. Weight: 7.24 g. CM: Î” in circular punch, 5 mm. Howgego 801 (19 pcs). Note: May bave been countermarked during reign of Elagabalus, although this is uncertain since the coins of Elagabalus were too small to be countermarked Î”, and no coins were issued after his reign. Collection Automan.Automan

Î” in circular punchIONIA. Smyrna. Civic. Æ 20. Time of Gordian to Valerian. Obv: .IEPACVNKÎ›HTOC. Laureate and draped bust of the Roman Senate right, countermark on bust. Rev: CMVPÎ“NE-Î©KOPÎ©N. Figure of Tyche holding rudder and cornucopia, inside tetrastyle temple. Ref: Ex. Lindgren II:556; BMC 233. Axis: 180°. Weight: 4.95 g. CM: Î” in circular punch, 5.5 mm. Howgego 791 (34 pcs). Note: The countermark was probably not applied before the time of the joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus. Collection Automan.Automan

Aphrodite (standing figure of)LYDIA. Tralles. Tranquillina. Æ 30. A.D. 241-244. Obv: Î¦OY.CAB.T-PANKYÎ›Î›INA. Draped bust right; countermark on lower front part of bust Rev: (…)Î©NÎ (…)I.KÎ›.Î¦IÎ›IÎ Î ON.KENTA(…). Inscription around oak-wreath; inside wreath TPAÎ›Î›IA-Î YÎ¸IA on either side of tripod, which is encircled by serpent . Ref: BMC -. Axis: 165°. Weight: 12.40 g. Note: Unpublished? CM: Cult statue of Aphrodite right, in oval punch, 6 x 8 mm. Howgego 228 (16 pcs). Note: The countermark of this coin was applied at Aphrodisias in Caria, where only foreign coins were countermarked to make them valid in that city. Collection Automan. Automan

X and oblong shapeCILICIA. Augusta. Trebonianus Gallus. Æ 30. A.D. 252/253 (year 233 of the era of Augusta). Obv: AVT.K.Î“OVT-PIÎ“AÎ›Î›Î©CCEB. Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right; 2 countermarks before bust. Rev: AVÎ“-OV-CTA-NÎ©N, ETÎ“Î›C in ex. Emperor in quadriga, seen from front, looking left, right hand raised, standard in left hand. Ref: Sear 4343; BMC 13. Axis: 360°. Weight: 21.16 g. Note: Ziegler (1993) notes 24 coins with this date. CM(1): X in circular punch, 5.5 mm. Howgego 692 (5 pcs). Note: Likely not a denominational mark since Roman numerals were not in use. CM(2): Oblong shape, incuse, c. 5 x 14 mm. Howgego -. Note: Howgego lists no oblong-shaped, incuse countermarks, although they exist on other coins of the city. Collection Automan.Automan

Countermark of KALLATIS on LYSIMACHUS (Lysimachos) 305-281 BCEMint, Thrace
Obverse: Head of Athena attic helmet.
Reverse: BAÎ£IÎ›EÎ©Î£ – Î›Î¥Î£IMAXOÎ¥, lion running jumping right, spearhead below
Nice smooth, deep-green patina. SNG COP 1149-1151, McClean 4499. s.sch.4.80g/22mmNORMAN K

Thunderbolt and eagleCILICIA. Diocaesarea. Septimius Severus. Æ 33. A.D. 193-211. Obv: (AYTOKPKAICÎ›CEÎ TICEOYHPOC)Î -EPCEB. Laureate bust right; 2 countermarks, both before face. Obv: (AÎ”PIANÎ©NÎ”I)-OKAICAPEWN. Tyche standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia . Ref: BMC 8. Axis: 30°. Weight: 20.27 g. CM (1): Winged thunderbolt, in oval punch, 4 x 5.5 mm. Howgego 469 (39 pcs). CM (2): Eagle to front, head left, in oval punch, 5 x 7.5 mm. Howgego 337 (43 pcs). Note: The two countermarks were both cult objects of Zeus and were applied together, apparently not on coins struck later than the reign of Septimius Severus. Collection Automan.Automan

Thunderbolt and eagleCILICIA. Diocaesarea. Septimius Severus. Æ 29. A.D. 193-211. Obv: AYTOKPKAIC.Î›.-CEÎ TI.(CEOYHPOCÎ EPCEB). Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right; 2 countermarks: (1) to left, (2) to right, before bust. Rev: AÎ”P(.Î”I-OKAICA)P-EWN. Hexastyle temple inside which thunderbolt on base, to left tree behind altar; two Nikai (?) as acroteria; in pediment bucranium. Ref: BMC 6-7; Sear GIC 2244. Axis: 195°. Weight: 16.30 g. CM(1): Winged thunderbolt, in oval punch, 4 x 5.5 mm. Howgego 469 (39 pcs). CM (2): Eagle to front, head left, in oval punch, 5 x 7.5 mm. Howgego 337 (43 pcs). Note: The two countermarks were both cult objects of Zeus and were applied together, apparently not on coins struck later than the reign of Septimius Severus. Collection Automan.Automan

Î”, six-pointed star, eagle and Nike (6 cmks!)CILICIA. Ninica-Claudiopolis. Maximinus I. Æ 27. A.D. 235-238. Obv: OIMPCSIVLVERMAXIMINVS. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right; 6 countermarks: (1) to right, before bust, (2) on lower part of bust, (3) on neck, (4) behind and on back of head, (5) on upper part of head, (6) before head. Rev: NINIC-OL-CLA-UÎ”I, OPOLI in ex. Tetrastyle temple containing emperor, standing left, holding patera and spear. Ref: BMC 10; Sear GIC 3548 (same dies). Axis: 360°. Weight: 9.12 g. CM(1): Î” containing dot, all within circle; circular punch, 6 mm. Howgego 669 (49 pcs). Note: Not likely to be a denominational countermark. CM(2): Six-pointed star, incuse, 6 mm from point to point. Howgego 451 (45 pcs). CM(3): Eagle standing right with head left, in shaped punch, c. 4 x 7 mm. Howgego 338 (11 pcs). CM(4): Nike right, in oval punch, c. 5 x 8 mm. Howgego 262 (34 pcs). CM(5): Similar to CM(4). CM(6): Similar to CM(4). Note: The sequence of application appears to have been 669-451-262-338. Automan

Helios (radiate head right)CAPPADOCIA. Caesarea. Caracalla. Æ 30. A.D. 205/206 (year 13 in the reign of Septimius Severus). Obv: AYKAIMAYP-ANT(W)NINOC. Laureate head right; countermark on head. Rev: MHTPOÎ O-KAICAPEI, ETIÎ“ in ex. Agalma of Mt. Argaeus placed on altar. Ref: BMC 272v. Axis: 15°. Weight: 14.69 g. CM: Radiate head of Helios right, in circular punch, 5 mm. Howgego 12i (242 pcs). Note: The countermark was most likely applied in 243/244 since there are no countermarked coins from year seven of the reign of Gordian III. Collection Automan.Automan

Laurel branch with four leavesSYRIA: SELEUCIS & PIERIA. Antiochia ad Orontem. Hadrian. Æ 26. A.D. 117-138. Obv: AVT.KAIC.Î˜.TP.Î .YI.Î˜.NEP.YIW.T(P.AÎ”PIANOC.CEBAC) or similar. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right; countermark to right, before bust. Rev: Large SC, small Î˜ below, all within laurel-wreath. Ref: BMC 295-299v. Axis: 30°. Weight: 13.67 g. CM: Laurel branch with four leaves, in rectangular punch, 4.5 x 6 mm. Howgego 378 (69 pcs). Note: The countermark was applied before A.D. 132-135. Collection Automan2 commentsAutoman

H in circular punchBITHYNIA. Nikomedia. Gallienus. Æ 26. A.D. 253-268. Obv: MAVPCEVHAÎ›EZANÎ”POCAV. Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right; countermark on shoulder. Rev: NIKOMH-Î”EÎ©NÎ”ICNEOKOPÎ©N. Emperor, radiate, holding spear, riding on horse charging right, mantle waving behind. Ref: BMC - (rev. sim. 67). Axis: 30°. Weight: 7.04 g. CM: H in circular punch, 7 mm. Howgego 821ii (112 pcs). Note: This countermark was applied to coins of several cities, although predominantly to those of Nikomedia and Nicaea. Collection Automan.Automan

Laureate bust rightCILICIA. Claudiopolis. Hadrian. Æ 24. A.D. 117-138 . Obv: AYTKAITPAAÎ”PIANO(CCEB). Laureate bust right, countermark before bust. Rev: (KÎ›A)Y-Î”IOÎ OÎ›ITW. Tyche standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. Ref: BMC 1; Sear GIC 1219. Axis: 360°. Weight: 9.24 g. Note: Rare city. CM: Laureate bust right, in oval punch, 6 x 8 mm. Howgego 103 (4 pcs). Collection Automan.Automan

Hygieia (bust of)CILICIA. Irenopolis. Trajan. Æ 21 (Assarion?). A.D. 98/99 (year 47 of the era of Irenopolis). Obv: AYTO-KAICAP-TPAIANO(C). Laureate head right; countermark before neck. Rev: IPHNOÎ OÎ›EI-(TÎ©N)ETOYCZM. Hygieia standing right, holding branch and snake which she feeds from patera. Ref: BMC -; SNG Paris 2253 (same obv. die); SNG Levante 1605 (same obv. die). Axis: 345°. Weight: 4.96 g. Note: Ziegler notes 40 specimens of this date. CM: Bust of Hygieia right, snake before, in rectangular punch, 4 x 5 mm. Howgego 195 (12 pcs). Collection Automan.Automan

Antoninus Pius (head of)SYRIA: SELEUCIS & PIERIA. Laodiceia ad Mare. Antoninus Pius. Æ 25. A.D. 142/143 (year 190 (?) in the era of Laodiceia). Obv: (AVTOKAITIAIÎ›IAÎ”PIA)-NTÎ©NEIN(ONC) or similar. Laureate head left (possibly draped and cuirassed bust); countermark on neck. Rev: (IOVÎ›IE)Î©NTÎ©N-KAIÎ›AOÎ”IK(EÎ©N). Turreted bust of Tyche left, inscription in field to left (?), in field to right Î“P (?). Ref: BMC 67-69 (?); Sear 1497v. Axis:360°. Weigth: 9.71 g. CM: Laureate head of Antoninus Pius right, in oval punch, 4 x 6 mm. Howgego 113 (156 pcs). Note: Since the head is that of A. Pius and the latest countermarked coins were struck in A.D. 143/4, the countermarking can be dated to A.D. 143/4-161. Collection Automan.Automan

Nike and Prize CrownCILICIA. Hieropolis-Castabala. Caracalla. Æ 31. Circa A.D. 200. Obv: AVTKAIMAPAVPH-ANTWNEINOC.Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right; 2 countermarks, (1) before and (2) below bust. Rev: IEPOÎ OÎ›ITONKACTABAÎ›EWN. Septimius Severus standing to right, clasping hands with Caracalla (?) to left. Ref: BMC -. Axis: 165°. Weight: 14.98 g. Note: Ziegler (1993:211) notes 37 coins struck for Caracalla. CM(1): Nike advancing left, holding wreath, in oval punch, 6 x 7.5 mm Howgego 260 (23 pcs). Note: The CM may refer to Macrinus' "Victoria Parthica", there also being coins issued by Macrinus with his reverse type. CM(2): Prize crown between I and E, in circular punch, 6 mm. Howgego 427v (letters in stead of torches). Note: May have been applied at time of Macrinus, when smaller coins with prize-crown reverses were issued. Collection Automan.Automan

Nike and Prize CrownCILICIA. Hieropolis-Castabala. Caracalla. Æ 31. Circa A.D. 198-209. Obv: (A)VT(KM?)-AVANTWNEINOC. Emperor seated left on chair while being crowned by Nike; right arm extended, holding object; 2 countermarks, (1) before and (2) behind emperor. Rev: IEPOÎ OÎ›ITONKACTABAÎ›(EWN). Ivy-wreathed and draped bust of Dionysus right, before which bunch of grapes hanging from stalk. Ref: SNG von Aulock 5577; BMC - . Axis: 195°. Weight: 12.71 g. Note: This coin is remarkable in that the obverse shows a seated figure while the reverse features a bust, this unusual feature being clear to those who applied the countermarks. CM(1): Nike advancing left, holding wreath, in oval punch, 6 x 8 mm. Howgego 260 (23 pcs).The CM may refer to Macrinus' "Victoria Parthica", there also being coins issued by Macrinus with his reverse type. CM(2): Prize crown between torches, in circular punch, 6 mm. Howgego 427 (10 pcs). Note: May have been applied at time of Macrinus.Automan

EaglePAMPHYLIA. Perga. Caracalla. Æ 24. Circa A.D. 209-217. Obv: AYKMAY-ANTÎ©NINO. Laureate bust right; countermark on neck. Rev: Î EP-Î“AI-Î©N.Artemis standing right, holding bow and arrow.Ref: SNG Cop. 329v; BMC 37v (size). Axis: 330°. Weight: 6.69 g. CM: Eagle facing, head left, wings open, in oval punch, 4 x 5 mm. Howgego 334 (50 pcs). Note: There are also countermarks of eagles with head right, which are more common. Collection Automan.Automan

NikeBITHYNIA. Nicaea. Marcus Aurelius. Æ 24 .A.D. 161-180. Obv: (AVTKMAVP?)-ANTÎ©NEIN(?). Bare-headed and draped bust right; countermark on shoulder. Rev: NIKA-I)EÎ©N. Athena standing left, holding spear, resting against shield.Ref: BMC -. Axis: 195°. Weight:6.31 g. CM:Nike standing right, in oval punch, 6 x 8 mm. Howgego 254 (94 pcs). Note: The Nike probably referred to the city and not a specific victory. Collection Automan.Automan

Î˜Y (monogram of)LYDIA. Thyatira. Severus Alexander. Æ 20. A.D. 222-235. Obv: AÎ›EÎž(A)N-Î”POC. Laureate bust right; countermark on head. Rev: Î˜VAT-E-IPHN. Tyche standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. Ref: BMC -; SNG von Aulock -; SNG Cop -; Lindgren -.Axis: 180°. Weight: 3.76 g. CM: Monogram of Î˜ and Y, in circular punch, 5 mm. Howgego 617 (11 pcs). Note: Undoubtedly the countermark refers to the city of Thyatira where the host coin was issued. Collection Automan.1 commentsAutoman

NikeBITHYNIA. Nicaea. Caracalla. Æ 25. Circa A.D. 198-209. Obv: MAV(?)ANT(…). Bare-headed and draped bust right; countermark behind bust. Rev: NI-(KA)-IEÎ©N .Hexastyle temple. Ref: BMC 79. Axis: 30°. Weight: 9.62 g. CM: Nike standing right, in oval punch, 6 x 7.5 mm. Howgego 254 (94 pcs). Note: The Nike probably referred to the city and not a specific victory. Collection Automan.Automan

KA and Î”CILICIA. Seleuceia ad Calycadnum. Gordian III. Æ 29. A.D. 238-244. Obv: ANTÎ©NIOC-Î“Î©PÎ”(IANOCCE)BATOC (sic). Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right; Two countermarks: (1) before bust on neck, (2) on back of head. Rev: CELEUK-E-(Î©NTÎ©Î POC)-KAÎ›V-KAÎ”. Athena standing right, holding spear in right hand and shield in left hand, striking down serpent-footed giant, who hurls stone with right hand.Ref: BMC 38 (same obv. die). Axis: 180°. Weight:13.81 g. CM(1): Monogram of K and A, in shaped punch, 4 x 5 mm. Howgego 618 (52 pcs). Note: The countermark likely refers to Calycadnum. CM(2): Î” containing dot, in triangular punch, 6 x 5 mm. Howgego 670 (206 pcs). Note: Not likely to be a denominational countermark. Collection Automan.Automan

Laureate bust rightCORINTHIA. Corinth. Commodus. Æ 25. A.D. 177-192. Obv: IMPCOMMODVS-(ANTONINVS AVG) or similar. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right; countermark before bust. Rev: CLI-(COR).Nike walking right, holding wreath and palm. Ref: BMC 640-641v (size). Axis: 90°. Weight:9.89 g. CM: Laureate bust right, in oval punch, 4 x 5 mm. Howgego 56 (89 pcs). Note: Likely applied after circa A.D. 205, the vast majority of coins bearing this countermark are from Corinth. Collection Automan.Automan

Tyche (head of?)SYRIA: DECAPOLIS. Gadara. Vespasian. Æ 22. A.D. 71-72 (year 135 of the Pompeian era). Obv: OYECÎ (ACIA-N-OCKAICAP). Laureate head right; countermark on neck.(Î“A)Î”APA, (LE)Î›P in field to left. Rev: Tyche standing left, holding wreath and cornucopiae. Ref: BMC -; Sear GIC 738; Spijkerman 26a. Axis: 330°. Weight:9.37 g. CM: Head of Tyche (?) right, in roughly circular punch, 6.5 mm. Howgego 206 (7 pcs). Note: This specimen would seem to depict a female bust, although not a turreted one. Collection Automan.Automan

SSAV in rectangular punchSYRIA: SELEUCIS & PIERIA. Seleuceia Pieria. Septimius Severus. Æ 22. A.D. 193-211. Obv: AVTOK(Î›CEÎ TCEOVHÎ EP). Laureate bust right; countermark across face. Rev: CEÎ›(EV-KEWNÎ I)-EPIAC. Thunderbolt (with fillet attached) on cushion, placed on stool. Ref: BMC 49; Lindgren 2129. Axis: 330°. Weight:8.51 g. CM: SSAV (?) in roughly rectangular punch, 3.5 x 6.5 mm. Howgego 721 (4 pcs). Note: Howgego describes the countermark as uncertain, although it would certainly appear to read SSAV. Collection Automan.Automan

M. Aurelius or Commodus (head of)Uncertain mint. Domitian (?). Æ 28. Laureate head right; countermark before head. Weight:12.39 g. CM: Laureate head right (of Marcus Aurelius or Commodus?), in oval punch, 5 x 7 mm. Howgego 131.1 similar. Note: The countermark does show some resemblance to 131.1 (1 single piece), although that portrait appears to bare-headed rather than laureate. Collection Automan.Automan

Antoninus Pius (head of)SYRIA: SELEUCIS & PIERIA. Laodiceia ad Mare. Trajan. Æ 25. A.D. 114-116 (year 162 or 163 in the era of Laodiceia). Obv: (AVTOKPNEPTPAI)ANOCAPICTKAI(CCEBÎ“EPÎ”AK) or similar. Laureate head right; countermark below chin. Rev: (IOVÎ›IEWNTW)NKAI-Î›AOÎ”(IKEWNBÎžP) or similar. Turreted bust of Tyche right, uncertain inscription in field to right. Ref: BMC 40-52 (?); Sear GIC 1080(v?). Axis: 30°. Weight: 7.64 g. CM: Laureate head of Antoninus Pius right, in oval punch, 4 x 6 mm. Howgego 113 (156 pcs). Note: Since the head is that of A. Pius and the latest countermarked coins were struck in A.D. 143/4, the countermarking can be dated to A.D. 143/4-161. Collection Automan.Automan

Male headCILICIA. Anazarbus-Caesarea. Nero. Æ 19. A.D. 67/68 (year 86 in the era of Anazarbus). Obv: NEPÎ©N-KAICAP.Laureate bust right; countermark on bust, beneath chin. Rev: KAICAPE-Î©N-ETOYCSÎ . Veiled female figure seated left, extending right arm, holding uncertain object, amphora at her feet. Ref: BMC 6v (radiate); RPC 4063; SNG von Aulock 5471; SNG Levante 1368; Lindgren 1424; Sear GIC 611. Axis: 330°. Weight:3.52 g. CM: Male head right, in circular punch, 4 mm. Howgego 102 (13 pcs). Collection Automan.Automan

H (damaged punch!)BITHYNIA. Nicaea. Philip Jr.. Æ 27. A.D. 244-249. Obv: MIOVÎ›IOCÎ¦IÎ›IÎ Î OCK. Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust right; countermark on bust. Rev: NI-KA-IEÎ©N.Zeus seated left on throne, holding staff in left hand and patera right hand, right arm extended. Ref: BMC -. Axis: 15°. Weight:11.45 g. CM: H in circular punch, 6 mm. Howgego 821ii (112 pcs). Note: The tool was broken in half prior to the application of the countermark on this coin, forming a semi- circular or crescent shaped punch; Although struck for Philip Jr., apparently this coin belongs to group 821ii rather than 821i, although it might belong to one of the intermediate styles mentioned by Howgego. Collection Automan.Automan

Youthful bustUncertain mint. Æ 22. Countermark. Worn nearly smooth. Weight: 9.77 g. CM: Youthful, bare-headed bust right, in rectangular punch, 4 x 5.5 mm. Howgego - (?). Collection Automan.Automan

MAT (monogram of?)THRACE. Topirus. Antoninus Pius. Æ 23. A.D. 138-161. Obv: AVTKAITAIÎ›A)Î”PIANO(CANTÎ©NEINOC). Bare head right; countermark on neck. Rev: EÎ IÎ¦ABAÎ“(PIÎ Î EINOVTOÎ )EIPEITÎ©N. Naked Herakles seated left on rock, right hand extended, holding club. Ref: BMC 2-3. Axis: 180°. Weight: 4.74 g. Magistrate: Faustinius Agrippa. CM: Monogram of MAT (?) in circular punch, 6 mm. Howgego 621 (25 pcs). Note: The monogram may read Marcus Antoninus or Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, and may have been applied at the time of Caracalla, since some his coins of Topirus have a countermark-like feature engraved on the die. Collection Automan.Automan

Herakles (bearded head)Uncertain mint. Trajan. Æ 20. A.D. 98-117. Obv: (…)AIA(…). Laureate head right; countermark behind head. Weight:4.93 g. CM: Bearded head of Herakles right, in circular punch, 6 mm.Howgego -. Collection Automan.Automan

Laureate bust and "S" (?)Uncertain mint. Æ 18. 2 countermarks. Worn smooth. Weight: 2.70 g. CM(1): Laureate bust right, in circular punch, 5 mm. Howgego – CM(2): (?).S (?) in rectangular punch, 5 x 3 mm.Howgego - (?).Collection Automan.Automan

STM (monogram of?)MACEDON. Amphipolis. Augustus (?). Æ 23. 27 B.C.-A.D. 14. Obv: (KAIÎ£AP-Î˜EOYYIOÎ£) or similar. Bare head right; countermark before head. Rev: (AMÎ¦IÎ OÎ›EITÎ©N) or similar. Artemis Tauropolos, holding inflated veil, riding on bull galloping right. Ref: Sear GIC 29 (?); BMC 73-76 (?). Axis: 360°. Weight:7.81 g. CM: Monogram of STM (?), in circular punch, 7 mm. Howgego 705 (3 pcs). CM: The interpretation "Stobensium Municipium" has been suggested for the countermark. Collection Automan.Automan

E in circular punchPAMPHYLIA. Side. Gallienus. Æ 30. A.D. 253-260. Obv: AVTKAIÎ OAI”star”Î“AÎ›Î›IH-NOCCEB. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right; before bust AI (?) obliterated by countermark. Rev: (CIÎ”HTÎ©N-NEÎ©KOPÎ©N) or similar. Tyche seated left. Ref: BMC -; SNG France (3) 905. Axis: 360°. Weight:14.86 g. Note: This coin was struck during the joint reign of Gallienus and Valerian. CM: E in circular punch, 7.5 mm. Howgego 805 (169 pcs). Note: The coin was devalued to 5 assaria, likely at the same time when (during the reign of Gallienus) coins bearing the denomination "I" (i.e. 10 assaria) were issued. Collection Automan.Automan

Î›Î“Î“SYRIA: SELEUCIS & PIERIA. Gabala. Caracalla. Æ 22. A.D. 198-217. Obv: (AVKMAANTÎ©NEINOC) or similar. Laureate bust right; countermark across shoulder. Rev: Î“(ABAÎ›EÎ©)N. Tyche standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. Ref: BMC –Axis: 180°. Weight: 7.53 g. CM: Î›Î“Î“ in rectangular punch, 7.5 x 4 mm. Howgego 551 (5 pcs). Note: Howgego describes the countermark as either Î›Î or Î›Î“I, while this specimen reads Î›Î“Î“. Collection Automan.Automan

Empress, AVKTP(?) and Î PYBITHYNIA. Prusias (?). Domitian (?). Æ 26. A.D. 81-96 (?). Obv: Laureate (?) bust right; 2 countermarks, (1) on shoulder, (2) before face. Rev: Countermark (3). Poor/worn smooth, brown patina with very minor traces of green encrustation. Weight: 9.05 g. Note: All coins noted by Howgego with these countermarks are from Domitian and are attributed to Prusias or Bithynia in Genere (which, in turn, may have been from Prusias also. CM(1): Head of empress, in oval punch, 7 x 8 mm. Howgego 217 (1 pcs). CM(2): Monogram of AVKTP (?), in rectangular punch, 6 x 4 mm. Howgego 608 (8 pcs). CM(3): Monogram of Î PY, in rectangular punch, 8 x 5 mm. Howgego 630 (3 pcs). Note: Since all coins countermarked with (1) are countermarked also with (2) and (3), while all coins countermarked with (2) are also countermarked with (3), the order of application (3)-(2)-(1) may be implied (also consistent with (1) being a portrait of Faustina Jr. and (2) referring to Trajan). Collection Automan.Automan

Nike and Prize CrownCILICIA. Hieropolis-Castabala. Septimius Severus. Æ 31. A.D. 193-211. Obv: AVTKAIÎ›OYCEÎ CEYHPOC(Î EPCE…) or similar. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right; 2 countermarks, (1) before and (2) behind bust. Rev: (IEP)OÎ OÎ›EIT-(ONKACTABAÎ›EWN) or similar. Winged figure of Nike advancing right, holding out wreath. Ref: BMC -. Axis: 360°. Weight: 13.88 g. Note: Ziegler (1993:211) notes 27 coins struck for Septimius Severus (incl. Julia Domna). CM(1): Nike advancing left, holding wreath, in oval punch, 6 x 7.5 mm. Howgego 260 (23 pcs). Note: The CM may refer to Macrinus' "Victoria Parthica", there also being coins issued by Macrinus with his reverse type. CM(2): Prize crown between I and E, in circular punch, 6 mm. Howgego 427v (letters in stead of torches). Note: May have been applied at time of Macrinus, when smaller coins with prize-crown reverses were issued. Collection Automan.1 commentsAutoman

CapricornMACEDON. Philippi. Tiberius. Æ 18 (Semis). A.D. 14-37. Obv: TI.AVG. Bare head right; countermark on neck. Rev: Two colonists ploughing right with two oxen. Ref: BMC 89-91 (MYSIA. Parium). Axis: 360°. Weight: 4.27 g. CM: Capricorn, right (?), in circular punch, 4 mm. Howgego 301v (?). Note: The application of the capricorn, a standard type of Parium (Mysia) to which the host coin was traditionally attributed, may have indicated a devaluation of the coin. Collection Automan.Automan

Herakles (bearded head)IMPERIAL. Augustus or Agrippa (?) .Æ As (26 mm). Obv: Laureate head left; countermark below face. Weight: 8.51 g. CM: Bearded head of Herakles right, in oval punch, 6 x 7 mm. Howgego -. Note: The countermark is of lower Danubian origin. Collection Automan.Automan

Î” in circular punchBITHYNIA. Tium. Civic. Æ 24. First half of 3rd century A.D. Obv: .TE-IOC. Diademed and draped bust of Teos right; countermark on neck. Rev: TIAN-Î©N. Dionysus standing facing, head left, emptying contents of cantharus, holding thyrsus. Ref: BMC -; SNG von Aulock 928ff (obverse).Axis: 30°. Weight: 5.72 g. CM: Î” in circular punch, 6 mm. Howgego 789 (34 pcs). Note: The latest coin bearing this countermark was issued for Hostilian. Collection Automan.Automan

S (lunate sigma)BITHYNIA. Tium. Caracalla. Æ 26. A.D. 209-217. Obv: ANTÎ©NEINOC-AVÎ“OVCTO(C). Laureate head right; countermark on neck. Rev: TIA-NÎ©N. Aesculapis standing facing, head left, holding serpent-encircled staff. Ref: BMC -; SNG von Aulock 965. Axis: 30°. Weight: 9.97 g. CM: S (lunate sigma) in circular punch, 7 mm. Howego 809 (47 pcs). Note: While the latest coin bearing this countermark listed by Howgego was issued for Gordian III, considering that other coins bearing denominational countermarks were issues as late as Hostilian, the countermark was likely not applied until the time of Valerian and Gallienus. Collection Automan.Automan

2 Countermarks on obverse of Geta ΠCEΠT-ΓETA•KA AE24ARABIA PETRAEA. Petra. Geta. Æ 24. A.D. 198-209. Obv: (Î CEÎ T-Î“ETA•KA) or similar. Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust right; 2 countermarks, (1) on bust, (2) behind bust. Rev: (AÎ”PIÎ ETP-AMHTPOÎ ) or similar. Tyche seated left on rock, holding trophy in right hand and stele in extended left hand (?). Ref: Spijkerman 48. Axis: 360°. Weight: 7.28 g. CM(1): •Î”• in circular punch, 5.5 mm.Howgego 801 (19 pcs). CM(2): Second application of same CM. Collection Automan.Automan

Winged caduceus and Î”SARMATIA. Olbia. Civic. Æ 22. Time of the Flavians to circa A.D. 170 (likely late in that period). Obv: OÎ›B(IOÎ O). Laureate head of Apollo right; 2 countermarks, both on bust. Rev: Î˜EO-(B (angular, mirror image) OI) or similar. Sea-eagle with spread wings, standing right on fish. Ref: BMC 18; Anokhin 379. Axis: 360°. Weight: 4.15 g. CM(1): Winged caduceus, in oval punch, 5 x 10 mm. Howgego 390 (102 pcs). CM(2): Î” in shaped punch, 6 x 7 mm. Howgego 787 (61 pcs). Note: Countermark (2) is applied over countermark (1) and may have been applied in the 170s, although the application of countermarks probably went on for a long time. Collection Automan.Automan

Helios (radiate head right)CAPPADOCIA. Caesarea. Gordian III. Æ 30. A.D. 243/244 (Regnal year 6). Obv: AVKMANTÎ“OPÎ”IANOC. Laureate head right; countermark on neck. rev: MHTPO-KAICBN, ETS in ex. Agalma of Mt. Argaeus placed on altar. Ref: BMC 342v (date). Axis:165°. Weight:9.92 g. CM: Radiate head of Helios right, in circular punch, 5 mm. Howgego 12i (242 pcs). Note: The countermark was most likely applied in 243/244 since there are no countermarked coins from year seven of the reign of Gordian III. Collection Automan.Automan

Bust right in oval punchPHOENICIA. Aradus. Trajan. Æ 24. A.D. 115-117 (year 374 or 375). Obv: (AYTOKPNEPTPAIANOCAPICTKAICCEBÎ“EPÎ”AKÎ APÎ˜) or similar. Laureate bust right; countermark on neck. Rev: (Î” or E)OT to left, 9 to right, (APADIWN) beneath. Tyche, nude to the waist, seated left on rudder, her right hand on the tiller, her left holding cornucopia with bunch of grapes. Ref: BMC 371-373 or 378. Axis: 360°. Weight: 11.03 g. CM: Bust right in oval punch, 5 x 6.5 mm. Howgego 171-172 (?). Note: Howgego notes two coins from Aradus (Domitian and Marcus Aurelius/Lucius Verus) bearing somewhat similar countermarks. Collection Automan.Automan

Athena (helmeted bust of)TROAS. Ilium. Faustina Jr. Æ 25. A.D. 146-175. Obv: CEBAC-Î¦AVCTINAAVÎ“. Draped bust right; countermark on neck. Rev: IÎ›I-EÎ©. To right bull suspended from tree, on back of bull sits male figure (Ilos), plunging knife into bull’s neck; to left statue of Athena Ilias on pedestal. Ref: BMC 53. Axis: 15°. Weight: 9.50 g. CM: Helmeted bust of Athena right, in oval punch, 6 x 7 mm. Howgego 186 (53 pcs). Collection Automan.Automan

S with pellet inside either bowMYSIA. Germe. Titus. Æ 18. A.D. 79-81. Obv: (CEB)AC-AYTO(KAI). Laureate head of Titus right; countermark behind head. Rev: CEBAC-AYT(OKAI). Laureate head of Domitian right. Ref: BMC -; RPC (II) 930. Axis: 330°. Weight: 3.03 g. Note: RPC attributes the coin to the reign of Titus, and presumes that Domitian is erroneously given the title Augustus Imperator. CM: S with pellet inside either bow, in rectangular punch, 2.5 x 4.5 mm. Howgego 742 ii variant (9 pcs). Note: Howgego argues that the most likely interpretation of the ”S” is as a denominational mark, although there are much larger coins of Titus bearing the same countermark. Collection Automan.Automan

Male bust and BARABIA PETRAEA (?). Petra (?). Hadrian (?). Æ 26. A.D. 117-138 (?). 2 countermarks. Worn smooth. Weight: 6.96 g. CM(1): Male bust right, in circular punch, 6 mm. Howgego 125 (4 pcs). CM(2): B in circular punch, 5.5 mm. Howgego 770 (4 pcs). Note: The two countermarks were probably applied at the same time, but were likely earlier than other denomination countermarks of Petra. Collection Automan.Automan

Caracalla (?) and Î”IOÎ“ (?)MYSIA. Hadrianothera. Caracalla. Æ 24. Circa A.D. 198-209. Obv: AVTKMAVP.-AN(TÎ©NEINO). Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right; 2 countermarks, both before bust. Rev: AÎ”PIANO-Î˜HPITÎ©-N. Bull standing right. Ref: BMC 7. Axis: 180°. Weight: 9.32 g. CM(1): Laureate and bearded head right, likely of (mature) Caracalla, in oval punch, 5 x 6.5 mm. Howgego 69 (9 pcs). CM(2): Monogram of Î”IOÎ“ (?) in rectangular punch, 4 x 5 mm. Howgego 615 (20 pcs). Note: Howgego cites von Fritze who interprets the countermark as referring to the magistrate Diogenes, whose name appears on other coins bearing the same countermark. Collection Automan.Automan

HPAKMACEDON. Philippi. Augustus. Æ 18 (Semis). 27 B.C.-A.D. 14. Obv: (A)VG.Bare head right. Rev: Two colonists ploughing right with two oxen; 2 countermarks: (1) above oxen, (2) below oxen. Ref: BMC 86-88 (MYSIA. Parium). Axis: 330°. Weight: 5.06 g. CM(1): HPAK (?) in rectangular punch, 9 x 3.5 mm. Howgego -. Note: The countermark may possibly refer to a city by the name Heracleia, of which there was one in Bithynia, Caria and Macedon. CM(2): Second application of same CM. Collection Automan.Automan

NikeBITHYNIA. Nicaea. Septimius Severus. Æ 24. A.D. 193-211. Obv: AVT.K.Î›.CEÎ -C.CVHPOC.Î E. Laureate head right; countermark on back of head. Rev: N-IKA-I-EWN. Homonoia standing left, wearing modius and holding patera and cornucopia, lit altar at her feet to left. Ref: BMC -. Axis: 360°. Weight: 11.42 g. CM: Nike standing right, in oval punch, 6 x 8 mm. Howgego 254 (94 pcs). Note: The Nike probably referred to the city and not a specific victory. Collection Automan.Automan

Laureate bust right and Î›AMSYRIA: COMMAGENE. Tiberius. Æ 29 (Dupondius). A.D. 19-21. Obv: (TI•CAESAR•DIVI•AVGVSTI•F•AVGVS-TVS). Laureate head right; 2 countermarks: (1) on bust, (2) on lower part of bust. Rev: (PONT•MAXIM•COS•III•IMP•VII) •TR•POT(•XXII). Two crossed cornucopiae, between which winged caduceus. Ref: RPC 3868; RIC 90. Axis: 360°. Weight: 11.27 g. Note: Struck after Tiberius annexed Commagene in A.D. 19. CM(1): Laureate bust right, in circular punch, 6 mm.Howgego 111iv (7 pcs). CM(2): Î›AM in rectangular punch, 10 x 4.5 mm. Howgego 549 (1+2? pcs). Note: Howgego speculates that alternative readings are possible, although this specimen certainly appears to read Î›AM, which may refer to L. Aelius Lemia, legate of Syria A.D. 21-32. Collection Automan.Automan

Winged caduceus and Î”SARMATIA. Olbia. Civic. Æ 26. Time of the Flavians to c. A.D. 170 (likely early in that period). Obv: Laureate head of Apollo right; 2 countermarks: (1) on bust, (2) behind bust. Rev: (?)Î›(B?). Sea-eagle with spread wings, standing right on dolphin. Ref: BMC -; Anokhin 376 (?); Nechitailo 655 (?). Axis: 360°. Weight: 16.09 g. Note: The attribution, dating and references of this coin are uncertain. CM(1): Winged caduceus in oval punch, 5 x 10 mm. Howgego 390 (102 pcs). CM(2): Î” in shaped punch, 6 x 7 mm. Howgego 787 (61 pcs).Note: The countermarks may have been applied in the 170s, although the application of countermarks probably went on for a long time. Collection Automan.Automan

Helios, Athena and TelesphorosMYSIA. Pergamum. Hadrian. Æ 24. A.D. 117-138. Obv: (AVKAIAÎ”PIANO) or similar.Laureate bust right; 2 countermarks: (1) to left of bust, (2) to right of bust. Rev: Uncertain inscription. Asklepios standing facing, holding snake-encircled staff, to his left cloaked and hooded figure of Telesphoros standing facing (?); countermark to left (3). Ref: BMC -. Axis: 360°. Weight: 6.95 g. CM(1): Radiate head of Helios right, in oval punch, 4 x 5 mm. Howgego 7 (13 pcs). CM(2): Helmeted bust of Athena right, in shaped punch, 4.5 x 6 mm. Howgego 185 (28 pcs). CM(3):Telesphoros standing facing, in oval punch, 4 x 4.5 mm. Howgego 267 (5 pcs). Note: All those that bear countermark [3] also bear countermarks [1] and [2]. Collection Automan.Automan

AVG and TI•CAESYRIA: SELEUCIS & PIERIA. Antiochia ad Orontem. Augustus. Æ 24. 27 B.C. - A.D. 14. Obv: AVGVST•-TR•POT (?). Laureate head right; 2 countermarks: (1) before head, (2) on neck. Rev: Large SC inside circle, inside laurel-wreath. Ref: BMC 130. Axis: 360°. Weight: 8.72 g. CM(1): AVG in rectangular punch, 9 x 4.5 mm. Howgego 577 (1 pcs). CM(2): TI•CÆ in rectangular punch, 4 x 9 mm.Howgego 602 (1 pcs). Note: These countermarks were more commonly applied to imperial coins, the place of application likely being somewhere in the Balkan provinces, the countermarking probably taking place during the reign of Tiberius. Collection Automan.Automan

CAÎ“ and COLSYRIA: SELEUCIS & PIERIA. Laodiceia ad Mare. Septimius Severus. Æ 31.A.D. 197-211. Obv: IMP(CAESL…) or similar. Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust of Septimius Severus right, before and partly obscuring draped bust of Julia Domna, also right; 2 countermarks: (1) on bust of Septimums Severus, (2) before bust of Julia Domna. Rev: (…SEVERMETROPOLI-SEPT…) or similar. Marsyas walking left, with wine-skin over shoulder. Ref: SNG Cop. Suppl. 8/249; BMC -; Lindgren (III) 1204 similar (Caracalla). Axis: 45°. Weight: 20.46 g. CM(1): Monogram of CAÎ“ (?), in largely rectangular punch, 5 x 3 mm. Howgego 581 (116 pcs). CM(2): COL in largely rectangular punch, 6.5 x 3 mm. Howgego 586 (88 pcs). Note: The CM was applied after the city achieved status as colony in A.D. 197/198, allowing older coins to circulate alongside newer coins with Latin legends, although the countermark was also applied to coins with inscriptions in Latin. All coins bearing countermark (2) also bear (1). Collection AutomanAutoman

Ear of cornSARMATIA. Tyra. Domitian. Æ 19. A.D. 81-96. Obv: KAICAPÎ”OMETI(AN)OC. Laureate head right; countermark before head. Rev: T-Y-P-A-NWN. City ethnic around club. Ref: BMC -. Axis: 15°. Weight: 2.97 g. CM: Ear of corn, in rectangular punch, 4 x 8 mm. Howgego 407 (5 pcs). Note: The countermark was likely applied between the reigns of Domitian and Hadrian when no coins were struck in Tyra, this type being applied to small and medium denominations, while larger denominations were countermarked with a bunch of grapes. Collection Automan.Automan

CapricornMACEDON. Philippi. Tiberius. Æ 17 (Semis). A.D. 14-37. Obv: TI.AVG. Bare head right; countermark on neck. Rev: Two colonists ploughing right with two oxen. Ref: BMC 89-91 (MYSIA. Parium). Axis: 360°. Weight: 4.91 g. CM: Capricorn right, in rectangular punch, 5 x 3-3.5 mm. Howgego 302 (2 pcs). Note: The application of the capricorn, a standard type of Parium (Mysia) to which the host coin was traditionally attributed, may have indicated a devaluation of the coin. Collection Automan.Automan

Athena (helmeted bust of)CILICIA. Flaviopolis. Domitian. Æ 22 (Assarion). A.D. 89/90 (year 17 of era of Flaviopolis). Obv: Î”OMETIANOC-KAICAP. Laureate bust right; countermark to right, below head. Rev: (ET)OYCZIÎ¦Î›AV-IOÎ OÎ›(EITWN). City-goddess seated left, holding poppy-flowers (?). River-god reclining at her feet. Ref: BMC 2. Axis: 360°. Weight: 7.77 g. CM: Helmeted bust of Athena right, in rectangular punch, 4 x 6 mm. Howgego 190 (21 pcs). Collection Automan.Automan

Eagle and "A.K."PAMPHYLIA. Perga. Caracalla. Æ 28. Circa A.D. 209-217. Obv: AKMAY-ANTÎ©N(EINOC)-CEB. Laureate bust right; 2 countermarks: (1) before bust, below chin, (2) below (1). Rev: Î EP-Î“AI-Î©-N.Emperor in military outfit standing left, holding spear, raising right hand, crowned by Nike, holding palm-branch. Ref: BMC -. Axis: 360°. Weight: 10.59 g. CM(1): Eagle facing, head right (?), wings open, in oval punch, 4 x 5 mm. Howgego 334 (50 pcs). CM(2): A.K. in rectangular punch, 5 x 3 mm. Howgego 513 (43 pcs). Note: Countermark (2) was applied earlier than (1) which is found on coins of Severus Alexander while countermark (2) is not found on coins struck later than the reign of Elagabalus. Collection Automan.Automan

TH-IÎ©N around figure of ZeusUncertain mint. Æ 22. Countermark. Worn smooth. Weight: 6.71 g. CM: TH-IÎ©N around figure of Zeus standing left, holding spear, eagle (?) at feet, in circular punch, 7.5 mm. Howgego -. Note: The only city to style its ethnic “THIÎ©N” is Teos in Ionia, although no similar countermarks are listed by Howgego for this or any other city. Collection Automan.Automan

Winged caduceusPONTUS. Amisus. Claudius. Æ 21. A.D. 53/54 (year 85 of the era of Amisus).Î£EBAÎ£TOÎ£). Obv: Laureate head right; countermark behind neck. Rev: ETO(YÎ£-EÎ )-AMI(Î£O-Y) . Legend in four lines within laurel-wreath. Ref: BMC -; Sear GIC 436; Waddington 61, 72. Axis: 360°. Weight: 4.74 g. CM: Winged caduceus, in circular punch, 4 mm. Howgego 391 (8 pcs). Note: Howgego notes that the countermark was probably applied before the city’s next issue of coins under Vespasian, and that is was probably applied at the same time that another type of countermark (star) was applied to coins of Agrippina. Collection Automan.Automan

Nike and Î” (?)BITHYNIA. Nicaea. Severus Alexander. Æ 19. A.D. 222-235. Obv: MAYPCE)VAÎ›EÎžANÎ”PO(CAV) or similar. Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right; countermark (1) on bust. Rev: NI-K-AI-E between three standards, (Î©N) in ex. Countermark (2) on lower half. Ref: BMC 101 (?). Axis: 30°. Weight: 3.12 g. CM(1): Î” (?) in circular punch, 6 mm. Possibly Howgego 788 (62 pcs). Note: None of the coins recorded by Howgego weighs as little as 3.12 g., which makes it likely that countermark (1) is not actually Howgego 788. CM(2): Nike standing right, in oval punch, 7 x 8 mm. Howgego 255 (39 pcs). Collection Automan.Automan

Laureate bustBITHYNIA. Prusa ad Olympum. Maximinus I. Æ 23. A.D. 235-238. Obv: Î“IOVMAÎžIMEINOCAV. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right; countermark on bust. Rev: Î P-OVC-AEÎ©N. Athena standing left, holding patera in right hand and spear in left, shield at her feet. Ref: BMC -; Waddington 148. Axis: 30°. Weight: 8.95 g. CM: Laureate bust right, in oval punch, 5 x 6 mm. Howgego 65 (130 pcs). Note: Dating of the countermark is problematic, and it seems likely that it was applied over a period of time. Collection Automan.Automan

Laureate bust and Î”BITHYNIA. Nicaea. Maximus. Æ 23. A.D. 235-238. Obv: (Î“I)OVOVHMAÎžIMOCK. Bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust right; 2 countermarks: (1) behind bust, (2) on bust. Rev: N(IKAI)-EÎ©N.Athena seated left, holding figure of Nike in outstretched right hand, shield behind. Ref: BMC -; Weiser 61. Axis: 210°. Weight: 6.94 g. CM(1): Laureate bust right, in circular punch, 6.5 mm.Howgego 65 (130 pcs). Dating of the countermark is problematic, and it seems likely that it was applied over a period of time. CM(2): Î” in circular punch, 6 mm. Howgego 788. Collection Automan.Automan

Countermark consisting of circular object above and below roughly triangular object on Caracalla AE27CARIA. Stratonicea. Caracalla. Æ 27. Circa A.D. 196-209. Obv: MAPAYPHÎ›IOC(…). Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right; countermark before head. Rev: (…CT)PA-TON(…).Zeus (?) seated left, holding spear and patera. Ref: BMC -. Axis: 180°. Weight: 14.66 g. Note: The attribution of this coin is uncertain. CM: Circular object above and below roughly triangular object, in oval punch, 3.5 x 8 mm. Howgego -.Note: The countermark is not listed by Howgego and it is uncertain what the geometrical objects are meant to symbolise. Collection Automan.1 commentsAutoman

AthenaSYRIA: SELEUCIS & PIERIA. Gabala. Trajan. Æ 21. A.D. 105/106 (year 152 of the Caesarean era). Obv: NEPKAIC-TPAIACEB(Î“EP). Laureate head right; countermark on neck. Rev: Î“ABAÎ›EÎ©N, BNP in field. Astarte (?) seated left, holding corn-ears and poppy in extended right hand and spear in left hand; Sphinx seated left, star above head. Ref: BMC 4-5; Sear GIC 1079. Axis: 345°. Weight: 6.85 g. CM: Athena standing right, holding spear, in rectangular punch, 3 x 4 mm. Howgego 246 (7 pcs). Collection Automan.Automan

Laureate bust and NikeUncertain mint.Uncertain (Septimius Severus?). Æ 21. Obv: Inscription obliterated. Laureate bust right; 2 countermarks: (1) before bust, (2) on neck. Rev: Female deity standing left. Axis: 180°. Weigth: 5.15 g. CM(1): Laureate bust right, in circular punch, 6 mm. Likely Howgego 65 (130 pcs). CM(2): Nike standing right in oval punch, 5 x 7 mm. Howgego 254 (94 pcs). Note: The combination of (1) and (2) is recorded (14 pcs in Howgego). Collection Automan.Automan

E in circular punchPAMPHYLIA. Side. Salonina. Æ 32. A.D. 253-260. Obv: KOPNHÎ›IA*CAÎ›Î©NIN(A)-CEBA. Draped bust right, wearing stephane; before bust AI or I obliterated by countermark. Rev: CIÎ”HTÎ©N-NEÎ©KOPÎ©N. Tyche standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. Ref: BMC -. Axis: 30°. Weight: 14.37 g. Note: Since the countermark was not applied to coins issued later than the joint reign of Gallienus and Valerian, this coin was likely struck between A.D. 253 and 260. CM: E in circular punch, 7 mm. Howgego 805 (169 pcs). Note: The coin was devalued to 5 assaria, likely at the same time when (during the reign of Gallienus) coins bearing the denomination "I" (i.e. 10 assaria) were issued. Collection Automan.Automan

Winged thunderboltSAMARIA. Neapolis. Domitian. Æ 26. A.D. 82/83 (year 11 of the era of Neapolis). Obv: (AYTOKÎ”OMI)-TIANOÎ£KAIÎ£AP(Î£EBAÎ£TOÎ£). Laureate bust right; countermark on neck. Rev: Î¦Î›AOVI-N(EAÎ OÎ›I-Î£AMAPE)-LAI in four lines. Legend within laurel-wreath. Ref: BMC 1-3. Axis: 180°. Weight: 17.14 g. CM: Winged thunderbolt, in rectangular punch, 3 x 6 mm. Howgego 475 (4 pcs). Note: The thunderbolt may refer to the cult of Zeus Hypsistos. Collection Automan.Automan

Laureate (?) head rightSAMARIA. Caesarea (?). Domitian. Æ 18. A.D. 81-96. Obv: Inscription obliterated. Laureate (?) head right; countermark on neck. Rev: Inscription obliterated. Tyche standing or seated left (?). Axis: 360°. Weight: 3.80 g. Note: The coin was sold in a lot of 4 pieces, at least 2 of which were from Caesarea. CM: Laureate (?) head right, in rectangular punch, 3 x 4 mm. Howgego 135 (28 pcs). Collection Automan.1 commentsAutoman

B in oval punchUncertain mint, likely of Balkan origin. Uncertain emperor. Æ 21. Late 2nd - early 3rd century A.D. Obv: Inscription obliterated. Laureate bust right; countermark behind bust. Rev: Inscription obliterated. Tyche standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia (?). Axis: 30°. Weight: 4.63 g. CM: B in oval punch, 5.5 x 7 mm. Possibly Howgego 765i (125 pcs). Note: It is difficult to say which of the “B” countermark groups identified by Howgego that this coin belongs to, if any. Collection Automan.1 commentsAutoman

AVG and TI•CAE BALKAN imitation of Augustus' moneyers' series Æ Dupondius. Æ 23. 1st century A.D. Obv: Blundered legend within oak-wreath; 2 countermarks. Rev: Blundered legend around large S.C, all inverted. Axis: 360°. Weight: 6.82 g. CM(1): AVG (inverted), in rectangular punch, 9 x 5 mm. Cf. Howgego 577. CM(2): TI•CÆ (inverted), in rectangular punch, 4 x 7.5 mm. Cf. Howgego 602. Note: Interestingly, not only the coin is imitative, but also the countermarks, which are inverted version of the commonly encountered TICAE and AVG countermarks. Collection Automan.Automan

Laureate bust rightAEOLIS. Aegae. Civic. Æ 25. Time of Commodus. Obv: (IEPACYN-KÎ›)HTO(C). Draped bust of the Roman Senate right; countermark on neck. Rev: EÎ ICTPÎ¦IÎ›(AÎ”EÎ›Î¦OVAIÎ“AEÎ©, N in field). Homonoia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia, altar at feet. Ref: BMC 16; Sear GIC 4925. Axis: 180°. Weight: 8.86 g. CM: Laureate bust right, in circular punch, 5.5 mm. Howgego (?).There is a possibility that there may be a letter or symbol before the bust. Collection Automan.Automan

PA and SN/NS (?)Uncertain mint. Trajan. Æ 20. A.D. 98-117. Obv: (…T)PAIANO-C(…). Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right; 2 countermarks: (1) behind bust, (2) on neck. Rev: Inscription obliterated, uncertain images. Weight: 5.05 g. CM(1): PA in rectangular punch, 5 x 3 mm. Howgego -. CM(2): NS or SN, in rectangular punch, 5 x 3 mm. Howgego -. Collection Automan.Automan

EaglePHRYGIA. Ancyra. Sabina. Æ 20. A.D. 117-137. Obv: CA(BEINA)-CEBACTH. Draped bust right, elaborate hairdo; countermark on head. Rev: ANKYP-ANÎ©N.Cult-Statue of Ephesian Artemis facing, flanked by two stags. Ref: BMC 23-24; Sear GIC 1308. Axis: 180°. Weight: 3.18 g. CM: Eagle standing, head left, wings spread, E.C.H between wings and legs, in circular punch, 6 mm. Howgego -. Collection Automan.Automan

NK (monogram of)MACEDON. Thessalonica. Julius Caesar & Augustus. Æ 22. Time of Tiberius. Obv: Î˜EOÎ£. Laureate head of Caesar right; countermark on neck. Rev: Î˜EÎ£Î£AÎ›O-NIKEÎ©N, Î” (under bust). Bare head of Augustus right. Ref: BMC 58 v. Axis: 360°. Wright: 11.24 g. CM: Monogram of NK, in circular punch, 6.5 mm. Howgego 625 (25 pcs). Note: Likely the countermark refers to NEPO KAICAP. Collection Automan.Automan

Youthful bustUncertain mint. Commodus. Æ 23. A.D. 177-192. Obv: (...)AVP-KOM(...). Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Rev: Inscription obliterated. Female deity standing left, head right, left leg on object (?), holding palm-branch downwards; countermark in upper left field. Axis: 225°. Weight: 9.00 g. CM: Bare-headed youthful bust right, in circular punch, 6 mm. Howgego (?). Collection Automan.Automan

5-pointed star in shaped punchSYRIA: COMMAGENE. Zeugma. Antoninus Pius. Æ 20. A.D. 138-161. Obv: (AYTOKAITIAAÎ”)PIA.-AN(TWNINOCCEB...) or similar. Laureate head right; countermark on neck. Rev: ZEY-Î“MA-TEWN, A above to left. Tetrastyle temple, with periobolos containing grove, and having on right and left a colonnade and in front a portico or panelled wall of two stories. Ref: BMC 1 (obv)/2 (rev). Axis: 360°. Weight: 8.37 g. Note: The meaning of the numerals on the reverse is not known, but may indicate issue. CM: 5-pointed star in shaped punch, 5 mm from point to point. Howgego 453 (32 pcs). Collection Automan.Automan

Radiate male head rightMACEDON. Thessalonica. Trajan. Æ 27. A.D. 98-117. Obv: KAICAP-TPAIANOC. Radiate bust right. Rev: Î˜ECCAÎ›ON-IKEWN.Nike advancing right, holding palm-branch and wreath; countermark on Nike. Ref: BMC -. Axis: 195°. Wright: 19.44 g. CM: Radiate male head right, in oval punch, 4 x 6 mm. Howgego 55 (11 pcs ?). Collection Automan.Automan

Uncertain letter (E, Îž, Î£ or C?) and PBITHYNIA. Nikomedia. Septimius Severus. Æ 27. A.D. 193-211. Obv: (AVTÎ›?)CEÎ -CEVHPOCÎ . Laureate bust right. Rev: NIKOMHÎ”EÎ©-NÎ”ICNEÎ©KÎ©P, Î©-N in field. Emperor in military dress standing facing, head left, holding spear in left hand and figure of Nike in extended right hand; countermark to left. Ref: BMC -. Axis: 360°. weight: 7.93 g. CM: Uncertain letter (E, Îž, Î£ or C?) and P, in circular punch, 6 mm. Howgego -. Collection Automan.Automan

Î” and NIKOMOESIA INFERIOR. Nikopolis ad Istrum. Septimius Severus. Æ 27. A.D. 193-211. Obv: (VK)Î›CEÎ •-CEVHPOC (...) or similar. Laureate bust right; countermark (1) on shoulder. Rev: VÎ AVP•Î“AÎ›Î›OV•NIKOÎ OÎ›ITÎ POCIC. River-god reclining left, leaning against urn (?), holding branch in right hand; Countermark (2) to left. Ref: BMC -. Axis: 60°. Weight: 11.68 g. CM(1): Î”, incuse punch, 7 x 6 mm. Howgego 782 (3 pcs). CM(2): NIKO, incuse, 14 x 5 mm. Howgego 553 (3 pcs, 2 of which on reverse). Note: All coins that have the Î” c/m apparently also bear the NIKO c/m and vice-versa, so they must have been applied at the same time. Collection Automan.Automan

Laureate bust right (Caracalla?)LYDIA. Thyatira. Commodus. Æ 29. A.D. 177-192. Obv: (AVKAI)MAV-PHKOMMOÎ”O. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right; countermark behind neck. Rev: CTPMAVPAÎ˜HN-AIOVÎ˜(VATEIP)HN(Î©N?). Tyche standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. Ref: BMC 83. Axis: 15°. Weigth: 13.08 g. CM: Laureate bust right (Caracalla?), in circular punch, 4.5 mm. Howgego 93 (55 pcs). Note: The countermarking may be connected to the visit of Caracalla to Thyatira in A.D. 214. Collection Automan.Automan

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