Greek and Pre-Imperial Roman - Western Mediterranean, Europe, and North Africa
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Balearic Islands, Ebusus, Alvarez Burgos, 700 varBalearic Islands, Ebusus, 300-200 B.C. AE, 14mm 1.3g, Alvarez Burgos, 700 var
O: Squatting Kabeiros, holding hammer in right hand, serpent in left
R: same as obverse
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Balearic Islands, Ebusus, Burgos 708Balearic Islands, Ebusus, Circa 210-early 2nd Century B.C. AE, 16mm 2.60g, Burgos 708; Villaronga pg. 93, 22; SNG Morcom 15
O: Squatting Kabeiros, holding hammer in right hand, serpent in left
R: Bull butting left.
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Balearic Islands, Ebusus, Burgos 708Balearic Islands, Ebusus, Circa 210-early 2nd Century B.C. AE, 16mm 2.5g, Burgos 708; Villaronga pg. 93, 22; SNG Morcom 15
O: Squatting Kabeiros, holding hammer in right hand, serpent in left
R: Bull butting left.
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Carthage, Punic Spain, SNG BM Spain 67Mobile military mint, Punic Spain, C. 237-209 B.C. AE, 13mm 1.46g, MHC 114; CNH 42; SNG BM Spain 67
O: Wreathed head of Tanit l.
R: Helmet l.
After putting down the mercenary revolt, Hamilcar Barca and other Carthaginians went to Spain to “start over” in the only remaining significant Carthaginian possession outside of North Africa. They extended Carthaginian influence beyond the Punic cities of southeastern Spain and utilized the local mineral resources to help re-establish the Carthaginian empire. Hamilcar drowned in 231 BC and was succeeded by his son-in-law, Hasdrubal, who founded Carthago Nova in 229 BC. Hasbrudal was assassinated in 221 BC. Hannibal Barca succeeded his brother-in-law. In 219 BC, Hannibal took Saguntum. Rome responded by declaring war and Hannibal made preparations to invade Italy. After Hannibal was in southern Italy during the Second Punic War, Spain continued to support his efforts until P. Cornelius Scipio (later Africanus) captured Carthago Nova in 209 BC. Carthaginian forces were driven out of Spain by 206 BC and Rome maintained control after the Second Punic War.
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Carthage, Punic Spain, SNG BM Spain 67Mobile military mint, Punic Spain. C. 237-209 B.C. AE, 13mm 1.52g, MHC 114; CNH 42; SNG BM Spain 67
O: Wreathed head of Tanit l.
R: Helmet l.
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Carthage, Sardinian mint, SNG Cop 204Sardinian mint, Zeugitania, Carthage, 264-241 B.C., 20mm 6.08g, SNG Cop 204
O: Head of Tanit, l
R: horse stg r, Punic letters between legs
Ex HJB
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Carthage, Sardinian mint, SNG Cop 311Carthage, Sardinian mint, 221-210 BC AE, 23mm 7.52g, SNG Cop 311
Obverse: Head of Tanit left
Reverse: Horse standing right, head reverted, Punic letter below
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Carthage, Sicilian (?) mint, SNGCop 109Sicilian (?) mint, Carthage (Punic), 4th-3rd century B.C. AE, 17mm 2.90g, SNGCop 109, Calciati 20. Sear Greek Coins and their Values (SG) #sg6444
O: Head of Tanit left, wreathed with corn
R: Horse right, palm behind
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Carthage, SNG Copenhagen 108Carthage, Sicilian mint, Circa 330-300 B.C. AE, 16mm, 2.86g, MAA 23; SNG Copenhagen 108
O: Date palm
R: Pegasos flying left; Punic "B" below
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Gaul, Leuci cast potin, BMC Celtic III 422Boviolles(?) Mint, Celtic Gaul, Leuci cast potin, c. 70-52 B.C. Potin, 18.6mm 2.99g, BMC Celtic III 422
O: Crude stylized head l. with three locks of hair, wearing wreath
R: Boar left, fleur-de-lis ornament below
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Gaul, Massalia, De La Tour 689vMassalia mint, Obol, 4th-3rd cent. B.C. AR, 12mm 0.62g, De La Tour 689v
O: Young male head, l
R: Wheel of four spokes, M-A in two quadrants
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Gaul, Senones Tribe, De La Tour 7417Celtic, Senones Tribe, Gaul (Area of Sens, France), c. 100 - 50 B.C.
Cast potin, 16mm 2.95g, De La Tour 7417
O: head of 'wild man warrior' right, six locks of hair
R: Celtic horse galloping left, pellet below and in left field
The coin was struck during the time period that Caesar was conquering Gaul. The Senones were involved in the famous Battle of Gergovia against Caesar in 52 B.C.
*pop cultural note - The battle is recalled by Mascius in HBO's Rome (TV series),
when Titus Pullo and Lucius Vorenus are interrogating him. He claims to have taken an arrow saving the lives of his comrades.
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Italy, Anonymous Semuncia, Cr 38/7Uncertain mint, Anonymous Semuncia, 217-215 B.C. AE, 20mm 5.76g, Cr 38/7; Syd 87
O: head of Mercury right, wearing petasos,
O: ROMA, prow right
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Italy, Bruttium, Rhegion, Lindgren II - 381Italy, Bruttium, Rhegion, Circa 215-150 B.C. AE, 27mm 9.18g, BMC Italy pg 382, 93 (var.), Lindgren II - 381
O: Janiform female heads laur., and each wearing modius, stephane, earring, and necklace
R: RHΓINΩN, Asklepios seated left, holding sceptre, tripod to l.,
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Italy, Bruttium, Rhegium, SNG Cop. 1951Italy, Bruttium, Rhegium mint, 380-270 B.C. AE, 20mm 7.29g, SNG Cop. 1951
O: lion’s scalp seen from above
R: laureate head of Apollo, l
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Italy, Bruttium, The Brettii, BMC Italy p. 327, 70Italy, Bruttium, The Brettii, Bronze reduced uncia, c. 216 - 203 B.C. AE, 21mm 6.30g, BMC Italy p. 327, 70; SNG ANS 103
O: laureate head of Zeus right, thunderbolt behind
R: BPETTIΩN, naked warrior right, spear in right, shield in left, grapes at feet
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Italy, Calabria, Brundisium mint, Lindgren II #246 (var.)Italy, Calabria, Brundisium mint, Semis, B.C. AE, 20mm 7.74g, Lindgren II #246 (var.)
O: Laureate head of Poseidon r., with long trident behind
R: BRVM (below), Taras, naked, riding a dolphin, holding in his outstretched right hand, Nike crowning, and in his left, a cithara
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Italy, Calabria, HN Italy 912 (var)Italy, Calabria, Tarentum mint, Diobol, Circa 380-325 B.C. AR, 11mm 1.3 grams, SNG ANS 1408 (var), HN Italy 912 (var)
Obv: Head of Athena right, wearing Attic helmet decorated with Skylla, who holds a rock in her raised right hand
Rev: Herakles kneeling right, wrestling with the Nemean lion
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Italy, Campania mint, Neapolis, SNG Cop 516Campania mint, c. 270 - 240 B.C. AE, 19mm 6.39g, SNG Cop 516
O: NEOΠOΛITΩN, laureate head of Apollo left, Ξ behind;
R: man-headed bull standing right, being crowned by Nike who flies above, I Σ below
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Italy, Campania, Cales, SNG Copenhagen 323Italy, Campania, Cales mint, c. 276-260 B.C. AE, 19mm 5.37g, Sambon 916, SNG Lloyd 53, SNG Copenhagen 323, SNG ANS 193
O: Helmeted head of Athena l.
R: CALENO, Cock standing r.; in field l., star
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Italy, Campania, Neapolis, SNG Cop 516Italy, Campania, Neapolis mint, c. 270 - 240 B.C. AE, 5.385g, 20.2mm, 315o, SNG Cop 516
O: NEOΠOΛITΩN, laureate head of Apollo left, Ξ behind
R: man-headed bull standing right, being crowned by Nike who flies above, I Σ below
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Italy, Hyele (Velia), Lucania, SNG ANS 1413Hyele (Velia), Lucania, 350-280 B.C. AE, 18mm 3.86g, SNG ANS 1413. SNG München 904. Lindgren II, 15, 320
O: Head of Herakles right wearing lionskin headdress
R: Owl standing right, head facing, all within laurel wreath
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Italy, Lucania, Metapontion, HN Italy 1682Italy, Lucania, Metapontion mint, c. 300-250 B.C. AE, 17mm, 3.74 g, 11h, Johnston Bronze 46; HN Italy 1682
O: Three-quarter facing, head of Athena, slightly right, wearing triple-crested helmet
R: META, Barley ear with leaf stretching r., cross-torch to r.
(ex CNG auctions)
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Melita, Autonomous issue, SNG Vol: X 936 John Morcom CollectionMelita (Malta) mint, Autonomous issue, Last quarter 3rd century B.C. -225 -200 AE, 22mm 6.24g, SNG Vol: X 936 John Morcom Collection
O: Bearded male head, r.; to r., caduceus
R: Priest’s cap in wreath, below, mono
Following the Roman conquest, the Maltese Islands were apparently allowed a limited measure of self-government, including the privilege of minting their own coins. The Maltese coins of that period were all circular and struck in bronze, the only metal the Roman authorities permitted to be coined in the Sicilian municipia. These autonomous issues circulated alongside the official currency of the Roman Republic which consisted of gold, silver and bronze coins.
The exact date of the first locally struck coin is not known but it is likely to have been after 212 B.C. when Sicily became a Roman province (with the Maltese Islands being incorporated into it) and was given the right by Rome to mint its own coinage in 211 B.C.
The first Maltese coins bear on their obverse a male curly head with a thick beard. A kerykeion or a caduceus is depicted on the right. The identity of the deity on these coins has for a long time been disputed by scholars and has been attributed mainly to Melkart (Heracles), Eshmun (Aesculapius) and Baal Hammon. The reverse design has been also given various interpretations such as the tomb of Battus, a sacrificial cap and a pillar over an urn. That which is unanimously agreed upon by the more authoritative scholars is the interpretation of the three Punic letters aleph, nun, nun, indicating the pre-Roman name of Malta - ANN - which may mean ship.
http://coins.mos.net.au/preKoM.htm
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Numidia, North Africa, Micipsa, SNG Cop 504African mint, Kingdom of Numidia, North Africa, Micipsa, 148 - 118 B.C. AE, 25.9mm 14.949g, SNG Cop 504, SGCV II 6597 var. (pellet below horse)
O: laureate head of king (Micipsa?) left with pointed beard, dot border
R: horse rearing left, linear border, punch or countermark on left foreleg
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Sicily, Akragas, BMC Sicily 99 var.Sicily, Akragas mint, hemilitron, c. 425 - 406 B.C. AE, 15.02g 25mm, Calciati I p. 165, 10, BMC Sicily 99 var.
O: AKPA, eagle with wings spread, r., holds in its claws supine hare, which it attacks with its beak, plain border
R: crab, crayfish left below, six pellets around
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Sicily, Catane, Calciati III, 100, 13Sicily, Catane, c. 200-50 B.C. AE, 12mm 1.61g., SNG ANS 1289. SNG Munich 465. Calciati III, 100, 13
O: One of the Catanean brothers advancing l., carrying his father on his shoulders.
R: KATA-NAIΩN, The other Catanean brother advancing l., carrying his mother on his shoulders
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Sicily, Gela, BMC Sicily 79Sicily, Gela, ca 339-310 B.C. AE litra, 26/21mm 11.55g, BMC Sicily 79
O: Youth r., wearing crested helmet, with feather at the side, and chlamys; about to slay with a sword a ram running r., which he seizes with left hand
R: Free horse prancing r.; above, star of 8 rays (*either worn or missing from strike)
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Sicily, Himera, BMC Sicily 43 (Himera)Sicily, Himera mint, Litra, c. 460-450 B.C. AR, 10mm 0.73g, BMC Sicily 43 (Himera)
O: Forepart of monster r., having the horn of a goat, the head of a bearded man, the paw of a lion, with lions head resting against shoulder, and a curled wing
R: Naked youth seated on he-goat, running l., he holds with l. hand the horn of goat, his r. arm raised to strike him with whip
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Sicily, Himera, Bronze tetras, Calciati I, p. 42, 31/4Himera mint, Bronze tetras, Calciati I, p. 42, 31/4, 1.791g, 13.6mm, obverse nude rider prancing on goat left, blowing conch, three pellets between legs, grain kernel below; reverse [IMEΠAION], Nike advancing left, wings spread, aplustre in rightcasata137ec
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Sicily, Lilybaeum, Calciati I, p. 262, 9 Lilybaeum, Sicily, c. 241 B.C. AE, 21mm 7.11g, SNG Munich 598th Calciati I, p. 262, 9 Gabrici p. 144, 1
O: Head of Apollo with a laurel wreath, r
R: ΛIΛYBAI / ITAN, stringed Kithara
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Sicily, Menaeum, BMC Sicily pg. 98, 7 Sicily, Menaeum mint, After 210 B.C. AE, 17mm 3.85g, BMC Sicily pg. 98, 7
O: Bust of Demeter r., wearing necklace, wreath of corn, and veil
R: MENA-INΩN, two crossed torches, beneath, triangle (without standard mark of value)
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Sicily, Messana mint, Mamertinoi, Calciati I, 108, 40Sicily, Messana mint, Mamertinoi, c. 220-200 B.C. AE, 25mm 8.76g, SNG ANS 441, Calciati I, 108, 40
O: Laureate head of bearded Zeus r.
R: MAMERTINΩN, nude, helmeted hero advancing r., holding spear in his r. hand, round shield in his l. hand; in field r., mark of value Π
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Sicily, Messana, Mamertinoi, SNG ANS 456-8Messana, Sicily, Mamertinoi Hemilitron, 289-270 B.C. AE, 23/20mm 6.84g, CNS I p. 112, 47; SNG ANS 456-8
O: Laureate head of Apollo right; lyre (?) behind
R: Nike standing left, holding wreath and palm-branch; six pellets in right field
MAMERTINI or "children of Mars," was the name taken by a band of Campanian (or Samnite) freebooters who about 289 B.C. seized the Greek colony of Messana at the north-east corner of Sicily, after having been hired by Agathocles to defend it (Polyb. 1. 7. 2). - 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica
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Sicily, Panormos as "Ziz", Jenkins, "Coins of Punic Sicily," in SNR 50 (1971), pl. 24, 21SICILY, Panormos as "Ziz" . Circa 380-340 BC. Æ Litra 11.66g 28mm, Jenkins, "Coins of Punic Sicily," in SNR 50 (1971), pl. 24, 21; SNG ANS 554; Calciati I pg. 270, 5; BMC Sicily pg. 250, 38; SNG Copenhagen 518; SNG Morcom -; Laffaille 192; Virzi 1302-306.
O: Head of Hera left wearing single-pendant earring and stephane decorated with three fleur-de-lis
R: Punic 'sys' in exergue, man-headed bull standing left; radiate head of Helios above
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Sicily, Syracuse mint, Agathokles, BMC Sicily 617 (or similar)SICILY, Syracuse mint, Agathokles, Struck 289-287/5 B.C. AE, 16mm 3.33g, BAR issue 36; CNS 105 Ds 8 (Agathokles), (or similar) possibly BMC Sicily 617 (or similar)
O: ΣΥΡAKOΣIΩN, Head of Kore left; unknown symbol (grapes? bow?) behind
R: Bull butting left; (possible) trident head above (or empty, corrosion is keeping from clear attribution), ΑΓ in exergue
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Sicily, Syracuse mint, BMC 305 Sicily, Syracuse mint, Dionysos I Tetras 405-367 B.C. AE, 14mm 1.73g, BMC 305
O: Head Arethusa facing slightly to l.
R: Octopus in circular incuse
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Sicily, Syracuse mint, Fifth Democracy, SNG Morcom 834Sicily, Syracuse mint, Fifth Democracy, 214-212 B.C. AE, 2.75g 14mm, ANS 1050, SNG Morcom 834, Calciati 208 DS 7
O: Head of Poseidon l., wearing diadem, within dotted border
R: ΣYP – AKO/ (ΣI – ΩN) in two line below, Ornamented trident head, dolphins downward at sides
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Sicily, Syracuse mint, Under Roman Rule, SNG ANS 1093Sicily, Syracuse mint, Under Roman Rule c. 212 B.C., 5.51g 20mm, SNG ANS 1093, Calciati II p. 432, 237
O: head of Isis right, wreathed in grain, wearing solar disc headdress
R: ΣYPAKOΣION, the headdress of Isis (solar disc framed by two bull horns and two stalks of grain at the base, two tall plumes behind)
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Sicily, Syracuse, Agathocles, CNS II pg. 249, 121Sicily, Syracuse, Agathocles, struck circa 317 B.C. AE, 19mm 5.91g, CNS II pg. 249, 121; SNG ANS 545-548
O: Laureate head of Apollo, l.
R: Triskeles of winged feet
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Sicily, Syracuse, Bronze AE 21, Calciati IIBronze AE 21, Calciati II, p. 424, 227, Fair, 8.992g, 23.2mm, 0o, Syracuse mint, obverse laureate head of Zeus left; reverse ΣYPAKOΣIΩN in ex, Nike in galloping biga rightcasata137ec
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SICILY, Syracuse, Calciati 157 variantSICILY, Syracuse Hiketas II 287-278 BC Æ Litra 22mm 7.48g Calciati 157 (variant, flan too tight to see the lettering)
Obverse: (ΣYΡAKOΣIΩN), laureate head of Zeus Hellanios left; palladium behind
Reverse: (ΣYΡAKOΣIΩN), eagle standing left on thunderbolt; star in left field.
Ex Auctiones GmbH
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Sicily, Syracuse, Calciati II p. 41, 18Syracuse, Sicily mint, Hemilitron, c. 415 - 410 B.C. AE, 17mm 3.9g, SGCV I 1185, Calciati II p. 41, 18
O: Head of Arethusa left, hair in a sphendone
R: Incuse circle containing 16 pointed star at center, all within quadripartite incuse square
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Sicily, Syracuse, Dionysios I, SNG ANS 411Sicily, Syracuse, Dionysios I, 405-367 B.C. (Struck circa 405 BC) AE Hemilitron, 16mm, 3.54 g, CNS 20; SNG ANS 411; SNG Morcom 682 var.
O: Head of nymph left, wearing ampyx and sphendone; dolphin behind
R: ΣΥ-ΡA and two dolphins in wheel with four spokes
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Sicily, Syracuse, SNG Cop 911Syracuse, Sicily, Roman Rule, c. 212 - 133 BC, 22mm 8.09g, SNG Cop 911,
O: head of Persephone right;
R: ΣYRAKOΣIΩN, Demeter standing left, torch in right, scepter in left
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Sicily, Thermae Himerensis, BMC Sicily 2-3Thermae Himerensis mint, Sicily, c. 407 - 406 B.C. AE, 13/16mm 2.5g, Calciati I p. 118, 7; Jenkins, SNR 50, pl. 22, B, BMC Sicily 2-3
O: Head of Hera right, wearing earring, necklace, and stephanos adorned with honeysuckle ornaments, plain border
R: (ΘEPMITAN) Head of Herakles right, clad in lion-skin head-dress, plain border
irregular flan
In 409 B.C., the Carthaginians conquered Himera, crucified three hundred of its leading men and obliterated the town. The site has been desolate ever since. The few surviving Greeks were settled by the Carthaginians eleven kilometers west of Himera at Thermae Himeraeae (Termini Imerese today). Thermae was the birthplace of Agathocles. – FORVM description notes
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Spain, Carteia mint, Semis (Under Roman Rule), RPC 122Spain, Carteia mint, Semis (Under Roman Rule) end of First Century B.C. beginning of first century A.D. AE, 21mm 5.74g, RPC 122
O: CARTEIA head of Fortuna right
R: D D, Neptune standing left, holding dolphin and trident
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Spain, Castulo mint, Villaronga 335, 32Castulo mint, late 2nd century B.C. AE, 27mm 13.48g, Villaronga 335, 32
O: Diademed head right. Crescent in right field
R: Winged sphinx advancing right, wearing apex-like helmet, star in right field
Ex: KASTILO in Iberian script
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Spain, Castulo, SNG BM Spain 1359Spain, Castulo, Circa early 1st Century BC, AE, 23mm 8.85g, CNH pg. 337, 52; SNG BM Spain 1359
O: Diademed male head right
R: Bull standing right; crescent above.
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