CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, CONTAINING A FULL ACCOUNT 01 ALL THE PROPER NAMES MENTIONED IN ANCIENT AUTHORS, of Coins, 321 eight*, atttr rtleajs tires, USE AMONG THE GREEKS AND ROMANS. TO WHICH IS NOW PREFIXED, A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. BY J. LEMPRIERE, D. D. A NEW EDITION, REVISED AND CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED, BY THE REV. T. SMITH, OF ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. LONDON : PRINTED FOR T. ALLMAN, 42, HOLBORN HILL. 1833. Stack Amjex PREFACE. IN the following pages it has been the wish of the Author to give ths most accurate and satisfactory account of all the proper names which occur in reading the Classics, and, by a judicious collection of anecdotes and historical facts, to draw a picture of ancient times, not less instructive than entertaining. Such a work, it is hoped, will not be deemed an useless acquisition in the hands of the public, and while the student is initiated in the knowledge of history and mythology, and familiarized with the ancient situation and extent of kingdoms and cities that no longer exist, the man of letters may, perhaps, find it not a contemptible companion, from which he may receive information, and be made, a second time, acquainted with many important particulars, which time, or more laborious occupations, may have erased from his memory. In the prosecution of his plan, the author has been obliged to tread in the steps of many learned men, whose studies have been directed, and not without success, to facilitate the attain- ment of classical knowledge, and the ancient languages. Their composi- tions have been to him a source of information, and he trusts that their labours have now found new elucidation in his own^ and that, by a due consideration of every subject, he has been enabled to imitate their ex- cellencies without copying their faults. Many compositions of the same nature have issued from the press, but they are partial and unsatisfactory. The attempts to be concise, have rendered the labours of one barren and fcninstructive, while long and unconnected quotations of passages, from Creek and Latin writers, disfigure the page of the other, and render the whole insipid and disgusting. It cannot, therefore, be a discouraging em- ployment now, to endeavour to finish what others have left imperfect, and, with the conciseness of Stephens, to add the diffuse researches of Lloyd, Hoffman, Collier, &c. After paying due attention to the ancient poets and historians, from whom the most authentic information can be received, the labours of more modern authors have been consulted, and every com- position, distinguished for the clearness and perspicuity of historical narra- tion, or geographical descriptions, has been carefullv examined. Truly sensible of what he owes to modern Latin and English writers and com- mentators, the author must not forget to make a public acknowledgment of the assistance he has likewise received from the labours of the Freucd. la the Sinclct Payew of 1'Abbe" Sabatier de Castres, he has found all the in- a 2 iirmation which judicious criticism, and a perfect knowledge of heathen mythology, could procure. The compositions of I'Abbe" Banier, have also been useful, and in the Dictionnaire Htstorlque of a literary society, printed at Caen, a treasure of original anecdotes, and a candid selection and arrangement of historical facts, have been discovered. it was the original design of the author of this Dictionary, to give a minute explanation of all the names of which Pliny, and other ancient geo- graphers, make mention ; but, upon a second consideration of the subject, lie was convinced, that it would have increased his volume in bulk, and not in value. The learned reader will be sensible of the propriety of this remark, when he recollects, that the names of many places mentioned by Pliny and Pausanias, occur no where else in ancient authors, and that to find the true situation of an insignificant village, mentioned by Strabo, no other writer but Strabo is to be consulted. This Dictionary being undertaken more particularly for the use o. schools, it has been thought proper to mark the quantity of the penultimate of every word, and to assist the student who can receive no fixed and positive rules for pronunciation. In this the authority of Smethius nas been followed, as also Leedes's edition of Labbe's Catholici Indices. As every publication should be calculated to facilitate literature, and to be serviceable to the advancement of the sciences, the author of this Dictionary did not presume to intrude himself upon the public, before he was sensible that his humble labours would be of some service to the lovers of the ancient languages. The undertaking was for the use of schools, therefore he thought none so capable of judging of its merit, and of ascertaining its utility, as those who preside over the education of youth. With this view, he took the liberty to communicate his intentions to several gentlemen in that line, not less distinguished for purity of criticism than for their classical abilities, and from them he received all the encoh- ragement which the desire of contributing to the advancement of learning can expect. To them, therefore, for their approbation and friendly corn munications, he publicly returns his thanks, and hopes, that, now his jabours are completed, his Dictionary may claim from them that patronage, and that support, to which, in their opinion, the specimen of the work seemed to be entitled. He has paid due attention to their remarks, he has received with gratitude their judicious observations, and cannot pass over in silence their obliging recommendations, and particularly the friendly advice he has received from the Rev. R. Valpy, master of Reading fchool. For the account of the Roman laws, and for the festivals celebrated by the ancient inhabitants of Greece and Italy, he is particularly indebted to the usefui collections of Archbishop Potter, of Godwin, and Kennet. In the Tables of ancient coins, weights, and measures, which he has nnexed to the body of the Dictionary, he has followed the learned calculations of Dr. Arbuthnott. The quoted authorities have been carefully examined and frequently revised, and, it is hoped, the opinions of mythologists will appear without confusion, and be found divested of all obscurity. Therefore, with all the confidence which an earnest desire of being use- til can command, the author offers the following pages to the public, con- scious that they may contain inaccuracies and imperfections. A Dic- tionary, the candid reader is well aware, cannot be made perfect all at once } it must still have its faults and omissions, however cautious and vigi- lant the author may have been, and in every page there may be found, in the opinion of some, room for improvement, and for addition. Before the candid, therefore, and the impartial, he lays his publication, and for what- ever observations the friendly critic may make, he will shew himself grateful, and take advantage of the remarks of every judicious reader, should the favours and the indulgence of the public demand a second edition. PKMBROKE COLLEGE, OXFORD, Nivember 1788. THE very favourable reception which the first edition of the Classical Dictionary has met from the public, fully evinces the utility of the per- formance. From the consciousness of this, the author has spared no pains to render this second edition more deserving of the same liberal patronage. The hints of friends, and the animadversions of critics, have been carefully adopted, and almost every article has been corrected an_ improved. New names have not only been introduced, but the date Oi events has been more exactly ascertained, and, therefore, to such as com* pare the two editions, the improvements will appear numerous and impor- tant in every page. In answer to those Gentlemen who have objected against the smallness of the print, and have recommended a larger type, the author begs leave to observe, that it has been found impracticable to remove the inconvenience , so much matter could not well have been compressed in one octavo , an . is must be remembered, that the book is intended as a volume of occa- sional reference, aud, therefore that it cannot long fatigue the ey It will be found not an unnecessary addition, to have an account of the best editions of each classic at the end of the respective character of the authors. Dr. Harwood's plan has in general been attended to, but the price has not been inserted from its great fluctuation, which often de- pends more upon tne caprice of opinion than upon real value. The Chronological Table prefixed to the Dictionary will, it is hoped, be acknowledged universally useful. It has been compiled with great accu- racy, and chiefly extracted from " The Chronology and History of the World," by Dr. J. Blair, folio edition, 1754; and from Archbishop Usher's " Annales Veteris et Novi Testament!," printed at Geneva, folio, 1722. London, July, 1792. THE EDITOR presumes that this edition will claim the patronag of the -earned world, having been revised and corrected with great care. The student will find more information in it than in any former edition ever published: it contains at the least a thousand articles more than any similar work the Editor has ever seen, English or French. Gordon House, Kentish Town, Middlesex, 1th March, 1826. A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, ruoM -iiii CREATION OF THE WORLD TO THE PALL OP THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE WEST, AND IN THE EAST. rp Before Christ * -I- HE world created in the 710th year of the Julian period - 4004 The deluge - - 2348 The kingdom of Egypt is supposed to have begun under Misraim the^ son of Ham, and to have continued 1663 years, to the conquest of > 2188 Cambyses J The kingdom of Sicyon established - 2089 The kingdom of Assyria begins '-, - 205 & The kingdom of Argos established under Inachus - - 1856 The deluge of Ogyges, by which Attica remained waste above 2001 \JR\ years, till the coming of Cecrops J The chronology of the Arundelian Marbles begins about this time,^ fixing here the arrival of Cecrops into Attica, an epoch which other > *582 writers have placed later by 26 years J Moses born - - 1571 The kingdom of Athens begun under Cecrops, who came from Egypt ^ with a colony of Saites. This happened about 780 years before > 1556 the first Olympiad J Scamander migrates from Crete, and begins the kingdom of Troy - 1546 The deluge of Deucalion, in Thessaly - - 1503 Cadmus comes into Greece, and builds the citadel of Thebes - 1493 The first Olympic games celebrated in Elis by the Idaei Dactyli - 1453 Minos flourishes in Crete - - 1406 * In the following table, I have confined myself to the more easy and convenient eras of before (B. C.) and after (A. D.) Christ. For the sake of those, however, that do not wish the exclusion of the Julian period, it is necessary to observe, that, as the first year of the Christian era always falls on the 4714th of the Julian years, the number required either before or after Christ, will easily be discovered by the application of the rules of subtraction or addition. The era from the foundation of Rome (A. U. C.) will be found with the same facility, by recol- lecting that the city was built 753 years before Christ ; and the Olympiads can likewise be recurred to by the consideration, that the conquest of Con bus (B. C. 776) forms the lirit Olympiad, and that the Olympic games were celebrated after the revolution of four -years. Hii CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. *. . The Eleusinian mjsteries introduced at Athens by Eumolpus The Isthmian games first instituted by Sisyphus, king of Conuth - 1326 The Argonautic expedition. The first Pythian games celebrated by j ]263 Adrastus, king of Argos The Theban war of the seven heroes against Lteocles 12/j Olympic games celebrated by Hercules - 1222 The rape of Helen by Theseus, and, 15 years after, by Paria - 1213 Troy taken after a siege of 10 years. ^Eneas sails to Italy - ; Alba Longa built by Ascanius - - - - 1152 Migration of the ^Eolian colonies - - - 1124 The return of the Heraclidae into Peloponnesus, 80 years after the> taking of Troy. Two years after they divide the Peloponnesus I 11Q4 among themselves 5 and here, therefore, begins the kingdom of j Lacedsemon under Eurysthenes and Procles J The kingdom ef Sicyon ended - - *088 The kingdom of Athens ends in the death of Codrus - - 1070 The migration of the Ionian colonies from Greece, and their settlement | j Q44 in Asia Minor r Samos buih ...--- 986 Homer and Hesiod flourished about this time, according to the") gQ7 Marbles / Lycurgus, 42 years old, establishes his laws at Lacedsemon, and, to-^v gether with Iphitus and Cleosthenes, restores the Olympic games ( g g4 at Elis, about 108 years before the era which is commonly called j the first Olympiad -) Phidon, king of Argos, is supposed to hare invented scales and") Q~Q measures, and coined silver at jEgina. Carthage built by Dido f Fall of the Assyrian empire by the death of Sardanapalus, an era") g 9 ^ placed 80 years earlier by Justin y The kingdom of Macedonia begins, and continues 646 years, till the \ Q . . battle of Pydna / 814 The kingdom of Lydia begins, and continues 249 years - - 79"* The monarchical government abolished at Corinth, and the Prytanes \ . 7C elected / //!y Coroebus conquers at Olympia, in the 28th Olympiad from the insti-") tution of Iphitus. This is vulgarly called the first Olympiad, f 776 about 23 years before the foundation of Rome J The Ephori introduced into the government of Lacedsemon bv\ ,,,., Theopompus J 7t)U The decennial archons begin at Athens^ of which Charops is the first 75-1 Rome built on the 20th of April, according to Varro, in the year 1 3961 of the Julian period f /o3 The rape of the Sabines - - - - - 750 The first Messenian war begins, and continues 1 9 years, to the taking \ 7 n of 1 1 hi .in i J /4 Syracuse built by a Corinthian colony - 732 Candaulea murdered by Gyges, who succeeds to the Lydian throne - 718 Tarentum built by the Parthenians - - - - 707 Corcyra built by the Corinthians r 703 The second Messenian war begins, and continues 14 years, to the \ taking of Ira, after a siege of 1 1 years. About this time flourished V 685 the poets Tyrtaeus and Archilochus J The government of Athens entrusted t* annoal archons - - 68* twurps the government of C;toth. aad keeps it for 30 - cw , 65* CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. IK B. C Byeantium built by a colony of Argives or Athenians - - 658 Cyrene built by Battus - - 630 The Scythians invade Asia Minor, of which they keep possession for \ fiOA 28 years / Draco establishes his laws at Athens - - 623 The Phoenicians sail round Africa, by order of Necho. About this 1 ~Q . time flourished Arion, Pittacus, Alcaeus, Sappho, &c. / The Scythians are expelled from Asia Minor by Cyaxares - 596 The Pythian games first established at Delphi. About this time flou-^ rished Chilo, Aiiacharsis, Thales, Epimenides, Solon, ^Esop, > 591 Stersichorus, &c. ) The first comedy acted at Athens by Susarion and Dolon - :i: ? 562 Pisistratus first usurped the sovereignty at Athens "' - 560 Cyrus begins to reign. About this time flourished Anaximenes, Bi^s,") ^g Anaximander, Phalaris, and Cleobulus / Croesus conquered by Cyrus. About this time flourished Theognis 1 _ . y and Pherecydes ' J Marseilles built by the Phocaeans. The age of Pythagoras, Simo-") ^g nides, Theepis, Xenophanes, and Anacreon J Egypt conquered by Cambyses - - 525 Polycrates, of Samos, put to death - - 522 Darius Hystaspes chosen king of Persia. About this time flourished 1 ^2] Confucius, the celebrated Chinese philosopher S The tyranny of the Pisistratidae abolished at Athens - - 510 The consular government begins at Rome after the expulsion of the^ Tarquins, and continues independent for 461 years, till the battle > 509 of Pharsalia J Sardis taken by the Athenians and burnt, which became afterwards^ the cause of the invasion of Greece by the Persians. About this I -*. time flourished Heraclitus, Parmenides, Milo the wrestler, Aris- C tagoras, &c. J The battle of Marathon ... - 490 The battles of Thermopylae and Salamis. About this time flourished "> ^Q ^Eschylus, Pindar, Charon, Anaxagosvis, Zeuxis, Aristides, &c. J The Persians defeated at Plataea and Mycale on the same day - 479 Themistocles, accused of conspiracy, flies to Xerxes - - 471 The Persians defeated at Cyprus, and near the Eurymedon - 470 The third Messenian war begins, and continues 1 years - - 465 Egypt revolts from the Persians under Inarus, assisted by the Athe- ") >go nians j The Romans send to Athens for Solon's laws. About this time~1 flourished Sophocles, Plato the comic poet, Aristarchus the tragic, > 454 Leocrates, Thrasybulus, Pericles, Zaleucus, &c. J The first sacred war concerning the temple of Delphi - 448 Herodotus reads his history in the council of Athens, and receives"! public honours in the 39th year of his age. About this time flou- > 445 rished Empedocles, Hellanicus, Euripides, Herodicus, Phidias, &c.J A colony sent to Thurium by the Athenians - 444 Comedies prohibited at Athens, a restraint which remained in force ") . ** for three years J A war between Corinth and Corcyra - 439 The Peloponnesian war begins, May the 7th, and continues about 27 "| years. About this time flourished Cratinus, Eupolis, Aristophanes, > 43* Meton Demooritus, Corglas, Thucydides, Hippocrates, &c. J x CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. B. C The history of the Old Testament finishes about this time. A plague j 43Q at Athens for five years A peace of 50 years made between the Athenians and LacedaemoO mans, which is kept only during six years and ten months, though > 421 each continued at war with the other's allies The scene of the Peloponnesian war changed to Sicily. The agrarian j 4 } & law first moved at Rome- Egypt revolts from the Persians, and Amyrtaeus is appointed king The Carthaginians enter Sicily, where they destroy Selinus and| 409 Himera, but they are repulsed by Hermocrates The battle of ^Egospotamos. The usurpation of Dionysius - 405 Athens taken by Lysander, the end of the Peloponnesian war, aud-v the appointment of 30 tyrants over the conquered city. About I 4 Q 4 this time flourished Parrhasius, Protagoras, Lysias, Agathon, j Euclid, Cebes, &c. Cyrus the Younger killed at Cunaxa. The glorious retreat of the"! 10,000 Greeks, and the expulsion of the 30 tyrants from Athens > 40] by Thrasybulus Socrates put to death - - - 400 Agesilaus, of Lacedaemon, expedition into Asia against the Persians."* The age of Xenophon, Ctesias, Zeuxis, Antisthenes, Evagoras, > 396 Aristippus of Gyrene, and Archytas J The Corinthian war begun by the alliance of the Athenians, Thebans, ~) 30 ^ Corinthians, and Argives, against Lacedaemon / The Lacedaemonians, under Pisander, defeated by Conon- at Cnidus j"| and, a few days after, the allies are defeated at Coronaea, by Age- > 394 silaus J The battle of Allia, and the taking of Rome by the Gauls - 390 Dionysius besieges Rhegium and takes it after 1 1 months. About "| this time flourished Plato, Philoxenus, Damon, Pythias, Iphi- > 388 crates, &c. J The Greek cities of Asia tributary to Persia, by the peace of Antal- " - cidas, between the Lacedaemonians and Persians J The war of Cyprus finished by a treaty, after it had continued two \ R) . years / d8 The Lacedaemonians defeated in a sea-fight at Naxos, by Chabrias. About this time flourished Philistas, Isaeus, Isocrates, Arete, Phi- > 377 s.^ i- > lolaus, Diogenes the cynic, &c. J Artaxerxes sends an army under Pharnabazus, with 20,000 Greeks \ - A commanded by Iphicrates / *'"* The battle of Leuctra, where the Lacedaemonians are defeated by\ -. Epaminondas, the general of the Thebans J The Messenians, after a banishment of 300 years, return to PeloO Q7n ponnesus f *'" One of the consuls at Rome elected from the plebeians - 367 The battle of Mantinea gained by Epaminondas. a vear after the 1 death of Pelopidas j Agesilaus assists Tachos, king of Egypt. Some of the governors of 1 Lesser Asia revolt from Persia / 362 The Athenians are defeated at Methone, the first battle that Philip of \ Macedon ever won in Greece / * b " Dionysius the Younger is expelled from Syracuse by Dion. The^ f Delphl bdng attacked f 357 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Dion put to death, and Syracuse governed seven years by tyrants. "| About this time flourished Eudoxus, Lycurgus, Ibis, Theopompus, > oej Ephorus, Datames, Philomelus, &c. J The Phoceans, under Onomarchus, are defeated in Thessaly by ~) OK 327 crates, Calippus, Hyperides, Philetus, Lysippus, Menedemus, &c.J Alexander dies on the 21st of April. His empire is divided into four kingdoms. The Samian war, and the reign of the Ptolemies \ 323 in Egypt J Polyperchon publishes a general liberty to all the Greek cities. The age of Praxiteles, Crates, Theophrastus, Menander, Demetrius, \ 320 Dinarchus, Polemon, Neoptolemus, Perdiccas, Leosthenes J Syracuse and Sicily usurped by Agathocles. Demetrius Phalereus \ n,j governs Athens for 10 years J Eumenes delivered to Antigonus by his army 315 Seleucus takes Babylon, and here the beginning of the era of the "1 015 Seleucidae J The conquests of Agathocles in Africa - - - 309 Democracy established at Athens by Demetrius Poliorcetes - 307 The title of kings first assumed by the successors of Alexander - 306 The battle of Ipsus, where Antigonus is defeated and killed by^| Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Cassander. About this time > 301 flourished Zeno, Pyrrho, Philemon, Megasthenes, Grantor, &c. J Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes, after a year's siege - - 296 Seleucus, about this time, built about 40 cities in Asia, which he~\ peopled with different nations. The age of Euclid the mathema- ( ggj tician, Arcesilaus, Epicurus, Bion, Timocharis, Erasistratus, j Aristyllus, Strato, Zenodotus, Arsinoe, Lachares, &c. J The Athenians revolt from Demetrius - 287 Pyrrhus expelled from Macedon by Lysimachus - - 286 The Pharos of Alexandria built. The Septuagint supposed to be \ 234 translated about this time / Lysimachus defeated and killed by Seleucus. The Tarentine war be- ~) gins, and continues 10 years. The Achaean league begins J jfl CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Pyrrhus, of Epirus, goes to Italy to assist the Tarentines - 280 The Gauls, under Brenus, are cut to pieces near the temple of 1 phi About this time flourished Dionysius the astronomer, bo- stratus, Theocritus, Dionysius Heracleotes, Philo, Aratus, Lym- phiron, Persseus, &c. - - Pyrrhus, defeated by Curius, retires to Epirus The first coining of silver at Rome - Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas, who keeps it 12 years The first Punic war begins, and continues for 23 years. The chro--v noloey of the Arundelian Marbles composed. About this time I 2 g4 flourished Lycon, Crates, Berosus, Hermachus, Helenus, Clinias,| Aristotimus, &c. J Antiochus Soter defeated at Sardis by Eumenes of Pergamus - 262 The Carthaginian fleet defeated by Duilius - - 260 Regulus defeated by Xanthippus. Athens is restored to liberty byj 25g Antigonus Kratus persuades the people of Sicyon to join the Achaean league.^ About this time flourished Cleanthes, Homer junior, Manetho, > 2 ^j Ti meeus, Callimachus, Zoilus, Duris, Neanthes, Ctesibius, So-J sibms, Hieronymus, Hanno, Laodice, Lysias, Ariobarzanes The Parthians under Arsaces, and the Bactrians under Theodotus, 1 ^o revolt from the Macedonians J The sea-fight of Drepanum The citadel of Corinth taken by Aratus 243 Agis, king of Sparta, put to death for attempting to settle an agrarians law. About this period flourished Antigonus (,'arystius, Conon of I 041 Samos, Eratosthenes, Apollonius of Perga, Lacydes, Amilcar, j Agesilaus the ephor, &c. J Plays first acted at Rome, being those of Livius Andronicus - 240 Amilcar passes with an army to Spain, with Annibal his son - 237 The temple of Janus shut at Rome, the first time since Numa - 235 The Sardinian war begins, and continues three years - 234 The first divorce known at Rome by Sp. Carvilius. Sardinia and") , Corsica conquered / The Roman ambassadors first appear at Athens and Corinth - 228 The war between Cleomenes and Aratus begins, and continues for five 297 years - .... ^ z/ The colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake. The Ro- mans first cross the Po, pursuing the Gauls, who had entered Italy. "\ About this time flourished Chrysippus, Polystratus, Euphorion, Ar- I 224 chimedes, Valerius Messala, C. Naevius, Aristarchus, Apollonius of j Rhodes, Philochorus, Aristoleus, Fabius Pictor the first Roman his- J torian, Phylarchus, Lysiades, Agro, &c. The battle of Sellasia - ... The social war between the ^Etolians and Acheeans, assisted by Philip Saguntum taken by Annibal - _ _ ' The second Punic war begins, and continues 1 7 years The battle of the lake Thrasymenus, and, next year, that of Cannae The Romans begin the auxiliary war against Philip in Epirus, which \ is continued by intervals for 1 4 years Syracuse taken by Marcellus, after a siege of three years - Philopoemen defeats Machanidas at Mantinea ... Asdrubal is defeated. About this time flourished Plautus, Archaga-~i thus, Evander, Teleclus, Hermippus, Zeno, Sotion, Ennius, Hiero- > nymus of Syracuse, Thepolemus, Epicydes, &c. J CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE B. C 202 200 198 197 192 191 1S9 The battle of Zama The first Macedonian war begins, and continues near four yean The battle of Panius, where Antiochus defeats Scopes The battle of Cynoscephale, where Philip is defeated The war of Antiochus the Great begins, and continues three years Lacedaemon joined to the Achaean league by Philopoemen The luxuries of Asia brought to Rome The laws of Lycurgus abrogated for a while at Sparta, by Philopoemen 1 88 Antiochus the Great defeated and killed in Media. A bout this time flou-^ rished Aristophanes of Byzantium, Asclepiades, Tegula, C. Laelius, I .- Aristonvnms, Hegesinus, Diogenes the stoic, Critolaus Masinissa, j the Scipios, the Gracchi, Thoas, &c. J war, which continues for one year, between Eumenes and Prusias, ~ S4 tiil the death of Annibal / Philopoemen defeated and killed by Dinocrates - 1 83 Numa's books found in a stone coffin at Rome - - ' - 179 Perseus sends his ambassadors to Carthage - - 1 75 "tolemy's generals defeated by Antiochus, in a battle between Pelusium ") , - j and mount Cassius. The second Macedonian war J The battle of Pydna, and the fall of the Macedonian empire. AboutA this period 0ourished Attains the astronomer, Metrodorus, Terence, ( ,~Q Crates, Polybius, Pacuvius, Hipparchus, Heraclides, Carueades, j Aristarchus, &c. J Twne measured out at Rome by a water machine, invented by Scipio ~) .-,, Nasica, 134 years after the introduction of sun-dials J Andriscus, the Pseudophilip, assumes the royalty in Macedon - 152 Demetrius, king of Syria, defeated and killed by Alexander Balas - 1 50 The third Punic war begins. Prusias, king of Bithynia, put to death ~| ^g oy his son Nicomedes . J The' Romans make war against the Achseans, which is finished the next ") j ^ year by Mummius / Carthage is destroyed by Scipio, and Corinth by Mummius - 147 Viriathus is defeated by Laelius in Spain - - 1 46 The war of Numantia begins, and continues for eight years - 141 The Roman army, under Mancinus, is defeated by the Numantines - 138 Restoration of learning at Alexandria, and universal patronage offered to~\ all learned men by Ptolemy Physcon. The age of Satyrus, Aristo- I ,,,7 bulus, Mnaseas, Antipater, Diodorus the peripatetic, Nicander, J Ctesibius, Sarpedon, Micipsa, &c. J The famous embassy of Scipio, Metellus, Mummius, and Panaetius, "I jgg into Egypt, Syria, and Greece J The history of the Apocrypha ends. The servile war in Sicily begins, ~> ^5 and continues for three years / Numantia taken. Pergamus annexed to the Roman empire - - 133 Antiochus Sidetes killed by Phraates. Aristouicus defeated by Per- 1 jgj penna J The Romans make war against the pirates of the Baleares. Carthage ~> ^3 is rebuilt by order of the Roman senate J C. Gracchus killed - 12 Dalmatia conquered by Metellus - - - - 1 1 8 Cleopatra assumes the government of Egypt. The age of Erymnaus,^ Clitomachus, Apollonius, Herodicus, L. Caelius, Castor, Menecrates, > 1 1& Lucilius, &c. J The Jugurt'iii e warbegins, and continues fiar five year* - - H. xiv CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. TheTeutones and Cimbri begin the war against Rome, and continue it ) for eight years > The Teutones defeat 80,000 Romans on the banks of the Khone The Teutones defeated by C. Marius at Aquee Sextia The Cimbri defeated by Marius and Catullus Dolabella conquers Lusitania Cyrene left by Ptolemy Apion to the Romans The Social War begins, and continues three years, till finished by Sylla The Mithridatic war begins, and continues 26 years The civil wars of Marius and Sylla begin, and continue six years Sylla conquers Athens, and sends its valuable libraries to Rome Young Marius is defeated by Sylla, who is made dictator - The death of Sylla. About this time flourished Philo, Charmidas, As- ^ clepiades, Apellicon, Leon, Sinnas, Alexander Polyhistor, Plotius, f Gallus, Dositheus, Zeno, Hortensius, Archias, Posidonius, Gemi- y nus, &c. j Bithynia left by Nicomedes to the Romans - The Servile War, under Spartacus, begins,and, twoyears after, the rebel > general is defeated and killed by Pompey and Crassus ) Mithridates and Tigranes defeated by Lucullus Mithridates conquered by Pompey in a night battle. Crete is subdued ) by Metellus, after a war of two years The reign of the Seleucidse ends in Syria on the conquest of the country by Pompey Catiline's conspiracy detected by Cicero. Mithridates kills himself The first triumvirate in the persons of J. Caesar, Pompey, and Cras-^ sus. About this time flourished Apollonius of Rhodes, Terentius, / Varro, Tyrannion, Aristodemus of Nysa, Lucretius, Dionysius the \ Grammarian, Cicero, Antiochus, Spurinus, Andronicus, Catujlus, i Sallust, Timoganes, &c. J Cicero banished from Rome, and recalled the next year Ccesar passes the Rhine, defeats the Germans, and invades Britain Crassus is killed by Surena Civil war between Caesar and Pompey ... The battle of Pharsalia Alexandria taken by Casar - ^" .' The war of Africa. Cato kills himself. This year is called the year 1 of confusion, because the calendar was corrected by Sosigenes, and > the year made to consist of 15 months, or 445 davs S The battle of Munda - - - . . Ccesar murdered - _ .'"! ' The battle of Mutina. The second triumvirate in Octavius, Antony, } and Lepidus. Cicero put to death. The age of Sosigenes, C. Ne- f pos, Diodorus Siculus, Trogus Pompey, Didymus the scholiast,^ Varro the poet, &c. \ The battle of Philippi _ Pacprus, general of Parthia, defeated by Ventidius, 14 years after the/ disgrace of Crassus, and on the same day Pompey the Younger defeated in Sicily by Octavius Octavius and Antony prepare for war Alexandria taken, and Egypt reduced into a Roman province - CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 1T B r. Fhe title of Augustus given to Octavius -. 27 The Egyptians adopt the Julian year. About this time flourished Vir-^v gil, Manil'us, Dioscorides, Asinius Pollio, Maecenas, Agrippa, Stra- ( - bo, Horace, Macer, Propertius, Livy. Musa Tibullus, Ovid, Pyla- j des, Bathyllus, Varius, Tucoa, Vitruvius, &c. J The conspiracy of Muraena against Augustus - - 22 Augustus visits Greece and Asia . - 21 The Roman ensigns recovered from the Parthians by Tiberius - 20 The secular games celebrated at Rome - -17 Lollius defeated by the Germans - - 16 The Rhaeti and Vindelici defeated by Drusus - 15 The Pannonians conquered by Tiberius - 12 Some of the German nations conquered by Drusus - 1 1 Augustus corrects the calendar, by ordering the 12 ensuing years be without intercalation. About this time flourished Damascenus, Hyginus, Flaccus the grammarian, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Dionysius the geographer Tiberius retires to Rhodes for seven years 6 Our SAVIOUR is born, four years before the vulgar era, in the year 4710" of the Julian period, A.U.C. 749, and the fourth of the 193 Olym- > 4 piad J Tiberius returns to Rome - - . - 2 Ovid banished to Tomos - - ' :. : 9 Varus defeated and killed in Germany by Arminius - Augustus dies at Nola, and is succeeded by Tiberius. The age of Phaeo drus, Asinius Gallus, Velleius Paterculus, Germanicus, Cornel, > 14 Celsus, &c. J Twelve cities in Asia destroyed by an earthquake - - 1 7 Germanicus, poisoned by Piso, dies at Ant ioch - ui * 19 Tiberius goes to Capreae - - * . 26 Our SAVIOUR crucified. This is put four years later by most chro-\ nologists J Sejanus disgraced Tiberius dies, and is succeeded by Caligula. About this period flou-"* rished Valerius Maximus, Columella, Appian, Philo Judaeus, Arta- > 37 banus, and Agrippina J Caligula murdered by Chaereas, and succeeded by Claudius - 4 1 The expedition of Claudius into Britain <;.' ; - 43 Caractacus carried in chains to Rome - - - 5 1 Claudius succeeded by Nero 4 ; .:- 54 Agrippina put to death by her son Nero - - - 59 Seneca, Lucan,-and others, put to death - 65 Nero visits Greece. The Jewish war begins. The age of Persius,"j Q. Curtius, Pliny the elder, Josephus, Frontinus, Burrhus, Corbulo, V Cfl Thrasea, Boadicea, &c. j Nero dies, and is succeeded by Galba - - 63 Galba put to death. Otho, defeated by Vitellius, kills himself. Vi- 1 fifl tellius is defeated by Vespasian's army J Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Titus - '-:!' '-* 70 The Parthians revolt - j ...>. . - - 77 Death of Vespasian, and succession of Titus. Herculaneum and) Pompeii destroyed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius 3 Death of Titus, and succession of.Domitian. The age of Sil. ItalicusJ Martial, Apollon, Tyanreus, Valerius Flaccus, Solinus, Epictetus,> 81 Quinctilian, Lupus, Agricola, &c. N CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. *Vitoliue games instituted by Domitian, and celebrated every fourth | VC3T Secular games celebrated. The war with Dacia begins OCCUiai K"""-^ V.^^M*~ *J __ Domitian put to death by Stephanus, &c. and succeeded by Nerva. j gg The age of Juvenal, Tacitus. Statius, &c. Nerva dies, and is succeeded by Trajan Pliny made proconsul of Bithynia Dacia reduced to a Roman province Trajan's expedition against Parthia. About this time flourished FloO rus, Suetonius, Pliny junior, Philo Byblius, Dion, Prusaeus, Plu- > 106 tarch, &c. Trajan's column erected at Rome - - - ' l4 Trajan dies, and is succeeded by Adrian - Adrian builds a wall in Britain - - 121 Adrian visits Asia and Egypt for seven years - - 126 He rebuilds Jerusalem, and raises there a temple to Jupiter - 130 The Jews rebel, and are defeated after a war of five years, and alll ^ banished / Adrian dies, and is succeeded by Antoninus Pius. In the reign of"| Adrian flourished Theon, Phavorinus, Phlegon, Trallian, Aristides, > 138 Aquila, Salvius Julian, Polycarp, Arrian, Ptolemy, &c. J Antoninus defeats the Moors, Germans, and Dacians - - 145 The worship of Serapis brought to Rome - - H6 Antoninus dies, and is succeeded by M. Aurelius and L. Verus, the last of which reigned nine years. In the reign of Antoninus | flourished Maximus Tyrius, Pausanias, Diophantes, Lucian, Her- > 161 mogenes, Polyaenus, Appian, Artemidorus, Justin the martyr, I Apuleius, &c. A war with Parthia, which continues three years - - 1 62 A war against the Marcomanni, which continues five years - 169 Another, which continues three years - - 1 77 "M. Aurelius dies, and Commodus succeeds. In the last reign flou-^ rished Galen, Athenagoras, Tatian, Athenaeus, Montanus, Diogenes > 18Q Laertius J Commodus makes peace with the Germans - - - 181 Commodus put to death by Martia and Laetus. He is succeeded for^v a few months by Pertinax, who is murdered, 1 93, and four rivals I arise, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Severus, and Albinus. { Under Commodus flourished J. Pollux, Theodotion, St. Irenaeus, &c. J Niger is defeated by Severus at Issus - - - 194 Albinus defeated in Gaul - . . _ jgg Severus conquers the Parthians - 200 .Severus visits Britain, and builds a wall there - - . 207 Severus dies^at York, and is succeeded by Caracalla and Geta. 211 rus oies at York, and is succeeded by Caracalla and Geta. In"| his reign flourished Tertullian, Minutius Felix, Papinianus, Cle- > mens of Alexandria, Philostratus, Plotianus and Bulas J Seta killed by his brother Caracalla - 212 The Septuagint discovered. Caracalla murdered by Macrinus. 1 Flourished Oppian > 217 Opilius Macrinus killed by the soldiers, and succeeded by Helioga- 1 bains > 218 Alexander Severus succeeds Heligobalus. The Goths then exacted ) an annual payment not to invade or molest the Roman empire > 272 The age of Julius Africanus S CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xvii A. D. The Arsacidse of Parthia are conquered by Artaxerxes, king of Media, > ^Q and their empire destroyed 5 Alexander defeats the Persians - - 23~ Alexander killed, and succeeded by Maximinus. At that time flou- rished Dion. Cassius, Origen, and Ammonius The two Gordians succeed Maximinus, and are put to death by Pu- pienus, who soon after is destroyed, with Balbinus, by the sol- > 236 diers of the younger Gordian Sabinianus defeated in Africa - 240 Gordian marches against the Persians - - 242 He is put to death by Philip, who succeeds, and makes peace with } Sapor. About this time flourished Censorius and Gregory Thau- > 244 maturgus J Philip killed, and succeeded by Decius. Herodian flourished - 249 Decius succeeded by Callus - - 251 A great pestilence over the empire - - - 252 Callus dies, and is succeeded by jEmilianus, Valerianus, and Gallie- ) ^54 nus. In the reign of Callus flourished St. Cyprian and Plotinus y The empire is harassed by thirty tyrants successively - - 257 Valerian is taken by Sapor, and flead alive - - 260 Odenatus governs the east for Gallienus - 264 The Scythians and Goths defeated - - 267 Gallienus killed, and succeeded by Claudius. In this reign flourished ) ~~Q Longinus, Paulus Samosatenus, &c. $ Claudius conquers the Goths, and kills 300,000 of them. Zenobia > 2g9 takes possession of Egypt $ Aurelian succeeds- - 270 Zenobia defeated by Aurelian at Edessa - 273 Dacia ceded to the barbarians by the emperor - - 274 Aurelian killed, and succeeded by Tacitus, who died after a reign of} six months, and was succeeded by Florianus, and two months > 275 after, by Probus ) Probus makes an expedition into Gaul - - 277 He defeats the Persians in the East - - - 280 Probus is put to death, and succeeded by Carus, and his sons Cari- nus and Numerianus Dioclesian succeeds - - 284 The empire attacked by the barbarians of the north. Dioclesian ) <,ofi takes Maximianus as his imperial colleague ) Britain recovered, after a tyrant's usurpation of 10 years. Alexan- ^ OQQ dria taken by Dioclesian j Dioclesian and Maximianus abdicate the empire, and live in retire- ment, succeeded by Constantius Chlorus and Galerius Maximia- i iius, the two Csesars. About this time flourished J. Capitolinus, s. 304 Arnobius, Gregory and Hermogenes, the lawyers, JE\ius Spar-i tianus, Hierocles, Flavius Vopiscus, Trebellius Pollio, &c. J Constantius dies, arid is succeeded by his son - 306 At this time there were four emperors, Constantine> Licinus, Max- ) OQO imianus, and Maxentius ) Maxentius defeated and killed by Constantine - The emperor Constantine begins to favour the Christian religion - 319 Licinius defeated and banished by Constantine - 324 The seat of empire removed from Rome to Constantinople - - 328 Constantinople solemnly dedicated by the emperor on the eleventh J ^Q CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. A. D, Constantine 01 ders all the heathen temples to be destroyed - 331 The death of Constantine, and succession of his three sons, Constan- } tinus, Constans, and Constantius. In the reign of Constantine > 337 flourished Lactantius and Athanasius Constantine the Younger defeated and killed by Constans at Aqui- ) 34Q leia > Constans killed in Spain by Magnentius Callus put to death by Constantius - One hundred and fifty cities of Asia, ruined by an earthquake Constantius and Julian quarrel, and prepare for war; but the former^ dies the next year, and leaves the latter sole emperor. About this f 36Q period flourished jElius Donatus, Eutropius, Libanius, Ammian, ^ Marcellinus, &c. j Julian dies, and is succeeded by Jovian. In Julian's reign flou- rished Gregory Nazianzen, Themistius, Aurelius Victor, &c. Upon the death of Jovian, and the succession of Valens and Valen- tinian, the empire is divided, the former being emperor of the east, 364 and the other of the west Gratian taken as partner in the western empire by Valentinian - 367 Firmus, tyrant of Africa, defeated - - 373 Valentinian the Second succeeds Valentinian the First - - 375 The Goths permitted to settle in Thrace, on being expelled by the | ^^ Huns ^ Fheodosius the Great succeeds Valens in the eastern empire - 379 Gratian killed and defeated by Andragathius - - - 383 The tyrant Maximus defeated and put to death by Theodosius - 388 Eugenius usurps the western empire, and is two years after de- ) ,, QO feated by Theodosius $ Theodosius dies, and is succeeded by his sons, Arcadius in the east, ^ and Honorius in the west. In the reign of Theodosius flourished f on,- Ausonius, Eunapius, Pappus, Theon, Prudentius, St. Austin, ^ St. Jerome, St. Ambrose, &c. j Gildo, defeated by his own brother, kills himself - - 398 Stilichio defeats 200,000 of the Goths at Fesulee - 405 The Vandals, Alani, and Suevi, permitted to settle in Spain and) .,,. France by Honorius \ Theodosius the Younger succeeds Arcadius in the east, having Isde- ) 4f)S gerdes, king of Persia, as his guardian, appointed by his father Rome plundered by Alaric, king of the Visigoths - - 41 The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain - 412 The kino-dom of the Burgundians is begun in Alsace - - 41.3 The Visigoths found a kingdom at Thoulouse - - - 414 The Alani defeated and extirpated by the Goths - - 417 The kingdom of the French begins on the Lower Rhine - - 420 The death of Honorius, and succession of Valentinian the Third. } Under Honorius flourished Sulpicius Severus, Macrobius, Ania- f nus, Panodorus, Stobaeus, Servius the commentator, Hypatia,( 423 Pelagius Synosius, Cyrill, Orosius, Socrates, &c. 1 Theodosius establishes public schools at Constantinople, and at- ) tempts the restoration of learning t ^~ 5 Pannonia recovered from the Huns by the Romans. The Vandals ) pass into Africa \ 427 The French defeated by jEtius - ... 428 The Theodosian code published - 435 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Genseric. the Vandal takes Carthage, and begins the kinguom 01 / ._ the Vandals in Africa J Attila, king of the Huns, ravages Europe - 447 The Romans abandon Britain for ever - - 448 Theodosius the second dies, and is succeeded by Marcianus. } About this time flourished Zosimus, Nestorius, Theodoret, Sozo- > 450 men, Olympiodorus, &c. j The city of Venice first began to be known - - 452 Death of Valentinian the Third, who is succeeded by Maximus for } two months, by Avitus for ten, and, after an inter-regnum of ten > 454 months, by Majorianus j Rome taken by Genseric - - 455 Marcianus dies, and is succeeded by Leo, surnamed the Thracian - 457 Severus succeeds in the western empire - - 461 Anthemus succeeds in the western empire, after an inter-regnum of) .g two years $ Olybius succeeds Anthemus, and is succeeded, the next year, by Glycerius, and Glycerius by Nepos Nepos is succeeded by Augustulus. Leo junior, son of Ariadne, though an infant, succeeds his grandfather Leo in the eastern em- 472 474 pire, and, some months after, is succeeded by his father Zeno The western empire is destroyed by Odoacer, King of the Heruli.i who assumes the title of King of Italy. About that time flourished > 476 Eutyches, Prosper, Victorius, Sidonius Apollinaris ) Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, revolts about this time, and con- > 4 g 8 quers Italy. About this time flourished Boethius and Symmachus After the death of Zeno in the east, Ariadne married Anastasius, sur- ) 4Q1 named the Silentiery, who ascends the vacant throne 4 Justin the First, a peasant of Dalmatia, makes himself emperor - 518 Justinian the First, nephew of Justin, succeeds. Under his glorious } reign flourished Belisarius, Procopius, Proclus, Narses, &c. J Justinian publishes his celebrated code of laws - - 528 Conquest of Africa by Belisarius, and that of Rome two years after - 534 Italy is invaded by the Franks - - 538 The Roman consulship suppressed by Justinian - 541 The beginning of the Turkish empire in Asia - - 545 Defeat and death of Totila, the Gothic king of Italy - - 552 Justin the Second, son of Vigilantia, the sister of Justinian, succeeds 565 Part of Italy conquered by the Lombards - 568 Tiberius the Second, an officer of the imperial guard, is adopted, ) r7R and soon after succeeds y Maurice, the Cappadocian, son-in-law to Tiberius, succeeds - 582 Gregory the First, surnamed the Great, fills St. Peter's chair at) cr . n Rome 5 J9C About this time the Saxon Heptarchy began in England - - 600 Phocas, a simple centurion, is elected emperor, after the revolt of) - the oldiers, and the murder of Maurice and of his children J Heraclius, an officer in Africa, succeeds, after the murder of the usurper Phocas The conquest of Chosroes, king of Persia, in Syria, Egypt, Asia Minor, and afterwards, his siege of Rome ^ Mahomet, in his 53d year, flies from Mecca to Medina, which forms | fi22 the first year of the Hegira, the era of the Mahometans $ Constantinople is besieged bv the Persians and Arabs - - 626 xx CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. A.D. Death of Mahomet - 632 Constantine the Third, son of Herachus, m partnership with Hera- cleonas, his brother by the same father, assumes the imperial x purple. Constantine reigns 103 days, and, after his death, his ( g41 son! Constantine's son Constans is declared emperor, though > Heracleonas, with his mother Martina, wished to continue in pos-^ session of the supreme power Oosntantine the Fourth, surnamed Pogonatus, succeeds on the mur- i der of his father in Sicily. Constantinople is first besieged by the > 668 Justinian the Second succeeds his father Constantine. In his exilei of 10 years the purple was usurped by Laontius and Absimerus> 685 Tiberius. His restoration happened 705 3 Africa finally conquered by the Arabs - 709 Bardanes, surnamed Philippicus, succeeds at Constantinople, on the > ^ j ^ murder of Justinian $ Spain is conquered by the Arabs. Accession of Artemius, or Anas- ) ^jg tasius the Second, to the throne ) Second siege of Constantinople by the Arabs. Anastatiiis abdi-^ bates, and is succeeded by Theodosius the Third, who, two years I 7 jg after, yields to the superior influence of Leo the Third, the first of | the Isaurian dynasty J Constantine the Fifth, surnamed Copronymus, succeeds his father Leo 741 _.eo the Fourth, son of Constantine, succeeds, and, five years after, ) -- is succeeded by his wife Irene and his son Constantine Sixth j Irene murders her son and reigns alone - 792 Charlemagne is crowned emperor of Rome and of the western em- } pire. About this time the Popes separate themselves from the > 800 princes of Constantinople J Egbert ascends the throne of England, but the total reduction of the ) oni Saxon heptarchy is not eforted till 26 years after 5 Nicephorus the First, great treasurer of the empire, succeeds - 802 Stauracius, son of Nicephorus, and Michael the First, surnamed } Rhangabe, the husband of Procopia, sister of Stauracius, assume > 811 the purple \ Leo the Fifth, the Armenian, though but an officer of the palace > ascends the throne of Constantinople t Michael the Second, the Thracian, surnamed the Stammerer, sue- > ceeds after the murder of Leo j u Theophilus succeeds his father Michael - _ 829 Origin of the Russian monarchy - 839 Michael the Third succeeds his father Theophilus - _ 842 Michael is murdered, and succeeded by Basil the First, the Mace-} donian 857 Baiil is succeeded by his son Leo the Sixth, the philosopher - 886 Death of Alfred, king of England, after a reign of 30 years - 901 Alexander, brother of Leo, succeeds, with his nephew Cor.stantine> the Seventh, surnamed Porphyrogenitus f Romanus the First, surnamed Lecapenus, general of the fleet, usurps ) the throne, with his three sons, Christopher, Stephen, and Con- > 919 stantine the Eighth \ The sons of Romanus conspire against their father, and the tumults> this occasioned produced the restoration of Porphyrogenitus t 945 Romanus the Second, son of Constantine the Seventh, by Helena J the daughter of Lecapenus succeeds ^ ^ ni $ o-> J CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Romanus, poisoned by his wife Theophano, is succeeded by Ni-^ cephorus Phocas the Second, whom the Empress, unable to reign / alone under the title of protectress of her young children, had f married Nicephorus, at the instigation of Theophano, is murdered by Johi Zimisces, who assumes the purple Basil the Second, and Constantine the Ninth, the two sons of Ro-< manus by Theophano, succeed on the death of Zimisces Constantine becomes sole emperor on the death of his brother - 1025 Romanus the Third, surnamed Argyrus, a patrician, succeeds by) jQgg marrying Zoe, the daughter of the late monarch $ Zoe, after prostituting herself to a Paphlagonian money lender,^ causes her husband Romanus to be poisoned, and, afterwards, / ^Q^ marries her favorite, who ascends the throne under the name off Michael the Fourth Zoe adopts for her son Michael the Fifth, the trade of whose i father (careening vessels) had procured him the surname of Ca- > 1041 laphates 7 Zoe, and her sister Theodora, are made sole empresses by the po--> pulace, but after two months, Zoe, though 60 years old, takes for > 1042 her third husband, Constantine the Tenth, who succeeds 3 The Turks invade the Roman empire - 1050 After the death of Constantine, Theodora recovers the sovereignty ,i and 19 months after, adopts, as her successor, Michael the Sixth,> 1054 surnamed Stratioticus } Isaac Comenus the First, chosen emperor by the soldiers - - 1057 Isaac abdicates, and when his brother refuses to succeed him, he appoints his friend Constantine the Eleventh, surnamed Ducas The crown of England is transferred from the head of Harold by the battle of Hastings, October 14th, to William the Conqueror, 1066 duke of Normandy On the death of Ducas, hi-s wife Eudocia, instead of protecting her three sons, Michael, Andronicus, and Constantine, usurps the so- 1067 vereignty, and marries Romanus the Third, surnamed Diogenes Romanus being taken prisoner by the Turks, the three young princes ascend the throne, under the name of Michael Parapinaces the 1071 Seventh, Andronicus the First, and Constantine the Twelfth The general Nicephorus Botaniates the Third, assumes the purple - 1078 Alexius Commenus the First, nephew of Isaac the First, ascends ~\ the throne. His reign is rendered illustrious by the pen of his f _ daughter, the princess Anna Commena. The Normans, under Robert of Apulia, invade the eastern empire } Asia Minor finally conquered by the Turks - 1084 Accession of William the Second to the English Throne - - 1087 The First crusade - - 1095 Jerusalem conquered by the Turks - ,,'.;*.;- - - 1096 Jerusalem retaken by the crusaders - -. 4,> v - 1099 Henry the First succeeds to the throne of England - - 1100 John, or Calojohannes, son of Alexius, succeeds at Constantinople - 1118 Accession of Stephen to the English crown - 1135 Manuel, son of John, succeeds - 1143 The second crusade - - - - 1147 flenry the Second succeeds in England - - 1154 Conquest of Egypt by the Turks - - 1 169 1059 1183 1185 lxii CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. A. D Alexius the Second succeeds his father Manuel - 1 180 From the disorders of the government, on account of the minority of Alexius, Andronicus, the grandson of the great Alexius, is named guardian, but he murders Alexius, and ascends the throne Andronicus is cruelly put to death, and Isaac Angolus, a descen dant of the great Alexius, by the female line succeeds Richard the First succeeds his father Henry in England. The third j lgy crusade, and the siege of Acre Alexius Angelus, brother of Isaac, revolts, and usurps the sove- J195 reignty, by putting out the eyes of the emperor Tohn succeeds to the English throne - 1 199 Constantinople is besieged and taken by the Latins, and Isaac is2 taken from his dungeon and replaced on the throne with his sonV 1203 Alexius. This year is remarkable for the fourth crusade } he father and son are murdered by Alexius Mourzoufle, and Con-, stantinople is again besieged and taken by the French and Vene- tians, who elect Baldwin, count of Flanders, emperor of the east. I In the mean time, Theodore Lascaris makes himself emperor of/ Vice! Alexius, grandson of the tyrant Andronicus, becomes' emperor of Trebizond; and Michael an illegitimate child of the- Angeli, founds an empire in Epirus The emperor Baldwin is defeated by the Bulgarians, and next year) ^05 is succeeded by his brother Henry ) Reign and conquests of the great Zingis Khan, first emperor of the) , 2 Qg Moguls and Tartars, till the time of his death, 1227 $ Magna Charta granted to the English Barons by King John - 1215 Henry the Third succeeds his father John on the English throne - 1216 Peter of Courtenay, the husband of Yolanda, sister of the two last) 1,217 emperors, Baldwin and Henry, is made emperor by the Latins 5 The fifth crusade - - - 1218 Robert, son of Peter Courtenay, succeeds ... 1221 Theodore Lascaris is succeeded on the throne of Nice by his son-) 1000 in-law, John Ducas Vataces 5 ^ John of Brienne, and Baldwin the Second, son of Peter, succeed on) , 20 g the throne of Constantinople 5 Baldwin alone - - 1240 Origin of the Ottomans - - 1240 Ducas Vataces is succeeded on the throne of Nice by his son) Theodore Lascaris the Second $ Lascaris succeeded by his son John Lascaris, a minor . - 1259 Michael Palseologus, son of the sister of the queen of Theodore) Lascaris, ascends the throne, after the murder of the youne> 1260 prince's guardian "\ Constantinople is recovered from the Latins by the Greek emperors) of Nice l l Edward the First succeeds on the English throne - - 1272 Michael Palaeologus, and his son Andronicus, who had already) reigned nine years conjointly with his father, ascends the throne $ Edward the Second succeeds to the English crown - - 1307 Translation of the holy see to Avignon, which alienation continues) 68 years, till the return of Gregory the Eleventh t " Edward the Third succeeds in England - . 1327 Andronicus adopts, as his colleagues, Manuel, and his grandson^ the younger Andronicus. Manuel dying, Andronicus revolts > 1328 against his grandfather, who abdicates \ CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. About this time flourished Leo Pilatus, a Greek professor at FIo-^ rence, Barlaam, Petrarch, Boccace, and Manuel Crysolarus/ ,onq where may be fixed the era of the revival of Greek literature inw Italy Andronicus is succeeded by his son John Paleeologus, in the ninth ^ year of his age. John Cantacuzene, who had been left guardianf ,~ 41 of the young prince, assumes the purple. First passage of thek Turks into Europe The battle of Cressy - - - - 1346 Seditions of Rienzi at Rome, and his elevation to the tribuneship - 1347 Establishment of the Ottomans in Europe - ] 353 Cantacuzene abdicates the purple - - 1355 The battle of Poictiers - - - 1356 Rise of Timour, or Tamerlane, to the throne of Sarmacand, and his> , - extensive conquests till his death, after a reign of 35 years 5 Accession of Richard the Second to the English throne - - 1377 Manuel succeeds his father John Palaeologus - - - 1391 Accession of Henry the Fourth in England - - -1 399 Henry the Fourth is succeeded by his son Henry the Fifth - 1413 Battle of Agincourt - - 1415 Henry the Sixth succeeds to the throne of England. Constantinople^ is besieged by Amurath the Second, the Turkish Emperor } John Paleeologus the Second, succeeds his father Manuel - 1425 Constantine, one of the sons of Manuel, ascends the throne after his> brother John f 1448 Mahomet the Second, emperor of the Turks, besieges and takes Constantinople on the 26th of May. Fall of the eastern empire, i The captivity of the Greeks, and the extinction of the imperial^ families of the Commeni and Paleeologi. About this time, the/* Yorkists in England began to aspire to the crown, and, by their\ ambitions views, to deluge the whole kingdom in blood -^ CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, AiJ AB ABA and Abse, a town of Phocis, famous fix | Imaus. The inhabitants are said to have tlieif an oracle of ApolJo, surnamed Abseus. The in- toes bebind tbeir heels, and to breathe no air habitants, called Abantes, were of Thracian ori- but that of their native country. Plin. 7, c. 2. After the ruin of their country by Xerxes, ABAJUS, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid. Met* they migrated to Euboea, which from them was called Abantis. Some of them passed after- wards from Eubcea into Ionia. Herod. 8, c. 33. Paus. 10, c. 55. A city of Caria. Another 5, v. 86. A Rutulian killed by Euryalus. Virg. /En. 9, v. 344. A Scythian, son of Seu- thes, in the age of Croesus, or the Trojan war, who received a flying arrow from Apollo, with of Arabia Felix. A mountain near Smyrna, which he gave oracles, and transported himself Plin. 5, c. 24. Strab. 10. wherever he pleased. He is said to have re- ABACENE, a country of Sicily near Messana. Dwd. 14. ABADIR, the nausj of a stone which Ops or jthea presented to Saturn, instead of his chil nren. turned to the Hyperborean countries from Athens without eating, and to have made the Trojan Palladium with the oones of Pelops. Some suppose that he wrote treatises in GreeK and it is reported, that there is a Greek manu- \BJEUS, a surname of Apollo, a name of a script of his epistles to Phalaris in the library of temple which was consecrated to him in the city Augsburg. But there were perhaps two persons of Aba. of that name. Herodot. 4, c. 36. Sfab. 7. ABALCS, an island in the German ocean, i Patu,. 3, c. 33. where, as the ancients supposed, the amber ABARTJS, an Arabian prince, who perfidiously dropped from the trees. Plin 37, c. 2. If a I deserted Crassus in his expedition against Par- man was drowned there, and his body never ap- thia. Appian. in Parth. He is called Mezeres peared above the water, propitiatory sacrifices were offered to his manes durinp a hundred years. Plin. 37, c. 2. ABANA, a place of Capua. Cic. contra Rull. ABANTES, a people of Peloponne -as, who built a town in Phocis called Aba, after their eader Abas, whence also their name originated; they afterwards went to Euboea. [Fid. Abantis.] . , a _ Ilerodot. 1, c. 146. nius and valour. He was father to Proetus and ABANTIAS, and ABAHTIADF.S, a patronymic Acrisius, and built Aba;. He reigned 23 years. given to the descendants of Abas king of Ar- B. C. 1384. Paus. 2, c 16 ; 1. 10, c. 35. gos, such as Acrisius, Danae, Perseus, Atalanta, Apoliod. 2, c. 2. One of ^Eneas's companions, killed in Italy. Virg- /En. 10, v. 170. Another lost in the storm which drove vEneas to Car- thage. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 125. A Latian chief. by Flor. 3, c. 11. and Ariamnes by Pint, in Crass. ABAS, a mountain in Syria, where the Eu- phrates rises. A river of Armenia Major, where Pompey routed the Albani. Pint, in Pomp. A son of Metanira, changed into a lizard for laugh- ing at Ceres. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 7. The lltb king of Argos, son of Belus, some say of Lyn ceus and Hypermnestra, was famous for his ge - Odd. ABANTIDAS. made himself master of Sicyon, after he had murdered Clinias the father of Ara- tus. He was himself soon after assassinated, P>. C. 251. Pint, in Arat. ABAJJTIS, or Abantias, an ancient name of the island of Euboea, received from the Abantes, who settled in it from Phocis. Plin. 4 c. 12. Also a country of Epirus. Paus. 5 c. 22. ABARBAREA, one of the Naiades, mother of J'^sepus and Pedasus by Bucolion, Laomedon's eldest son. Homer. II. 6, v. 12. AuAitiMON, a country of Scythia, near mount who assisted ^Enea? against Turnus, and w killed by Lausus. V t ,g. JEn. 10, v. 170, &c. A Greek killed by the Trojans, at the burning of Troy. Virg. ln. 3, v. 286. A centaur, famous for his skill in hunting. Odd. Met. 12, v. 306. A soothsayer, to whom the Spartans erected a statue for his services to Lysander. Paws. 10, c. 9. A son of Neptune. Hygin,fab. 157. A sopliist who wrote two treatises, one on his- tory, the other on rhetori ; the tune in which A B h fired is unknowa. A man who wrote an ac- count of 1 toy. He is quoted by Servius in Virg. JEn. 9. ABASA, an island in the Red Sea, near /Ethi- opia. Paus. 6, c. 26. ABASITIS, a part of Mysia in Asia. Srrab. AB ASS Ex A or Abassinia. Vid. Abyssinia. ABASSUS, a town of Phrygia. Liv. 38, c. 1.5 ABASTOR, one of Pluto's horses. AB.\TOS, an island near Memphis, in Egypt, abounding with flax and papyrus. Osiris was oaried there. Lucan. 10, v. 323. ABDALONIMUS, one of the descendants of the 'ngs of Sidon, so poor, that to maintain him- self, he worked in a garden. When Alexander took Sidon, he made him king, and enlarged his possessions on account of his great disinterested- ness. Jstw.ll, c. 10. Curt. 4, c.l. Dicd.17. ADD ERA, a town of Hispania Bietica, built by the Carthaginians. Strab. 3. A maritime city of Tlirace, built by Hercules, in memory of Ab- derus, one of his favourites. The Clazomenians and Teians beautified it. Some suppose that Abdera, the sister of Diomedes, built it. The air was so unwholesome, and the inhabitants of such a sluggish disposition, that stupidity was commonly called Abdentica mens. It gave birth to Democritus, Protagoras, Anaxarchus, and He- cabcus. Mela. 2, c. 2. Cic. ad Attic. 4, ep. 16. Herodot. 1, c. 186. Mart. 10, ep. 25. ABDERIA, a town of Spain. ApoUod. 2, c. 5. ABDERITES, a people of Paeonia, obliged to leave their country on account of the great num- ber of rats and frogs which infested it. Justin. lj, c. 2. ABDERUS, a man of Locris, arm-bearer to H wiles, was torn to pieces by the mares of i)iomedes, which the hero had entrusted to liis tare when going to war against the Bistones. Hercules built a city, which, in honour of his friend, he called Abdera. Availed. 2, c. 5. PhUostnt. 2, c. 25. ABEAT.C, a people of Achaia, probably the in- habitants of Abia. Pans. 4, c. SO.Plin. 4, c. 6. ABELLA, a town of Campania, whose inhabi- tants were called Abellani. Its nuts, called avel- laiue, were famous. Virg. An. 7, v. 740. Justin. 90, c. 5. ASIA, formerly Ire, a maritime town of Mes- senia, one of the seven cities promised to Achil- les by Agamemnon. It is called after Abia, daughter of Hercules, and nurse of Hyllus. Paus. 4,c. 30. Strab. 8. Homer. It. 9, v. 292. ABENDA, a town of Caria, whose inhabitants were the first who raised temples to the city of Rome. ABII, a nation between Scythia and Thrace. They lived upon milk, were fond of celibacy, and enemies to war. Homer. II. 13, v . 6. Ac- cording to Curt. 7, c. 6, they surrendered to Alexander, after they had been independent luce the reign of Cyrus. \!,I'I.A, or Abyla, a mountain of Africa, in nat part which is nearest to the opposite moun- Jiiti called Calpe, on the coast of Spain, only igliten miles distant. These two mountains are called the columns of Hercules, and were said formerly to be united, till the hero separated A B I them, and made a communication between tiif.- I Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. Sfab. 3. J Mela. 1, c. 5 ; 1. 2, c. 6. P/m. 3. ABISARES, an Indian prince, who offered to surrender to Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 12. ABISARIS, a country beyond the Hydaspes in India. Arrian, ABISONTES, some inhabitants o f the Alps. Plm. 3, c. 20. ABLETES a people near Troy. Strab. ABOBRICA, a town of Lusitania. Another in Spain. ABNOBA, a mountain of Germany. ABOECRITUS, a Boeotian general, killed with a thousand men, in a battle at Chieronea, against the ^Etolians. Plut. in Arat. ABOLANI, a people of Latium, near Alba. Plin. 5, c. 5. ABOLUS, a river of Sicily. Plut. in Timol. ABONITEICHOS, a town of Galatin . Arrian. in Peripl. ABORACA, a town of Sarmatia. ABORIGINES, the original inhabitants of Italy, under the reign of Saturn. Their posterity was called Latini, from Latinus, one of their kings. They assisted ^Eneas against Turnus. Rome was built in their country. The word signifies without origin, or whose origin is not known. Liv.l, c. 1, &c. Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 10. Justin. 43, c. 1. P/m. 3, c. 5. Strab. 5. ABORRAS, a river of Mesopotamia. Strab. 16. ABRADATES, a king of Susa, who, when his wife Panthea had been taken prisoner by Cyrus, and humanely treated, surrendered himself and liis troops to the conqueror. He was killed in the first battle he undertook in the cause of Cy- rus, and his wife stabbed herself on his corpse. Cyrus raised a monument on their tomb. Xe- noph. Cyrop. 5, 6, &c. ABRENTIUS, was made governor of Tarentum by Hannibal. He betrayed his trust to gain the favours of a beautiful woman, whose brother was in the Roman army. Poly cm. 8. ABROCOMAS, son of Darius, was in the army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. He was killed at Thermopyla;. Herodot. 7, c. 224. Plu(. in Cleom. ABHODI^TUS, a name given to Parrhasius the painter, on account of the sumptuous manner of his living. Vid. Parrhasius. ABRON, an Athenian, who wrote a treatise concerning the religion of the ancient Greeks. A grammarian of Rhodes, who taught rhe- toric at Rome. Another who wrote a treatise on Theocritus. A Spartan, son of Lycurgus the orator. Plut. in 10. OraK A native of Ar- gos, famous for his debauchery. ABRONVCUS, an Athenian, very serviceable to Themistocies in his embassy to Sparta. Thucud. 1, c. 91. Herodot. 8, c. 21. ABRONIUS. Silo, a Latin poet in the Augustan age. He wrote some fables. Senec. ABROTA, the wife o INisus, the youngest of the sons of ,pol. v. 20. ACASTA, one of the Oceanides. Hesiad. Theog. v. 356. AcAs'rus, son of Pelias, king of TbesBaly, B2 AC mnrried Astydamia or Hyppolyte, who fell in love with Paleus, son of ^Eacus, when in ba- , liahmeut at her husband's court. Peleus re- jecting the addresses of Hyppolyte, was accused before Acastus of attempts upon her virtue, and soon after, at a chase, exposed to wild beasts. Vulcan, by order of Jupiter, delivered Peleus, who returned to Thessaly, and put to death Acastom and his wife. Vid. Peleus and Asty- damia. Oiid. Met. 8, v. 306. The second archon of Athens. Heroid. 13, v. Zb.Apollod. 1, c. 9, &C. AcATi'Arf-rus, a bay in the Red Sea. Strab. 16. Ace* Laurentia, the wife of Faustulus, shep- herd of king Numitor's flocks. She brought up Romulus and Remus, who had been exposed on the banks of the Tiber. From her wantonness till.- u as called Lupa, (a prostitute) whence the fable mat Romulus was suckled by a she-wolf. )i.mtfi. Hal. 1, c. 18. Lie. 1, c. 4. The Romans yearly celebrated certain festivals [Vid. Laurentalia] in honour of another prostitute of the same name, which arose from this circum- stance : the keeper of the temple of Hercules, one day playing at dice, made the god one of the number, on condition that if Hercules was defeated, he should make him a present ; but if he conquered, he should be entertained with a Jegant feast, and share his bed with a beautiful female. Hercules was victorious, and accord- ingly Acca was conducted to the bed of Her- cules, who in reality came to see her, and told her in the morning to go into the streets, and salute with a kiss the first man she met. This was Tarrutios, an old unmarried man, who, not displeased with Acca's liberty, loved her, and man consul. Pint, in Marcel Cic. in Ven: 4. ACRS, a mountain in Peloponnesus. Paus. 2 . c. 34. ACRA, a daughter of the river Asterion. A surname of Diana, from a temple built to her by JYlelampus, on a mountain near Argos. A surname of .luno. Puns. 2. c. 17. A C A C ACH^PHMA, a town in Bceotia; whence I There is a temple of Venus on the top, and AnolloiscalledAcnephnius. Herodot.Q.c. 135. | Corinth is built at the bottom. Strab. 8. / aus. - 2. c. 5. Pint, in Arat.Stat. Pheb. 7, v. 1C6. ACRON, a king of Cenina, killed by Romulu* in single combat, atfter the rape of the Sabines. His spoils were dedicated to Jupiter Feretrius. P.wt. in Romul. A physician of Agrigentum, B. C. 439, educated at Athens with Empedocles. He wrote physical treatises in the Doric dialect, and cured the Athenians of a plague, by lighting fire near the houses of the infected. Plin. 29, c. 1. Plut. in hid. One of the friends of .s happily dis- obeyed, and Augustus saved from the names, a poem which proved his family to 1 e descended from the kings of Troy. The .Eneid had en- gaged the attention of the poet for 1 1 years, and in the first six books it seems that it was Virgil's design to imitate Homer's Odyssey, and in the last the Iliad. The action of the poem com- prehends eight years, one of which only, the last, is really taken up by action, as the seven first are merely episodes, such as Juno's at- tempts to destroy the Trojans, the loves of ./Eneas and Dido, the relation of the fall of Troy, &c. In the first book of the .Eneid, the hero is introduced, in the seventh year of his expedition, sailing in the Mediterranean, and shipwrecked on the African coast, where he is leceived by Dido. In the second, ^Eneas, at the desire of the Phoenician queen, plates the fall of Troy, and hi.s flight through the general conflagration to mount Ida. In the third, the hero continues his narration, by a minute ac- count of hu vovage through the Cyclades, the 18 N places where he landed, and the dreadful storm with the description of which the poem opened. Dido, in the fourth book, makes public her partiality to ^Eneas, which is slighted by the sailing of the Trojans from Carthage, and the book closes with the suicide of the disappointed queen. In the hfth book, .ached him as being C2 & 8 the son of a courtesan. The first open signs of enmity between the rival orators appeared at the court of Philip, where they were sent as amba*sailors ; but the character of ./Eschines was tarnished by the acceptance of a bribe from the Macedonian prince, whose tyranny had hitherto been the general subject of his declamation. When the Athenians wished to reward the patriotic labours of Demosthenes with a golden crown, .rat. Art. Poet. 278. Quiittil. 10, c. 1. Plin. 10, c. 3. Veil. Max. 9, c. 12. The 12th perpetual archon of Athens. A Corinthian, brother-in-law to Timophanes, intimate with Timoleon. Piut. tn Tiinol. A Rhodian set over Egypt with Peucestes of Macedonia. Curt. 4, c. 8. ^Escui.Aru.'s, son of Apollo, by Coronis, or as some say, by Larissa daughter of Phlegias, was god of medicine. After his union with Coronis, Apollo set a crow to watch her, and was soon informed that she admitted the ca- resses of Ischys, of ^Emonia. The god, in a fit of anger, destroyed Coronis with lightning, but saved the infant from her womb, and gave him to be educated to Chiron, who taught him the art of medicine. Some authors say, that Coronis left her father to avoid the discovery of her pregnancy, and that she exposed her child near Epidaurus. A goat of the flocks of Aresthanas ( gave him her milk, and the dog who kept the flock stood by him to shelter him from injury. He was found by the master of the flock, who went in search of his stray goat, and saw his head surrounded with re- splendent rays of light. ./Esculapius was phy- sician to the Argonauts. He restored manj to life, of which Pluto complained to Jupiter, who struck ^Esculapius with thunder. Apollo, angry at the death of his son, killed the Cy- clops who made the thunderbolts. yEsculapius received divine honours after death, chiefly at Epidaurus, Pergamus, Athens, Smyrna, &c. Goats, bulls, lambs, and pigs, were sacrificed to him, and the cock and the serpent were sacred to him. Rome, A. U. C. 462, was de- livered of a plague, and built a temple to the god of medicine, who, as was supposed, had come there in the form of a serpent, and hid himself among the reeds in an island of the Tyber. ..Esuulapius is represented with a large beard, holding in his hand a stafl', round which is wreathed a serpent ; his other hand is sometimes supported on the head of a ser- pent. Serpents are more particularly sacred to him, as the ancient physicians used them in their prescriptions. He married Epione, by whom he had two sons, famous for their skill in medicine, Machaon and Podalirus ; and four daughters, of whom Hygeia, goddess of health, is the most celebrated. Some have supposed that he lived a short time after the Trojan war. Hesiod makes no mention of him. Homer. II. 4, v. 193. Hymn, in JEscul. Apollou. 3, c. 10. Apollon. 4, Argon. Hiigin. fab. 49. Ovid. Met. 2, fab. 8. Pans. 2, c. 11 & 27. 1. 7, c. 23, &.C.DM. 4. Pindar. Pyth. 3.Lucian. Dial, de Saltai.Val. Mai. 1, c.~8. Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 22, says there were three of this name ; the first, a son of Apollo, worshipped in Ar- cadia ; second, a brother of Mercury ; third, a man who first taught medicine. .lEsipus, a son of Bucolion. Homer. II. 6, c. 21. A river. Vid. ^Esapus. /ESERNIA, a city of the Samnites, in Italy. Lit. 27, c. 12. Sil. 8, v. 567. ..EsloN, an Athenian, famous for his respect for the talents of Demosthenes. Plut. in De- misth. JEsoN, son of Cretheus, was born at the same birth as Pelias. He succeeded his father in the kingdom of lolchos, but was soon exiled by his brother. He married Alcimeda, by whom he had Jason, whose education he en- trusted to Chiron, being afraid of Pelias. When Jason was grown up, he demanded his father's kingdom from his uncle, who gave him evasive answers, and persuaded him to go in quest oi the golden fleece. {Vid. Jason.] At his return Jason found his father very infirm ; and Medea, [Vid. Medea.~] at his request, drew the blood from ^Eson's veins, and refilled them with the juice of certain herbs which she had gathered, and immediately the old man re- covered the vigour and bloom of youth. Some say that yEson killed himself by drinking bull's blood, to avoid the persecution of Pelias. Diod, 4. -Ajiollad. 1, c. 9. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 285. Hiigin. fab. 12. A river of Thessaly, with a town of the same nanv . vEsONlDES, a patronymic of Jason, as being descended from ..Eson. jEsOpus, a Phrygian philosopher, who, though originally a slave, procured his liberty by the sallies of "his genius. Ho travelled over A?. T he greatest part of Greece and Egypt out chiefly resided at the court of Croesus, king of Lydia, by whom he was sent to consult the Dracle of Delphi, [n this commission JEsop Behaved with great severity, and satirically compared the Delphians to floating sticks, hich appear large at a distance, but are nothing -hen brought near. The Delphians, offended with his sarcastic remarks, accused him of laving secreted one of the sacred vessels of Apollo's temple, and threw him down from a rock, 561 B. C. Maximus Planudes has writ- ;en his life in Greek; but no credit is to be riven to the biographer, who falsely asserts :hat the mythologist was short and deformed. (Esop dedicated his fables to his patron Croesus ; but what appears now under his name, is no doubt a compilation of all the fables and apo- logues of wits before and after the age of ./Esop, conjointly with his own. Plut. in Solon. Phced. 1, fab. 2. 1. 2, fab. 9. Claudus, an actor on the Roman stage, very intimate with Cicero. He amassed an immense fortune. His son, to be more expensive, melted precious stones to drink at his entertainments. Horat. 2, Sat. 3, . 239. Fa/. Max. 8, c. 10. 1. 9, c. 1. -Plin. 9, c. 35, 1. 10, c. 51. An orator. Diog. 'An historian in the time of Anaximedes. Plut. in Solon. A river of Poutus. Strab. 12. Anattendant of Mrthridates, who wrote a treatise on Helen, and a panegyric on hit royal master. ^ESTRIA, an island in the Adriatic. Mela, 2, c. 7. .EsULA, a town on a mountain between Ty- bur and Praeneste. Horat. 3, od. 29. ^ESYETES, a man fiom whose tomb Polite* spied what the Greeks did in their ships during the Trojan war. Htmer. 11. 2, v. 793. yEsYMNETES, a surname of Bacchus. Paul. 7, c. 21. ^ESYMNUS, a person of Megara, who con- sulted Apollo to know the best method of go- verning his country. Pans. 1, c. 43. ^ETHALIDES, a herald, son of Mercury, to whom it was granted to be amongst the dead and the living at stated times. Apollon. Ar- gon. 1. ./ErmSpiA, an extensive country of Africa, at the south of Egypt, divided in,to east anu west by the ancients, the former division lying near Meroe, and the latter near the Mauri. The country, as well as the inhabitants, were little known to the ancients, though Homer has styled them the justest of men. Diod. 4, says, that the ./Ethiopians were the first inha bitants of the earth. They were the first who worshipped the gods, for which, as some sup- pose, their country has never been invaded by a foreign enemy. The inhabitants are of a dark complexion. The country is inundated for five months every year, and their days and nights are almost of an equal length. The an- cients have given the name of ./Ethiopia to every country whose inhabitants are of a black colour. Liican. 3, v. 253. 1. 9, v. 651.- -Jnv. 2, v. 23. Plin. 6, c. 29.- Paut 1, c. 33.- -Ho- mo- Od. 1, v. 22, ^ETHLIL-S. tan, of Jupiter by Prologenia, wa father of Endymion. Apollod. 1, c. 7. .K 11 ION, a horse of the sun. Ovid. Met. 2> f a b. i. A horse of Pallas, represented as shedding tears at the death of his master, by Virg. &n. 11, v. 89. A horse of Hector. Homer. II. 8. v. 185. IE run A, uaughter of Pittheus king of Tree zene, had Theseus by .Egeus. \Vid. Mgeus.} She was carried away by Castor and Pollux, when they recovered their bister Helen, whom Theseus had stolen, and given her to keep. [Vid. Helen.] She went to Troy with Helen. H,mer. II. 3, v. 144. Paus. 2, c. 31. 1. 5, c. 19.__Huj,w. fab. 37 & 79. Pint, in Thes. Ovid. Her. 10, v. 131. One of the^Oceani- les, wife to Atlas. She is more generally called Pleione. ^ETHUSA, a daughter of Neptune by Amphi- trite. Paus. 9, c. 20. An island near Lily- bseuin. Plin. 3, c. 8. ^EriA, a po<-m of Callimachus, in whi:h he >peaks of sacrifices, and of the manner in which they were offered. Mart. 10, ep. 4. .lE-rios, the father of Andromache, Hector's wife. He was killed at Thebes, with his seven ions, by the Greeks. A famous painter. He drew a painting of Alexander going to cele- brate his nuptials with Roxana. This piece was much valued, and was exposed to public view at the Olympic games, where it gained so much applause that the president of the games gave the paiater his daughter in mar- riage. .(ETNA, a mountain of Sicily, now called Mount Gibel, famous for its volcano, which, for more than 3000 vears, has thrown out fire at intervals. It i* supposed to be eight miles nigh, and 60 in compass. Its top is covered A-ith snow and smoke at the same time ; and -lie sides, on account of the fecundity of the K"il, ;tre carefully cultivated aud planted with vineyards. The poets supposed that Jupiter had confined the giants under this mountain. It was the forge of Vulcan, where liis servants the Cyclops fabricated thunderbolts, &c. He- sinrf. Then*, v. 860. Virg. JE,i. 3, v. 570. (>i"i. Met. 5, fab. 6. 1. 15, v. 340. Jte.'. 14, T. 39. /ETOLIA, a country bounded by Epirus, Acamania, and Locris, supposed to be about the middle of Greece. It received its name from jEtoIus. The inhabitants were covetous and illil>eral. Liu. 26, c. 24, &c. Flar. 2, c. 9. fitrab. 8 & 10. Mela, 2, c. 3. Plin. 4, c. 2. Paus. 10, c. 18 Plut. in Flam. ^ETOLU*, son of Endymion of Elis and Iphia- nassa, married Pronoe, by whom he had Pleu- ron and Calydon. Having accidentally killed a person, he left his country, and came to settle in that part of Greece which has been called, from hin-,, /Etolia. Apollod. 1, c. 7 & 9. Paus. 5, c. 1. vEx, a locky island between Tencdos and Chios. Pi w . 4, c. 11. A city in the country of the Marsi The nurse of Jupiter, changed into R constellation. M A A FEU, an inhabitant of Africa. An in- former under Tiberius and his successors. Ho became also known as an orator, and as the preceptor of Quintilian, and was made consul by Domitian. He died A. D. 59. AFRANIA, a Roman matron who frequented the forum, forgetful of female decency. Val. Max. 9, c. 3. AFUANIUS, a Latin comic poet, often com- pared to Menander. He lived in the age of Terence. He is blamed for the unnatural love of boys, which he mentions in liis writings, some fragments of which are to be found in the (V- piui Poetarum. Quint. 10, c. 1. Suetwi. Ner. 11. Horat. 2. ep. 1, v. 57. A general of Pompey, conquered by Caesar in Spain. Stieton. in C-1#. Laert. 3, c. 3f . A G AGATHOCI.EA, a beautiful courtezan of Eypt. One of the Ptolemies destroyed his wrfe Eurydice to marry her. She, with her brother, long governed the kingdom, and at- tempted to murder the king's son. Pint, in Cleon.Juitin. 30, c. 1. ACATIIOCLES, a lascivious and ignoble youth, son of a potter, who, by entering in the Sici- lian army, arrived to the greatest honours, and made himself master of Syracuse. He reduced all Sicily under his power ; but being defeated at Himera by the Carthaginians, he carried the war into Africa, where, for four years, he extended his conquests over his enemy. He afterwards passed into Italy, and made himself master of Crotona. He died in his 72d year, B. C. 289, after a reign of 28 years of prospe- rity and adversity. Pint, in Apopldh. Justin. 22 & 23 -Polyb. 15. Diod. 18, &c. A son of Lysimachus, taken prisoner by the Getae. He was ransomed, and married Lysandra daughter of Ptolemy Lagus. His father, in lus old age, married Arsinoe, the sister of Ly- sander. After her husband's death, Arsinoe, fearful for her children, attempted to murder Agathocles. Some say that she fell in love with him, and killed him because he slighted her. When Agathocles was dead, 283 B. C. Lysandra fled to Seleucus. Strab. l3.Plut. in Pyrrh. $ Demetr.Paus. 1, c. 9 & 10. A Grecian historian of Babylon, who wrote an account of Cyzicus. A Chian, who wrote on husbandry. Varro. A Samian writer. A physician. An Athenian archon. AoArHON. Vid. Agatho. AOATHONYMUS, wrote an history of Persia. Plut. de Flwn. AGATOSTHENES, a poet, &c. AGATHYLLUS, an elegiac poet of Arcadia. Dimys. Hal. 1. AGATHYRNUM, a town of Sicily. AoATHYRSi,an effemiuate nation of Scythia, who had their wives in common. They re- ceived their name from Agathyrsus, son of Hercules. Herodat. 4, c. 10. Virg. JEn. 4, v 146. AGAVF, daughter of Cadmus and Hermione married Echion, by whom she had Pentheus who was torn to pieces by the Bacchanals [Vid. Pentheus.] She is said to have killed her husband in celebrating the orgies of Bac chus. She received divine honours afte death. Theacrit. 26. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 725. Litcan. 1, v. 574. Stat. Theb. 11, v. 318. Apellod. 3, c. 4. One of the Nereides. Apol od 1. A tragedy of Statius. Juv. 7, v. 87 Stc. AGAUI, a northern nation, who lived upon milk. Homer. II. 13. AGAVUS, a son of Priam. Homer. II. 24. .AODESTIS, a mountain of Phrygia, where Atys was buried. Paut. 1, c. 4. A sur- name of Cybele. AGELASTUS, a surname of Crassus, the grandfather of the rich Crassus. He only laughed once in his life, and this was upon eeing an asi eat thistles. Cic. de Jin. 5. 1 , c. IV A surname of Pluto. 24 AG AGELAUS, a King of Corinth, son of Ixion. _One of Penelope's suitors. Home*. Od. 20. A son of Hercules and Omphale, from horn Croesus was descended. ApolUd. 2, c . A servant of Priam, who preserved aris when exposed on mount Ida. Id. 3, c. 12. AGENDICUM, a town of Gaul, near the Se- nones. Ctes. bell. Gall. 6, c. 44. AGENOR, king of Phoenicia, was son of Nep- tune and Libya, and brother to Belus. He married Telephassa, by whom he had Cadmus, Phoenix, Cilix, and Europa. Hijgin. fab. 6. Ital. tt, v. 15. 1. 17, v. 58. Apotlad. 2, c. 1. 1. 3 ( c . i. A son of Jasus, and father of Ar- gus. Apollod. 2, c. 10. A son of ^Egyptus. Id. 2, c. 1. A sou of Phlegeus. Id. 3, c. 7. A son of Pleuron, and father to Phi- neus. Id. I, c. 7. A son of Ampliion and Niobe. Id. 3, c. 4. A king of Argos, father to Crotopus. A son of Antenor. Humer. II. 21, v. 579. A Mitylenean, who wrote a treatise on music. oENOniDES, a patronymic applied to Cad- mus, and the other descendants of Agenor. Olid. Met. 3, v. 8. ACER IN us, a freed man of Agrippina, ac- cused of attempting Nero's life. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 16. AGESAXDER, a sculptor of Rhodes under Vespasian, who made a representation of Lao- coon's history, wliich now passes for the best relic of all ancient sculpture. AGESIAS, a Platonic philosopher, who taught the immortality of the soul. One of the Ptolemies forbade him to continue his lectures, because his doctrine was so preva- lent that many of his auditors committed sui- cide. AOESILAUS, king of Sparta, of the family of the Agidae, was son of Doryssus, and father of Archelaus. During his reign, Ly- curgus instituted his famous laws. Herodot. 7, c. 204. Paus. 3, c. 2. Son of Archida- mus, of the family of the Proclidae, made king in preference to his nephew Leotychides. He made war against Artaxerxes king of Persia with success ; but in the midst of his conquests in Asia, he was recalled home to oppose the Athenians and BiBotians, who desolated his country; and on his return, he passed, in thirty days, over that tract of country which had taken up a whole year of Xerxes' expedition. He defeated his enemies at Coronea; but sickness prevented the pro- gress of his conquests, and the Spartans were beat in every engagement, especially at Leuctra, till he appeared at their head. Though deformed, small of stature, and lame, he was brave, and a greatness of soul compensated all the imperfections of nature. He was as fond of sobriety as of military discipline ; and when he went, in his 80th year, to assist Tachus king of Egypt, the servants ot the monarch could hardly be persuaded that the Lacedae- monian general was eating with his soldiers on the ground, bareheaded, and without any covering underneath. Agesilaus died on liii AG return from Egypt, after a reign rf 36 years, 362 B. C. and his remains were embalmed and brought to Lacedaemon. Justin. 6, c. 1. Pint. & C. Nep. m vit.Paus. 3, c. 9. Xerwjih. Orat. p/o 'Ages. A brother of Themistocles, who went into the Persian camp, and stabbed JNlardonius instead of Xerxes. Plut. in Pat all. A surname of Pluto. A Greek who wrote an history of Italy. AGESIPOLIS, first, king of Lacedaemon, son of Pausanias, obtained a great victory over the Mantineans. He reigned 14 years, and was succeeded by his brother Cleombrotus, B. C. 5:10. Pans. 3, c. 5. 1. 8, c. 8. Xenaph. 3. Hist. Grtec. Second, son of Cleombrotus, king of Sparta, was succeeded by Cleomenes 2d, B. C. 370. Pans. 1, c. 13. 1. 3, c. 5. AGESISTRATA, the mother of king Agis. Pint, in Agid. AGESISTRATUS, a man who wrote a treatise intituled De arte machi iali. ACGRAMMES, a cruel king of the Ganga- rides. His father was a hair-dresser, of whom the queen became enamoured, and whom she made governor of the king's children, to gratify her passion. He killed them, to raise Aggrammes, his son by the queen, to the throne. Curt. 9, c. 2. AGGRINJE, a people near mount Rhodope Cic. in L. Pis. 37. ACIDS, the descendants of Eurysthenes, who shared the throne of Sparta with the Proclidas the name seems to be derived from Agis, son of Eurysthenes. The family became extinct in the person of Cleomenes son of Leonidas. Virg. Mn. 8, v. 682. AGILAUS, king of Corinth, reigned 36 years. One of the Ephori, almost murdere by the partisans of Cleomenes. Plut. in Clean AGIS, king of Sparta, succeeded his k ther, Eurysthenes, and, after a reign of one year, was succeeded by his son Eches- tratus, B. C. 1058. Pans. 3, c. 2. Ano- ther king of Sparta, waged bloody war against Athens, and restored liberty to man) Greek cities. He attempted to restore thi laws of Lycurgus at Sparta, but in vain ; tlv perfidy of friends, who pretended to second hi views, brought him to difficulties, and he wa at last dragged from a temple, where he h taken refuge, to a prison, where he was strangled by orders of the Ephori. Plut. ir Agid. Another son of Archidamus, whc signalized himself in the war which the Spartans waged against Epidaurus. He obtained a victory at Mantinea, and wa successful in the Peloponnesian war. He reign ed 27 years. Thucyd. 3 & 4. Paws. 3, c. 8 k 10. Another son of Archidamus, king o "Sparta, endeavoured to deliver Greece fron the empire of Macedonia, with the assistant jf the Persians. He was conquered in th< attempt, and slain by Antipater, Alexander's peneral, and 5,300 Lacedaemonians perished vith him. Curt. 6, c. 1. DM. 17. Justin. .f , c. 1, &c. Another son of Eudamidas killed in a battle against the Mantineans 25 AG Pait*. 8, c. 10. An Arcadian in the ei- >edition of Cyrus against his brother Arta- xerxes. Polyan. 7, c. 18. A poet of Argos, ho said that Bacchus and the sons of Leda would give way to Alexander, when a god. Curt.' 8, c. 5. A Lycian who followed . 6.Diod. l3.Virg, S, v. 707. Sii. It. 14, i. 211. AGRINIUM, a city of Acarnania. 1'otyb. 6. AGRIONIA, annual festivals in honour of Bacchus, celebrated generally in the night They were instituted, as some suppose because the god was attended with wilj beasts. AGRIOPAS, a man who wrote tr." history of all those who had obtained the public prize at Olympia. Plin. 8, c 22. AGRIOPE, the wife of king Agenor. M. AGRIPPA VIANIUS, a celebrated Roman, who obtained a victory over S Pompey, and favoured the cause of Augustus at the battles of Actium and Philippi, where he behaved with great valour. He advised his friend to re-establish the republican government at Rome, but he was ovrr-ruieu by Mecasnas. In his expeditions in Gaul and Germany he obtained several victories, but refused the honour of a triumph, and turned his liberality towards the embellishing o\ Rome, and the raising of magnificent buildings, one of which, the Pantheon, still exists. After he had retired for two years to MityVene, ia consequence of a quarrel] with lecra Mus, Ail Augustus recalled him, and as a proof of his regard, gave him his daughter Julia in itiarriage, and left him the care of the empire during an absence of two years employed in visiting the Roman provinces of Greece and Asia. He died universally lamented at Rome in the 51st year of his age, 12 B. C. and his body was placed in the tomb which Augustus had prepared for himself. He had been married three times, to Pomponia daughter of Atticus, to Marcella daughter of Octavia, and to Julia, by whom he had five children, Caius, and Lucius Cassares, Posthumus Agrippa, Agrippina, and Julia. His son, C. Caesar Agrippa, was adopted by Augustus, and made consul, by the flattery of the Roman people, at the age of 14 or 15. This promising youth went to Armenia, on an expedition against the Persians, where he received a fatal blow from the treacherous hand of Lollius, the governor of one of the neighbouring cities. He languish- ed for a little time, and died in Lycia. His younger brother, L. CII, a nation near Pontus. Herodot. 3, c. 94. ALASTOR, a son of Neleus and Chloris. Apollod. 1, c. 9. -An arm-bearer to Sarpedon king of Lycia, killed by Ulysses. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 257. One of Pluto's horses when he carried away Proserpine. Claud, de rapt. Pros. 1, v. 286. AI.AUD, soldiers of the legions in Gaul. Sueton. in Jui. 24. ALAZON, a river flowing from mount Cau- casus into the Cyrus, and separating Albania from Iberia. Flac. 6, v. 101. ALBA SYLVIUS, son of Latinus Sylvius, sue ceeded his father in. the kingdom of Latium, and reigned 36 years. Quid. Met. 14, v. 612. -Longa, a cky of Latium, built by Asca- nius, B. C. 1 152, on the spot where .(Eneas found, according to the prophecy of Helenus, (Virg. JEn. 3, v. 390, &c.), and of the god of the river, (Mn. 8, v. 43.) a white sow with 30 young ones. The descendants of ./Eneas reigned there in the following order: 1. Asca- nius, son of Jineas, with little intermission, eight years. 2. Sylvius Posthumus, 29 years. 3. ^Eneas Sylvius, 31 years. 4. Latinus, five years. 5. Alba, 36 years. 6. Atys or Ca- petus, 26 years. 7. Capys, 28 years. 8. Cal- petus, 13 years. 9. Tiberinus, eight years. 10. Agrippa, 33 years. 11. Remulus, 19 years. 12. Aventinus, 37 years. 13. Procas, 13 years. 14. Numitor and Amulius. Alba was destroyed by the Romans, 665 B.C. and the inhabitants were carried to Rome. Liv. Flor. Justin, &c. -A city of the Marsi in Italy. Pompeia, a city of Liguria. Pirn. 3, c. 5. ALBANIA, a country or Asia, between the Caspian sea and Iberia. The inhabitants are said to have their eyes all blue. Some main- tain that they followed Hercules from mount Albanus in Italy, when he returned from the conquest of Geryon. Dicnys. Hal. 1, c. 15. Justin. 42, c. 3. Strab. li.Plin. 8, c. 40. Mela, 3, c. 5. The Caspian sea is called Al- fcznum, as being near Albania. Plin. 6, c. 13. ALBANUS, a mountain with a lake, in Italy, 16 miles from Rome. Horat. 2, ep. 1, v 27. The word, taken adj*ctively, is applied to such AL as are natives of, or belong to, the town of Alba. Ai.Blcr, a people of Gailia Aquitania. Cox. bell. civ. 1, c. 34. ALBIETJE, a people of Latium. Dionyt. Hal. AI.BIGAUNUM, a town of Ligima. Mela 2 c. 4. ALBINI, two Roman orators nf great merit, mentioned by Cicero in Brut. This name is common to many tribunes of the people. Liv 2, c. 33. 1. 6, c. 30. Sallust. de Jug. bell. ALBINOVANUS CELSUS. Vid. Celsus. ALBINOVANUS PEDO, a poet contemporary with Ovid. He wrote elegies, epigrams, and heroic poetry. Ovid, ex Pmt. 4, ep. 10. Qui/i- til. 10, c. 5. ALBINTEMELIUM, a town of Liguria. Tacit. 2 Hist. c. 13. ALBINOS, was born at Adrumetum in Africa, and made governor of Britain, by Commodus. After the murder of Pertinax, he was elected emperor by the soldiers in Britain. Severus had also been invested with the imperial dip-- nity by his own army ; and these two rivals, with about 50,000 men each, came into Gaul to decide the fate of the empire. Severus was conqueror, and he ordered the head of Albinus to be cut off, and his body to be thrown into the Rhone, A. D. 198. Albinus, according to the exaggerated account of a certain writer called Codras, was famous for his voracious appetite, and sometimes eat for breakfast, no less than 500 figs, 100 peaches, 20 pounds of dry raisins, 10 melons, and 400 oysters. A praetorian sent to Sylla, as ambassador from the Senate during the civil wars. He was put to death by Sylla's soldiers. Plut. in Syli An usurer. Horat. A Roman plebeian who received the vestals into his chariot in preference to his family, when they fled from Rome, which the Gauls had sacked. Val. Max. 1, c. i Jiv. 5, c. 40. Flffr. 1, c. 13 A. Postnumus, consul with Lucullus, A. U. C. 601, wrote an history of Rome in Greek. ALBION, son of Neptune by Amphitrite, came into Britain, where he established a king- dom, and first introduced astrology and the art of building ships. He was killed at the mouth of the Rhone, with stones thrown by Jupiter, because he opposed the passage of "Hercules. Mela, 2, c. 5. The greatest island of Eu- rope, now called Great Britain. It is call d after Albion, who is said to have reigned there ; or from its chalky white (albus) rocks, which appear at a great distance. Plin. 4, c. 16. Tacit, in Agrie. The ancients com- pared its figure to a long buckler, or to the iron of a hatchet. ALBIS, a river of Germany falling into the German ocean. Lucan. 2, v. 52. ALBIUS, a man, father to a famous spend- thrift. Hnrat. 1. Sat. 4. A name of the poet Tibullus. Horat. 1. Od. 33. v. 1. ALBUCILLA, an immodest woman. Tactt An. 6, c. 47 AI.BUT.A, the ancient name of the river Tit- bur. Virg. An. 8, v. 332. Liu. 1, c. 3. AL ALBUNEA, a wood near Tybur and the river Anio, sacred to the Muses. It received its name from a Sibyl, called also Albunea, wor- shipped as a goddess at Tybur, whose temple still remains. Near Albunea there was a small lake of the same name, whose waters were of a sulphureous smell, and possessed some medicinal properties. This lake fell, by anal, streams called Albula, into the river Anio, with which it soon lost itself in the Ti- bur. Horat. 1. Od. 7, v. 12. Virg. ln. 7, v. ALBUUNUS, a mountain of Lucania, Virg. G. S, v. 147. ALBUS PAGUS, a place near Sidon, where Antony waited for the arrival of Cleopatra. ALBUTIUS, a prince of Celtiberia, to whom Scipio restored his wife. Arrian. A sordid man, father to Canidia. He beat his servants before they were guilty of any offence, lest, said he. I should have no time to punish them when they offend. Horat. 2. Sat. 2. A rhetorician in the age of Seneca. An an- cient satirist. Cic. in Brut. Titus, an epi- curean philosopher, born at Rome ; so fond of Greece and Grecian manners, that he wished not to pass for a Roman. He was made go- vernor of Sardinia; but he grew offensive to the senate, and was banished. It is supposed that he died at Athens. ALC/EUS, a celebrated lyric poet, of Mity- lene in Lesbos, about 600 years before the Christian sera. He fled from a battle, and his enemies hung up, in the temple of Minerva, the armour which he left in the field, as a mo- nument of his disgrace. He is the inventor of alcaic verses. He was contemporary to the famous Sappho, to whom he paid his addresses. Of all his works nothing but a few fragments remain, found in Athenseus. Quintil. 10, c. 1. Herodot. 5, c. 95. Horat. 4. ad. 9. Cic. 4. Tusc. A poet of Athens, said by Suidas to be the inventor of tragedy. A writer of epi- grams. A comic poet. A son of Andro- geus, who went with Hercules into Thrace, and was made king of part of the country. Ajiollod. 1, c. 5. A son of Hercules by a maid of Omphale. A son of Perseus, and father of Amphitryon. From him Hercules has been called Alcides. Apoltod. 2, c. 4. Paus. 8, c. 14. ALCAMENES, one of the Agidae, king of Sparta, known by his apophthegms. He suc- ceeded his father Teleclus, and reigned 37 years. The Helots rebelled in his reign. Paw. 3, c. 2. 1. 4, c. 4 & 5. A general of the Achaeans. Paus. 7, c. 15. A sta- tuary, who lived 448 B. C. and was distin- guished for his statues of Venus and Vulcan. Paus. 5, c. 10. The commander of a Spartan fleet, killed by the Athenians. Thucyd. 4, c. 5, &c. ALCAWDER, an attendant of Sarpedon, killed by Ulysses. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 257. A La- cedaemonian youth, who accidentally put out one of the eyes of Lycurgus. Pint, in Lye. Ftnu. S, c. 18. A Trojan killed by Turnus. Tvrg. >*. y, v. 767. 30 A L i-CAnonE, the wife of Polybius, a rich Theban. Homer. Od. 4. ALCANOH, a Trojan of mount Ida, whose sons Pandarus and Bitias followed ^Eneas into Italy. Virir. /En. 9, v 672. A son of Pho- rus, killed by jEneas. Ibid. 10, v. 338. ALCATHOE, a name of Megara in Attica, be- cause rebuilt by Akathoe. Ovid. Met. v. 8. ALCATHOUS, a son of Pelops, who being suspected of murdering his brother, came to Megara, where he killed a lion, which had destroyed the king's son. He succeeded to the kingdom of Megara. In commemoration of this, festivals called Alcathoia, were insti- tuted at Megara. Paus. 1, c. 4, &c. A Trojan who married Hippodamia, daughter of Anchises. He was killed in the Trojan war, by Idomeneus. Homer. II. 12, v. 93.- A son of Parthaon, killed by Tydeus. Apollod. 1, c. -7, &c. A friend of tineas, killed in the Rutu- lian war. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 747. ALCE, one of Actson's dogs. Ovid. A town of Spain, which surrendered to Gracchus. Liv. 40, c. 47. ALCENOR, an Argive, \vhc alone with Chro- mius survived the battle between 300 of his countrymen and 300 Lacedaemonians. Herodot. 1, c. 82. ALCESTE, or AI.CKSTIS, daughter of Pelias,. married Admetus. She, with her sisters, put to death her father ,th at he might be restored to youth and vigour by Medea, who, however, refused to perform her promise. Upon this, the sisters fled to Admetus, who married Alceste. Tht-y were soon pursued by an army headed by their brother Acastus ; and Admetus being taken prisoner, was redeemed from death, by the generous offer of his wife, who was sacri- ficed in his stead to appease the shades of her father. Some say that Alceste laid down her life for her husband, when she had been told by an oracle, that he could never recover from a disease if none of his friends died in his place. According to some authors, Hercules brought her back from hell. She had many suitors while she lived with her father. Vid. Admetus. Juv. 6, v. 651- Apdlad. 1, c. 9. Paus. 5, c. l7.Hygin. fab. 251. Eurip. in. Alcest. ALCETAS, a king of the Molossi, descended from Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles. Paus. 1, c. 11. A general of Alexander's army, brother to Perdiccas. The eighth king of Mace- donia, who reigned 29 years.- An historian who wrote an account of every thing that had been dedicated in the temple of Delphi. Atlien. A son of Arybas, king of Epirus. Paws* 1, c. 11. ALciUnAS, a Rhodian, who became ena- moured of a naked Cupid of Praxiteles. Plin. 36, c. 5. ALCHIMACHUS, a celebrated painter. P/m. 35. c. 11. ALCIBIADES an Athenian general, famous for his enterprising spirit, versatile genius, and natural foibles. He was disciple to So- crates, whose lessons and example checked* for a while, his v'cious propensities. In *h< - A L Petoponnesian war lie encouraged the Athe- nians to make an expedition against Syracuse. He was chosen general in that war, and in his absence, his enemies accused him of impiety, and confiscated his goods. Upon this he fled, stirred up the Spartans to make war against Athens, and when this did not succeed, he re- tired to Tissaphernes, the Persian general. Bein- recalled by the Athenians, he obliged the Lacedaemonians to sue for peace, made several conquests in Asia, and was received in triumph at Athens. His popularity was of short duration, the failure of an expedition against Cyme, exposed him to the resentment of the people, and he fled to Pharnabazus, whom he almost induced to make war upon Lacedaemon. This was told to Lysander, the Spartan general, who prevailed upon Pharna- bazus to murder Alcibiades. Two servants were sent for that purpose, and they set on fire the cottage where he was, and killed him with darts as he attempted to make his escape. He died in the 46th year of Hs age, 404 B. C. after a life of perpetual difficulties. If the fickleness of his countrymen had known how to retain among them the talents of a man who distinguished himself, and was admired wherever he went, they might have risen to greater splendour, and to the sovereignty of Greece. His character has been cleared from the aspersions of malevolence, by the writings of Thucydides,Timaeus, and Theopompus ; and he is known to us as a hero, who, to the principles of the debauchee, added the intelligence and sagacity of the statesman, the cool intrepidity of the general, and the humanity of the philo- sopher. Plut. and C. Nep. in Alcib.Thucyd. 5, 6, and 7. Xenoph. Hist. Gmc. 1, &c. Diod. 12. ALCIDAMAS, of Cos, father to Ctesilla, who was changed into a dove. Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 12. A celebrated wrestler. Stat. Theb. 10, v. 500. A philosopher and orator, who wrote a treatise on death. He was pupil to Gorgias, and nourished B. C. 424. Quintil. 3, c. 1. ALCIDAMEA, was mother of Bunus by Mer- cury. ALCIDAMIDAS, a general of the Messenians, who retired to Rhegium, after the taking of Ithome by the Spartans, B. C. 723. Strab. 6. ALCIDAMUS, an Athenian rhetorician, who wrote an eulogy on death, &c. Cic. 1. Tusc. c. 48. Plut. de Orat. ALCIDAS, a Lacedaemonian, sent with 23 galleys against Corcyra, in the Peloponnesian war. Thucyd. 3, c. 16, &c. ALCIDES, a name of Hercules, from his strength, a\eoc, or from his grandfather, Al- caeus. A surname of Minerva in Macedonia. Liv. 42, c. 51. ALCIDICE, the mother of Tyro by Salmoneus. Apollod. 1, c. 9. ALCIMEDE, the mother of Jason by ^Eson. Place. 1, v 296. ALCIMDON, a plain of Arcadia, with a cave, the residence of Alcimedon, whose daughter was ravished by Hercules. Paut. 8, c. 12. 31 A L An excellent carver. Virg fjcl. 3. A sailor, &c. Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 10. AI.CIMENES, a tragic poet of Megara. A comic writer of Athens. An attendant of Demetrius. Plut. in Dem. A man killed by his brother Bellerophon. Apollod. 2, c. 3. AI.CIMUS, an historian of Sicily, who wrote an account of Italy. An orator. Diog. ALCINOE, a daughter of Sthenelus. Apollod, 2, c. 4. ALCINOR. Vid. Alcenor. AI.CINOUS, a son of Nausithous, king of Pha^acia, praised for his love of agriculture He kindly entertained Ulysses, who had been shipwrecked on his coast, and heard the recital of his adventures; whence arose the proverb of the stories of Alcinous, to denote improbability. Homer. Od. 7. Orph. in Argon. Virg. G. 2, v. 87. Stat. 1. Sylv. 3, v. 81. Juv. 5, v. 151. Ovid, Am. el. 10, v. 56. Plat. de Eep. 10. Apollod. 1, c. 9. A son of Hip- pocoon. Apollnd. 3, c. 10. A man of Elis Pans. A philosopher in the second century, who wrote a book De doctritia Platonis, the best edition of which is the 12mo. printed Oion. 1667. ALCIOSEUS, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 4. ALCIPHRON, a philosopher of Magnesia, in the age of Alexander. There are some epistles in Greek, that bear his name, and contain a very perfect picture of the customs and man- ners of the Greeks. They are by some sup- posed to be the production of a writer of the fourth century. The only edition is^that of Leips. 12mo. 1715, cum notis"Bergleri. ALCIPPE, a daughter of the god Mars, by Agraulos. She was ravished by Halirrhotius. AjMllod. 3, c. 14. The wife of Metion, ami mother to Eupalamus. Id. 3, c. 16. The daughter of Oenomaus, and wife of Evenus, by whom she had Marpessa. A woman who brought forth an elephant. Plin. 7. A countrywoman. Virg. Eel. 7. ALCIPPUS, a reputed citizen of Sparta, ba- nished by his enemies. He married Demo- crite, of whom Plut. in Erat. ALCIS, a daughter of Egyptus. Apolltid. AI.CITHOE, a Theban woman who ridiculed the orgies of Bacchus. She was changed into a bat, and the spindle and yarn with which she worked, into a vine and ivy. Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 1. ALCMJF.ON, was the son of the prophet Am- phiaraus and Eriphyle. His father going to the Theban war, where he was to perish, charged him to revenge his death upon Eri- phyle, who had betrayed him. [Vid. Eriphyle.] As soon as he heard of his father's death, he murdered his mother, for which crime the furies persecuted him till Phlegeus purified him and gave him his daughter Alphesiboea in marriage. Alcmaeon gave her the fatal collar which his mother had received to betray hie father, and afterwards divorced her, and mar- ried Callirhoe the daughter of Achelous, to whom he promised the necklace he had given to Alphesibua. When be attempted to r- AL cover it, Alphefiiboea's brothers muidered him on account of the treatment he had given their lister, and left his body a prey to wild beasts. Alcmseon's children by Callirhoe revenged their father's death by killing his murderers. [Fid. Alphesibara, Amphiaravs.~\ Pans. 5, c. 17. 1. 6, c. 18. 1. 8, c. 24. Plut. de Eiil.Apollod. 3, c. 7. Hygin. fab. 73 & 245. Sfat. Theb. 2 & 4. Ovid.' Fast. 2, T. 44. Met. 9, fab. 10. A son of jEgyptus. Apollod. A philo- sopher, disciple of Pythagoras, born in Crotona. He wrote on physic, and he was the first who dissected animals to examine into the struc- ture of our frame. Cic. de Nat. D. 6, c. 27. A son of the poet jSJschylus. A son of Syllus, driven from Messenia with the rest of Nestor's family, by the Heraclidae. He came to Athens, and from him the Alcmaeonidae are descended. Pans. 1, c. 18. Ai.CMONir.t, a noble family of Athens, descended from Alcmaeon. They undertook for 300 talents to rebuild the temple of Del} hi, which l.ad been burnt, and finished the work in a more splendid manner than was required, in consequence of which they gained popu- larity, and by their influence the Pythia pre- vailed upon the Lacedaemonians to deliver their country from the tyranny of the Pisi=tra- tidae. Herodot. 5 & 6. fhucyd. 6, c. 59.- PM. in Solon. ALCMAN, a very ancient lyric poet, bon. in Sardinia, and not at Lacedsemon, as some sup- pose. He wrote, in the Doric dialect, six books of verses, besides a play called Colymbosas. He flourished B. C. 670, and died of the lousy disease. Pai.s. 1, c. 41. I 8, c 15. ArisUit. Hist. Aram. 5, c. 31. ALCMENA, was daughter of Electrion king of Argos, by Anaxo, whom Plut. dr. reb. Gr.-ia. Mysceilus is often called Alemonides. Ov'uL Met. 15, v. 19 & 26. ALEMUSII, inhabitants of Attica, in whose country there is a temple of Ceres and of Pro- serpine. Pans, in Attic. ALESS, a place in the island of Cos. ALEON, or Ales, a river of Ionia, near Colo- phon^ Paus. 7, c. 5. 1. 8, c. 28. ALESE, a town of Sicily, called afterwards Archonidion, after the founder. The Romans made it an independent city. ALESIA, or Alexia, a famous city of the Mandubri in Gaul, founded by Hercules as he returned from Iberia, on a high hill. J. Caesar conquered it. Flor. 3, c. 10. Cs. bell. GalL 7, c. 68. ALESIUM, a town and mountain of Pelopon- nesus Paus. 8, c. 10. ALETES, a son of ^Egisthus, murdered by Orestes. Hygin. fab. 122. ALETHES, the first of the Heraclidaa, who was king of Corinth. He was son of Hippotas. Paus. 2, c. 4. A companion of ^Eneas, de- scribed as a prudent and venerable old man. Fir ? . &n. 1, v. 125. 1. 9, v. 246. ALETHIA, one of Apollo's nurses. ALETIDAS, (from aXa.op.ai, to wander) t cer- tain sacrifices at Athens, in remembranc* of Erigone, who wandered with a dog after her father Icarius. ALETRIUM, a town of Latium, whose inha- bitants are called Aletrinates. Liv. 9, c. 42. ALETUM, a tomb near the harbour of Car- thage in Spain. Polyb. 10. ALEUAD.E, a royal family of Larissa in Thes- saly, descended from Aleuas king of that country. They betrayed their country to Xerxes. The name is often applied to the Thessalians without distinction. Diod. 16. Herodot. 7, c. 6. 172. Paus. 3. c. 8. 1. 7, c. 10. Jlvm. Anim. 8, c. 11. ALUUS, a king of Arcadia, famous for his 'kill in building temples. Paus. 8, c. 4 & 53. ALEX, a river in the country of the Brutii. Dionys. Perieg. ALEXAMENUS, an ^tolian, who killed Na- bis, tyrant of Lacedaemon. He was soon after murdered by the people. Liv. 35, c. 34. ALEXANDER 1st, son of Amyntas, was the tenth king of Macedonia. He killed the Per- sian ambassadors for their immodest beha- viour to the women of his father's court, and was the first who raised the reputation of the Macedonians. He reigned 43 years, and died 451 B. C. Jiatin. 7, c. 3. Herodot. 5, 7, 8, &9. ALEXANDER 2d, son of Amyntas 2d, king of Macedonia, was treacherously murdered, B. C. 370, by his younger brother Ptolemy, who held the kingdom for four years, and made way for Perdiccas and Philip. Justin. 7, c. 5. ALEXANDER 3d, surnamed the Great, wa son of Philip and Olympias. He was bom B. C. 355, on that night in which the famous temple of Diana at Ephesus was burnt by Ero - stratus This event, according to the magi- A L cians, was an early prognostic of his future i itreatness, as well as the taining of Bucephalus, a horse whom none of the king's courtiers could rr.anage ; upon which Pliilip said, with tears io his eyes, that his son must seek ano- ther kingdom, as that of Macedonia would not be sufficiently large for the display of his greatness. Olympias during her pregnancy declared, that she was with child by a dragon ; and the day that Alexander was born, two eagles perched for some time on the house of Pliilip, as if foretelling that his son would be- come master of Europe and Asia. He was pupil to Aristotle during five years, and he re- ceived his learned preceptor's instructions with much deference and pleasure, and always -espected his abilities. When Philip went to ivar, Alexander, in his 15th year, was left go- vernor of Macedonia, where he quelled a dan- gerous sedition, and soon after followed his father to the field, and saved his life in a battle. He was highly offended when Philip divorced Olympias to marry Cleopatra, and even caused the death of Attalus, the new queen's brother. After this he retired from court to his mother Olympias, but was recalled ; and when Philip was assassinated, he punished his murderers ; and, by his prudence and moderation, gained the affections of his subjects. He conquered Thrace and Illyricum, and destroyed Thebes ; and after he had been chosen chief commander of all the forces of Greece, he declared war against the Persians, who, under Darius and Xerxes had laid waste and plundered some of the Grecian cities. With 32,000 foot and 5,000 horse, he invaded Asia, and after the defeat of Darius at the Granicus, he conquered all the provinces of Asia Minor. He obtained two other celebrated victories over Darius at Issus and Arbela, took Tyre after an obstinate siege of seven months, and the slaughter of 2000 of the inhabitants in cold blood, and made himself master of Egypt, Media, Syria, and Persia. From Egypt he visited the temple of Jupiter Ammon, and bribed the priests, who saluted him as the son of their god, and enjoined his army to pay divine honours to iim. He built a town which he called Alex- andria, in the most eligible situation on the western side of the Nile, near the coast of the Mediterranean. His conquests were extended in India, where he fought with Porus, a power- ful king of the country ; and after he had in- vaded Scythia, and visited the Indian ocean, he retired to Babylon, loaded with the spoils of the east. His entering the city was fore- told by the magicians as fatal, and their pre- diction was fulfilled. He died at Babylon the Slst of April, in the 32d year of his age, after a reign of 12 years and eight months of conti- nual success, 323 B. C. His death was so premature that some have attributed it to the effects of poison, and excess of drinking. An- tipater has been accused of causing the fatal poison to ba given him at a feast ; and per- haps the resentment of the Macedonians, whos? lervices he seemed to forget, by en- trusting the guard of his body to the Persians, 34 AL was the cause of his dc&th. He was so uni- rsally regretted, that Babylon was filled with tears and lamentations; and the Medes ,nd Macedonians declared, that no one was able or worthy to succeed him. Many conspi- racies were formed against him by the officers of his army, but they were all seasonably sup- pressed. His tender treatment of the wife and mother of king Darius, who were taken pri- soners, has been greatly praised; and the latter, who had survived the death of her son, killed herself when she heard that Alexander was dead. His great intrepidity more than once endangered his life; he always fought as if sure of victory, and the terror of his name was often of more effect than his arms, He was always forward in every engagement, and bore the labours of the field as well as the meanest of his soldiers. During his conquests in Asia, he founded many cities, which he called Alexandria, after his own name. When he had conquered Darius, he ordered himself to be worshipped as a god; and Callisthenea who refused to do it, was shamefully put to death. He murdered, at a banquet, his friend Clitus, who had once saved his life in a battle because he enlarged upon the virtues and ex- ploits of Philip, and preferred them to those (A his son. His victories and success increased his pride ; he dressed himself in the Persian manner, and gave himself up to pleasure and dissipation. He set on fire the town of Perse- polis, in a fit of madness and intoxication, en- couraged by the couitesan Thais. Yet, among all his extravagancies, he was fond of candour and of truth ; and when one of his officers read to him, as he sailed on the Hydaspes, an his tory which he had composed of the wars with Porus, and in which he had too liberally pane- gyrized him, Alexander snatched the book from his hand, and threw it into the river, saying, " What need is there of such flattery'? are not the exploits of Alexander sufficiently meritorious in themselves, without the colour- ings of falsehood 1 ?" He in like manner re- jected a statuary, who offered to cut moun i Athos like him, and represent him as holding a town in one hand, and pouring a river fronj the other. He forbad any statuary to make his statue except Lysippus, or any painter to draw his picture except Apelles. On his death-bed he gave his ring to Perdiccas, and it was supposed that by this singular present he wished to make him his successor. Some time before his death, his officers asked him whom he appointed to succeed him on the throne! and he answered, 'The worthiest among you: but I am afraid,' added he, ' mj best friends will perform my funeral obsequies with bloody hands.' Alexander, with all his pride, was humane and liberal, easy and fami- liar with his friends, a great patron of learning as may be collected from his assisting Ari totle with a purse of money to the completion of his natural liistory. He was brave often to rashness; he often" lamented that his father conquered every tiling, and left him nothing to do ; and exclaimed, in all the pride of regal dig AL rity, Give me kings for competitors, and I will enter the lists at Olympia. All his family and infant children were put to death by Cassander. The first deliberation that was made after his decease, among his generals, was to appoint his brother Aridaeus successor, until Roxane, who was then pregnant by him, brought into the world a legitimate heir. Perdiccas wished to be supreme regent, as Aridreus wanted ca- pacity ; and, more strongly to establish him- self, he married Cleopatra, Alexander's sister, and made alliance with Eumenes. As he en- deavoured to deprive Ptolemy of Egypt, he ras defeated in a battle by Seleucus and Anti- gonus on the banks of the river Nile, and as- sassinated by his own cavalry. Perdiccas was the first of Alexander's generals who took up arms against his fellow soldiers, and he was the first who fell a sacrifice to his rashness and cruelty. To defend himself against him, Ptolemy made a treaty of alliance with some generals, among whom was Antipater, who had strengthened himself by giving his daugh- ter Phila, an ambitious and aspiring woman, in marriage to Craterus, another of the generals of Alexander. After many dissensions and bloody wars among themselves, the generals of Alexander laid the foundations of several great empires in the three quarters of the globe. Ptolemy seized Egypt, where he firmly established himself, and where his suc- cessors were called Ptolemies, in honour of the founder of their empire, which subsisted till -he time of Augustus. Seleucus and his pos- terity reigned in Babylon and Syria. Anti- gonus at first established himself in Asia Minor, and Antipater in Macedonia. The descendants of Antipater were conquered by the successors of Antigonus, who reigned in Macedonia till it was reduced by the Romans in the time of king Perseus. Lysimachus made himself master of Thrace ; and Leonatus, who had taken possession of Phrygia, medi- tated for a while to drive Antipater from Ma- cedonia. Eumenes established himself in Cappadocia, but was soon overpowered by the combinations of his rival Antigonus, and starved to death. During his lifetime, Eu- menes appeared so formidable to the successors of Alexander, that none of thsm dared to as- Bume the title of king. Cart, Arrian <5f Plut. have written an account of Alexander's life. DM. 17 & 18. Paws. 1, 7, 8, 9. Justin. 11 & 12. Vat. Max.Strab. 1 &c. A son of Alexander the Great, by Roxane, put to death with his mother, by Cassander. Justin. 15, c. 2. A man, who, after the expulsion of Te- estes, reigned in Corinth. Twenty-five years after, Telestes dispossessed him, and put him to death. A son of Cassander, king of Ma- cedonia, who reigned two years conjointly with his brother Antipatei, and was prevented by Lysimachus from revenging his mother Thes- salonica, whom Iwa brother had murdered. Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, put him to death. Justin. 16, c. 1. Pans. 9, c. 7. -A king of Epirus, brother to Olympias, and suc- cessor to Arymbaa. He banished Timolaus to S5 AL Peloponnesus, and made war in Italy against the Romans, and observed that he fought with men, while bis nephew, Alexander the Great . was fighting with an army of women (meaning the Persians.) He was surnamed Molossus. Justin. 17, c. 3. Diod. 16. Liu. 8, c. 17 & 27,Strab. 16. A son of Pyrrhus, was king of Epirus. He conquered Macedonia, from which he was expelled by Demetrius He recovered it by the assistance of the Acarnanians. Justin. 26, c. 3. Plut. in Pi/rr/i. A king of Syria, driven from his kingdom by Nicanor, son of Demetrius Soter, and his father-in-law Ptolemy Philometor. Justin. 35, c. 1 & 2. Joseph. 13 ant. Jud.Strab. 47. King of Syria, first called Bala, was a mer- chant, and succeeded Demetrius. He con- quered Nicanor by means of Ptolemy Phys- chon, and was afterwards killed by Antiochus Grynus, son of Nicanor. Jvxph. ant. Jud. 13 c. 18. Stolemy, was one of the Ptolemean kings in Egypt. His mother Cleopatra raised him to the throne, in preference to his brother Ptolemy Lathurus, and reigned conjointly with him. Cleopatra however expelled him, and soon after recalled him; and Alexander, to prevent being expelled a second time, put her to death, and for his unnatural action was himself mur- dered by one of his subjects. Joseph. 13 ant Jud. c. 20, &c. Justin. 39, c. 3 & 4. Pans 1, c. 9. Ptolemy, king of Egypt, was son o* the preceding. He was educated i i he island of Cos, and falling into the hands of Mithridates, escaped to Sylla, who restored him to his kingdom. He was murdered oy his subjects a few days after his restoration. Appian. 1 bell. Civ. -Ptolemy was king of Egypt, after his brother Alexander, the last- mentioned. After a peaceful reign, he was banished by his subjects, and died at Tyre, B. C. 65, leaving his kingdom to the Roman people. Cic. pro Rull. A youth ordered by Alexander the Great to climb the rock Aornus. with 30 other youths. He was kil.'ed in the attempt. Curt. 8, c. 11. An historian mentioned by Plut. in Mario. An Epicu- rean philosopher. Plut. A governor of ^Eolia, who assembled a multitude on pre- tence of shewing them an uncommon spec- tacle, and confined them till they had each bought their liberty with asumSf money. Polyatn. 6, c. 10. A name given to Paris, son of Priam. Vid. Paris. Jannsus, a king of Judiea, son of Hyrcanus, and brother of Aristo- bulus, who reigned as a tyrant, and died through excess of drinking, B. C. 79, after massacring 800 of his subjects for the enter- tainment of his concubines. A Paphlago- nian who gained divine honours by his magical tricks and impositions, and likewise procured the friendship of Marcus Aurelius. Ha died 70 years old. A native of Caria, in the third century, who wrote a commentary on the writings of Aristotle, part of which is still ex- tan Trallianus, a physician and philoso- pher of the 4th century, some of whose work* in Greek are still extant. A poet of vEtolia. in the age of Ptolrjmy Fluladelphus. i\ 02 A L peripatetic philosopher, said to have been pre- ceptor to Nero. An historian called also Polvhistor, who wrote five books on the Roman republic, in which he said that the Jews had received tlu ir laws, not from God, but from a woman he called Moso. He also wrote a treatise on the Pythagorean philosophy, B. C. 88. A pot* of Ephesus, who wrote a poem on astronomy and geography. A writer of Myndus, quoted by Athen. and JElian. A sophist of Silencia, in the age of Antoninus. A physician in the age of Justinian. A Thessalian, who, as he was going to engage in a naval battle, gave to his soldiers a great number of missile weapons, and ordered them to dart them continually upon the enemy, to render their numbers useless. Polyxn. 6, c. 27. A son of Lysimachus. Polyxn. 6, c. 12. A governor of Lycia, who brought a reinforcement of ti oops to Alexander the Great. Curt. 7, c. 10. A son of Polysperchon, killed in Asia by the Dymaeans. Diod. 18 & 19. A poet of Pleuron, who said that Theseus had a daughter, called Ipliigenia, by Helen. Pans. 2, c. 22. A Spartan, killed with two hundred of his soldiers by the Argives, when he endeavoured to prevent their passing through the country of Tegea. Diad. 15. A cruel tyrant of Pherae, in Thessaly, who made war against the Macedo- nians, and took Pelopidas prisoner. He wa.= murdered, B.C. 357, by his wife, called Thebe : whose room he had carefully searched every night, fearful of some dagger that might, have been concealed to take away his life. Cic. de off. 2, c. 9. Vol. Max. 9, c. 13. Pfrt. & C. Nep.in Pelop.Paus. 6, c. 5. DM. 15 & 16. Ovid, in Ib. v. 321. Severus, a Roman emperor. Vid. Severus. ALEXANDRA, the name of some queens of Judaea, mentioned by Joseph. ALEXANDRIARJE, the boundaries, according to some, of Alexander's victories, near the I'anais. Plin. 6, c. 16. ALEXANDRIA, the name of some cities which were founded by Alexander during his conquests in Asia : the most famous are A great and extensive city, built B. C. 332, which became the capital of Egypt, on the western side of the Delta. The commodities of India were brought there, and thence dispersed to the different countries around the Mediterra- nean. Alexandria is famous, among other curiosities, for the large library which the pride or learning of the Ptolemies had collected there, at a vast expence, from all parts of the earth. This valuable repository was burnt by the orders of the caliph Omar in the seventh century ; and it is said, that during six months the numerous volumes supplied fuel for the 4000 baths which contributed to the health and convenience of the populous capital of Egypt. Alexandria has likewise been dis- tinguished for jits school, not only of theology and philosophy, but of physic, where once to have studied was a sufficient recommendation to distant countries. The modom town of Scanderoon has been erected upon the ruins of 36 AL Alexandria, and, as if it were an iuault to it former greatness, it scarce contains 6000 inha- bitants. Curt. 4, c. 8.Strab. 17. Plin. 5, c. 10. Another in Albania, at the foot of mount. 1 Caucasus. Another in Arachosia, in India. The capital of Aria, between Hecatompy Ion and Bactra. Another of Carmania. Another in Cilicia, on the confines of Syria. Another, the capital of Margiana. Another of Troas, &c. Curt. 7. Plin. 6, c. 16, 23, 25. ALEXANDHIDES, a Lacedaemonian who married his sister's daughter, by whom he had Dorycus, Leonidas, and Cleombrotus. A native of Delphi, of which he wrote an history. ALEXANDRIA AQUA, baths in Rome, built by the emperor Alexander Severus. ALEXANDROPOLIS, a city of Parthia, built by Alexander the Great. Plin. 6, c. 25. ALEXANOR, a son of Machaon, who built a temple to his grandfather ^Esculapius, and re- ceived divine honours after death. Paus. 2, c. 11. ALEXARCHCS, a Greek historian. AT.EXAS, of Laodicsea, was recommended to M. Antony by Timagenes. He was the cause that Antony repudiated Octavia to marry Cleopatra, Augustus punished him severely after the defeat of Antony. Pint, in Anton, ALExiA,orAlesia. Vid. Alesia. ALEXICACUS, a surname _given to Apollo by the Athenians, because he delivered them from the plague during the Peloponnesian war. ALEXINUS, a disciple of Ebulis the Milesian, famous for the acuteness of his genius and judgment. He died of a wound he had re- ceived from a sharp-pointed reed, as he swam across the river Alpheus. Diog. in Euclid. ALEXIO, a physician, intimate with Cicero. Cic. ad Att. 13, ep. 25. ALEXIPPUS, a physician of Alexander. Pint, in Ale i. ALEXIRAES, a son of Hercules, by Hebe. Apollod. 2, c. 7. A place of Boeotia, where Alexiraes was born, bears also this name. Paus. 9, 25. ALEXIRHOE, a daughter of the river Gra- nicus. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 763. ALEXIS, a man of Samos, who endeavoured to ascertain, by his writings, the borders of his country. A comic poet, 336, B. C. ofThurium, who wrote 245 comedies, of which some fe>v fragments remain. A servant of Asinius Pollio. An ungrateful youth of whom a shepherd is deeply enamoured, in Virgil's EC/. 2 A statuary, disciple to Polycletes, 87 Olymp. Plin. 34, c. 8. A school-fellow of Atticus. Cic. ad Attic. 7, ep. 2. ALEXON, a native of Myndos, who wrote fables. Diog. ALFATEIINA, a town of Campania, beyond mount Vesuvius. ALFENUS, a native of Cremona, who, by tlw force of his genius and his application, raisax himself from his original profession of * cobbler, to offices of trust at Rome, and at last became consul. Horat. Sat. 3, v. 13O. ALG!DUM, a town of Latium new: Tuuculum. A L> about If miles from Rome. There is a moun- tain of the same name in the neighbourhood. Horat. 1, od. 21. ALIACMON and HALIACMON, a river of Macedonia, separating it from Thessaly. It flows into the ^Egean sea. Plin. 4, c. 10. ALIARTUM, a city of Boeotia, taken by M. Lucretius. Liv. 42, c. 63. ALIARTUS and HALIARTUS, a town of Boeotia, near the river Permessus. Another in Peloponnesus, on the coast of Messenia. Stat. Theb. 7, v. 274. ALICIS, a town of Laconia. A tribe of Athens. Strab. ALIENUS CJECINA, a questor in Boeotia, appointed, for his services, commander of a legion in Germany, by Galba. The emperor disgraced him for bis bad conduct, for which he raised commotions in the empire. Tacit. 1, Hist. c. 52. ALIFJE, Alifa, or Alipha, a town of Italy near the Vulturnus. Liv. 8, c. 25. ALILJEI, a people of Arabia Felix. ALIMENTUS, C. an historian in the second Punic war, who wrote in Greek an account of Annibal ; besides a treatise on military affairs. Lit;. 21 & 30. ALINDX, a town of Caria. Arrian. ALIPHERIA, a town of Arcadia, situate on a hill. Polyb. 4, c. 77. ALIRROTHIUS, a son of Neptune. Hearing that his father had been defeated by Minerva in his dispute about giving a name to Athens, he went to the citadel, and endeavoured to cut down the olive, which had sprung from the ground, and given the victory to Minerva ; but in the attempt he missed his aim, and cut his own legs so severely that he instantly ex- pired. T. ALLEDIUS SEVERUS, a Roman knight who married his brother's daughter to please Agrippina. -A noted glutton in Domitian's reign. Juv. 5, v. 118. ALLIA, a river of Italy, falling into the Tiber. The Romans were defeated on its banks by Brennus and the Gauls, who were going to plunder Rome, 17th of July, B. C. 3PO. Pint, in CamiLLiv. 5, c. 37.F/or. 1, c. 13. Virg. Jn.1, v.717. ALLIENOS, a pretor of Sicily, under Csesar. Hirt.Afric.2. ALLOBROGES, a warlike nation of Gaul near f he Rhone, in that part of the country now called Savoy. The Romans destroyed their city, because they had assisted Hannibal. Their ambassadors were allured by great promises to join in Cataline's conspiracy against his country; but they scorned their offers, and discovered the plot. DID. Strab. 4. Tacit. 1. Hist. c. 66. Stllnst. in Jug. bell. ALLOBRYGES, a people of Gaul supposed to be the same as the Allobroges. Polyb. 30, c.56. ALLOTRIGES, a nation on the southern parts of Spain. Strafe. 2. ALLUTIUS, a prince of the Celtiberi, to whom Scipio restored the beautiful princess he had taken in battle. 37 A L ALMO, a small river near Rome, falling into the Tiber. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 387. Lucan. 1, v. 600. ALMON, the eldest of the sons of Tyrrhus. He was the first Rutulian killed by the Trojans ; and from the skirmish which happened before and after his death, arose the enmities which ended in the fall of Turnus. Vir s . Mn. 7, v. 532. ALOA, festivals at Athens in honour of Bacchus and Ceres, by whose beneficence the husbandmen received the recompence of their labours. The oblations were the fruits of the earth. Ceres has been called from this, Aloas and Alois. ALOEUS, a giant, son of Titan and Terra. He married Iphimedia, by whom Neptune had two sons, Othus and Ephialtus. Aloeus educated them as his own, and from that cir- cumstance they have been called Abides. They made war against the gods, and were killed by Apollo and Diana. They grew up nine inches every month, and were only nine years old when they undertook their war. They built the town of Ascra, at the foot of moun Helicon. Pans. 9, c. 29. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 582. Home,: II. 5, (W. 11. ALOIDES and ALOIDJE, die sons of Aloeus. Fid. Aloeus. ALOPE, daughter of Cercyon, king of Eleusis, had a child by Neptune, whom she exposed in the woods, covered with a piece of her gown. The child was preserved, and carried to Alope's father, who, upon knowing the gown, ordered his daughter to be put to death. Neptune, who could not save his mistress; changed her into a fountain. The child was called Hippothoon, and placed by Theseus upon his grandfather's throne. Paws. 1, c. 5 and 39. Hygin. fab. 187. One of the Harpies. Hygin. fab. 14. A town of Thes- saly. Plin. 4, c. 7. Homer. II. 2, v. 682. ALOPECE, an island in the Palus Mjeotis. Strab. Another in the Cimmerian Bos- phorus. Plin. 4, c. 12. Another in the ^Egean sea, opposite Smyrna. Id. 5, c. 31. ALOPECES, a small village of Attica, where was the tomb of Anchimolius, whom the Spartans had sent to deliver Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratidae. Socrates ana Aristides were born there. JEschin. contra Timarch.Herodot. 5, c. 64. ALOPIUS, a son of Hercules and Antiope. Apollod. ALOS, a town of Achaia. Strab. 9. Plin. 4, c. 7. ALOTIA, festivals in Arcadia, in commemora- tion of a victory gained over Lacedaemon by the Arcadians. ALPENUS, the capital of Locris, at the north of Thermopylae Herodot. 7, c. 176, &c. ALFES, high mountains that separate Italy from Spain, Gaul, and Rhaetia, and Germany. They are covered with perpetual snows, and distinguished by different names according to their situation. A traveller is generally five days in reaching the top in some parts. They were supposed for a long time to be impassable. A L Hannibal matched his army over them, and made his way through rocks, by softening and breaking them with vinegar. They were in- habited by fierce uncivilized nations, who were unsubdued till the age of Augustus, who, to eternize the victory he had obtained over them erected a pillar in their territory. Strab. 4 & 5. Lit). 21, c. 35. Juv. 10, v. 151. Horat. 2, Sat. 5, v. 41. Lucan. 1, v. 183. Tacit. Hist. 'ALPHEIA. a surname of Diana in Elis. It was given her when the river Alpheus en- deavoured to ravish her without success. A surname of the nymph Arethusa, because loved by the Alpheus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 487. ALPHENOR, one of Niobe's sons. Quid. Met. 6, fab. 6. ALPHENUS. Vid. Alfenus. ALPHESIBJEA, daughter of the river Phle- geus, married Alcmaeon, son of Amphiaraus, who had fled to her father's court after the murder of his mother. [Fid. Alcnuian.~] She received as a bridal present, the famous neck- lace which Polynices had given to Eriphyle, to induce her to betray her husband Amphiaraus. Alcmseon, being persecuted by the manes of his mother, left his wife by order of the oracle, and retired near the Achelous, whose daughter Callirhoe, he married. Callirhoe had two sons by him, and begged of him, as a present, the necklace which was then in the hands of Al- phesibcea. He endeavoured to obtain, it, and was killed by Temenus and Axion, Alphesibuea's brothers, who thus revenged their sister, who had been so innocently abandoned. Hygin. fab. 244. Propert. 1, el. 1.5, v. 15. Pans. 8, c. 24. ALPHESIBOWS, a shepherd, often mentioned in Virgil's eclogues. ALPHEUS, a famous river of Peloponnesus, which rises in Arcadia, and after passing through Elis and Achaia, falls into the sea. The god of this river fell in love with the nymph Are- thusa, and pursued her till she was changed into a fountain by Diana. The fountain Are- thusa, is in Ortygia, a small island near Syra- cuse; and the ancients affirm, that the river Alpheus passes under the sea from Pelopon- nesus, and, without mingling itself with the salt waters, rises again in Ortygia, and joins the stream of Arethusa. If any thing is thrown into the Alphens in Elis, according to their traditions, it will re-appear, after some time, swimming in the waters of Arethusa, near Sicily. Hercules made use of the Alpheus to clean the stables of Augeas. Strab. 6. Virg. &n. 3, v. 694. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 10. J.HCHII, 3, v. 176. Stat. Theb. 1 & 4. Mela, 2, c. 7. Paia. 5, c. 7. 1. 6, c. ZLMarcellin. 25. P/in.2, c. 103. ALPHIUS, or ALFETJS, a celebrated usurer ridiculed in Horat, Epod. 2. AI.PIUUB AVITUS, a writer in the age of Se- rcrus, who gave an account of illustrious men, and an liistory of the Carthaginian war. AI.PINUS, belonging to the Alps. Fir<. JEn. * *.442. Ai.riM-s (Cornelius), a contemptible poet, 38 AL whom Horace rid. cules for the awkward man- ner in which he introduces the death of Mem- non in a tragedy, and the pitiful style with which he describes the Rhine, in an epic poem he had attempted on the wars in Germany. Horat. 1. Sat. 10, v. 3. Julius, one of the chiefs of the Helvetii. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 68. ALPIS, a small river falling into the Danube. ALSIUM, a town on the Tiber. Sil. 8. ALSUS, a river of Achaia in Peloponnesus, flowing from mount Sipylus. Paws. 7, c. 27. A shepherd during the Rutuliau wars. ~. JEn. 12, v. 304. LTHJEA, daughter of Thestius and Eury- themis, married CEiieus, king of Calydon, by whom she had many children, among whom was Meleager. When Althaea brought forth Me- leager, the Parcae placed a log of wood in the fire, and said, that as long as it was preserved so long would the life of the child just born, be prolonged. The mother saved the wood from the flames, and kept it very carefully ; but when Meleager killed his two uncles, Althaea's bro- thers, Althaaa, to revenge their death, threw the log into the tire, and as soon as it was urnt, Meleager expired. She was afterwards so sorry for the death which she had caused, that she killed herself, unable to survive her son. Vid. Meleager. Ovid. Met. 8. fab. 4. Horner. II. 9. Paw. 8, c. 45. 1. 10, c. 31. ApolUtd. 1, c. 8. ALTHSMENES, a son of Creteus king of Crete. Hearing that either he or his brothers were to be their father's murderer, he fled to Rhodes, where he made a settlement to avoid becoming a parricide. After the death of all his other sons, Creteus went after his son Al- thaemenes; when he landed in Rhodes, the in- habitants attacked him, supposing him to be an enemy, and he was killed by the hand of his own son. When Althaemenes knew that he had killed his father, he entreated the gods to remove him, and the earth immediately opened, and swallowed him up. Apollod. 3, c. 2. ALTINUM, a flourishing city near Aquileia, famous for its wool. Martial, 14, ep. 25. Plin. 3, c. 18. ALTIS, a sacred grove round Jupiter's temple at Olympia. Paiw. 5, c. 20, &c. ALTUS, a city of Peloponnesus. Xenajih. Hist. Grtec. ALUNTIUM, a town of Sicily. Plin. 3, c. 8. Cic. in Verr. 4. Ai.us, Ai.uus, and HALUS, a village of Ar- cadia, called also the temple o ^sculapius. Pans. 8, c. 25. AI.YATTES I. a king of Lydia, descended from the Hcraclids. He reigned 57 years. n. king of Lydia, of the family of the Merm- nada:, was father to Croesus. He drove the Cimmerians from Asia, and made war against the Medes. He died when engaged in a war against Miletus, after a reign of 3.j years. A monument was raised on his grave, with the money which the women of Lydia had obtained by prostitution. An eclipse of the tmn termi- nated a battle between him and Cyaxarea. Herodot. 1, c. 16, 17, &c. Strab. 13. A M A LVBA, a country near Mysia. Homer. 1L 2. ALYCJEA, a town of Arcadia. Pas. 8, c. 27. AI.YC.SUS, son of Scyron, was killed by The- seus. A place in Megara received its name from him. Plut. in Thes. ALYMON, the husband of Circe. ALYSSUS, a fountain of Arcadia, whose waters could cure the bite of a mad dog. Pans. 8, c. 19. ALYXOTHOE, daughter of Dymus, was mo- ther of .iEsacus by Priam. Ovid. Met. 11. fab. 11. AMADOCUS, a king of Thrace, defeated by his antagonist Seuthes. Aristot. 5.Polit. 10. AMAGE, a queen of Sarmatia, remarkable for her justice and fortitude. Polyarn. 8, c. 56. AMALTHJEA, daughter of Melissus king of Crete, fed Jupiter with goat's milk. Hence some authors have called her a goat, and have maintained that Jupiter, to reward her kind- nesses, placed her in heaven as a constellation, and gave one of her horns to the nymphs who had taken care of his infant years. This horn was called the horn of plenty, and had the power to give the nymphs whatever they de- sired. DM. 3, 4, & 5. Ovid. Fast- 5, \ 113. Strab. 10. Hi/gin, fab. 139. Paus.7, c. 26. A sibyl of Cutnse, called also Hierophile and Demophile. She is supposed to be the same who brought nine books of prophecies to Tarquin king of Rome, &c. Varro. TibiM. 2, el. 5, v. 67. _ \Vid. Sibylla:.] AMALTHEUM, a public place which Atncus had opened in his country-house, and provided with every tiling which could furnish enter- tainment and convey instruction. Cic. ad Attic. 1 , ep. 13. AMANA or AMANUS, a mountain of Cilicia. Lucan. 3, v, 244. CM. SAL. AMANDUS, a rebel general under Dioclesian, who assumed imperial honours, and was at last conquered by Dioclesian's col- league. AMANTES or AMANTINI, a people of Illyri- cum descended from the Abantes of Phocis. CaUimach. AMAXUS, one if the deities worshipped in Persia. Strab. 1-. A mountain of Cilicia. AMARAOUS, an officer of Cinyras, changed into marjoram. AMARIH, a nation near the Caspian sea. Mela, 1, c. 3. AMARTUS, a city of Greece. Homer. Hymn, in Apoll. AMARYLLIS, the name of a country woman in Virgil's eclogues. Some commentators have supposed, that the poet spoke of Rome under this fictitious name. AMARYVCEUS, a king of the Epeans, buried at Bupraa-jm. Strab. Q.Paus. 8, c. 1. AMARYNTHUS, a village of Euboea, whence Diana is called Amarysia, and her festivals in that town Amarynthia. Euboea is sometimes called Amarynthus. Paw, 1, c. 31. AM AS, a mountain of Laconia. Pans. 3. AMASIA, a city of Pontus, where Mithri- uates the great, and Strabo the geographer, were born. Strab. 12. Plin. 6, c. 3. 39 AM AMASKNUR, a small river of Latium falling into the Tyrrhene sea. Virg, JEn. 7, v. 685. AMASIS, a man who, from a common sol- dier, became king of Egypt. He made war against Arabia, and died before the invasion of his country by Cainbyses king of Persia. He iade a law, that every one of his subjects should yearly give an account to the public magistrates, of the manner in which he sup- ported himself. He refused to continue in alliance with Polycrates the tyrant of Samos, on account of his uncommon prosperity. When Cambyses came into Egypt, he ordered the body of Amasis to be dug up, and to be in- sulted and burnt ; an action which was very ini- mical to the religious notions of the Egyptians. Herodot. 1, 2, 3. A man who led the Per- sians against the inhabitants of Barce. Herodot. 4, c. 201, &c. AMASTHIS, the wife of Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily. She was sister to Darius, whom Alexander conquered. Strab. Also, the wife of Xerxes, king of Persia. [ Vid. Amestris.] A ci f v of Paphlagonia, on the Euxine sea. Catull. AMASTRUS, one of the auxiliaries of Perses, against ^Eetes king of Colchis. He was killed by Argus, sou of Phryxus. Flucc. 6, v. 544. A friend of .iEneas, killed by Camilla in the Rutulian war. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 673. AMATA , the wife of king Latinus. She had betrothed her drighter Lavinia to Turuus, be- fore the arrival of ^Eneas in Italy. She zeal- ously favoured the interest of Turnus; and when her daughter was given in marriage to ^Eneas, she hung herself, to avoid the sight. of her son-in-law. Virg. JEn. 7, Sac. AMATHUS, (gen. untis) a city on the southern side of the island of Cyprus, particularly dedi- cated to Venus. The island is sometimes called Amathusia. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 51. Ptol 5, v. 14. AMAXAMPEUS, a fountain of Scythia, whose waters imbitter the stream of the river Hypari*. Herodot. 4, c. 52. AMAXIA or AMAXITA, an ancient town of Troas. A place of Cilicia abounding with wood fit for building ships. Plin. 5, c. 9. Strab. 14. AMAZENES or MAZ!NES, a prince of the island Oaractas, who sailed for some time with the Macedonians and Nearchus in Alex- ander's expedition into the east. Arrian. in Indie. AMAZONF.S or AMAZONIDKS, a nation of fa- mous women who lived near the river Ther- modon in Cappadocia. All their life was em- ployed in wars and manly exercises. They never had any commerce with the other sex ; but, only for the sake of propagation, they vi- sited the inhabitants of the neighbouring coun- try for a few days, and the male children which they brought forth were given to the fathers. According to Justin, they were strangled as soon as born, and Diodorus says that they maimed them and distorted their limbs. The females were carefully educated by their mo- thtrs, in the lal>ours of the field ; their right A M breast was burnt off, that they might iurl a javelin with more force, and make a better use of the bow; from that circumstance, therefore, their name is derived (a non p.aZa mamma^. They founded an extensive empire in Asia Mi- nor, along the shores of the Euxine, and near the Thennodon. They were defeated in a battle near the Thennodon, by the Greeks ; and some of them migrated beyond the Tanais, and extended their country as far as the Caspian sea. The- myscyra was the most capital of their towns. Smyrna, Magnesia, Thyatira, and Ephesus, ac- cording to some authors, were built by them. Diodorus, 1. 3, mentions a nation of Amazons in Africa, more ancient than those of Asia. Some authors, among whom is Strabo, deny the existence of the Amazons, but Justin and Diodorus particularly support it ; and the latter says, that Penthesilea, one of their queens, came to the Trojan war on the side of Priam, and that she was killed by Achilles, and from that time the glory and character of the Ama- zons gradually decayed, and was totally for- gotten. The Amazons of Africa flourished long before the Trojan war, and many of their actions have been attributed to those of Asia. It is said, that after they had almost subdued all Asia, they invaded Attica, and were con- quered by Theseus. Their most famous actions were their expedition against Priam, and after- wards the assistance they gave him during the Trojan war, and their invasion of Attica, to punish Theseus, who had carried away An- tiope, one of their queens. They were also conquered by Bellerophonand Hercules. Among their queens, Hippolite, Antiope, Lampeto, Marpesia, &c. are famous. Curtius says, that Thalestris, one of their queens, came to Alex- ander wliilst he was pursuing his conquests in Asia, for the sake of raising children from a man of such military reputation ; and that after she had remained 13 days with him, she re- tired into her country. The Amazons were such expert archers, that, to denote the goodness of a bow or quiver, it was requisite to call it Ama- zonian. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 311. Joriiuul. de Eeb. Get. c. r.~Philastr. Icon. 2, c. o.Jwtin. 2, c. 4 Curt. 6, c. 5. Plin. 6, c. 7. 1. 14, c. 8. 1. 36, c. 5.Herodot. 4, c. 1 10 Strab. 11. Diod. 2. Dianys,. Hal. 4. Paus. 7, c. 2. Pint, in Thes.Apellod. 2, c. 3 & 5.Hygin fab. 14 & 163. AMAZSNIA, a celebrated mistress of the em- peror Commodus. The country of the Ama- zons, near the Caspian sea. AMAZONISM, a place in Attica, where The- seus obtained a victory over the Amazons. AMAZONIUS, a surname of Apollo at Lace- d;cmon. AMBARIU, a people of Gallia Celtica; they were related to the vEdui. Ca-s. bell. G. 1, c. 11. AMBNUS, a mountain of European Sarmatia. flacc. 6, v. 85. AMBARVALIA, a joyful procession round the ploughed fields in honour of Ceres the goddess of corn. There were two festivals of that name celebrated by the Romans, one about the month f April, the other in July. They went three 40 AM irnas round their fields crowned with oJr- [eaves, singing hymns to Ceres, and entreating her to preserve their corn. The woid is de- rived ab ambiendu arm, going round the fields. A sow, a sheep, and a bull, called ambarvalitt hostia, were afterwards immolated, and the sa- crifice has sometimes been called svavetaurilia, from siis, ovis, and taurus. Cato de R. R. c. 141. AMBIALITES, a people of Gallia Celtica. C oi fathei, under the name of Jupiter Ammon, i. e. xundy with the horns of a ram. The ram, according to some, was made a con- stellation. The temple of Jupiter Ammon was in the deserts of Libya, nine days journey from Alexandria. It had a famous oracle, which, according to ancient tradition, was established about 18 centimes before the time of Augustus, by two doves who flew away from Thebais in Egypt, and came one to Dodona, and the other to Libya, where the people were soon informed of their divine mission. The oracle of Ham- mon was consulted by Hercules, Perseus, and others; but when it pronounced Alexander to be the son of Jupiter, such flattery destroyed its long established reputation, and in the age of Plutarch it was scarce known. The situation of the temple was pleasant; and according to Ovid. Met. 15, v. 310. Lucre*. 6, v. 84?. He- rodot. in Melirnn.Curt. 4, c. 7. there was near it a fountain whose waters were cold at noon and midnight, and warm in the morning and evening. There were above 100 priests in the temple, but only the elders delivered oracles. There was also an oracle of Jupiter Ammon in Ethio- pia. Plin. 6, c. 29. Strab. 1, 11 & VT.Plut. curi orac. ed. desie<-ant, fy in hid. Curt. 6, c. 10. 1. 10, c. 5.Herodot. 1, c. 6. 1. 2, c. 32 & 55. 1. 4, c. 44. Paus. 3, c. 18. 1. 4, c. 23.Hygin. fab. 133. Poet. astr. 2, c. 20. Justin. 1, c. 9. 1. 11, c. 11. A king of Libya, father to Bac- dius. He gave his name to the temple of Ham- n>on, according to Diod. 8. AMMONIA, a name of Juno in Elis. Paus. 5, c. 15. AMMON and BROTHAS, two brothers, famous for their skill in boxing. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 107 AMMONIA, a name of Juno in Elis, as being the wife of Jupiter Ammon. Paus. 5. c. 15. AM MONTI, a nation of Africa, who derived their origin from the Egyptians and Ethiopian rheir language was a mixture of that of the two people from whom they were descended. He- rodut. 2, 3, & 4. AMMONIUS, a Christian philosopher, who opened a school of Platonic philosophy at Alex- andria, 232 A. D. and had among his pupils Origen and Plotinus. His treatise Hepi O^oiioi was published in 4to. by Valckenaer, L. Bat 1739. A writer who gave an account o sacrifices, as also a treatise on the harlots o Athens. Athen. 13. An Athenian general eurnamed Barcas. Polifb. 3. AM MOTH EA, one of the Nereides. Hesiod Theog. AMNIAS, a river of Bithynia. Appian. de bell Mltfir. AMNISUS, a port of Gnossus, at the north o Crete, with a small river of the game name, ne; which Lucina had a temple. The nymphs o the place were called Amnisiades. Callim. AMa. polya n. 4, c. 6 A MOM Errs, a Greek historian. 1'lin. 6, c. 17 AMOR, the sou of Venus, was the god of I/we. Vtd. Cupido. 42 AM AMORCES, a Persian general, killed in Caria in the reign of Xerxes. Herodoi. 5, c. 121. AMOHGOS, an island among the Cyclades, where Simonides was born. Strab. 10. AMPELUS, a promontory of Samos. A own oi Crete, Macedonia, Jiguria, and jyrene. A favourite of Bacchus, son of a atyr and a nymph, made a constellation after leath. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 407. AMPELUSIA, a promontory of Africa, in Mau- itania. Mela, 1. c. 5 & 6. AMPHEA, a city of Messema, taken by the jacedaemonians. Paws. 4, c. 5. AMPHIALAUS, a famous grave in the island )f the Phsacians. Homer. Od. 8. AMPHIANAX, a king of Lycia in the time of Acrisius and Proetus. Apollod. 2. c. 2. AMPHIARAUS, son of Oicleus, or according o others, of Apollo, by Hypermnestra, was at the chase of the Caledonian boar, and accom- panied the Argonauts in their expedition. He was famous for his knowledge of futurity. He married Eriphyle, the sister of Adrastus king f Argos, by whom he had two sons, Alcmaiou and Amphilochus. When Adrastus, at the re- quest of Polynices, declared war against Thebes, Amphiaraus secreted himself, not to accompany iis brother-in-law in an expedition in which he uiew he was to perish. But Eriphyle, who mew where he had concealed himself, was prevailed upon to betray him by Polynices. .vho gave her, as a reward for her perfidy, 'amous golden necklace set with diamonds Amphiaraus, being thus discovered, went to the, war, but previously charged his son Alcmffion ;o put to death his mother Eriphyle, as soon as lie was informed that he was killed. The The- aan war was fatal to the Argives, and Amphia- raus, was swallowed up in his chariot by the earth as he attempted to retire from the battle. The news of his death was brought to Alcmason , who immediately executed his father's com- mand, and murdered Eriphyle. Amphiaraus received divine honours after death, and had a celebrated temple and oracle at Oropios, i:i Attica. His statue was made of white marble, and near his temple was a fountain, whose waters were ever held sacred. They only who had consulted his oracle, or had been delivered from a disease, were permitted to bathe in it, after which they threw pieces of gold and silver into the stream. Those who consulted the oracle of Amphiaraus, first purified themselves and abstained from food for 24 hours, and three days from wine, after which they sacrificed a ram to the prophet, and spread the skin upon the ground, upon which they slept in expec- tation of receiving in a dream the answer of the oracle. Plutarch de orac. defect, mentions, th;it the orade of Amphiaraus was once consulted in the time of Xerxes, by one of the sen-ants ot Mardonius, for his master, who was then with an army in Greece; and that the servant, when asleep, saw in a dream the priest of the temple who upbraided him, and drove him away, and even threw stones at his head when he refused to comply. This oructe sm verified in the A M death of Mardonius. who was actually killed by the blow of a stone he received ou the head. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 40. Philastr. in vit. Apollon. 2, c. 11. Homer. Od. 15, v. 243, &tc.Hygin. fab. 70, 73, 128, & 150. Diod. 4. Ovid. 9, fab. 10. lut. in 1'arall. ANCILE and ANCYI.E, asacred sluekl, which, according to the Roman authors, fell from hea- ven in the reign of Numa, when the Roman people laboured under a pestilence. Upon the preservation of this shield depended the fate of the Roman empire, and therefore Numa or- dered 11 of the same size and form to be made, that if ever any attempt was made to rarry them away, the plunderer might find it difficult to distinguish the true one. They were made with such exactness, that the king pro- mised Veterius Mamurius, the artist, whatever reward he desired. [Vid. Mamurius.'] They K-ere kept in the temple of Vesta, and an order ef priests was chosen to watch over their safety. These priests were called Salii, and were twelve in number ; they carried every year, on the first of March, the shields in a solemn procession round the walls of Rome, dancing and singing praises to the god Mars. This sacred festival continued three days, during which every im- portant business was stopped. It was deemed unfortunate to be married on those days, or to undertake any expedition, and Tacitus in 1 Hist. has attributed the unsuccessful campaign of the emperor Otho against Vitellius, to his leaving Rome during the celebration of the Ancylio- rium festum. These two verses of Ovid ex- plain the origin of the word Ancyle, which is applied to these shields : Id) de L. L. 5, c. 6. Vol. Mai. 1, c. 1. Juv. 2, v. 124. Pint, in Num.Virg. ]n. 8, v. 664. Dimtys. Hal. V.Liv. 1, c. 20. ANCON and ANCONA, a town of Picenum, built by the Sicilians, with a harbour in the form of a crescent. Plin. 3, c. 13. Lucan. "> v. 402. hat. 8, v. 437. ANGUS MARTIUS, the fourth king of Rome, was grandson to Numa, by his daughter. He waged a successful war against the Latins, Vei- entes, Fidenates, Volsci, and Sabines, and joined mount Janiculum to the city by a bridge, and enclosed mount Martius and the Aventfne within the walls of the city. He extended the confines of the Roman territories to the sea, where he built the town of Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber. He inherited the valour of Ro- mulus with the moderation of Numa. He died B. C. 616, after a reign of 24 years, and was : ucceeded by Tarquin the elder. Dionvs. Hal. 3, i.9.Liv 1, c. 32, &c. Flor. 1, c . 4.Virg. ;. 6, v. 815. , a town of Sicily. - A town of rhrygia. Pout. I . A N D A , a city of Africa. Polyb. AVDABAT*;, certain gladiators, who fought Dhndfolded, whence the proverb, Andabatanm >r 01 AN Daret Phr fig. Ovid, Am, 1 , el. 9, v.S5. Tritt 5, el. 6, v. 43. Apollod. 3, c. l. Pans. 1. c 11. AVDROMACHID, a nation who presented to their king all the virgins who were of nubile years, and permitted him to use them as he pleased. ANDROMACHUS, an opulent person of Sicily, father to the historian Timaeus. Diod. He as- sisted Timoleon in recovering the liberty of the Syracusans. A general of Alexander, tc whom Parmenio gave the government of Syria He was burnt alive by the Samaritans Curi . 4. c. 2 & 8. An officer of Seleucus the younger yaii. 4. A poet of Byzantium. A phy- sician of Crete, in the age of Nero. A sophist of Naples, in the age of Dioclesian. ANDROMADAS, a native of Rhegium, who made laws for the Thraeians concerning die pu- nishment of homicide, &c. Aristot. ANDROMEPI. a daughter of Cepheus king of /Ethiopia, by Cassiope. She was promised in marriage to Phineus, her uncle, when Nentune drowned the kingdom, and sent a sea monster to ravage the country, because Cassiope had boasted herself fairer than Juno and the Ne- reides. The oracle of Jupiter Ammon was con- sulted, and nothing could stop the resentment of Neptune, if Andromeda was not exposed to the sea monster. She was accordingly tied naked on a rock, and at the moment that the mocster was going to devour her, Perseus, who returned through the air from the conquest of the Gorgons, saw her, and was captivated with her beauty. He promised to deliver her and destroy the monster, if he received her in mar- riage as a reward for his trouble. Cepheus con- sented, and Perseus changed the sea monster into a rock, by shewing him Medusa's head, and untied Andromeda and married her. He had by her many children, among whom were Sthenelus, Ancsus, and Electryon. The mar- riage of Andromeda with Perseus was opposed by Phineus, who after a bloody battle was changed into a stone by Perseus. Some say that Minerva made Andromeda a constellation in heaven after her death. [Vid. Medusa, Per- seus.] H ygin. fab. 64. Cic.de Nat. D. 2, c. 43. Apollod. 2, c. 4. Manil. 5, v. 533. Proper*. 3, el. 21. According to Pliny, 1.5, c.31, it was at Joppa in Judea that Andromeda was tied on a rock. He mentions that the skeleton of the huge sea monster, to whom she had been ex- posed, was brought to Rome by Scaurus, and carefully preserved. The fable of Arnlromeda. and the sea monster has been explained, by supposing that she was courted by the captain of a ship, who attempted to carry her away, but was prevented by the interposition of another more faithful lover. ANDRON, an Argive, who travelled all ovei the deserts of Lybia without drink. Aristot. 1, de ebriet. A man set over the citadel of Sv- racuse by Dionysius. Hermocrates advised him to seize it and revolt from the tyrant, which he refused to 'do. The tyrant put him to death for not discovering that Hermocrates had incit?d i him to rebellion Polyten. 5, c. ?.- A ni*a B? AN of MaJiearnassus, Pint, in Tltes. A native nf Kphesus, who wrote an account of the seven wise men of Greece. Diog. A man of Ar- ^os. Another of Alexandria, &c. Apotlon. ilillod. 2. A freedman who directed the education of Nero, and be- came the instrument of his crimes. Siiet. in Ner. ANICIA, a family at Rome, which, in the flourishing times of the republic, produced many brave and illustrious citizens. A relation of Atticus. C. Nepos. ANICJUM, a town of Gaul. Ctes. bell. Gall. 7. ANICIUS GALLUS triumphed over the Illy- rians and their king Gen ti us, and was proprietor of Rome, A. U. C. .585. A consul with Corn. Cethegus, A. U. C. 592. Probus, a Roman consul in the fourth century, famous for his hu- nanity. ANIGRUS, ariver of Thessaly, where the Cen- aurs washed the wounds which they had re- :cived from Hercules, and made the waters mwholesome. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 281. The nymphs of this river are called Anigriades. Paus. 5, c. 6. AN:O and ANIEN, a river of Italy, flowing hrough the country of Tybur, and falling into he river Tiber, about five miles at the north of Rome. It receives its name, as some suppose, Vom Anius, a king of Etruria, who drowned limself there when lie could not recover his daughter, who had been carried away. Stat. 1. Sylv. 3, v. 20. Virg. l.n. 7, v. 683. Strab. 5. Horat. 1, od. 7, v. 13. Plut. de fart Earn. AMTOUGIS, a city of Spain, near which a battle was fought between Asdrubal and the Scipios. Liv. 25, c. 33. ANIUS, son of Apollo and Rhea, was king of Delos, and father of Audros. He had by Do- rippe three daughters, Oeno, Spermo, and Elais, to whom Bacchus had given the power of changing whatever they pleased into wine, corn, and oil. When Agamemnon went to the Tro- jan war, he wished to carry them with him to supply his army with provisions ; but they com- plained to Bacchus, who changed them into doves. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 642. Dionys. HaL 1. DM. r,.Virg. & n . 3, v. 80. ANNA, a goddess, in whose honour the Ro- mans have instituted festivals. She was, ac- cording to some, Anna the daughter of Belus A N and sister of Dido, who, after her sister's death, fled from Carthage, which Jarbus had liesieged, and came to Italy, where yEneas met her, as he walked on the banks of the Tiber, and gave her an honourable reception, for the kindnesses she had shewn him when he was at Carthage. Lavinia, the wife of /Eneas, was jealous of the tender treatment which was shewn to Anna, and meditated her ruin. Anna was apprized of this by her sister in a dream, and she fled to the river Numicus, of which she became a deity, and ordered the inhabitants of the country to call her Anna Perenna, because she would remain for ever under the waters. Her festivals were performed with many re- joicings, and the females often, in the midst of their cheerfulness, forgot their natural decency. They were introduced into Home, and cele- brated the 15th of March. The Romans gene- rally sacrificed to her, to obtain a long and happy life : and hence the words Annare et Pe- rennare. Some have supposed Anna to be the moon, quia mensibus imp! eat annum; others call her Themis, or lo, the daughter of Inachus, and sometimes Maia. Another more received opi- nion maintains, that Anna was an old indus- trious woman of Bovillse, who, when the Roman populace had fled from the city to mount Sacer, brought them cakes every day ; for which kind treatment the Romans, when the peace was re- established, decreed immortal honours to her whom they called Perenna, ab perennitute cidtus, and who, as they supposed, was become one of their deities. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 653, &c. Sil. 8, v. 79.Virg. Mn. 4, v. 9, 20, 421, & 500. ANNA COMMENA, a princess of Constanti- nople, known to the world for the Greek history wliich she wrote of her father Alexius emperor of the east. The character of this history is not very high either for authenticity or beauty of composition ; the historian is lost in the daugh- ter ; and instead of simplicity of style and nar- rative, as Gibbon says, an elaborate affectation of rhetoric and science betrays in every page the vanity of a female author. The best edition of Anna Commena, is that of Paris, folio, 1651. ANNALES, a chronological history which gives an account of all the important events of every year in a state, without entering into the causes which produced them. The annals of Tacitus may be considered in this light. In the first ages of Rome, the writing of the annals was one of the duties and privileges of the high- priest ; whence they have been called Annales Maxiini, from the priest Pontifex Maiimtis, who consecrated them, and gave them as truly ge nuine and authentic. ANNAMS LEX settled the age at which, a mong the Romans, a ci^eu could be admitted to exercise the offices of the state. This law originated in Athens, and was introduced in Rome. No man could be a knight before 18 years of age, nor be invested with the consular power before he had arrived at his 25th year. ANNIANUS, a poet in the age of Trajan. AWN IB AL, a celebrated Carthaginian gem ral, son of Amilcar. He was educated in h father's camp, and inured from his early years A N o the labours of the lield. He passed into spain when nine years old, and at the request )f his father, took a solemn oath he never would je at peace with the Romans. After liis fa- her's death, he was appointed over the cavalry n Spain ; and some time after, upon the death if Asdrubal, he was invested with the command of all the armies of Carthage, though not yet n tlie 25th year of his age. In three years of continual success, he subdued all the nations of Spain which opposed the Carthaginian power, nd took Saguntum after a siege of eight months. This city was in alliance with the Romans, and its fall was the cause of the second Punic war, which Anuibal prepared to support with all the courage and prudence of a consummate general. He levied three large armies, one of which he sent to Africa, lie left another in Spain, and arched at the head of the third towards Italy. Tliis army some have calculated at 20,000 foot and 6,000 horse, others say that it consisted of 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. Liv. 21, c. 38. He came to the Alps, which were deemed al- most inaccessible, and had never been passed over before him but by Hercules, and after much trouble gained the top in nine days. He con- quered the uncivilized inhabitants that opposed his passage, and after the amazing loss of 30,000 men, made his way so easy, by softening the rocks with fire and vinegar, that even his armed elephants descended the mountains without dan- ger or difficulty, where a man without his arms ould not walk before in safety. He was op- posed by iae Romans as soon as he entered Italy ; and after he had defeated P. Corn. Sci- pio and Sempronius near the Rhone, the Po, and the Trebia, he crossed the Apennines, and invaded Etruria. He defeated the army of the consul Flamiiiius near the lake Trasimenus, and soon after met the two consuls C.Terentius and L. ^Emilius at Cannae His army consisted of 40,000 foot and 10,000 horse, when he engaged the Romans at the celebrated battle of Canna;. The slaughter was so great, that no less than 40,000 Romans were killed, and the conqueror made a bridge with the dead carcasses ; and as a sign of his victory, he =ent to Carthage three bushels of gold rings wliich had been taken from 5630 Roman knights slain in the battle. Had Aniiibal, immediately after the battle, marched his army to the gates of Rome, it must have yielded amidst the general conster- nation, if we believe the opinions of some writers; but his delay gave the enemy spirit and boldness, and when at last he approached the walls, he was informed that the piece of ground on which his army then stood, was sell- ing at a high price in the Roman forum. After hovering for some time round the city, he retired to Capua, where the Carthaginian soldiers soon forgot to conquer in the pleasures and riot of this luxurious city. From that circumstance it has been said, and with propriety, that Capita was a Cannre to Annibal. After the battle of Cannae the Romans became -more cautious, and. when the dictator Fabius Maximus had defied the artifice as well as the valour of Annilml, they began to look for better times. Marcellus, A N who succeeded Fabius in the field, first taught the Romans that Annibal was not invincible. After many important debates in the senate, it was decreed, that war should be carried into Africa, to remove Annibal from the gates o: Rome, and Scipio, who was the first proposer o the plan, was empowered to put it into execu- tion. When Carthage saw the enemy on her coasts, she recalled Annibal from Italy ; am that great general is said to have left, with tears in his eyes, a country, which during sixteei years he had kept under continual alarms, anc which he could almost call his own. He and Scipio met near Carthage, and after a parley, in which neither wxuld give the preference to his enemy, they determined to come to a gene- i;il engagement. The battle was fought near Xama : Scipio made a great slaughter of the enemy ; 20,000 were killed, and the same num- ber made prisoners. Annibal, after he had lost the day, fled to Adrumetum. Soon after this decisive battle, the Romans granted peace to Carthage, on hard conditions; and afterwards Annibal, who was jealous and apprehensive of the Roman power, fled to Syria, to king An- tiochus, whom he advised to make war against Rome, and lead an army into the heart of Italy Antiochus distrusted the fidelity of Annibal, and was conquered by the Romans, who granted him peace on the condition cf his delivering their mortal enemy into their hands. Annibal, who was apprized of this, left the court of An- tiochus and fled to Prusias, king of Bithynia. He encouraged him to declare war against Rome, and even assisted him in weakening the power of Eumenes, king of Pergamus, who was in alliance with the Romans. The senate re- ceived intelligence that Annibal was in Bithy- nia, and immediately sent ambassadors, among whom was L. Q. Flaminius, to demand him of Prusias. The king was unwilling to betray Annibal, and violate the laws of hospitality, and at the same time he dreaded the power of Rome : but Annibal extricated him from his embarrassment, and when he heard that his house was besieged on every side, and every means of escape fruitless, he took a dose of poison, which he always carried with him in a nig on his finger, and as he breathed his last, he exclaimed, St-.lvamus diuturna cnra papulam Ramanum, qnanda mtrrtem senit expectare Imgum eeruet. He died in his 70th year, according to some, about 182 years B. C. That year was famous for the death of the three greatest gene- rals of the age, Annibal, Scipio, and Philopoe- men. The death of that great man was the cause of great rejoicings in Rome; he had al- ways been a professed enemy to the Roman name, and ever endeavoured to destroy its power. If he shone in the field, he also distin- guished himself by his studies. He was taught the Greek by Sosilus a Lacedemonian, and he even wrote some books in Greek on different subjects. It is remarkable, that the life of Annibal, whom the Romans wished so many times to destroy by pprfidy, was never attempted by any of his >oldier M countrymen. He made himself as '.-onipicuoui in the government of the statp, as 54 A N at the Lead of armies ; and though his eceinif s reproached him with, the rudeness of laughing in the Carthaginian senate, while e very senator was bathed in tears for the misfortunes of their country, Annibal defended himself by saying, that he, who had been bred all his life in a camp, ought to be dispensed with all the more polished feelings of a capital. He was so ap- prehensive for his safety, that when he was in Bithynia, his house was fortified like a castle, and on every side there were secret doors which could give immediate escape if his life was ever attempted. When he quitted Italy, and em- barked on board a vessel for Africa, he so strongly suspected the fidelity of his pilot, who told him that the lofty mountain which appeared at a distance was a promontory of Sicily, that told him that the lofty mountain which appeared " Sicily, he killed him on the spot ; and when he convinced of his fatal error, he gave a magnifi- cent burial to the man whom he had so falsely murdered, and called the promontory by hU name. The labours wliich he sustained, and the inclemency of the weather to vi Inch he ex- posed himself in crossing the Alps, &o w eakened one of his eyes, that he ever after lost the use of it. The Romans have celebrated the huma- nity of Annibal, who, after the battle of Canna?, sought the body of the Roman consul amidst heaps of slain, aad honoured it with a fune- ral which became a general. He performed the same friendly offices to the remains of Marcellus and Tib. Gracchus, who had fallen in battle. He often blamed the unsettled measures of his country ; and when the enemy had thrown into his camp the head of his brother Asdrubal, whom the Romans had conquered as he came from Spain with a reinforcement into Italy, Aa- nibal said that the Carthaginian arms would no longer meet with their usual success. Juvenal, speaking of Annibal, observes, that the ring wliich caused his death made a due atonement to the Romans for the many thousand rings which had been sent to Carthage from the battle of Cannse. Annibal, when in Spain, married a 'Oman of Castulo. The Romans entertained such a high opinion of him as a commander, that Scipio, who conquered him, calls him the p-eatest general that ever lived, and gives the second rank to Pyrrhus the Epirot, and places bimself the next to these in merit and abilities. :t is plain that the failure of Annibal's expedi- ion in Italy, did not arise from his neglect, but rom that of his countrymen, who gave him no ssistance ; far from imitating their enemies of Rome, who even raised in one year 18 legions 4 o oppose the formidable Carthaginian. Livy ias painted the character of Annibal like an enemy, and it is much to be lamented that a great historian has withheld the tribute due to he merits and virtues of the greatest general. C. Nep. in vita. Lin. 21, 22, &c. Plui. in Fla- ke. Justin. 32, c. 4. Si/. Ital. 1, &c. Appian. F/on/s'2 & S.Polyb.L>iod.Juv. 10, '. 159, &c. Vat. Max.Hnrat. 4, Od.4, E/W. 6- The son of the great Annibal, was sent iy Himilco to Lilybaeum, which was besieged >y the Romans, to keep tlie Sicilians in their luty. 1'olyb. l. A Carthaginian general AN son of Asdrubal, commonly called of Rhodes, above 160 years before he birth of the great Annibal. Justin. 19, :. 2. Xerwph. Hist. Giuc. A son of Giscon, and grandson of Amilcar, sent by the Carthaginians to the assistance of .iEgista, a town of Sicily. He was overpowered by Hemocrates, an exiled Syracusan. Justin. 22 & 23. A Carthaginian, surnamed Se- nior. He was conquered by the consul, C. Sulpit. Paterculus, in Sardinia, and hung on a cross by his countrymen for his ill success. ANNICERIS, an excellent charioteer of Cy- rene, who exhibited his skill in driving a chariot before Plato and the academy. jElian. V. H. 2, c. 27. A disciple of Aristippus, who freed Plato from captivity, and was founder of a sect at Cyrene. Diog. in Plat, fy Aristip. ANNIUS SCAPULA, a Roman of great dignity, put to death for conspiring against Cassius. Hirt. Alex. 55. ANNON and HANNO, a Carthaginian general conquered in Spain by Scipio, and sent to Rome. He was son of Bomilcar, whom Annibal sent privately over the Rhone to conquer the Gauls. Liv. 21, c. 27. ANNON, a Carthaginian who taught birds to sing " Annon is a god," after which he re- stored them to their native liberty; but the birds lost with their slavery what they had been taught. Mian. V. H. ult. lib. c. 30. A Car- thaginian who wrote, in the Punic language, the account of a voyage he had made round Africa. This book was translated into Greek. Another, banished from Carthage for tam- ing a lion for his own amusement, which was interpreted as if he wished to aspire to sove- reign power. Plin. 8, c. 16. This name has been common to many Carthaginians who have signalized themselves among their countrymen during the Punic wars against Rome, and in their wars against the Sicilians. Liv. 26, 27, &c. ANOP^.A, a mountain and road near the river Asopus. Herodot. 7, v. 216. ANSEII, a Roman poet, whom Ovid, Trist. 3, el. 1, v. 425, calls bold and impertinent. ANSIBAHII, a people of Germany. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 55- ANT*A, the wife of Proteus. Homer. II. A goddess worshipped by the inhabitants of Antium. ANT/EAS, a king of Scythia, who said that the neigliing of a horse was far preferable to the music of Ismenias, a famous musician who had been taken captive. Plut. ANTJEUS, a giant of Libya, son of Terra and Neptune. He was so strong in wrestling, that he boasted he would erect a temple to his father with the skulls of his conquered anta- gonists. Hercules attacked him, and as he re- ceived new strength from his mother as often as he touched the ground, the hero lifted him up ja the air, and squeezed him to death in his arms. Lncan. 4, v. 598. Stat. 6. Theb. v. 893. Jw. 3, v. 88. A servant of Atticus. Vu.adAftic. 13, eji. 44. A friend of Turn us, killed l>y .a-Lneas. Virg. .-F.n. 10, v. 561. ANTACOHAS, a man of Cos. Paus. 3, c. 5. 55 AN A Rhodian poet., much admired by Anti- gonus, Id. 1, c. 2. One day as he was cooking some fish, the king asked him whether Homei ever dressed any meals when he was recording the actions of Agamemnon'? And do you think, replied the poet, that he 'w Xaot T tTnrt- rpaparai KO.I roaaa fitpr)\t, ever inquired whether any individual dressed fish in his army '. Plut. Symp. % Apoph. ANTAI.CIDAS of Sparta, son of Leon, was sent into Persia, where he made a peace with Artaxerxes very disadvantageous to his country, by which, B. C. 387, the Greek cities of Asia became tributary to the Persian monarch. Pan*. 9, c. 1, &c Diod. 14. Pint, in Aitax. ANTANDER, a general of Messenia, against the Spartans. Paus. 4, c. 7. A brother of Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily. Justin. 22, c. 7. ANTANDROS, a city of Troas, inhabited bv the Leleges, near which yEneas built his flee" after the destruction of Troy. It has been called Edouis, Cimmeris, Assos, and Apollonia. There is a hill in its neighbourhood called Alexandreia, where Paris sat, as some suppose when the three rival goddesses appeared before him when contending for the prize of beauty. Strab. IS.Virg. JEn. 3, v. 6. Mela, 1, c. 18. ANTERBROGIUS, an ambassador to Cassaf from the Rhemi, a nation of GauL Cus. belt. Gall 2, c. 3. ANTEIUS PUBLIUS was appointed over Syria by Nero. He was accused of sedition and con- spiracy, and drank poison, which operating slowly, obliged him to open his veins. Tacit Ann. 13, &c. ANTEMN-E, a city of the Sabines between Rome and the Anio. Vir*. Jn. 7, v. 631. Dimyt. Hal. ANTENOR, a Trojan prince related to Priam. It is said that during the Trojan war, he al- ways kept a secret correspondence with the Greeks, and chiefly with Menelaus and Ulysses. In the council of Priam, Homer introduces him as advising the Trojans to restore Helen, and conclude the war. He advised Ulysses to carry away the Trojan palladium, and encou- raged the Greeks to make the wooden horse, which, at his persuasion, was brought into the city of Troy by a breach made in the walls, tineas has been accused of being a partner of his guilt; and ths night that Troy was taken, they had a number of Greeks stationed at th doors of their houses to protect them from harm. After the destruction of his country, Antenor migrated to Italy, near the Adriatic, where he built the town of Padua. His chil- dren were also concerned in the Trojan war, and displayed much valour against the Greeks. Their names were Polybius, Acamas, Agenor, and according to others, Polydamas and Heli- caon. Liv. 1, c. l.Plin. 3, c. 13. Fira. JEn. 1, v. 242. Tacit. 16, c. SI. Homer. II. 3, 7, 8, 11. Ovid. Met. 13. Diet ys Cret. 5. Dares Phryg. 6. Strab. 13. Diontjs. Hal. 3. Paus. 10, c. 27. A statuary. ~Paus. A Cretan who wrote an history of his country. .-Elian. ANTENORIDKS, a patronymic given to the A X tLiee sons of Antenor, all killed during the Trojan war. Virg. jf,n. 6, v. 484. ANTEROS, (avn epwt;, against hce) a son of Mars and Venus. He was not, as the deriva- tion of his name implies, a deity that presided over an opposition to love, l>ut lie was the god of mutual love and of mutual tenderness. Venus had complained to Themis, that her son Cupid always continued a child, and was told, that if he had another brother, lie would grow up in a short space of time. As soon as Anteros was born, Cupid felt his strength increase, and his wings enlarge ; but if ever his brother was at a distance from him, he found himself reduced to his ancient shape. From this circumstance it is seen, that return of passion gives vigour to love. Anteros had a temple at Athens raised to his honour, when Meles had expe- rienced the coldness and disdain of Timagoras, whom he passionately esteemed, and for whom he had killed himseJf. [ V'ul. Meles.} Cupid and Anttros are often represented striving to seize a palm-tree from one another, to teach us that true love always endeavours to overcome by kindness and gratitude. They were always painted in the Greek academies, to inform the scholars that it is their immediate duty to be grateful to their teachers, and to reward their troubles with love and reverence. Ci'c. de Nat. D. 3, c. 23. Pans. 1, c. 30. 1. 6, c. 23. A grammarian of Alexandria, in th*- age of the emperor Claudius. A freemar oi "Atti- cus. VXTIIEA, a town of Achaia. Pans. 7, c. 18. Of Messeuia. Id. 4, c. 31. Of Trce- zene. Id. 1 2, c. ;>o. ANTHEAS, a son of Eumelus, killed in at- tempting to sow corn from the chariot of Trip- tolemus drawn by dragons. Paus. 7, c. 13. ANTHEDON, a city of Boeotia, which re- ceives its name from the flowery plains that urround it, or Anthedon, a certain nymph. Paus. 7, c. 10. 1. 9, c. 22. It was formerly inhabited by Thracians. Homer. II. 2. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 905. A port of Peloponnesus. Plin. 4, c. 5. Stat. 9, v. 291. ANTHELA, a town near the Asopus. Ceres and Amphictyon had a temple in its neighbour- uood. Herodot. 7, c. 176. ANTHEMIS, an island in the Mediterranean, tue same as the Ionian Samos. Strab. 10. AXTHEMON, a Trojan. Homer. II. 4. ANTHEMUS, a city of Macedonia at Thermse. A city of Syria. Strab. ANTIIEMUSIA, the same as Samos A city of Mesopotamia. Strab. ANTHENE, a town of Peloponnesus. Thucyd. a, c. 41. ANTHERMUS, a Chian sculptor, son of Mic- ciades, and grandson to Malas. He and his brother Bupalus made a statue of the poet Hipponax, which caused universal laughter, ou account of the deformity of its countenance. The poet was so incensed upon this, and in- veighed wiih so much bitterness against the statuaries, that tliey hung themselves. Plin. 3t>, c. 5. A.snihs, a native of Anthedon, who first A N invented hymns. Pint, de Mut. A sou of f Neptune. ANTIIESPHOR: A. festivals celebrated in Sici'y in honour of Proserpine, who was carried awa by Pluto as she was gathering flowers. Clau- dian de Rapt. Pros. Festivals of the same name were also observed at Argos, in honour of Juno, who was called Antheia. Pai because every individual drank of his own vessel, in commemoration of the arrival of Orestes, who, after the murder of his mother, came, without being purified, to Demophoon, or Pandion, king of Athens, and was obliged with all the Athenians to drink by himself, for fear of pol- luting the people by drinking with them before he was purified of the parricide. It was usual on that day, to ride out in chariots, and ridi- cule those that passed by. The best drinker was rewarded with a crown of leaves, or rather of gold, and with a cask of wine. The third day was called xvrpoi, from xvrpa, a vessel brought out full of all sorts of seeds and herbs, deemed sacred to Mercury, and therefore not touched. The slaves had the permission cf being merry and free during these festivals and at the end of the solemnity a herald pro- claimed, QvpaZ,e, Kaptc, OVK IT Av$t- rician. A poet of Atti;a, who wrote trage- dies, epic poems, and orations. Dionysius put him to death because he refused to praise his compositions. Being once asked by the tyrant, what brass was the best? he answered, that with which the statues of Harmodius and Aris- togiton are made. Pint. Arutot. ANTIPHONUS, a son of Priam, who went with his father to the tent of Achilles to re- deem Hector. Homer. II. 24. ANTIPHUS, a son of Priam, killed by Aga- memnon during the Trojan war. -A son of Thessalus, grandson to Hercules. He went to the Trojan war with 30 ships. Homer. II. An intimate friend of Ulysses. Homer. Od. 17. A brother to Ctimenus, was son of Ga- nyctor, the Naupactian. These two brothers murdered the poet Hesiod, on the false sus- picion that he had offered violence to their sister, and threw his body into the sea. The poet's dog discovered them, and they were seized and convicted of the murder. * Pint, de Solert. Aram. ANTIPCRNUS, a noble Theban, whose daugh- ters sacrificed themselves for the public safety. Vid. Androclea. AXTIPOLIS, a city of Gaul, built by the peo- ple of Marseilles. Tacit. '2, Hist. c. 15. ANTIRIUIUM, a promontory of ^Etolia, op- posite Rhium in Peloponnesus. ANTISSA, a city at the north of Lesbos. An island near it. Odd. Met. 15, v. 287. Piin. 2, c. 89. ANTISTIIENES, a philosopher, born of an Athenian father, and of a Phrygian mother. He taught rhetoric, and had among his pupils the famous Diogenes ; but when he had heard Socrates, he shut up liis school, and told his pupils, " Go seek for yourselves a master, 1 have now found one." He was the head of the sect of the Cynic philosophers. One of his pupils asked him, what philosophy had taught liim'! " To live with myself," said he. He sold his all, and preserved only a very ragged coat, which drew the attention of Socrates, and tempted him to say to the Cynic, who carried his contempt of dress too far, " Antisthenes, I see thy vanity through the holes of thy coat." Antisthenes taught the unity of God, but he recommended suicide. Some of his letters are extant. His doctrines of austerity were followed as long as he was himself an example of the Cynical character, but after his death they were all forgotten. Antisthenes nourished 396 years B. C. C('c de Ora-t. 3, r. 3.5. Ding. 6.Piut. in J.yc. A disciple of Heraclitus. An historian of Rhodes. Dtog. ANTISTIUS L/BEO, an excellent lawyer at 6* AN Rome, who defended the liberties of his coun- try against Augustus, for which he is taxed of madness by Horat. 1 Sat. 3, v. 82. Suetm . in Aug. 54. - Petro of Gabii, was the author o( a celebrated treaty between Rome and hi* country, in the age of Tarquin the proud. D'umys. Hal. 4. - C. Reginus, a lieutenant of Cffisar in Gaul. Goes. bell. G. 6 & 7. - A sol- dier of Pompey's army, so confident of his va- lour that he challenged all the adherents of Caesar. Hirt. 25, Hup. bell. ANTITAUUUS, one of the branches of mount Taurus, which runs in a north-east direction through Cappadocia towards Armenia and the Euphrates. ANTITHEUS, an Athenian archon. Pans. 7, c. 17. ANTIUM, a maritime town of Italy, built by Ascanias, or, according to others, by a son of Ulysses and Circe, upon a promontory 32 miles from Ostium. It was the capital of the Volsci, who made war against the Romans for above 200 years. Camillus took it, and carried all the beaks of their ships to Rome, and placed them in the Forum on a tribunal, which from thence was called Rostrum. This town was dedicated to the goddess of Fortune, whosr statues when consulted, gave oracles by a nodding of the head, or other different signs. Nero was horn there. Cic. de Div. 1. Horai. ^ ANTO.MENES, the last king of Corinth. Af- ter his death, magistrates with regal authority were annually chosen. ANTOMA I,EX, was enacted by M. Antony, the consul, A. U. C. 708. It abrogated the lex Alia, and renewed the lex Cornelia, by taking away from the people the privilege of choosing priests, and restoring it to the^ college of priests, to which it originally belonged. Div. 44. - Another by the same, A. U. C. 703. It ordained that a new decury of judges should be added to the two former, and that they should be chosen from the centurions. Cic. in Philip. 1 & 5. - Another by the same. It allowed an appeal to the people, to those who were condemned de ma/estate, or of per- fidious measures agaiust the state. - Another by the same, during his triumvirate. It made it a capital offence to propose ever after, the election of a dictator, and for any person to accept of the office. Appian. de bell. civ. 3. ANTSNIA, a daughter of M. Antony, by Oc- tavia. She married Domitius /Knobarbus, and was mother of Nero, and two daughters. - A sister of Germanicus. - A daughter of Claudius and A f \\& Petina. She was of the family of the Tubero's, ard was repudiated for her levity. Suetim. in Claud. 1. Tacit. Ann. 11. - The wife of Drusus, the son of Livia, and brother of Tiberius. She became mother of three children, Germanicus, Cali- gula's father ; Claudius the emperor, ana the debauched Livia. Her husband died very early, and she never would marry again, but spent her time in the education of her children Some people suppose Lt-r graiulsrn Caligula AN ordered her to be poisoned, A. D. 38. Vol. Alar. 4, c. 3. A castle of Jerusalem, which received this name in honour of M. Antony. A NT ON n, a patrician and plebeian family, which are said to derive their origin from Antones, a son of Hercules, as Pint, in Anton. informs us. ANTON! NJ, the wife of Belisarius, &c. ANTONINUS, surnamed Pius, was adopted by the emperor Adrian, to whom he suc- ceeded. This prince is remarkable for all the virtues that can form a perfect statesman, phi- losopher, and king. He rebuilt whatever cities had been destroyed by wars in former reigns. In cases of famine or inundation, he relieved the distressed, and supplied their wants with his own money. He suffered the governors of the provinces to remain long in the administration, that no opportunity of extortion might be given to new comers. In his behaviour to his subjects, he behaved with affability and hu- manity, and listened with patience to every complaint brought before him. When told of conquering heroes, he said with Scipio, I pre- fer the life and preservation of a citizen to the death of 100 enemies. He did not persecute the Christians kke his predecessors, but his life was a scene of universal benevolence. His last moments were easy, though preceded by a lingering illness. When consul of Asia, he lodged at Smyrna in the house of a sophist, who in civility obliged the governor to change his house at night. The sophist, when An- toninus became emperor, visited Rome, and was jocosely desired to use the palace as his own house, without any apprehension of being turned out at night. He extended the boun- daries of the Roman province in Britain, by raising a rampart between the friths of Clyde and Forth ; but he waged no wars during his reign, and only repulsed the enemies of the empire who appeared in the field. He died in the 75th year of his age, after a reign of 23 years, A. D. 161. He was succeeded by his adopted son M. Aurelius Antoninus, surnamed the philosopher, a prince as virtuous as his father. He raised to the imperial dignity his brother L. Verus, whose voluptuousness and dissipation were as conspicuous as the mode- ration of the philosopher. During their reign, the Quadi, Parthians, and Marcomanni were defeated. Antoninus wrote a book in Greek, i-ititled rn Ka$ 'tnvTOV, concerning himself. The best editions of which are the 4to. Cantab. 1652, and the 8vo. Oxon. 1704. After the war with the Quadi had been finished, Verus died of an apoplexy, and Antoninus survived lain eight years, and died in his 61st year, after a reign of 19 years and ten days. Dio. Cassius. Bassianus Caracalla, was son of the emperor Septimus Severus, celebrated for his cruelties. He killed his brother Geta in his mother's arms, and attempted to destroy the writings of Aristotle, observing that Aristotle was one of those who sent poison to Alex- ander. He married his mother, and publicly lived with her, which gave occasion to the ooople of Alexandria to say that he was an 63 A N CEdipus and his wife a Jocasta. This joke was fatal to them ; and the emperor to punish their ill language, slaughtered many thousands in Alexandria. After assuming the name and dress of Achilles, and styling himself the con- queror of provinces he had never seen, he was assassinated at Edessa, by Macrinus, April 8, in the 43d year of his age, A. D. 217. His body was sent to his wife Julia, who stabbed herself at the sight. There is extant a Greek itinerary, and another book called Iter Bri- tannicitm, which some have attributed to the emperor Antoninus, though it was written by a person of that name, whose age is unknown. ANTONIOPOLIS, a city of Mesopotamia. M. ANTONIUS GNIPHO, a poet of Gaul who taught rhetoric at Rome ; Cicero and other il- lustrious men frequented his school. He never asked any thing for his lectures, whence he received more from the liberality of his pupils. Sitetm. de Illust. Gr. 7. An orator, grand- father to the triumvir of the same name. He was killed in the civil wars of Marius. His head was hung in the Forum. Vol. Max. 9, c. 2. Lucan. 2, v. 121. Marcus, the eldest son of the orator of the same name ; who, by means of Corta and Cethegus, obtained from the senate the office of managing the corn on the maritime coasts of the Mediterranean, with unlimited power. This gave him many op- portunities of plundering the provinces and enriching himself. He died of a broken heart. Sallnst. Fo was supposed to be behind Xanthus, was called M t\avaiyi<;, clothed in the skin of a hiack oat. Some derive the word from awaroput, i. e. ouorooia, because uj the day of the festival, the children ac AE companied their fathers to be registered among the citizens. The festivals lasted tines days. The first day was called Sopirta, be- cause suppers, Sopirot, were prepared for eacj. separate tribe. The second day was called avappvai airo rov avu tpvsiv, because sacri- fices were offered to Jupiter and Minerva, an.l the head of the victims was generally turned up towards the heavens. The third was called KovptuTig, from icovpog, a youth t or Kovpa, shaving , because the young men had their hair cut off before they were registered, when their parents swore that they were freeborn Athenians. They generally sacri- ficed two ewes and a ehe-goat to Diana. This festival was adopted by the lonians except the inhabitants of Ephesus and Colo phon. A surname of Minerva. Of Venus. APEAUROS, a mountain in Peloponnesus. Po- lyb. 4. APELLA, a word, Harat.l, Sat. 5, v. 10, which has given much trouble to critics and commen- tators. Some suppose it to mean circumscribed, an epithet highly applicable to a Jew. Others maintain that it is a proper name, upon the authority of Cicero ad Attic. 12. ep. 19, who mentions a person of the same name. APELI.ES, a celebrated painter of Cos, or, as others say, of Ephesus son of Pithius. He lived in the age of Alexander the Great, who honoured him so much tha* he forbad anv man but Apelles to draw his picture. He wa* so attentive to his profession that he never spent a day without employing his pencil, whence the proverb of Nulla dies sine linea. His most perfect picture was Venus Anadyo- mene, which was not totally finished when the painter died. He made a painting of Alex- ander holding thunder in his hand, so much like life, that Pliny, who saw it, says that the hand of the king with the thunder seemed to come out of the picture. This picture was placed in Diana's temple at Ephesus. He made another of Alexander, but the king ex- pressed not much satisfaction at the sight of it ; and at that moment a horse passing by, neighed at the horse which was represented in tbe piece, supposing it to be alive ; upon whicn th painter said, " one would imagine that tl e horse is a better judge of painting than your majesty." When Alexander ordered him '.a draw the picture of C&mpaspe, one of Li- mistresses, Apelles became enamoured of her, and the king permitted him to marry her. He wrote three volumes upon painting-, which were still extant in the age of Pliny. It is said that he was accused in Egypt of con- spiring against the life of Ptolemy, and that he would have been put to death had not the real conspirator discovered himself, and saved the painter. Apelles never put his name to any pictures but three; a sleeping Venus, Venus Anadyomene, and an Alexander. The pro- verb of Ne tutor ultra crepidam, is applied to him by some. Plin. 35, c. 10.- -Harat. %. ep 1, v 238 Cic. in Famil. 1, ep. 9.~0wd. da Art. Am. 3, v. 401. Vol. Mar. 8, C. 11.- - A Macedonian general, &c. A I' ApELtTcot., aTeian peripatetic philosopher, whose fondness for books was so great that he is accused of stealing them, when he could not obtaiu them with money. He bought the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus, but greatly disfigured them by his frequent inter- polations. The extensive library which he had collected at Athens, was carried to Rome when Sylla had conquered the capital of Attica, and among the valuable books was found an original manuscript of Aristotle. He died about 86 years before Christ. Strab. 13. APPENNINUS, a ridge of high mountains which run through the middle of Italy, from I-iguria to Ariminum. They are joined to the Alps. Some have supposed that they ran across Sicily by Rhegium before Italy was separated from Sicily. Lucan. 2, v. 306. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 226. Ital. 4, v. 743. Strab. 2. Mela, 2,c. 4. AJ-KR, MARCUS, a Latin orator of Gaul, who distinguished himself as a politician, as well as by his genius. The dialogue of the | orators, inserted with the works of Tacitus and Quintilian, is attributed to him. He died A. D. 85. - Another. Vid. Numerianus. APEROPIA, a small island on the coast of Argolis. Paus. 2, c. 34. ApEsus, Apesas, or Apesantas, a mountain of Peloponnesus, near Lerna. Stat. in Theb. 3, v. 461. A p ii AC A, a town of Palestine, where Venus was worshipped, and where she had a temple and an oracle. APH*A, a name of Diana, who had a temple Paws. 2, c. 30. APHAR, the capital city of Arabia, near the Red sea. Arrian. in Peripl. APHARETUS, fell in love with Marpessa, daughter of (Enomaus, and carried her away. APHARETJS, a king of Messenia, who married Arene, daughter of (Ebalus, by whom he had three sons. Paus. 3. c. 1 - -A relation of Isocrates, who wrote 37 tragedies. APHAS, a river of Greece, which falls into tlie bay of Ambracia. Plin. 4, c. 1. APIIKLLAS, a king of Gyrene, who, with the aid of Agathocles, endeavoured to reduce all Africa under his power. Justin. 22, c. 7. APHESAS, a mountain in Peloponnesus, whence, as the poets have imagined, Perseus attempted to fly to heaven. Stat. 3, Theb. v. 461. AFHETS, a city of Magnesia, where the ship Argo was launched. AjMad. APHIDAS, a son of Areas, king of Arcadia. I 'tins. 8. APHIDNA, a part of Attica, which received .ts name from Aphidnus, one of the companions of Theseus. Herodot. APHIDNUS, a friend of ^Eneas, killed by Tumus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 702. APIKLBETUS, one of the conspirators against A lexander. Curt. 6, c. 7. Ai'iiRicEs, an Indian prince, who defended the rock Aornus with 20,000 foot and 15 ele- He was killed by his troops', and his bend nent to Alexander. APHRODISIA, an island in the Persian gulf, 66 A P where Venus is worshipped. Festivals in honour of Venus, celebrated in different parts of Greece, but chiefly in Cyprus. They were first instituted by Cinyras, from whose family the priests of the goddess were always chosen. All those that were initiated offered" a piece of money to Venus, as a harlot, and re- ceived, as a mark of the favours of the goddess, a measure of salt and a 0a\Xoe ; the salt be- cause Venus arose from the sea, the (t>a\\oc, because she is tlie goddess of wantonness. They were celebrated at Corinth by harlots, and in every part of Greece they were very much frequented. Strab. 14. Atlieii. APHROSIDIAS, a town of Caria, sacred to Venus. Tacit. Ann. 3, c. 62. APHRODISIUM, a town of Apulia, built by Diomede in honour of Venus. APHRODISUM, a city on the eastern parts of Cyprus, nine miles from Salamis. A pro- montory with an island of the same name on the coast of Spain. Plin. 3, c. 3. APHRODITE, the Grecian name of Venus, from o0poc, froth, because Venus is said to '. have been born from the froth of the ocean. Hesiad. Th. 195. Pans. 36, c. 5. APHYTE or Aphytis, a city of Thrace, nea. Pallena, where Jupiter Ammon was worship- ped; Lysander besieged the town; but the god of the place appeared to him in a dream, and advised him to raise the siege, which he immediately did. Paus. 3, c. 18. APIA, an ancient name of Peloponnesus, which it received from king Apis. It was afterwards called ^Egialea, Pelasgia, Argia, and at last Peloponnesus, or the island of Pe- lops. Homer. II. 1, v. 270. Also the name of the earth, worshipped among the Lydians as a powerful deity. Herodot. 4, c. 59. APIANUS, or Apion, was born at Oasis ; in Egypt, whence he went to Alexandria, of which he was deemed a citizen. He succeeded Theus in the profession of rhetoric in tlie reign of Tiberius, and wrote a book against the Jews, which Josephus refuted. He was at the head of an embassy to which the people of Alex- andria sent to Caligula, to complain of the Jews. Seneca, ep. 88. Plin. praf. Hint. APICATA, married Sejanus,' by whom she had three children. She was repudiated. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 3. APICHIS, a famous glutton in Rome. There were three of the same name, all famous for their voracious appetite. The first lived in the time of the republic, the second in the reign of Augustus and Tiberius, and the third under Trajan. The second was the most famous, as he wrote a book on the pleasures and incite- ments of eating. He hanged himself after he had consumed the greatest part of his estate. The best edition of Apicius Cselius de arte o>- quinaria is that of Amst. 12mo. 1709. Juv. 11 v. 3. Martial. 2, ep. 69. APIDANUS, one of the chief rivers of Thes- saly, flowing into the Peneus, above Larissa. Lucan. 6, v. 372. AP!NA, and Apinse, a city of Apulia, de- stroyed with Trica, in its neighbourhood, bj A P Dioinedes; whence came the proverb of A/iaia et iVif.i, to express trifiing things. Martial. 14, ej.. I. Plin. 3, c. 11. APIOLA and Apiolse, a town of Italy, taken by Tarquin the proud. The Roman capitol was begun with the spoils taken from that city. Plin. 3, c. 5. APION, a surname of Ptolemy, one of the descendants of Ptolemy Lagus. 'A gram- marian. [Vid, Apianus.] APIS, one of the ancient kings of Pelopon- nesus, son of Phoroneus and Laodice. Some say that Apollo was his father, and that he was king of Argos, while others called him king of Sicyon, and fix the time of his reign above 200 years earlier, which is enough to shew he is but obscurely known, if known at all. He was a native of Naupactum, and descended from Inachus. He received divine honours after leath, as he had been munificent and humane "o his subjects. The country where he reigned was called Apia ; afterwards it received the name of Pelasgia, Argia, or Argoas, add at last that of Peloponnesus, from Pelops. Some, amongst whom is Varro, and St. Augustine, have imagined that Apis went to Egypt with a colony of Greeks, and that he civilized the inhabitants, and polished their manners, for which they made him a god after death, and paid divine honours to him under the name of Senipis. This tradition, according to some of the moderns, is without foundation. Mschyl. in Suppl. August, de Cin. Dei. 18, c. 5. Paus. 2, c. 5. Apollod. 2, c. \. A son of Jason, born in Arcadia ; he was killed by the horses of ^itolus. POMS. 5, c. 1. A town of Egypt, on the lake Marcotis. A god of the Egp- tians, worsliipped under the form of an ox. Some say that Isis and Osiris are the deities worshipped under this name, because during their reign they taught the Egyptians agri- culture. The Egyptians believed that the soul of Osiris was really departed into the ox, where it wished to dwell, because that animal had been of the most essential service in the cultivation of the ground, which Osiris .. had introduced into Egypt. The' ox that was chosen, was always distinguished by particular mark? : his body was black ; he had a square white spot upon the forehead, the figure of an eagle upon the back, a knot under the tongue like a beetle, the hairs of his tail were double, and his right side was marked with a whitish spot, resembling the crescent of the moon. Without these, an ox could r.ot be taken as the god Apis ; and it is to be imagined that the priests gave these distinguishing characteristics to the animal, on which their credit, and even prosperity depended. The festival of Apis lasted seven days ; the ox was led in a solemn procession, by the priests, and every one was anxious to receive him into his house, and it was believed that the children who smelt his breath received the knowledge of futurity. The ox was conducted to the banks of the Nile with much ceremony, and if he had lived to the time which their sacred books allowed, they drowned him in the river, and embalmed A P his body, and buried it in solemn state Jr. ths city of Memphis. After his death, whvh sometimes was natural, the greatest cries and lamentations were heard in Egypt, as if Osiria was just dead ; the priests shaved their heads, which was a sign of the deepest mourning , This continued till another ox appeared with the proper characteristics to succeed as the deity, which was followed with the greatest acclamations as if Osiris was returned to life. This ox which was found to represent Apis, was left 40 days in the city of the Nile before he was carried to Memphis, during which time none but women were permitted to appear before him, and this they performed according to their superstitious notions, in a wanton and indecent manner. There was also an ox wor- shipped at Heliopolis, under the name of Mnevis ; some suppose that he was Osiris, but others maintain that the Apis of Memphis was sacred to Osiris, and Mnevis to Isis. When Cambyses came into Egypt, the people were celebrating the festivals of Apis with every mark of joy and triumph, which the conqueror interpreted as an insult upon himself. Ha called the priests of Apis, and ordered the deity itself to come before him. When ht, saw that an ox was tlie object of their vene- ration, and the cause of such rejoicings, he wounded it on the thigh, ordered the priests to be chastised, and commanded his soldiers to slaughter such as were found cele- brating such riotous festivals. The god Apis had generally two stables, or rather temples. If he eat from the hand, it was a favourable omen ; but if he refused the food that was of- fered him, it was interpreted as unlucky. From this, Germanicus, when he visited Egypt, drew the omens of his approaching death. When his oracle was consulted, incense was burnt on an altar, and a piece of money placed upon it, after which the people that wished to know futurity, applied their ear to the mouth of the God, and immediately retired, stopping their cars till they had departed from the temple The first sounds that were heard, were taken as the answer of the oracle to their questions. Paus. 7, c. 22.Herodot. 2 & 3. Plin. 8, c. 38 , &c. Strab. T.Pluc. ^n hid. and Osir. Apollod. 1. c. 7. 1. 2, c. 1. Mela, 1, c. 9. Plin. 8, c 39, &c. Strab. 7.Jlian. V. H. 4 & 6.Dwd 1. APITIUS GAI.BA, a celebrated buffoon in the time of Tiberius. Juv. 5, v. 4. APOLLINARES I.UDI games celebrated at Rome in honour of Apollo. They originated from the following circumstance ; an old pro- phetic poem informed the Romans that if they instituted yearly games to Apollo, and made collc-.tion of money for his service, they would be able to repel the enemy whose approach already signified their destruction. Hie firs* time they were celebrated, Rome was alarmed by the approach of the enemy, and instantly the people rushed out of the city, and saw a cloud of arrows discharged from the sky on the troops of the enemy. With this heavenly as- sistance they easily obtained the victory. The F2 A P people generally sat crowned with laurel at the representation of these games, which were usually celebrated at the option of the pretor, til) the year U. C. 545, when a law was passed to settle the celebration yearly on the same day about the nones of July. When this alteration happened, Rome was infested with a dreadful pestilence, which however seemed to be ap- peased by this act of religion. Liv. 25, c. 12. APOLLINARIS, C. Sulpitius, a grammarian of Carthage, in the second century, who is supposed to be the author of the verses pre- fixed to Terence's plays as argument. APOLLIN!DES, a Greek in the wars of Darius and Alexander, &c. Curt. 4, c. 5. APOLLINIS ARX, a place at the entrance of the Sibyl's cave. Vir. JEn. 6. Promon- torium, a promontory of Africa. Liv. 30, C. *4 Templum, a place in Thrace, in Ly- cia. Alton. V. H. 6, c. 9. APOLLO, son of Jupiter and Latona, called also Phoebus, is often confounded with the sun. According to Cicero, 3 de Nat. Dear, there were four persons of this name. The first was son of Vulcan, and the tutelary god of the Athe- nians. The second was son of Corybas, and was born in Crete, for the dominion of which he disputed even with Jupiter himself. The third was son of Jupiter and Latona, and came from the nations of the Hyperboreans to Delphi. 'Tie fourth was born "in Arcadia, and called Nomion, because he gave laws to the inhabi- tants. To the son c/ Jupiter and Latona all the actions of the others seem to have been attributed. The Apollo, son of Vulcan, was the same as the Orus of the Egyptians, and was the most ancient, from whom the actions of the others have been copied. The three others seem to be of Grecian origin. The tra- dition that the son of Latona was born in the floating island of Delos, is taken from the Egyp- tian mythology, which asserts that the son of Vulcan, which is supposed to be Orus, was saved by his mother Isis from the persecution of Typhon, and entrusted to the care of Latona, who concealed him in the island of Chemmis. When Latona was pregnant by Jupiter, Juno, who was ever jealous of her husband's amours, raised the serpent Python to torment Latona, who was refused a place to give birth to her children, till Neptune, moved at the severity of her fate, raised the island of Delos from the bottom of the sea, where Latona brought forth Apollo and Diana. Apollo was the god of all the fine arts, of medicine, music, poetry and eloquence, of all which he was deemed the in- ventor. He had received from Jupiter the power of knowing futurity, and he was the only one of die gods whose oracles were in general repute over the world. His amours with Leu- jothoe, Daphne, Issa, Bolina, Coronis, Cly- ith. Tibull. 2, el. 2. Curt. .5, c. 1. Virg. G. 1, v. 57. Also, the name of the wife of Egyptus. Apoliad. ARABICS SINUS, a sea between Egypt and Arabia, different, according to some authors, from tlie Red sea, which they suppose to be between ./Ethiopia and India, and the Arabian gulf further above, between Egypt and Arabia. It is about 40 days sail in length, and not half a day's in its most extensive breadth. PUn. 5, c. 11. Strab. ARABIS, ARABIUS, ARDIS, an Indian river. Cti't. 9, c. 10. ARABS and ARABUS, a son of Apollo and Babylone, who first invented medicine, and taught it in Arabia, which is called after his name. Plin. 7, c. 56. ARACCA and ARECCA, a city of Susiana. Tiliull. 4, el. 1. ARACIINB, a woman of Colophon, daughter to Idmon, a dyer. She was so skilful in working with the needle, that she challenged Minerva, the goddess of the art, to a trial of kill. Sho represented on her work the 73 AR amours of Jupiter with Europa, Antiope, Le>la, Asteria, Danaj, Alcmena, . ad Att. 10. ARC AS, a son of Jupiter and Calisto. lit nearly killed his mother, whom Juno had changed into a bear. He reigned in Pelasgia, which from him was called Arcadia, and taugh his subjects agriculture and the art of spinning wool. After his death, Jupiter made him a constellation, with his mother. As he was one day hunting, he met a wood nymph, who begged his assistance, because the tree over which she presided, and on whose preserva tion her life depended, was going to be carried away by the impetuous torrent of a rirer. Ar- A R taa changed the course of the waters, and pre served the tree, and married the nymph, bj whom he had three sons, Azan, Aphidas, anc Klittus, among whom he divided his kingdom The descendants of Azan planted colonies in J'hrygia. Aphidaa received for his share, Te- v;>-a, which on that account has been called the inheritance of Aphidas; and Elatus became master of mount Cylene, and some time after passed into Phocis. Paiw. 8, c. 4. Hif L /ab. 155 & 176. Apollod. 3, c. 8,Strab. 8. Ovid. Fast. 1, Y. 470. One of Action's dogs. AKCKNA, a town of Phoanicia, where Alex- ander Severus was born. ARCENS, a Sicilian, who permitted his son to accompany ^Eneas into Italy, where he was killed by'Mezentius. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 581, &c. AHCESILAUS, son of Battus, king of Cyrene, was driven from his kingdom in a sedition, and died B. C. 575. The second of that name, died B. C. 5.50. Polyan. 8, c. 4\.Herodot. 4, c. 159. One of Alexander's generals, who obtained Mesopotamia at the general division of the provinces after the king's dead). A chief of Catana, which he betrayed to Diony- sius the elder. DM. 14. A philosopher of Pitane in xiEolia, disciple of Poltmon. He visited Sardes and Athens, and was the founder of the middle academy, as Socrates founded the ancient, and Carneades the new one. He pretended to know nothing, and accused others of the same ignorance. He acquired many pu- pils in the character of teacher ; but some of them left him for Epicurus, though no Epicu- rean came to him ; which gave him occasion to say, that it is easy to make an eunuch of a man, but impossible to make a man of an eu- nuch. He was very fond of Homer, and ge- nerally divided his time among the pleasures of philosophy, love, reading, and the table. He died in his 75th year, B. C. 241, or 300, according to some. Ding, in vita. Persius 3, v. 78. Cic. de Fiiiib. A painter. Pans. A comic and elegiac poet. ARC-ESIUS, son of Jupiter, said to be father to Ulysses. Onid. Met. 13, v. 144. ARCH^A, a city of ^Eolia. ARCHJEANAX of Mitylene, was intimate with Pisistratus tyrant of Athens. He fortified Sigzum with a wall from the rains of ancient Troy. Strab. 13. AP.CH*ATIDA.S, a country of Peloponnesus. Polyh. ARCHAGATHUS, son of Archagathus, was slain in Africa by his soldiers, B. C. 285. He killed his grandfather Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse* Diod. 20. Justin. 22, c. 5, &c. ays, that he was put to death by Archesilaus. A physician at Rome, B. C. 219. AKCHANDER, father-in-law to Danaua. He- rodot.2, c. 98. ARCHANHBOS, a town of Egypt. AKCHE, one of the Muses, according to Ci- tero. ABCHEGETES, a surname of Hercules. AacHELAut, a name common to some kings 74 of Cappadoci? by Sylla, for AR One of them was conquered isting Mithridates. A per- son of that name married Berenice, and made himself king of Egypt ; a dignity he enjoyed only six months, as he was killed by the sol- diers of Gabinius, B. C. 56. He had been made priest of Comana by Pompey. His grandson was made king of Cappadocia by An- tony, when he assisted at Actium, and main- tained his independence under Augustus, till Tiberius perfidiously destroyed him. A king of Macedonia, succeeded his rather Perdiccas the second ; as he was but a natural child, he killed the legitimate heirs, to gain the king- dom. He proved himself to be a great mo- narch ; but lie was at last killed by one of his favourites, because he had promised him his daughter in marriage, and given her to another, after a reign of 23 years. He patronised the poet Euripides. DM. 14. Justin. 7, c.4. JElian. V. H. 2, 8, 12, 14. A ki7ig of the Jews, surnamed Herod. He married Glaphyre, daughter of Archelaus king of Macedonia, and widow of his brother Alexander. Caesar banished him, for his cruelties to Vienna, where he died. Dio. A king of Lacedaiinon, son of Agesi- laus. He reigned 42 years with Charilaus, of the other branch of the family. Herodot. 7, c. 204. Pans. 3, c. "2. A general of An- tigonus the younger, appointed governor of the Acrocorinth, with the philosopher Persaeus. Polyoen. 6, c. 5. A celebrated general of Mithridates against Sylla. Id. 8, c. 9. A philosopher of Athens or Messnia, son of Apol- lodorus and successor to Auaxagoras. He was preceptor to Socrates, and was called Physi- cus. He supposed that heat and cold were the principles of all things. He first discovered the voice to be propagated by the vibration of the air. Cic. Tusc. 5. Diog. in vita.- Aiiguntin de civ. Dei, 8 A man set over Stisa by Alex- ander, with a garrison of 3000 men. Curt. 5, c. 2. A Greek philosopher, who wrote a history of animals, and maintained that goats breathed not through the nostrils, but through the ears. Pirn. 8, c. 50. A son of Electryon and Anaxo. Apollod. 2. A Greek poet, who wrote epigrams. Varro. de R. R. A sculp- tor of Prienne, in the age of Claudius. He made an apotheosis of Homer, a piece of sculp- ture highly admired, and said to have been dis- covered under ground, A.D. 1658. A writer of Thrace. ARCHEMACHUS, a Greek writer, who pub- lished an history of Eubeea. Athen. 6. A son of Hercules of Priam. Apollod. 2 & 3. ARCHEMORUS, or Opheltes, son of Lycurgus, king of Nemjea, in Thrace, by Eurydice, was brought up by Hypsipyle, queen of Lemnos, who had fled to Thrace, and was employed as a nurse in the king's family. Hypsipyle was met by the army of Adiastus, who was going against Tlirace ; and she was forced to shew them a fountain where they might quench their thirst. To do this more expeditiously, she put down the child on the grass, and at her return found him killed by a serpent The Greeks were so A it A K afflicted at this misfortune, that they instituted against the hostile approach of Pyrrhus. seized games in honour of Archemorus, which were a sword, and ran to the senate house, exclaim- called Nemaean, and king Adrastus enlisted among the combatants, and was victorious. ApoUod. 2 & 3. Pans. 8, c. 48. Star. Theb. 6. ARCHEPOLIS, a man in Alexander's army, who conspired against the king with Dymnus. Curt. 6, c. 7. ARCHEPTOLEMUS, son of Iphitus, king of Elis, went to the Trojan war, and fought against the Greeks. As he was fighting near Hoe- ing that the women were as able to f girt as the m,en. Upon this the decree was repealed. Pint, in Pyrrh.Polyafn. 8, c. 8. ARCHIDAMUS, son of Theopompus, king of Sparta, died before his father. Paus. Anc ther, king of Sparta, son of Anaxidamus, suc ceeded by Agasicles. Another, son of Age- silaus, of the family of the Proclida;. Ano- ther, grandson of Lectychidas, by his son Zeux- tor, he was killed by Ajax, son of Telamon. It ! idamus. He succeeded his grandfather, and is said that he re-established the Olympic games. I reigned in conjunction with Plistoanax. He Homer. II. 8, v. 128. conquered the Argives and Arcadians, and pri- ARCHESTRATI'S, a tragic poet, whose pieces were acted during the Peloponnesian war. Pint. Arut. A man so small and lean, that he could be placed in a dish without filling it. though it contained no more than an obolus. - -A follower of Epicurus, who wrote a poem in commendation of gluttony. ARCHETIMUS, the first philosophical writer in the age of the seven wise men of Greece. Diog. AHCHETIUS, a Rutulian, killed by the Tro- ians. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 459. ARCHIA, one of the Oceanides, wife to Ina- chus. Hygin. fab. 143. ARCHIAS, a Corinthian, descended from Her- cules. He founded Syracuse, B. C. 732. Being told by an oracle to make choice of health or riches, he chose the latter. Dionys. Hal. 2. - A poet of Antioch, intimate with Luculli. He obtained the rank and name of a Roman ci- tizen by the means of Cicero, who defended vately assisted the Phocians in plundering the :ly ; temple of Delphi. He was called to the aid of Tarentum against the Romans, and killed there in a battle, after a reign of 33 years. Diod. 16. Xenoph. Another, son of Eudamidas. Another, who conquered the Helots, after a violent earthquake. Diod. 11. A son of Agesilaus, who led the Spartan auxiliaries to Cleombrotus at the battle of Leuctra, and was killed in a battle against the Leucanians, B. C. 338. A son of Xenius Theopompus. Pans. ARCHJDAS, a tyrant of Athens, killed by his troops. ARCHIDEMUS, a Stoic philosopher, who wil- lingly exiled himself among the Parthians. Pint, de Kiil. ARCHIDEUS, a son of Amyntas, king of Ma- cedonia. Justin. 7, c. 4. ARCHIDIUM, a city of Crete, named after Archidius, son of Tegeates. Paws 8, c. 53. him in an elegant oration, when his enemies . ARCHIGALLUS, the chief of the priests of had disputed his privileges of citizen of Rome. | Cybele. He wrote a poem on the Cimbrian war, and be- ARCHIGENES, a physician, born at Apan <;,, gan another concerning Cicero's consulship which are now lost. Some of his epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia. Cic. pro Arch. A poiemarch of Thebes, assassinated in the conspiracy of Pelopidas, which he could have prevented, if he had not deferred to the mor- row, the reading of a letter which he had re- ceived from Archias the Athenian high-priest, and which gave him information of his danger. Pint, in Pelop. -A high-priest of Athens, contemporary and intimate with the poiemarch of the same name. Id. ibid. A Theban taken in the act of adultery, and punished according to the law, ai d tied to a post in the public place, for which punishment he abolished the oligar- chy. Aristot. in Syria. He lived in the reign of Domiti;i Nerva, and Trajan, and died in the 73d year of his age. He wrote a treatise on adorning the hair, as also ten books on fevers. Juv. 6, v. 235. ARCHILOCHUS, a poet of Paros, who wrote elegies, satires, odes, and epigrams, and wax the first who introduced iambics in his verses He had courted Neobule, the daughter of Ly- cambes, and had received promises of marriage ; but the father gave her to another, superior to the poet in rank and fortune ; upon which Ar- chilochus wrote such a bitter satire, that Ly- cambus hanged himself in a fit of despair. Tht- Spartans condemned his verses on account o. impart their ir petulance, and banished him. He ARCHIBIADES, a philosopher of Athens, very rished 635 B. C. and it is said that he was as- inimical to the views and measures of Phocion. Pint, in Phoc. An ambassador of Byzan- tium, &c. Polya-n. 4, c. 44. ARCHIBIUS, the son of the geographer Pto- lemy. ARCHIDAMIA, a priestess of Ceres, who, on account of her affection for Aristomenes, re- stored him to liberty, when lie had been taken prisoner by her female attendants at tJ.e cele- l.ration of their festivals. Pans. 4, o- 17 A daughter of Cleadas, who, upon hearing that Her countrymen, the Spartans, were debating whether they should send away their women, sassinated. Some fragments of his poetry re*- main, which display vigour and animation,, boldness and vehemence in the highest degree ; from which reason, perhaps Cicero calls viru- lent edicts, Archilochia. dicta. Cic. Tusc. 1. - Quint. 10, c. 1. Herodot. 1, c. 12. Herat, art. poet. v. 79. Athen. 1, 2, &c. A son of Nes- tor, killed by Memnon in the Trojan war. Ho~ mer. II. 2. A Greek historian who wrote a chronological table and other works. ARCHIMEDES, a famous geometrician of Sy- racuse, who invented a machine of glass tlia* faithfully represented th* motion of all the heu- AR renly bodies. When Marcellus, the Roman eight comedies only one obtained the prize. * consul, besieged Syracuse, Archimedes con- structed machines which suddenly raised up in the air the ships of the enemy from the bay be- fore the city, and then let them fall with such violence into the water that they sunk. He set them also on fire with his burning-glasses. When the town was taken, the Roman general pave strict orders to his soldiers not to hurt Ar- chimedes, and even offered a reward to him who brought him alive and safe into his pre- sence. All these precautions were useless: he was so deeply engaged in solving a pro- blem, that he was even ignorant that the ene- my were in possession of the town ; and a sol- dier, without knowing who he was, killed him, because he refused to follow him, B. C. 212. Marcellus raised a monument over him, and placed upon it a cylinder and a sphere ; but the place remained long unknown, till Cicero, dur- ing his questorship in Sicily, found it near one of the gates of Syracuse, surrounded with thorns and prickles. Some suppose that Archimedes raised the site of the towns and villages of Egypt, and began those mounds of earth by means of which communication is kept from town to town during the inundations of the Nile. The story of his burning-glasses had always appeared fabulous to some of the mo- derns, till the experiments of Buffon demon- strated it beyond contradiction. The manner in which he discovei -,d how much brass a gold- smith had mixed with gold in making a golden crown for the king, is well known to every modern hydrostatic, as well as the pumping- screw which still hears his name. Among- the wild schemes of Archimedes is his saying, that, by means of his machines, he could move the earth with ease, if placed on a fixed spot near it. Many of his works are extant, especially treatises de sphtrra et cylindro, circuit dimeimn, de lineis $piralibus, de quadratura paraMfs, de numero arenir, ftc. The best edition of which is that of David Rivaltius, fol. 1615. Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 25. De Nat. D. 2, c. 34. Liv. 24, c. 34. Qwin- til. 1, c. 10. Vitruv. 9, c. 3.Polyb. 7. Pint, in Marcell. VaL Max. 8, c. 7. AnculNus, a man who, when he was ap- pointed to distribute new arms among the popu- lace of Argos, raised a mercenary band, and made himself absolute. Pdyam. 3, c. 8. A rhetorician of Athens. ARCHIPELAGOS, a part of the sea where a great number of islands are interspersed, such s that part of the Mediterranean which lies between Greece and Asia Minor and is gene- rally called Mare ^geum. ARCHIPOMS, a soldier who conspired against Alexander with Dymnug. Curt. 6, c. 7. ARCHIPPE, a city of the Marsi, destroyed by an earthquake, and lost in the lake of Fucinus Plin. 3, c. 19. ARCHIPPUS, a king of Italy, from whom per- haps the town of Archippe received its name. l r irz. J n . 7, v. 752. A philosopher of 'hfbes, pupil of Pythagoras. An archon at Athens. A comic poet of Athens, of whose 76 ignity Id ol> A philosopher in the age of Tr;ij;tn. ARCHITIS, a name of Venus, worshipped mount Labanus. ARCHON, one of Alexander's generals, who received the provinces of Babylon, at the gene- ral division after the king's death. Diod. 18. ARCHONTES, the name of the chief magis- trates of Athens. They were nine in number, and none were chosen but such as were de- scended from ancestors who had been free citi- zens of the republic for three generations ; they were also to be without deformity in all the parts and members of the body, and were obliged to produce testimonies of their dutiful behaviour to their parents, of the services they had rendered their country, and the compe tency of their fortune to support their dign They took a solemn oath, that they wou" " serve the laws, administer justice with impar- tiality, and never suffer themselves to be cor- rupted. If they ever received bribes, they were compelled by the laws to dedicate to the god of Delphi a statue of gold, of equal weight with their body. They had all the power of punishing malefactors with death. The chief imong them was called Archon. The year took ts denomination from him ; he determined all causes between man and wife, and took care of legacies and wills ; he provided for orphans, protected the injured, and punished drunken- ness with uncommon severity. If he suffered himself to be intoxicated during the time of his office, the misdemeanour was punished with death. The second of the archons was called Basileus ; it was his office to keep good order, and to remove all causes of quarrel in the fami- lies of those who were dedicated to tlve service of the gods. The profane and the impious were brought before his tribunal, and he offered public sacrifices for the good of the state. He assisted at the celebration of the Eleusinian festivals, and other religious ceremonies. His wife was to be related to the whole people of Athens, and of a pure and unsullied life.. He had a vote among the Areopagites, but was obliged to sit among them without his crown. The polemarch was another archon of inferior dignity. He had tho care of all foreigners, and provided a sufficient maintenance, from the pub- lic treasury, for the families of those who had lost their lives in the defence of their country. These three chief archons generally chose each of them two persons of respectable character, and of an advanced age, whose counsels and advice might assist and support them in their public capacity. The six other archons were indistinctly called Thesmotheta, andreceived com- plaints against persons accused of impiety, bri- bery, and ill behaviour. They settled all dis> putes between the citizens, redressed the wrongs of strangers, and forbad any laws to be enforced, but such as were conducive to the safety of the state. These officers of state were chosen after the death of king Codrus ; their power was originally for life, but afterwards it was limited to 10 years, and at last to on A R After some time, the qualifications which were required to be an archon were not strictly ob- gerved. Adrian, before he was elected emperor of Rome, was made archon at Athens, though a foreigner ; and the same honours were con- ferred upon Plutarch. The perpetual archons, after the death of Codnis, were Medon, whose office began B. C. 1070 ; Acastus, 1050 ; Ar- chippus, 1014; Thersippus, 995; Phorbas, 954; Megacles, 923; Diognetus, 893; Phere- cles, 865 ; Ariphron, 846 ; Thespieus, 826 ; Agamestor, 799 ; Eschylus, 778 ; Alcmaeon, 756 ; after whose death the archons were de- cennial, the first of whom was Charops, who began 753 ; ^simedes, 744 ; Clidicus, 734 ; Hippomenes, 724 ; Leocrates, 714 ; Apsander, 704 ; Eryxias, 694 ; after whom the office be- came annual, and of these annual archons Creon was the first. Aristoph. in Nub. ft Avib. Pint. Sitmpcs. 1. Denwsth. Pollux. Lysias. ARCHYI.VS Tiu'iurs, a general of Dionysus the elder. Diod. 14. AKCHITAS, a musician of Mitylene, who wrote a treatise on agriculture. Diog. The son of Hestia>us of Tarentum, was a follower of the Pythagorean philosophy, and an able astro- nomer and geometrician." He redeemed his master, Plato, from the hands of the tyrant Dionysius, and for his virtues he was seven times chosen by bis fellow-citizens governor of Tarentum. He invented some mathematical in- struments, and made a wooden pigeon which could fly. He perished in a shipwreck, about 394 years before the Christian era. He is also the reputed inventor of the screw and the pulley. A fragment of his writings has been preserved by Porphyry. Horat. 1, ad. 28Cic. 3, de Oral Diog. in vit. ARCJTENENS, an epithet applied to Apollo from his bearing a how, with which, as soon as horn, he destroyed the serpent Python. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 75u ARCTINU*, a Milesian poet, said to be pupi to Homer. Dioiiys. Hal. 1. AHCTOPHYI.AX, a star near the Great Bear called also Bootes. Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 42. ARCTOS, a mountain near Propontis, inha- bited by giants and monsters. Two celestia .constellations near the north pole, commonly called Ursa Major and Minor, supposed to be Areas and his mother, who were made constel- lations. Vii-g. G. \.Aratus.Ovid. Fast. 3 AT. 107. ARCTURUS, a star near the tail of the Grea Bear, whose rising and setting was generalh supposed to portend great tempests. Horat. 3 od. 1. The name is derived from its situation npKTOc, ursa, avpa, cauda. It rises now abou' tlie beginning of October, and Pliny tells it rose in his age on the 12th, and, according to Colu rnella, on the 5th of September. ARDALUS, a son of Vulcan, said to have been the first who invented the pipe. He gave it tc the Muses, who on that account have been called Ardatides and Ardaliotides. Pant. 2, c. 31 . ARDANIA, a country of Egypt. Strah. ARDAXANIS, a small river of Illyricum Ptlyb. A R ARDBA, formerly Ardua, a town of Latium. uilt by Danae, or, according to some, by a son f Ulysses and Circe. It was the capital of the iutuli. Some soldiers set it on fire, and the nh.ibitants publicly reported, that their city harf jeen changed into a bird, called by the Latir Ardea. It was rebuilt, and it became a rich **.> magnificent city, whose enmity to Rome rer.- dered it famous. Tarquin the Proud wai >ressing it with a siege, when his son ravished L,ucretia. C. Kep. in Attic. 14. Liv. 1, c. 57. . 3, c. 71. 1. 4, c. 9, &c. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 412. Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 573. Strab. 5. ARDERICCA, a small town on the Euphrates, north of Babylon. ARDI/EI, a town of Illyricum, whose capital was called Ardia. Strab. 7. ARDONEA , a town of Apulia. Liv. 24, c. 20. ARDUA, an ancient name of Ardea. Virg. JEn. 7, v.411. ARDUENNA, a large forest of Gaul, in the time of J. Caesar, which extended 50 miles from the Rhine to the borders of the Kervii. Tacit. 8. Ann. c. 42. Ctcs. bell. Gall. 6, c. 2P. AHDUINE, the goddess of huntiug among the Gauls ; represented with the same attri- butes as the Diana of the Romans, ARDYENSES, a nation near the Rhone. Po- lyb. 3. ARDYS, a son of Gyges, king of Lydia, who reigned 49 years, took Priene, and made war against Miletus. Herodot. 1, c. 15. AREACIDJE, a nation of Numidia. Polyb. AREAS, a general chosen by the Greeks against JLtolia. Justin. 24, c. 1. AREGOMS, the mother of Mopsus by Ampyx. Cby/i. in Argo:i ARELATUM, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. Strab. 4. Mela, 2, c. 5. ARELLIUS, a celebrated painter of Rome, in the age of Augustus. He painted the goddess- es in the form of his mistresses. Plin. 35, c. 10. A miser in Horat AREMORICA, a part of Gaul, which after- wards received the name of Aquitaiiin. P/i.4. ARENA and AHENK, a city of Messenia, in Peloponnesus. Homer. II. 2 ARENACUM, a town of Germany. Tad . Hist. 5, c. 20. AREOPAG!T, the judges of the Areopagus, a seat of justice on a small eminence near Athens, whose name is derived from nptioj Trayoc, the Mil. of Mars, because Mars was the first who was tried there, for the murder of Hallirhotius, who had offered violence to his daughter Alcippe. Some say that the place receives the name of Areopagus, because the Amazons pitched their camp there, and offered sacrifices to their progenitor Mars, when they besieged Athens ; and others maintain, that the name was given to the place, because Mars is the god of bloodshed, war, and murder, which were generally punished by that court. The time in which this celebrated seat of jus- tice was instituted is unknown. Some suppose that Cecrops, the founder of Athens, first esta- blished it, while others give the credit of it to Cranaus, and others to Solon. The number of judged that composed this august assembly is not known. They huve been limited by some .o 9, to 31, to ol, and sometimes to a greater number. The most worthy and religious of the Athenians were admitted as members, and such archons as had discharged their duty with care and faithfulness. In f e latter ages of the republic, this observance was often vio- lated, and we find some of their members ol loose and debauched morals. If any of them was convicted of immorality, if they were seen sitting at a tavern, or had used any indecent language, they were immediately expelled from the assembly, and held in the greatest disgrace, though the dignity of a judge of the Areopagus always was for life. The Areopa- gites took cognizance of murders, impiety, anJ Immoral behaviour, and particularly of idleness, which they deemed the cause of all vice. They watched over the laws, and they had the management of the public treasury ; they had the liberty of rewarding the virtuous, and oi innicting severe punishment upon such as blas- phemed against the gods, or slighted the cele- bration of the holy mysteries. They always sat in the open air," because they took cogni- zance of murder ; and by their laws it was not permitted for the murderer and his accuser to be both under the same roof. This custom al- so might originate because the persons of the 'udges were sacred, and they were afraid of contracting pollution by conversing in the same house with men who had been LTiilty of shedding innocent blood. They always hear causes and passed sentence in the night, that they might not be prepossessed in favour of the plaintiff or of the defendant by seeing them. Whatever causes were pleaded before them, were to be divested of all oratory and fine speaking, lest eloquence should charm th ears, and corrupt their judgment Hence arose the most just and most impartial decisions, and their sentence was deemed sacred and invio- lable, and the plaintiff and defendant were equally convinced of its justice. The Areopa- gites generally sat on the 27th, 28th, and 29th day of every month. Their authority conti- nued in its original state, till Pericles, who was refused admittance among them, resolved to lessen their consequence, and destroy their power. From that time the morals of the Athenians were corrupted, and the Areopa- gites were no longer conspicuous for their vir- tue and justice ; and when (Ley censured the debaucheries of Demetrius, one of the family of Phalereus, he plainly told them, that if they wished to make a reform in Athens, they must begin at home. AREOPAGUS, a hill in the neighbourhood of Athens. Vid. Areopagita. AREST*, a people of India, conquered by Alexander. Justin. 12, c. 8. ARBSTHANAS, a countryman, whose goat suckled ./Esculapius, when exposed by his mo- ther. Pans. 2, c. 26. ARESTORIOBS, a patronymic given to the bundr->d-eyed Argus, a son of Arestor. Ovid. Met. 1, v. :>34. 78 Alt A RET A, the mother of Aristippus the phi- losopher. Laert. 2. -A daughter of Dio- nysius, who married Dion. She was thrown into the sea. Plut. in Dinn. A female philosopher of Gyrene, B. C. 377. A daughter of Rhexenor, descended from Nep- tune, who married her uncle Alcinous, by whom she had Nausicaa. Homer, Od. 7 & 8- Apollod. 1. ARETJEUS, a physician of Cappadocia, very inquisitive after the operations of nature. His treatise on agues has been much admired. The best edition of his works which are extant is that of Boerhaave, L. Bat. fol. 1735. ARETAPHILA, the wife of Melanippus, a priest of Gyrene. Nicocrates murdered her husband to marry her. She, however, was so attached to JYlelanippus, that she endea- voured to poison Nicocrates, and at last caused him to be assassinated by his brother Lysander, whom she married. Lysander proved as cruel as his brother, upon which Aretaphila ordered him to be thrown into the sea. After this she retired to a private sta- tion. Plut. de Virtut. Midler. Polyten. 8, c. 38. ARETALES, a Cnidian, who wrote a history of Macedonia, besides a treatise on islands. Plut. AREte. Vid. Areta. ARETES, one of Alexander's officers. Curt. 4, c. 15. AREPHUSA, a nymph of Elis, daughter of Oceanus, and jne of Diana's attendants. As she returned one day from hunting, she sat near the Alpheus, and bathed in the stream. The god of the river was enamoured of her, and he pursued her over the mountains and ail the country, when Arethusa, ready to sink under fatigue, implored Diana, who changed her into a fountain. The Alpheus immediately mingled his streams with hers, and Diana opened a secret passage under the earth and under the sea, where the waters of Arethusa disappeared, and rose in the island of Ortygia, near Syracuse, in Sicily. The river Alpheus followed her also under the sea, and rose also in Ortygia ; so that, as mythologists relate, whatever is thrown into the Alpheus, in Elis, rises again, after some time, in the fountain Arethusa, near Syracuse. Vid. Alplieus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 10. Athen. 7. Pans. One of the Hesperides. Apollod. 2, c. 5. A daughter of Herileus, mother of Abas, by Neptune Hygin. fab. 1.57. -One of Action's dogs. Hi/gin, fab. 181. A lake of Upper Armenia, near the fountains of the Tigris. Nothing can sink under its waters. Plin. 2, c. 103. -A town of Thrace. Another in Syria. ARETINUM, a Roman colony in Etruria. Ital. 5, v. 123. ARETUS, a son of Nestor and Anaxibia. Homer. Od. 3. A trojan against the Greeks He was killed by Autotnedon. Homer. II. 17 A famous warrior, whose only weapon was ai iron club. He was treacherously killed b/ Lycurgus, king of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 11. ARKI-S, a king of Sparta, preferred in the succession to Cleonymus, brother of Acrotatus, AR A R who baa made au alliance with Pyrrhus. He who revealed his master's correspondence with assisted Athens when Antigonus besieged it, the Persian king to the Ephori. C. Nep. in and died at Corinth. Paus. 3, c. 6. Plut. A king of Sparta, who succeeded his father Acrotatus 2d, and was succeeded by his son Leonidas, son of Cleonymus. A philosopher of Alexandria, intimate with Augustus. Sueton. A poet of Laconia. An orator men- tioned by Quintil. ARGX.VS and ARGEVS, a son of Apollo and Cyrene. Justin. 13, c. 7 A son of Perdiccas, who succeeded his father in the kingdom of Macedonia. Justin. 7, c. 1. A mountain of Cappadocia, covered with perpetual snows, at the bottom of which is the capital of the coun- try called Maxata. Claudian. A son of Ptolemy, killed by his brother. Paus. 1. A, son of Lycymnius. Apollod. 2. ARGAI.VS, a king of Sparta, son of Amyclas. Paws. 3, c. 1. ARGATHON A, a huntress of Cios, in Bithy nia, whom Rhesus married before he went to the Trojan war. When she heard of his death, she died in despair, ARC; Parthen. Erotic, c. 36. king of Tartessus, who, according to Plin. 7, c. 48, lived 120 years, and 300 according to Ital. 3, v. 396. ARGE, a beautiful huntress, changed stag by A potto. Hygin. fab. 205. One of the Cyclops. HesioiL- A daughter of Thes- ]>ius, by whom Hercules had two sons. Ajwllod. . A nymph, daughter of Jupiter and Juno. Paus. ARGILLIJS, a mountain of Egypt near the Nile. ARGILUS, a town of Thrace, near the Stry- mon, built by a colony of Andrians. Thucyd. 4, c. 103. Henxlut. 7, c. 115. ARGINUSJE, three small islands near the con- tinent between Mitylene and Methymna, wlicro the Lacedaemonian fleet was conquered by Co- non the Athenian. Strab. 13. ARGIOPE, a nymph of mount Parnassus, mother of Thamyris, by Philammon the son of Apollo. Puus. 4, c. 33. ARGIPHONTES, a surname given to Mercury, because he killed the hundred-eyed Argus, by order of Jupiter. ARGIPPEI, a nation among the Sauromatians, born bald, and with flat noses. They lived upon trees. Herodot. 4, c. 23. ARGIVA, a surname of Juno, worshipped at Argos. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 547. ARC I vi, the inhabitants of the city of Argos and the neighbouring country. The word is indiscriminately applied by the poets to all ths inhabitants of Greece. ARGIUS, a steward of Galba, who privately interred the body of his master in his gardens. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 49. ARGO, the name of the famous ship which carried Jason and his 54 companions to Colchis, Apollod. 1. ARGEA, a place at Rome, where certain Ar- gives were buried. ARGJEATH*, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 23. ARGENNUM, a promontory of Ionia. | tain that it was built at Argos, whence its name, "had I ~" when they resolved to recover the golden fleece. The derivation of the word Argo has been often disputed. Some derive it from Ar- gos, the person who first proposed the expe- dition, and who built the ship. Others main- ARGES, a son of Coelus and Terra, who had |, Cicero Tusc. 1, c. 20, calls it Argo, because it only one eye in his forehead. Apollod. i, c. 1. ARGESTRATUS, a king of Lacedaemon, who reigned 35 years. ARGEUS, a son of Perdiccas, king of Mace- donia, who obtained the kingdom when Amyntas v\ as deposed by the Illyrians. Justin. 7, c. 2. ARC i (plur. masc.) Vid. Argos. ARGIA, daughter of Adrastus, married Poly- nices, whom she loved with uncommon tender- ness. W r hen he was killed in the war, she buried his body in the night, against the positive orders of Creon, 'for which pious action she was punished with death. Theseus revenged her death by killing Creon. Hygin. fab. 69 & 72. 6'tat. Theb. 12. [Vid. Antigone and Creon.] A country of Peloponnesus, called also Argolis, of which Argos was the capital. One of the Oceanides. Hygin. praf. The wife of Inachus, and mftther of lo. Id. fab. 145 The mother of Argus, by Polybus. Id. fal 145. A daughter of Autesion, who married Aristodemus, by whom she had two sons, Eu- rysthenes, and Procles. Apollod. 2. Paws. 4, c. 3. ARGIAS, a man who founded Chalcedon, A. U. C. 148. ARGILETUM, a place at Rome near the Pala- tiam, where the tradesmen generally kept their hops. Virg. sn. 8, v. 355. Martial, 1, ep. 4. ASGILIUS, a favourite youth of Painsanias, 79 :arried Grecians, commonly called Argives. Diod. 4, derives the word from apyog, which signifies swift. Ptolemy says, but falsely, that Hercules built the ship, and called it Argo, after a son of Jason, who bore the same name. The ship Argo had 50 oars. According to many authors, she had a beam on her prow, cut in the forest of Dodona by Minerva, which had the power of giving oracles to the Argo- nauts. . This ship was the first that ever sailed on the sea as some report. After the expe- dition was finished, Jason ordered her to be drawn aground at the isthmus of Corinth, and consecrated to the god of the sea. The poets have made her a constellation in heaven. Jason was killed by a beam which fell from the top, as he slept on the ground near it. Hygin. fab. 14. A. P. 2, c. S7.Catull. De Nupt. Pel. $ Thet. Val. Place. 1, v. 93, &c. -P/wdr. 4, fab. 6. Seneca in Medea. Apothm. Argon. Apollod. 1. Cic. de Nat. D.Plin. 7, c. 56. Manil. 1. ARGOLICUS SINUS, a bay on the coast of Ar- golis. ARGOLIS and ARGIA, a country of Pelopon- nesus, between Arcadia and the ^Egt;n sea. Its chief city was called Argos. ARGON, one of the descendant- of Hercules who reigned in Lydia 505 years before Gyg* Herodot. l,c. 7. AR ARGONAUT*, a name given to those ancient heroes who went with Jason on board the ship Aro-o to Colchis, about 79 years before the taking of Troy, or 1263 B. C. The causes of this expedition arose from the following circum- stance : Athamas, king of Thebes, had mar- ried Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, whom he di- vorced to marry Nephele, by whom he had two children, Phryxis and Helle. As Nephele was subject to certain fits of madness, Athamas re- pudiated her, aud took a second time Ino, by whom he had soon after two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. As the children of Nephele were to succeed to their father by right of birth, Ino conceived an immortal hatred against them, and she caused the city of Thebes to be visited by a pestilence, by poisoning all the grain wliich had been sown in the earth. Upon this the oracle was consulted ; and as it had been corrupted by means of Ino, the answer was, that Nephele's children should be immolated to the gods. Phryxus was apprized of this, and he imme- diately embarked with his sister, and fled to the court of ^Eetes, king of Colchis, one of his near relations. In the voyage Helle died, and Phryxus arrived safe at Colchis, and was re- ceived with kindness by the king. The poets have embellished the night of Phryxus, by supposing that lie and Helle fled through the air on a ram who had a golden fleece and wings, and was endowed with the faculties of speech. This ram, as they say, was the offspring of Neptune's amours, under the form of a ram, with the nymph Theophane. As they were going to be sacrificed, the ram took them on his back, and instantly disappeared in the air. On their way Helle was giddy, and fell in that part of the sea which from her was called the Hellespont. When Phryxus came to Colcliis, he sacrificed the ram to Jupiter, or, according to others, to Mars, to whom he also dedicated the golden fleece. He soon after married Chalciope the daughter of lEetes ; but his fa- ther-in-law envied him the possession of the golden fleece, and therefore, to obtain it, he murdered him. Some time after this event, when Jason, the son of ^Eson, demanded of his uncle Pelias the crown which he usurped. [ Vid, Pelias, Jason, jEson.~\ Pelias said that he would restore it to him, provided he avenged the death of their common relation Phryxus, whom uEetes had basely murdered at Colchis. Jason, who was in the vigour of youth, and of an am- bitious soul, cheerfully undertook the expedi- tion, and embarked with all the young princes oi Greece in the ship Argo. They stopped at the island of Lemnos, where they remained two years, and raised a new race of men from the Lemnian women who had murdered their hus- bands. [Vid. Hypsipyk-l After they had left Lemnos, they visited Samothrace, where they offered sacrifices to the gods, and thence passec to Troas and to Cyzicum. Here they met will a favourable reception from Cyzicus the king o the country. The night after their departure they were driven back by a storm again on the roast ot' Cyzicum, and the inhabitants, sup- posing 'hem to be their enemies the Pelasgi 80 AR furiously attacked them. In tliis nocturnal en- gagement the slaughter was great, and Cyzicu* was killed by the hand of Jason, who, to ex- Mate the murder he had ignorantly committed, juried him in a magnificent manner, and offered sacrifice to the mother of the gods, to whom e built a temple on mount Dyndemus. From Cyzicum they visited Bebrycia, otherwise called 3ithynia, where Pollux accepted the challenge jf Amycus king of the country, in the combat )f the cestus, and slew him. They were driven rom Bebrycia, by a storm, to Salmydessa, on he coast of Thrace, where they delivered Phi- leus, king of the place, from the persecution of ;he harpies. Phineus directed their course hrough the Cyanean rock or the Symplegades, [Vid. Cyanete.] and they safely entered the Euxine sea. They visited the country of the Ylariandinians, where Lycus reigned, and lost two of their companions, Idmon, and Tiphis their pilot. After they had left this coast, they were driven upon the island of Arecia, where they found the children of Phryxus, whom JSetes their grandfather had sent to Greece to take possession of their father's kingdom. From this island, they at last arrived safe at ., the capital of Colchis. Jason explained the causes of his voyage to ^etes ; hut the conditions on which he was to recover the golden fleece, were so hard, that the Argo- nauts must have perished in the attempt, had not Medea, the king's daughter, fallen in love with their leaJer. She had a conference with Jason, and after mutual oaths of fidelity in the temple of Hecate, Medea pledged herself to de- liver the Argonauts from her father's hard con- ditions, if Jason married her, and carried her with him to Greece. He was to tame two bulls, which had brazen feet and horns, and which vomited clouds of fire and smoke, and to tie them to a plough made of adamant stone, and to plough a field of two acres of ground never before cultivated. After this he was to sow in the plain, the teeth of a dragon, from which an armed multitude were to rise up, and to he all destroyed hy his hands. This done, he was to kill an ever watchful dragon, who was at the bottom of the tree, on which the golden fleece was suspended. All these la- bours were to be performed in one day ; aud Medea's assistance, whose knowledge of herbs, magic, and potions was unparalleled, easily ex- tricated Jason from all danger, to the astonish- mentandterror of his companions, and of^Eetes, and the people of Colchis, who had assembled to be spectators of this wonderful action. He tamed the bulls with ease, ploughed the field, sowed the dragon's teetfi, and when the armed men sprang from the earth, he threw a stone in the midst of them, and they immediately turned their weapons one against the other, till they all perished. After this he went to the dragon, and by means of enchanted herbs, and a draught which Medea had given him, he lulled tho monster to sleep, and obtained the golden fleece, and immediately set sail with Medea. He was soon pursued by Absyrtus, the king's son, who came up to them, and was seized and AR murdeaed by Jason and Medea. The mangled limbs of Absyrtus weit strewed in the way through which ^Eetes was to pass, that his far- ther pursuit might be stopped. After the mur- der of Absyrtus, they entered the Palus Maeotis, and by pursuing their course towards the left, according to the foolish account of poets who were ignorant of geography, they came to the island Peucestts, and to that of Circe. Here Circe informed Jason, that the cause of all his calamities arose from the murder of Absyrtus, of which she refused to expiate him. Soon after, they entered the Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules, and passed the straits of Carybdis and Sylla, where they must have pe- rished, had not Tetbys, the mistress of Peleus, one of the Argonauts, delivered them. They were preserved from the Sirens by the elo- quence of Orpheus, and arrived in the island of the Phaeacians, where they met the enemy's feet, which had continued their pursuit by a different course. It was therefore resolved that Medea should be restored, if she had not been actually married to Jason ; but the wife of Al- cinous, the king of the country, being ap- pointed umpire between the Colchians and Ar- gonauts, had the marriage privately consum- mated by night, and declared that the claims of yetes to Medea were now void. From Phseacia the Argonauts came to the bay of Ambracia, whence they were driven by a storm upon the *-oast of Africa, and after many disasters at last came in sight of the promontory of Melea in the Peloponnesus, where Jason was purified of the murder of Absyrtus, and soon after arrived safe in Thessaly. The impracticability of such J a voyage is well known. Apollonius Rhodius ' gives another account, equally improbable. He ' says, that they sailed from the Euxine up one of the mouths of the Danube, and that Absyrtus pursued them by entering another mouth of the river. After *hey had continued their voyage for some leagues, the waters decreased, and they w.*e obliged to carry the ship Argo across the country to the Adriatic, upwards of 150 miles. Here they met with Absyrtus, who had pmsued the same measures, and conveyed his ships in like manner over the land. Absyrtus was immediately put to death ; and soon after, the beam of Dodona [VuL Argo.] gave an oracle, that Jason should never return home if he was not previously purified of the murder. Upon this they sailed to the island of JEa, where Circe, who was the sister of ^Eetes, ex- piated liim without knowing who he was. There is a third tradition which maintains, that they returned to Colchis a second time, aid visited many places of Asia. This famous expedition has been celebrated in the ancient a(jes of the world ; it has employed the pen f Many writers, and among the historians, Dio- uorus Siculus, Strabo, Apollodorus, and Justin ; and among the poets, Onamacritus, more gene- rally called Orpheus, Apollonius Rhodius, Pin- dar, and Valerius Flactus, have extensively given an account of its iLost remarkable parti- culars. The number of the Argonauts is not exactly known; the following list is drawn 81 A 11 from the various authors who have made men- tion of the Argonautic expedition. Jason, son of JEsou, as is well known, was the chief of the rest. His companions were Acastus son of Pelicis, Actor son of Hippapus, Admetus son of Pheres, .#!sculapius son of Apollo, ./Eta- lides son of Mercury and Eupoleme, Almenus son of Mars, Amphiaraus son of (Ecleus, Ant phidamus son of Aleus, Amphion son of Hy- perasius, Anceus a son of Lycurgus, and ano- ther of the same name, Areus, Argus the builder of the ship Argo, Argus son of Phryxus, Ar- menus, Ascalaphus son of Mars, Asterion sou of Cometes, Asterius son of Neleus, Augeas son of Sol, Atalanta daughter of Schoeneus dis- guised in a man's dress, Autolycus son of Mer- cury, Azorus, Buphagus, Butes son of Teleon, Calais son of Boreas, Canthus son of Abas. Castor son of Jupiter, Ceneus son of Elatus, Cepheus sou of Aleus, Cius, Clytius and Iphi- tus sons of Eurythus, Coronus, Deucalion son of Minos, Echion son of Mercury and Antianira, Ergynus son of Neptune, Euphenius son of Neptune and Macionassa, Eribotes, Eurylus son of Cisteus, Eurydamas and Eurythion sons of Iras, Eurytus son of Mercury, Glaucus, Her- cules son of upiter, Idas son of Aph&reus, lalmenus son of Mars, Idmon son of Abas, Iclaus son of Ij mclus, Iphiclus son of Thestius, Iphiclus son of Philacus, I phis son of Alector, Lynceus son of Aphareus, Iritus son of Nau- bolus, Laertes son of Arcesius, Laocoon, Leo- datus son of Bias, Leitus son of Alector, Me leager son of CEneus, Menoetius son of Actor, Mopsus son of Amphycus, Nauplius son of Neptune, Neleus the brother of Pelias, Nestor son of Neleus, Oileus the father of Ajax, Or- pheus son of (Eager, Palemon son of ^Etolus, Peleus and Telamon sous of Aacus, Pericly- menes son of Neleus, Peneleus son of Hypal- mus, Philoctetes son of Poean, Phlias, Pollux son of Jupiter, Polyphemus son of Elates Poeas son of Thaumacus, Phanus son of Bac- chus, Phalerus son of Alcon, Phocas and Pria- sus sons of Ceneus, one of the Lapithas, Ta- laus, Tiphys son of Aginus, Staphilus son of Bacchus, two of the name of Iphitus, Theseus son of ^Egeus, with his friend Pirithous. Among these ^Esculapius was physician, and Tiphys was pilot. ARGOS, (sing. nent. fy /rgi. masc. plur.) an ancient city, capital of Argolis in Peloppnnesus, about two miles from the sea, on die bay called Argolicus sinus. Juno was the chief deity of the place. Its kingdom was founded by Inachus 1856 years before the Christian era, and after- wards it was united to the crown of Mycenae. Argos was built, according to Euripides, Iphig. in Aulid. v. 152, 534, by seven Cyclops, who came from Syria. These Cyclops were not Vulcan's workmen. The nine first kings of Ar- gos were called Inachides, in honour of the founder. Their names were Inachus, Phoro- neus, Apis, Argus, Chryasus, Phorbas, Triopas, Stelenus, andGelanor. Gelanor gave a kind reception to Danaus, who drove him from hi* kingdom in return foi his hospitality. The dr stendants of Danaus were called Belides. Aga A R memnon was king of Argoe during the Trojan war : and bJ years after, the Heraclidffl seized the P jloponnesus, and deposed the monarclis. The inhabitants of Argos were called Argivi and Aro-olici ; and this name has been often ap- plied to all the Greeks, without distinction. PKn. 7, c. 56. Paw. 2, c. 15, &c. Herat. 1, od. 7. Milan. V. H. 9, c. 15. Strafe. 8. Mela, 1, c. 13, &c. 1. 2, c. 3. Virg. JEn. 1, v . 40, & c . A town of Thessaly called Pelas- eicon by the Pelasgians. Lucan. 6, v. 355.- Another in Epims, called Amphilochium. ARGUS, a king of Argos, who reigned 70 years. A son of Arestor, whence he is often called Arestortdes. He married Ismene, the daughter of Asopus. As he had an hundred eyes of which only two were asleep at one time, Juno set him to watch lo, whom Ju- piter had changed into a heifer ; but Mercury, by order of Jupiter, slew him, by lulling all his eyes asleep with the sound of his lyre Juno put the eyes of Argus to the tail of the peacock, a bird sacred to her. Moschus Jdyl.Ovid. Met. 1. Propert. 1, v. 585, &c. el. Z.Apollod. 1, c 9. 1. 2, c. 1. A son of Agenor. . Hygin. fab, 145. A son of Danaus, who built the ship Argo. Id. 14. A son of Jupiter and Niobe. Id. 145. A son of Pyras and Callirhoe. Id 145. A son of Phryxus. Id. 3. A son of Polybus. Id. 14. One of Actaeon's dogs Apollod. A dog of Ulysses, who knew his master after an absence of 20 years. Homer Od. 17, v.300. ARGYNNIS, a name of Venus, which she re- ceived from Argynnis, a favourite youth of Aga- memnon, who was drowned in the Cephisus. Propert. 3, el. 5, v. 52. ARGYRA, a nymph greatly beloved by a shepherd called Solemnus. She was changed into a fountain, and the shepherd into a river of the same name, whose waters make lovers forget the object of their affections. Paws. 7, r . 23. A city of Troas. Also the native place of Diodorus Siculus, in Sicily. ARGYRASplnES, a Macedonian legion which received this name from their silver helmets. Curt. 4, v. 1 3. ARGYRE, an island beyond the mouth of the river Indus, abounding in metal. Mela, 3, c. 7. ARGYRIPA, a town of Apulia, built by Dio- medes after the Trojan war. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 246. ARIA, a country of Asia, situate at the east of Parthia. Mela, 1, c. 2, 1. 2. c. 7. The wife of Pietus Cecinna, of Padua, a Roman se- nator who was accused of conspiracy against Claudius, and carried to Rome by sea. She ac- companied him, and in the boat she stabbed herself, and presented the sword to her hus- band, who followed her example. Plin.7. ARIADNK, daughter of Minos 2d, king of Crete, by Pasiphae, fell in love with Theses, who was shut up in the labyrinth to be de- voured by Minotaur. She gave him a clue of thread, by which he extricated himself from the different windings of his confinement. After M had conquered the Minotaur, he carried her 8* AR away according to the promise he bad made, and married her ; but when he arrived at th land of Naxos he forsook her, though she wrt* already pregnant, and repaid his love with tl /? most endearing tenderness. Ariadne was so disconsolate upon being abandoned by Theseus that she hung herself, according to some ; biit Plutarch says, that she lived many years after and had some children by Onarus, the piieac of Bacchus. According to some writers, Bac- chus loved her after Theseus had forsaken her, and he gave her a crown of seven stars, which, after her death, were made a constellation. The Argives shewed Ariadne's tomb, and when one of their temples was repaired, her ashes were found in an earthen urn. Homer, Od. 1 1 , says, that Diana detained Ariadne at Naxos. Pint, in Thes.Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 2. Hernid. 10. De A>t. Am. 2. Fast. 3, v. 462. Catiill. de Nupt. Pel. $ Thet.ep. 61. Hygin. fab. 14, -13, 27Q.Apollod. 3, c. 1. ARISUS, an officer who succeeded to the com- mand of the surviving army after the death of Cyrus the younger, after the battle of Cynaxa. He made peace with Artaxerxes. Xenoph. ARIAMNES, a king of Cappadocia, son of Ariarathes 3d. ARIANI and ARIENI, a people of Asia. Dimys. Perieg. 714. ARIANTAS, a king of Scythia, who yearly or- dered every one of his subjects to present him with an arrow. Herodiit. 4, v. 81. ARIARATHES, a king of Cappadocia, who joined Darius Ochus in 'iis expedition against Egypt, where he acquired much glory. His nephew, the second of that name, defended his kingdom against Perdiccas, the general of Alex- ander, but he was defeated and hung on a cross in the 81st year of his age, 321 B. C. His son, Ariarathes the 3d, escaped the massacre which attended his father and his followers , and after the death of Perdiccas, he recovered Cappadocia, by conquering Amyntas the Mace- donian general. He was succeeded by his son Ariamnes. Ariarathes the 4th, succeeded his father Ariamnes, and married Stratonice, daughter of Antiochus Theos. He died after a reign of 28 years, B. C. 220, and was succeeded by his son Ariarathes the oth, a prince who married Antiochia, the daughter of king Anti- ochus, whom he assisted against the Romans. Antiochus being defeated, Ariarathes saved his kingdom from invasion by paying the Romans a large sum of money remitted at the instance of the king of Pergamus. His son, the 6th of that name, called Phihpater, from his piety, succeeded him 166 B. C. ; an alliance with the Romans shielded him against the false claims that were laid to his crown by one of the fa- vourites of Demetrius king of Syria. He was maintained on his throne by Attains, and assisted his friends of Rome against Aristonicus, the usurper of Pergamus ; but he was killed in the war B. C. 130, leaving six children, five of whom were murdered by his surviving wife Laodice. The only one who escaped Ariarathes 7th was proclaimed king, and soon after married Laodice, the sister of Mithridates Eupator, by AR, whom he had two sons. He was mui iored by an illegitimate brother, upon which his widow Laodke gave herself and kingdom to Nico- medes king of Bithynia. Mithridates made war against the new king, and raised his nephew to the throne. The young king, who was the eighth one of the name of Ariarathes, made war against the tyrannical Mithridates, by whom he was assassinated in the presence of both armies, and the murderer's son, a child eight years old, was placed on the vacant throne. The Cappa- docians revolted, and made the late monarch's brother, Ariarathes ninth, king ; but Mithri- dates expelled him, and restored his own son. The exiled prince died of a broken heart ; and Nicomedes of Bithynia, dreading the power of the tyrant, interested the Romans in the af- fairs of Cappadocia. The arbiters wished to make the country free ; but the Cappadocians demanded a king, and received Ariobarzanes, B. C. 91. On the death of Ariobarzanes, his brother ascended the throne, under the name of Ariarathes, 10th ; but his title was disputed by Sisenna, the eldest son of Glaphyra, by Ache- lausf, priest of Comana. M. Antony, who was umpire between the contending parties, decided in favour of Sisenna , but Ariarathes recovered it for a while, though he was soon after obliged to yieici in favour of Archelaus, the second son of Glaphyra, B. C. 36. DM. 18. Justin. 13 & 29._&ra&. 12. ARIBJEUS, a general mentioned by Poly&n, 7, c. 29. AnlciA, an Athenian girl, whom Hippolytus married after he had been raised from the dead by /Esculapius. He built a city in Italy, which he called by her name. He had a son by her Called Vibius. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 544. Virg. Jn. 7, v. 762, &c. A very ancient town of Italy, built by Hippolytus, son of Theseus, after he had been raised from the dead by ^Escula- pius, and transported into Italy by Uiana. In a grove in the neighbourhood of Aricia, The- seus built a temple to Diana, where he esta- blished the same rites as were in the temple of that goddess in Taurus. The priest of this temple was always a fugitive, and the murderer of his predecessor, ' and went always armed with a dagger, to prevent whatever attempts might be made upon his life by one who wished to be his successor. The Arician forest was very celebrated, and no horses would ever enter it, because Hippolytus had been killed by them. Egeria, whom Numa visited, genernlly resided iu this famous grove, which was situate in the Appian way beyond mount Albanus. Ovid, Met. 15. Fast. 3, v. 263. Lwan. 6, v. 74. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 761, &c. ARICINA, a surname of Diana, from her .emple near Aricia. [Vid. Aricia.'] The mo- ther of Octavius. Ck. 3. Phil. c. 6. ARIDSUS, a companion of Cyrus the younger. After the death of Ms friend, he reconciled him- self with Artaxerxes, by betraying to him the surviving Greeks in their return. Dwd. An illegitimate son of Philip, who, after the death of Alexander, was made king, till Roxane, who *-%s pregnant by Alexander, brought into the 83 A R \TDI\J a legitimate mala successor. Aridarui had not the free enjoyment of his senses ; and therefore Perdiccas, one of Alexander's gene- rals, declared himself his protector, and evec married his sister, to strengthen their con- nexion. He was seven years in possession of the sovereign power, and was put to death, with his wife Eurydice, by Olympias. Justin. 9, c. K.Diod. ARIENIS, daughter of Alyattes, married AB- tyages king of Media. Herodot. 1, c. 74. ARIG/EUM, a town of India, which Alex- ander found burnt, and without inhabitants. Arrian. 4. A ali, a savage people of India. Of Arabia. Plin. 6. Of Scythia. Herodot. Of Germany. Tan.. ARIMA, a place of Cilicia or Syria, where Typhceus was overwhelmed under the ground. Homer. II. 2. ARIMASPI, a people conquered by Alex- ander the Great. Curt. 7, c. 3. AimiAsi'iAS, a river of Scythia, with golden sands. The neighbouring inhabitants have but one eye in the middle of their forehead, and wage continual war against the griffins, mon- strous animals that collect the gold of the rivers. Plin. 7, c. 2. Hei-odot. 3 & 4. Strao. 1 & 13. ARIMASTH.-E, a people near the Euxine sea. Orpheus. Argon. AAIMAZES, a powerful prince of Sogdiana, who treated Alexander with much insolence, and even asked, whether he could fly, to aspire to so extensive a dominion? He surrendered and was exposed on a cross with his friends and relations. Curt. 7, c. 11. ARIMI, a nation of Syria. Strab. AaiMiNUM, an ancient city of Italy, near the Rubicon, on the borders of Gaul, founded by a colony of Umbrians. It was the cause of C sar's civil wars. Lwca*. 1, v. 231. Plin. 3 c. 15. ARTMINUS, a river of Italy, rising in tL Apennine mountains. Plin. 3, c. 15. ARIMPH.EI, a people of Scythia, near the Riphsean mountains, who lived chiefly upon berries in the woods, and were remarkable for their innocence and mildness. Plin. 6 c. 7. AnfMU*, a king of Mysia. Varro. ARIOBARZANES, a man made king of Cap padocia by the Romans, after the troubles which the false Ariarathes had raised, had sub- sided. Mithridates drove him from his king- dom, but the Romans restored him. He fol- lowed the interest of Pompey, and fought a Phaisalia against J. Caesar. He and his king dom wert preserved by means of Cicero. Cic. 5, ad Attic, ep. 29. Horat. ep. 6, v. 38. Flor. S, c. 5. A satrap of Phrygia, who after the death of Mithridates, invaded the kingdom of Pontus, and kept it for 26 years. He was succeeded by the son of Mithridaws. Diod. 17. A general of Darius, who de- fended the passes of Susa with 15,000 foot against Alexander. After a bloody encounter with the Macedonians, he was killed as he at- L, * AR tempted to seize the city cf Persepolis. Diod 17. Curt.4&t">. A Mede of elegant sta ture, and great prudence, whom Tiberius ap pointed to settle the troubles of Armenia. Ta cit. Ann 2, c. 4. A mountain between Par thia and the country of the Massagetae. J. satrap, who revolted from the Persian king. ARIOMANDES, son of Gobryas, was gene ral of Athens against the Persians. Plut. Cim. ARIOMARDUS, a son of Darius, in the armj of Xerxes when he went against Greece. He rodot.7, c.78. ARIOMEDES, a pilot of Xerxes. ARION, a famous lyric poet and musician son of Cycles, of Methymna, in the island o Lesbos. He went into Italy with Periander tyrant of Corinth, where he obtained immense riches by liis profession. Some time after 1 wished to revisit his country ; and the sailors of the ship in which he embarked, resolved to murder him, to obtain the riches which he wa; carrying to Lesbos. Arion seeing them im movable in their resolutions, begged that he might be permitted to play some melodious tune ; and as soon as he had finished it, he threw himself into the sea. A number of dol phins had been attracted round the ship by the sweetness of his music ; and it is said, that one of them carried him safe on his back to Taena- rus, whence he hastened to the court of Peri ander, who ordered all the sailors to be crucifiec at their return. Hygin. fab. 194. Herndot. 1 c. 23 & 24. Mian, de Nat. An. 13, c. 45. Ital. ll.Propert. 2, el. 26, v. 17. Pint. Symp. A horse, sprung from Ceres and Nep- tune. Ceres, when she travelled over the world in quest of her daughter Proserpine, had taken the figure of a mare, to avoid the importuning addresses of Neptune. The god changed him- self also into a horse, and from their union arose the horse Arion, who had the power of speech the feet on the right side like those of a man and the rest of the body like a horse. Arion was brought up by the Nereides, who often harnessed him to his father's chariot, wlach he drew over the sea with uncommon swiftness. Neptune gave him to Copreus, who presented lum to Hercules. Adrastus, king of Argos, received him as a present from Hercules, and with this wonderful animal he won the prize at the Ntmiean games. Arion, therefore, is often called the horse of Adrastus. Pans. 8 c. 25. Pnpert. 9, el. 34, v. 37.~Apol/od. 3, c. 6. ARIOVISTCS, a king of Germany, who pro- fessed himself a friend of Rome. When Csesar was in Gaul, Ariovistus marched against him, and was conquered with the loss of 80,000 men GEJ. 1, bell. Gall. Tacit. 4. Hist. ARIS, a river of Messenia. Pans. 4, c. 31. ARISB.A, a town of Lesbos, destroyed by an earthquake A colony of the Mitylenians in Troas, destroyed by tke Trojans before the coming of the Greeks. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 264. Homer. IL 7. The name of Priam's first wife, divorced that the monarch might marry He- A R ARISTJENETUS, a writer whose epistles havs been beautifully edited by Abresch. Zwollffi, 1749. ARIST/EUM, a city of Thrace, at the foot' of mount Hffiinus. Plin. 4, c 11. ARJSTJEUS, son of Apollo and the nymph Cy- rene, was born in the deserts of Lybia, and brought up by the Seasons, and fed upon nectar and ambrosia. His fondness for hunting has pro- cured him the surname of Nomus and Agreus. After he had travelled over the greatest part of the world, he came to settle in Greece, where he married Autonoe, the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had a son called Actaeon. He fell in love with Eurydice, the wife of Orpheus, ana pursued her in the fields. She was stung by a serpent that lay in the grass, and died, fur which the gods destroyed all the bees of Aris- taeus. In this calamity he applied to his mo- ther, who directed him to seize the sea-god Proteus, and consult him how he might repair the losses he had sustained. Proteus advised him to appease the manes of Eurydice by the sacrifice of four bulls and four heifers ; and ;i soon as he had done it, and left them in the air, swanns of bees immediately sprang from the rotten carcases, and restored Aristaeus to his former prosperity. Some authors say, that Aristseus had the care of Bacchus when young, and that he was initiated in the mysteries ol this god. Aristaeus went to live on mount Hae mus, where he died. He was, after death, wor- shipped as a demi-god. Aristaeus is said to have learned from the nymphs, the cultivation of olives, and the management of bees, &c. which he afterwards communicated to the rest of mankind. Virg. G. 4, v. 317. Diod. 4. Justin. 13, c. 7. Ovid. Fast. *, v. 363. Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 18. Paws. 10, c. 17. Hygin. fab 161, 180, 24>7.A)>ollad. 3, c. 4.~Herodot. 4, c. 4, &c. Polyan. 1, c. 24. A general who commanded the Corinthian forces at the siege of Potidasa. He was taken by the Athenians, and put to death. ARISTAGORAS, a writer who composed an history of Egypt. Plin. 36, c. 12. A son-in- law of Histiaeus, tyrant of Miletus, who revolted from Darius, and incited the Athenians against Persia, and burnt Sardis. This so exasperated the king, that every evening before supper he ordered his servants to remind him of punish ing Aristagoras. He was killed in a battle he fought against the Persians, B. C. 499. Hero- dot. 5, c. 30, &c. 1. 7, c.S. Polyan. 1, c. 24, A man of Cyzicus. Another of Cumse. Herodot. 4. \RISTANDER, acelebrated soothsayer, greatly esteemed by Alexander. Plut. in Alex. Ptm. IT", - 2.5. An Athenian, who wrote on agri- ARISTANDROS, a statuary of Sparta. Paus. 3, '. 18. AHISTARCHE, a matron of Ephesus, who bv srder of Diana sailed to the coasts of Gaui with the Phoc33ans, and was made priestess. ttrab. 4. A HIST ARCH us, a celebrated grammarian ot Samos, disciple of Aristophanes. He lived di AR greatest part of his life at Alexandria, and Pto- temy Philometer entrusted him with the educa- tion of his sons. He was famous for his critical powers, and he revised the poems of Homer with such severity, that ever after all severe cntics were called Aristavchi. He wrote above 800 commentaries on different authors, much esteemed in his age. In his old age he be- came dropsical, upon which he starved him- self, and died in his 72d year, B. C. 157. He left two sons, called Aristarchus and Aristago- ras, both famous for their stupidity. Horat. de Art. Poet. v. 449. Ovid. 3. ex Pont. ep. 9, v. 24. Cic. ad Fam. 3 ep. 11. ad Attic. 1, ep. 14. Quint'd, 10, c. 1. A tragic poet of Tegea in Arcadia, about 454 years B. C. He composed 70 tragedies, of which only two were rewarded with tup prize. One of them, called Achilles, was translated into Latin verse by Ennius. A physician to queen Berenice, the widow of Antiochus. Poly (En. 8. An orator of Am- bracia. An astronomer of Samos, who first supposed that the earth turned round its axis, and revolved round the sun. This doctrine nearly proved fatal to him, as he was accused of disturbing the peace of the gods Lares. The age in which he flourished, is not precisely known. His treatise on the largeness of the sun, and its distance, is extant, of which the best edition is that of Oxford, 8vo. 1688. ARISTAZANES, a noble Persian in favour with Artaxerxes Ochus. DM. 16. ARISTEAS, a poet of Proconnesus, who ap- peared seven years after his death to his coun- trymen, and 540 years after to the people of Metapontum in Italy, and commanded them to raise him a statue near the temple of Apollo. He wrote an epic poem on the Arimaspi in three books, and some of his verses are emoted by Longinus. A physician of Rho-ies. A geometrician, intimate with Euclid. Herodot. 4, c. 13, &e. A poet, son of Demochares. in the age of Croesus. ARISTEHJC, an island on the coast of Pelo- ponnesus. Paus. 2, c. 34. ARISTEUS, a man of Argos, who excited king Pyrrhus to take up arms against his country- men, the Argives. Polti-tn. 8, c. 68. ARISTHENES, a shepherd who found ^Escu- Japius when he had been exposed in the woods by his mother Coronis. ARISTHUS, an historian of Arcadia. Dionijs. Hat. 1. ARISTIBUS. a river of Paeouia. Polyan. 4, c.12. A RI ST IDES, * celebrated Athenian, son of Lysimachus, in the age of Themistocles, whose great temperance and virtue procured him the surname of Just. He was rival to Themisto- cles, by whose influence he was banished for ten years, B. C. 484 ; but before six years of bis exile had elapsed, he was recalled by the Athenians. He was at the battle of Salamis, and was appointed chief commander with Pau- sar-ias against Mardouius, whom they defeated at Plataa. He died so poor, that the expenses of his funeral were defrayed at the public charge : his two daughters, on account of their 85 A R father's virtues, received a dowry from the public treasury when they were come to mar- riageable years; but poverty became heredi- tary, and the grandson of Aristides was seen in the public streets getting his livelihood by ex- plaining dreams. The Athenians became more virtuous in imitation of their leader ; and from the sense of his great qualities, at the repre- sentation of one of the tragedies of ^Eschylus, on the mention of a sentence concerning moral goodness, the eyes of the audience were all at once turned from the actor to Aristides. When he sat as judge, it is said that the plaintiff, in his accusation, mentioned the injuries his op- ponent had done to Aristides. " Mention the wrongs you have received," replied the equi- table Athenian ; " I sit here as judge, and the lawsuit is yours, and not mine." C. Nep. Sf Pint, in Vita. An historian of Miletusj fonder of stories and anecdotes than of truth. He wrote an history of Italy, of which the 40th volume has been quoted by Pint, in ParalL An athlete, who obtained a prize at the Olym- pian, Neniwan, and Pythian games. Paus. , c. 16. A painter of Thebes in Boeotia, for one of whose pieces Attains offered 6000 ses- terces. Plin. 7 & 35. A Greek orator who wrote 50 orations, besides other tracts. When Smyrna was destroyed by an earthquake, he wrote so pathetic a letter to M. Aurelius, that the emperor ordered the city immediately to be rebuilt, and a statue was in consequence raised to the orator. His works consist of hymns in prose in honour of the gods, funeral orations apologies, panegyrics, and harangues, the be*t edition of which is that of Jebb, 2 vols. 4to. Oxon. 1722, and that in a smaller size in 12mo. 3 vols. of Canterus apud P. Steph. 1604. A man of Lucris, who died by the bite of a weasel. &lian. V. H. 14. A philosopher of Mysia, intimate with M. Antoninus. An Athenian, who wrote treatises on animals, trees, and agriculture. ARISTILLUS, a philosopher of the Alexan- drian school, who attempted with Timocharis to determine the place of the different stars in the heavens, and to trace the course of the planets. AHISTIPPUS, the elder, a philosopher of Cy- rene, disciple to Socrates, and founder ol the Cyrenaic sect. He was one of the flatterers of Dionysius of Sicily, and distinguished himself for his epicurean voluptuousness, in support of which he wrote a book, as likewise an history of Lybia. When travelling in the deserts of Africa, he ordered his servants to throw away the money they carried, as too burdensome. Many of his sayings and maxims are recorded by Diogenes in his life. Horat. 2. Sat. 3, T. 100. ' His grandson of the same name, called the younger, was a warm defender of his opi- nions, and supported that the principles of all things were pain and pleasure. He flourished about 363 years B. C. A tyrant of Argoa, whose life was one continued series of appre- hension. He was killed by a Cretan, in a battle against Aratus, B. C. 242. Diog. A nan who wrote an history of Artaaia. Duf. . A R M. ARJ*US a tribune of the soldiers in Casar'a army. Ce patronymie ui Ayrus. Ovid. M*t. \ , v. f4 AR ARISTOIEUA, festivals in honour of Aris- jjtlc, because he obtained the restitution of his country from Alexander. AmsTOTkLES, a famous philosopher, son of Nicomachus, a physician at Festrada, born at Stagira. After his father's death he went to Athens, to hear Plato's lectures, where he soon signalized himself by the brightness of his ge- nius. He had been of an inactive and dissolute disposition in his youth, hut now he applied aimself with uncommon diligence, and after he had spent 20 years in hearing the instructions of Plato, he opened a school for himself, for which he was accused of ingratitude and illi- berality by his ancient master. He was mo- derate "in his meals; he slept little, and always had one arm out of his couch with a bullet in it, which, by falling into a brazen bason under- neath, early awakened him. He was, ac- tording to some, 10 years preceptor to Alex- ander, who received his instructions with much pleasure and deference, and always respected him. According to Plutarcn, the improve- ment that Alexander made under Aristotle, was of more service to him than all the splen- dour and power which he received from Philip. Almost all his writings, which are composed on a variety of subjects, are extant : he gave them to Theophrastus at his death, and they were bought by one of the Ptolemies, and placed in the famous library of Alexandria. Diogenes Laertes has given us a very extensive catalogue of them. Aristotle had a deformed counte- nance, but his genius was a sufficient compen- sation for all his personal defects. He has been called by Plato the philosopher of truth; and Cicero compliments him with the title of a man of eloquence, universal knowledge, readiness and acuteness of invention, and fecundity of thought. The writings of Aristotle have been compared with those of Plato ; but the one are the effusions of a lively and fruitful imagination, whilst the philosopher of Stagira studied na- ture more than art, and had recourse to sim- plicity of expression more than ornament. He neither worshipped nor cared for the divinity, concerning which his opinions were ever va- -ious and dissonant; and the more he disre- garded the mythology of the ancients, the greater was the credit he acquired over his less philosophical predecessors. He was so autho- itative in his opinions, that, as Bacon observes, ne wished to establish the same dominion over men's minds, as his pupil over nations. Alex- ander, it is said, wished and encouraged his learned tutor to write the history of animals ; and the more effectually to assist him, he sup- plied him with 800 talents, and in his Asiatic expedition employed above a thousand men to collect animals, either in fishing, hunting, or hawking, which were carefully transmitted to the philosopher. Aristotle's logic has long reigned in the schools, and been regarded as the perfect model of all imitation. As he ex- pired, the philosopher is said to have uttered the following sentiment: Fade hunc mundum tnttavi, am iu t tilt, pennrbutus egredior, causa rum muerere mei. The letter which Philip AR wrote to Aristotle, had been preserved, and is in these words : " I inform you I have a son ; I thank the gods, not so much for making me a father, as for giving me a son in an age when he can have Aristotle for his instructor. I hope you will make him a successor worthy of me, and a king worthy of Macedonia." Aris- totle wished to make his wife Pythias a deity, and to pay her the same worship as was paid to Ceres. He died in the 63d year of his age, B. C. 322. His treatises have been published separately ; but the best edition of the worL. collectively, is that of Duval, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1629. He had a son, whom he called Nico- machus, by the courtezan Herpyllis. Some have accused him of being accessary to the death of Alexander, and said '.hat he drowned himself in the Euripus, because he could not find out the cause of its flux and reflux. There are different reports about the manner of his death, and some believe that he died at Athens of a cholic, two years after Alexander's death. The people of Stagira instituted festivals in his honour, because he had been very ser- viceable to their city. Diai;. in vita Pint, in Alex. $ de Alex. fort. fyc.Cic. Acad. Qiurst. 4, de Orat. 3, dejinib. 5.Qiimtil. 1, 2, 5, 10. JElian. V. H. 4. Justin. 12. Justin. Martyr. August, de Civ. Dei. 8.Plin. 2, 4, 5, &c. Athen. Val. Max. 5, c. 6, &c. There were besides seven of the same name : a magistrate of Athens. A commentator on Homer's Iliad. An orator of Sicily, who answered the panegyric of Isocrates. A friend of ^schines. A man of CyTene who wrote on poetry. A schoolmaster mentioned in Plato's life, written by Aristoxenus. An obscure grammarian. Diog. de Aristot. ARISTOTIMUS, a tyrant of Elis, 271 years B. C. Paw. 5, c. 5. ARISTOXENUS, a celebrated musician, disci- ple of Aristotle. He wrote 453 different trea- tises on philosophy, history, &c. and was disappointed in his expectations of succeeding in the school of Aristotle, for which he always spoke with ingratitude of his learned master. Of all his works nothing remains but three books upon music, the most ancient on that subject extant. A philosopher of Cyrene. Athen. A physician whose writings are quoted by Galen. A poet of Selinus. A Pythagorean philosopher. ARISTUS, a Greek historian of Salarais, who wrote an account of Alexander's expe- dition. Strab. 14. Arrian. 7. ARISTYLLUS, an obscure poet. Arist:>ph. An astronomer of Alexandria, 292, B. C. ARIUS, a river of Gaul and of Asia. The inhabitants in the neighbourhood are called Arii. A celebrated writer, the origin of th Arian controversy, that denied tLe eternal di- vinity and consubstantiality of the Word. Though he was greatly persecuted for his opinions, he gained the favour of the em- peror Constantine, and triumphed over his powerful antagonist Athanasius. He died th very night he was going to enter the church of Constantinople in triumph; pressed by AR nature, he stepped aside to ease himself ; but .is bowels gushed out, and he expired on the spot. Athanas. ARMEKES, a son of Nabis, led in triumph at Rome. Liv. 34, c. 1. ARMENIA, a large country of Asia, divided nto Upper and Lower Armenia. Upper Ar- menia, called also Major, has Media on the east, Iberia on the north, and Mesopotamia on the south. Lower Armenia, or Minor, is bounded by C'appadocia, Armenia Major, Syria, Cilicia, and the Euplirates. The Armenians were a long time under the dominion of the Medes and Persians, till they were conquered, with the rest of Asia, by Alexander and his successors. The Romans made it one of their provinces, and under some of the emperors, the Armenians had the privilege of choosing their own kings, but they were afterwards re- duced. The country received its name from Armenus, who was one of the Argonauts, and of Thessalian origin. They borrowed the names and attributes of their deities from the Persians. They paid uncommon adoration to Venus Anaitis, and the chiefest of the people always prostituted their daughters in honour oi this goddess. Armenia Major is now called Turconia, and Minor, Aladulia. Herodot. 1, c. 194. 1. 5, c. 49. Curt. 4, c. 12. 1. 5, c. 1. Strab. 1 & 11. Mela, 3, &iC.Plin. 6, c. 4, &c. Lucun. 2. ARJVIENTARIUS, a Ca;sar in Dioclesian's reign. ARMII.LATUS, one of Domitian's favourites Juv. 4, v. 53. ARMILUSTRIUM; a festival at Rome on the 19th of October. When the sacrifices were offered, all the people appeared under arms The festival has often been confounded with that of the Salii, though easily distinguished because the latter was observed on the 2d o March, and on the celebration of the Armi- lustrium they always played on a flute, am the Salii played upon the trumpet. It was instituted A. U. C. 543. Varro. de L. L. 5, c 3. Liv. 27, c. 37. ARMINI L s, a warlike general of the Germans who supported a bloody war against Rome fo some time, and was at last conquered by Ger manicus in two great battles. He was poisonec by one of his friends, A. D. 19, in the 37 year of his age. Dio. 56. Tacit. Ann. 1, &e AHMORICJF., cities af Celtic Gaul, famou for the warlike, rebellious, and inconstant dis position of the inhabitants, called Armoric Cbserving, that a monarch ought to have in iriew, not the dignity of his family, but the prosperity of his subjects. Justin". 31, c. 5. -A king of Pontus and Armenia, iu al- liance with the Romans. He fought long with access against the Persians, till he was de- ceived by the. snares of king Sapor, his enemy, who put out his eyes, and soon deprived him of life. Marcettin. -The eldest son of Ar- tabanus, appointed over Armenia by his father, after the death of king Artaxias. Tacit. Hut. 6. A servant of Themistocles. ARSACID.E, a name given to some of the monarchs of Parthia, in honour of Arsaces, the founder of the empire. Their power sub- sisted till the 29th year of the Cliristian era, when they were conquered by Artaxerxes, king of Persia. Justin. 41. ARSAMENES, a satrap of Persia, at the bat- tle of the Granicus. ARSAMETES, a river of Asia, near Parthia. Tacit. Ann. 15. ARSAMOSATA, a town of Armenia Major, 70 miles from the Euphrates. Tacit. Ann. 15. ARSANES, the son of Ochus, and father of Codomanus. AHSANIAS, a river of Armenia, which, ac- :ording to some, flows into the Tigris, and ifterwards into the Euphrates. PHn. 5, c. 24. ARSNA, a marsh of Armenia Major, whose fishes are all of the same sort. Strab. ARSES, the youngest son of Ochus, whom the eunuch Bagoas raised to the throne of Per- sia, and destroyed with bis children, after a reign of three years. Diod. 1 7. ARSIA, a wood of Etruria, famous for a bat- tle between the Romans and the Veientes. Ptut. in Popl. A river of Italy, flowing taro^gL Campania. 90 AR ARSIDJCUS, a son of Datames, flee. AHSINOE, daughter of Leucippus and Phi- odice, and mother of ^sculapius by A polio, according to some authors. She received di- vine honours after death at Sparta. Apoilod. 3. Pans. 2, c. 26. 1. 3, c. 12. A daughter of Phlegeus, promised in marriage to Alcma;on. Apoilod. 3, c. 7. A fountain of Pelopon- nesus. Pans. Messen. The sister and wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus, worshipped after death, under the name of Venus Zephyritis, Dinochares began to build her a temple with loadstones, in which there stood a statue of Arsinoe suspended in the air by the power o* the magnet^ but the death of the architect pre- vented its being perfected. Pirn. 34, c. 14. A daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, who mar- ried Lysimachus, king of Macedonia. After her husband's death, Ceraunus, her own brother, married her, and ascended the throne of Ma- cedonia. He previously murdered Lysimachus and Philip, the sons of Arsinoe by Lysimachus, in their mother's arms. Arsinoe was some time after banished into Samothrace. Justin. 17, c. 1, &c. A younger daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, sister to Cleopatra. Antony dis- patched her to gain the good graces of her sister. Hirt. Alei. 4. Appian. The wife of Magas, king of Cyrene, who committed adul- tery with her son-in-law. Justin. 26, c. 3. A daughter of Lysimachus. Pans. A town of Egypt, situated near the lake of Moeris, where the inhabitants paid uncommon vene- ration to the crocodiles. They nourished them in a splendid manner, and embalmed them after death, and buried them in the subter- raneous cells of the labyrinth. Strab. A town of Cilicia, of /Eolia, of Syria, of Cy- prus, of Lycia, &c. ARSITES, a satrap of Paphlagonia. ART A BAKU s, son of Hystaspes, was brother to Darius the first. He dissuaded his nephew Xerxes from making war against the Greeks, and at his return he assassinated him, with the hopes of ascending the throne. Darius, the son of Xerxes, was murdered in a similar mau- ner; and Artaxerxes, his brother would have shared the same fate, had not he discovered the snares of the assassin, and punished him with death. Diod- 11, Jiutin. 3, c. 1, &c. HertxLnt. 4, c. 38. 1. 7, c. 10, &c. A king of Parthia, after the death of his nephew Phraates 2d. He undertook a war against ana tion of Scythia, in which he perished. His soic Mithridates succeeded him, and merited the ap- pellation of Great. Justir-. 42, c. 2. A king ot Media, and afterwards of Parthia, after the expul- sion of Vonones, whom Tiberius had made king there. He invaded Armenia, from whence ho was driven away by one of the generals of Ti- berius. He was expelled from his throne which Tiridates usurped ; and some time aftei he was restored again to his ancient power and died A. D. 48. Tacit. Ann. 5, &c. A king of Parthia, very inimical to the interest of Vespasian. -Another king of Paithia, who made war against the ermperor Caracalla, who A f nad attempted his life 0- pretence of courting hi? daughter. He was murdered, and the power of Parthia abolished, and the crown translated to the Persian monarchs. D'w. He- rodian. ARTABAZUS, a son of Pharnaces, general in the army of Xerxes. He fled from Greece upon the ill success of Mardonius. He odut. 7, 8 & 9. A general who made war against Artaxerxes, and was defeated. He was after- wards reconciled to his prince, and became he familiar friend of Darius 3d. After the murder of this prince he surrendered himself up with his sons to Alexander, who treated him with much humanity and confidence. Curt. 5, c. 9 & 12. 1. 6, c. 5. 1. 7, c. 3 & 5. 1. 8, c. 1. An officer of Artaxerxes against Datames. Diod. 15. ARTABRI and ARTAIMIIT* :, a people of Lu- aitania, who receive their name from Arta- brum, a promontory on the coast of Spain. Sit. 3, v. 362. ARTACT.AS, an officer in the army of Xerxes, the tallest of all the troops, the king excepted. ARTACJENA, a city of Asia, near Aria. ART^CE, a town and seaport near Cyzicus. It did no., ejrist in the age of Pliny. There was in its neighbourhood a fountain called Ar- tacia. Herodat. 4, c. 14. Proatp. de bell. Pers. 1, c. 2.5. Strah. 13.Ptin. 5. c. 32. A city of Phrygia. A fortified place of Bi- thynia. ARTACNE, a country of Assyria near Ar- bela, where Alexander conquered Darius. Strab. 16. ARTACIA, a fountain in the country of the Lestrygones. Tibidl. 4, ep. 1, v. 60. ARTJEI, a name by which the Persians were called among their neighbours. Herodat. 7, c. 61. ARTAGERAS, a town of Upper Armenia. Strab. ARTAGERSES, a general in the army of Ar- taxerxes, killed by Cyrus the Younger. in Art ax. ARTANES, a king of the southern parts of Armenia. Strab. 11. A river of Thrace flowing into the Ister. Herodot. 4, c. 49. a river of Colchis. ARTAPHERNES, a general whom Darius sen nto Greece with Datis. He was conquered t the battle of Marathon by Miltiades. [Vid. Datis.'] C. Nep. in Nllt.Hendot. ARTATUS, a river of Illyria. Lir. 43, c. 19, ARTAVASDES, a son of Tigranes, king oi Upper Armenia, who wrote tragedies, and shone as an elegant orator and faithful histo- rian. He lived in alliance with the Romans, but Crassus was defeated partly on account oi his delay. He betrayed M. Antony in his ex pedition against Parthia, for which Antony reduced his kingdom, and carried him to Egypt, where he adorned the triumph of the conqueror led in golden chains. He was some time after murdered. Strab. 11. The crown of Armenia was given by Tiberius to a person of the same name, who was expelled. Au 91 gustns L&d MSG la^.veJ to the throne f hi menia a person of the same name. Tacit. An;. 2. ARTAXA and ARTAXIAS, a general of An- tiochus the Great, who erected the province of Armenia into a kingdom, by his reliance on the friendship of the Romans. King Tigranes was one of his successors. Strab. 11. ARTAXATA, a strongly fortified town of Up- per Armenia, the capital of the empire where the kings generally resided. It is said that Anuibal built it for Artaxias, the king of the country. It was, burnt by Corbulo, and rebuilt by Tiridates, who called it Neronea, in honour of Nero. Strab. 11. ARTAXERXES 1st, succeeded to the king- dom of Persia, after his father Xerxes. ; -He destroyed Artabanus, who had murdered Xerxes, an;l attempted to destroy the royal family to raise himself to the throne. He made war against the Bactriaus, and reconquered Egypt, that had revolted, with the assistance of the Athenians, and was remarkable for his equity and moderation. One of ins hands was longer than the other, whence he has been called Macrochir or Limgimaiuts. He reigned 39 years, and died B. C. 425. C. Nep. in Reg. Pint, in Artui. The ^second of that name, king of Persia, was " surnamed Mnemon, on account of his extensive memory. He was son of Darius the Second, by Parysatis, the daughter of Artaxerxes Longimanus, and had three brothers, Cyrus, Ostanes, and Oxa- thres. His name was Arsaces, which he- changed into Artaxerxes when he ascended the throne. His brother Cyrus was of such ait ambitious disposition, that he resolved to make- himself king, in opposition to Artaxerxes Parysatis always favoured Cyrus; and when- he had attempted the life of Artaxerxes, she obtained his pardon by her entreaties and in- fluence. Cyrus, who had been appointed over Lydia and the sea-coasts, assembled a large- army under various pretences, and at las\. marched against his brother at the head of 100,000 barbarians and 13,000 Greeks. He was opposed by Artaxerxes with 900,000 meu, and a bloody battle was fought at Cunaxa, in which Cyms was killed, and his forces routed. It has be^n reported, that Cyrus was killed by Artaxerxes, who was so desirous of the ho- nour, that he put to death two men for saying that they had killed him. The Greeks, who had assisted Cyrus against his brotner, though at the distance of above 600 leagues from their country, made their way through the ter- ritories of the enemy ; and nothing is more fa- mous in the Grecian history than the retreat of the ten thousand. After he was delivered from the factions of his brother, Artaxerxes stirred up a war among the Greeks against Sparta, and exerted all his influence to weaken the power of the Greeks. He married two of his own daughters, called Atossa and Ames tris, and named his eldest son Darius to be hia successor. Darius, however, conspired against his father, and was put to death ; and Ochus, one of the vounger sons, called also Artaxerxes AR mad* his way to the throne, by causing his elder brothers Ariaspes and Arsames to be as- sassinated. It is said that Artaxerxes died of a broken heart, in consequence of his son's un- natural behaviour, in the 94th year of his agihig upon tie beittie, whence the name of the festival is derived. It was also introduced in Italy, where the people besmeared their faces with the dregs of wine, and sang hymns to the god. They always hanged some small images of the god on the tallest trees in their vineyards, and these images they called Oscilla. Virg. G. 2, v. 384. Pollux. 2, c. 7. ASCONIUS LABEO, a preceptor of Nero. Pedia, a man intimate with Virgil and Livy. Another of the same family in the age of Vespasian, who became blind in his old age, and lived 12 years after. He wrote, besides some historical treatises, annotations on Ci- cero's orations. ASIJRA, a town of Boeotia, built, accordingto some, by the giants Otus and Ephialtes, at the foot of mount Helicon. Hesiod was born there, whence he is often called (he Ascrean poet. The town received its name from Ascra, a nymph mother of CEoclus by Neptune. 9. Pan*. 9, c. 29. Pateir. 1. AscC'i.v.M, a town of Picenum, ths defeat of PyrrLus by Curius and Fabricius. fu>r. 3, c. 18. Another in Apulia, near the Aufidus. ASDRUBAI., a Carthaginian, son-in-law of Hamilcar. He distinguished himself in the Numidian war, and was appointed chief gene- -al on the death of his father-in-law, and for eight years presided with much prudence and valour over Spain, which submitted to him with cheerfulness. Here he laid the foundation of New Carthage, and saw it complete. To stop his progress towards the east, the Romans, in a treaty with Carthage, forbad them to pass the Iberus, which was faithfully observed by their general. He was killed in the midst of his soldiers, B. C. 220, by a slave whose master he had murdered. The slave was caught, and put to death in the greatest torments, wliich he bore with patience, and even ridiculed. Some say that he was killed in hunting. Itat. 1, v. 165. Ap/nan. Iberic.Poiyb. 2.Liv. 21, c. 2, &c. -A sou of Hamilcar, who came from Spain with a large reinforcement for his brother Au- nibal. He crossed the Alps, and entered Italy ; \\it some of his letters to Annibal having fallen into the hands of th Romans, the consuls, M. Livius Salinator and Claudius Nero, attacked him suddenly near the Metaurus, and defeated him, B. C. 207. He was killed in the battle, and 56,000 of his men shared his fate, and 5400 taken prisoners; about 8000 Romans were killed. The head of Asdrubal was cut off, and some days after thrown into the camp of Anni- bal, who, in the moment that he was in the greatest expectations for a promised supply, ex- claimed at the sight, " In losing Asdrubal, I lose all my happiness, and Carthage all her hopes." Asdrubal had before made an attempt to penetrate into Italy by sea, but had been de- feated by the governor of Sardinia. Liv. 21, 23, 27, &c.Polyb.Horat. 4, od. 4. A Carthaginian general, surnamed Calvus, ap- pointed governor of Sardinia, and taken pri- soner by the Romans. Liv. Another, son of Gisgon, appointed general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, in the time of the great Anni- bal. He made head against the Romans in Africa, with the assistance of Scyphax, but he was soon after defeated by Scipio. He died B. C. 206. Liv. Another, who advised his countrymen to make peace with Rome, and upbraided Annibal for laughing in the Cartha- ginian senate. Liv. A grandson of Masi- nissa, murdered in the senate-house by the Carthaginians. Another, whose camp was destroyed in Africa by Scipio, though at the head of S20.000 men, in the last Punic war. When all was lost, he fled to the enemy, and begged his life. Scipio shewed him to the Car- thaginians, upon wliich his wife with a thou- sand imprecations, threw herself and her two children into the flames of the temple of ^Es- culapius, which she and others had set on fire. He was not of the same family as Annibal. Liv. 51. A Carthaginian general, conquered by L. Cajcilius Metellus in Sicily, in a battle in which he lost many elephants. " These animals AS were led in triumph all over Italy "by the con querors. ASELI.IO (Sempronius), an historian and mi itary tribune, who wrote an account of the actions in which he was present. Dioims. Hal, LSI A, one of the three parts of the ancient world, separated from Europe by the Tanais, the Euxine, J-.geau, and Mediterranean seas. The Nile and Egypt divided it from Africa. It receives its name from Asia, the daughter of Oceanus. This part of the globe has given birth to many of the greatest monarchies of the uni- verse, and to the ancient inhabitants of Asia we are indebted for most of the arts and sciences, The soil is fruitful, and abounds with all the ne- cessaries as well as luxuries of life. It was di- vided into many different empires, provinces, and states, of which the most conspicuous were the Assyrian and Persian monarchies. The Assyrian monarchy, according to Eusebius, lasted 1240 years, and according to Justin 1300 years, down to the year of the world 4380. The empire of Persia existed 228 years, till the death of Darius the 3d, whom Alex- andei the Great conquered. The empire of the Medes lasted 259 years, according to Eusebius, or less, according to others, till the reign of As- tyages, who was conquered by Cyrus the Great, who transferred the power of the Medes, and founded the Persian monarchy. It was in Asia that the military valour of the Macedonians, and the bold retreat of the 10,000 Greeks were so conspicuously displayed. It is in that part of the world that we are to look for the more visible progress of luxury, despotism, sedition, effeminacy, and dissipation. Asia was gene- rally divided into Major and Minor. Asia Ma- jor was the most extensive, and comprehended all the eastern parts ; and Asia Minor was a large country in the form of a peninsula, whose boundaries may be known by drawing a line from the bay of Issus, in a northern direction, to the eastern part of the Euxine sea. Asia Minor has been subject to many revolutions. It was tributary to the Scythians for upwards of 1500 years, and was a long time in the power of the Lydians, Medes, &c. The western parts of Asia Minor were the receptacle of all the ancient emigrations from Greece, and it was totally peopled by Grecian colonies. The Romans generally and indiscriminately called Asia Minor by the name of Asia. Strab. Me- la Justin. Plin. Tacit. &LC. One of the Oceauides, who married Japetus, and gave her name to one of the three quarters of the ancient globe. Apollad. 1, c. 2. One of the Ne- reides. H i/giii. A mountain of Laconia. Pa.* 3, c/24. ASIA PALUS, a lake in Mysia. Virg. M-i. 7, v. 701. AsiArlcus, a Gaul, in the age of Vitellus. Tacit. Hist. 2. The surname of one of the Scipios and' others, for their conquests or cam- paigns in Asia. ASILAS, an augur, who assisted against Turnus. A Troian officer. Virg. 9, 10, kc. A* AsixAitiA, a festival in Sicily, in commemo- ration of the victory obtained over Demosthenes and Nicias, at the river Asinarius. ASINABIUS, a river of Sicily, where the Athe- nian generals, Demosthenes and Nicias, were taken prisoners. ASINE, one of the Sporades. An island of the Adriatic. Three towns of Peloponnesus bore that name, viz. in Laconia, Argolis, and Messenia. AS!NES, a river of Sicily. ASINIUS GALLUS, son of Asinius Pollio the orator, married Vipsania, after she had been di- vorced by Tiberius. This marriage gave rise to a secret enmity between the emperor and Asinius, who starved himself to death, either voluntarily, or by order of his imperial enemy. He had six sons by his wife. Rewrote a com- parison between his father and Cicero, in which he gave a decided superiority to the former. Tacit. 1 & 5. Ann. Dio. 58. Ptin. 7, ep. 4. Marcellus, grandson of Asinius Pollio was accused of some misdemeanors, but acquitted, &c. Tacit. 14. Ann. Pollio, an excellent orator, poet, and historian, intimate with Au- gustus. He triumphed over the Dalmatians, and wrote aa account of the wars of Caesar and Pompey, in 17 books, besides poems. He re- fused to answer some verses written against him by Augustus, " because," said he, " you have the power to proscribe me, should my answer prove offensive." He died in the 80th year of his age, A. D. 4. He was consul with Cn. Domi- tius Calvinus, A. U. C. 712. It is to him that the fourth of Virgil's Bucolics is inscribed. Q-iintil. Sueton. in Cas. 30 & 55. Dio. 37, 49, S5. Senec. de tranq. Ani. fy ep. 100. Plin. 7, c. 30. Tacit. 6. Paterc. 2. Pint, in Coet of Athens. ASTYDAMIA, daughter of Amyntor, king of Orchomenos in Boeotia, married Acastus, son of Pelias, who was king of lokhos. She be- came enamoured of Peleus, son of vEacus, who liad visited her husband's court ; and because be refused to gratify her passion, she accused him of attempting her virtue. Acastus readily believed his wife's accusation ; and as he would not violate the laws of hospitality, by punishing his guest with instant death, he waited for a favourable opportunity, and dissembled his re- sentment. At last they went in a hunting party to mount Pelion, where Peleus was tied to a tree, by order of Acastus, that he might be devoured by wild beasts. Jupiter was moved at the innocence of Peleus, and sent Vulcan to deliver him. When Peleus was set at liberty, he marched with an army against Acastus, whom he dethroned, and punished with death the cruel and false Astydamia. She is called by some Hippolyte. Apollod. 3, c. 13. Pindar. Aem. 4. A daughter of Ormenus, carried away by Hercules, by whom she had Tlepo- lemus. Ovid. Heroid, 9, v. 50. ASTYLUS, one of the centaurs, who had the knowledge of futurity. He advised his brothers not to make war against the Lapithae. Ooid. Met. 12, v. 338. A man of Crotona, who was victorious three successive times at the Olympic games. Paws. ASTYMEDUSA, a woman whom CEdipus mar- ried after he had divorced Jocasta. ASTYNOME, the daughter of Chryses the priest of Apollo, sometimes called Chryseis. She fell to the share of Achilles, at the division of the spoils of Lyrnessus. A daughter ot Amphion, of Talaus. Hygin. ASTYNOUS, a Trojan prince. Homer. II. 5, v 144. ASTYOCHB and ASTYOCH!A, a daughter o. Actor, who had by Mars, Akcalaphus, and AT AT Ephyre, who had a son called Tlepole Hercules. Hygin. fab. 97, 162. - A dauglit.fr of Laomedon, by Strymo. Apollod* 3. - A daughter of Amphion and Xiobe. Id. 3, c. 4. - A daughter of the Simois, who married Erichthonijis. Id. 3, c. 12. - The wife of Strophius, sister to Agamemnon. Hygin. lalmenus, who were at the Troian war. Homer., and the goddess TV-as so ofieadcd at their inv- II. 2, v. 20. A daughter oi_Phylas king of j piety, and at the profanation of her Louse, that she changed them into two lions. Apollo- dorus says, that Atalanta's father was desirous of raising a male issue, and that therefore she was exposed to wild beasts as soon as born. She was however suckled by a she-bear, and preserved by shepherds. She dedicated her time to hunting, and resolved to live in celi- bacy. She killed two centaurs, who attempted her virtue. She was present at the hunting of the Calydouian boar, which she first wounded, and she received the head as a present from Meleager, who was enamoured of her. She was also at the games instituted in honour of Pelias, where she conqueied Peleus ; and when her fat'.ier, to whom she had been restored, wished her to marry, she consented to give herself to him who could overcome her in run- ning, as has been said above. She had a son called Parthenopseus, by Hippomenes. Hy- ginus says, that that son was the fruit of her love with Meleager ; and Apollodorus says, she had him by Milanion, or, according to others, by the god Mars. [Vid. Meteager.] Apollod. j 1, c. 8. 1. 3, c. 9, &c.- Paus. 1, c. 36, 45. , one of the Cyclvies called after Astypalaea, the daughter of Phoenix, and mo- ther of Ancseus, by Nept_ue. Paus. 7 , c. 1. Strab. 14. ASTYPHILUS, a soothsays -ery skilled in the knowledge of futurity, Piut. in dm. ASTYRON, a town buil' by the Argonauts on me coast of Illyricum. Strab. ASYCHIS, a king of Egypt, who succeeded Mycerinus, and made a law, that whoever borrowed money, must deposit his father's body in the hands of his creditors, as a pledge of his promise of payment. He built a mag- nificent pyramid. Hentdot. 2, c. 136. ASYLAS, a friend of JEaeas, skilled in au- guries. Virg. Mn. 9, v. 571. 1. 10, ". 175. ASYLLUS, a gladiator. Jur. 6, v. iro. ATABULUS, a wind which was treijuent ID &c. Hiigin. fab. 99, 174, ?5, 270. JEhan. Apulia. _ flora*. 1, Sat. 5, " 78. ATABYRIS, a mountain in Rhodes, where Jupiter had a temple, whence he was surnamed Atabyris. Strah. 14. AT ACE, a town of Gaul, whence the adjective Atacinus. ATALANTA, a daughter of Schceneus, king of Scyros. According to some, she was the daughter of Jasus or Jasius, by Clympne . but others say that Menalion was her father. This uncertainty of not rightly knowing the name of her father, has led t^e mythologists into error, and some have maintained that there were two persons of that name, though their supposition is groundless. Atalanta was bom in Arcadia, and. at.ording to Ovid she de- termined to live in perpetual celibacy ; but her oeauty gained her many admirers, and to free herself from their imp9rtumties, she proposed to run H race with them. They were to run without arms, and she was to carry a dart in her hand. Her lovers were to start first, and whoever arrived at the goal before her, would be made her husband ; but all those whom she overtook, were to be killed by the dart with which she had armed herself. almost invincible in running, As she was an of her suitors perished in the attempt, till Hippo- menes the son of Macareus proposed himself as her admirer. Venug had presented him with three golden apples from the garden of the Hesperides, or according to others, from an orchard in Cyprus ; and as soon as he had started in the course, he artfully threw V. H. i3.Diod. 4. Ovid Met. 8, fab. 4. 10, fab. 11. Euripid. in Phtcniss. - An island near Euboea and Locris. Pans. ATARANTES, a people of Africa, ten days journey from the Garamantes. There is in tiusir country a hill of salt with a fountain of SA'eet water upon it. Herodot. 4, c. 184. AfARDtciiis, a town in one of the the is- lands of the Delta, where Venus had a temple. ATAKNEA, a part of Ajhsia, opposite Lesbos, with a small town iu the iieighbourhood, of thi same name. Ps. 4, c. 35. ATARGATIS, a divinity among the Syriar.8 represented as a syren. Strab. 16. ATAS and ATHAS, a youth of wonderful ve- locity, who is said lo have run 75 miles be tween noon and the evening. Martial. 4, ep. 19. P/in. 7. AT AX, a river of Gaul Narbonensis, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, and falling into the Mediterranean sea. Mela, 2- ATE, the goddess of all evil, and daughter of Jupiter. She raised such jealousy and sedition in heaven among the gods, that Jupiter drag- ged her away by the hair, and banished her for ever fiom heaven, and sent her to dwell on earth, where she incited mankind to wicked- ness, and sowed commotions among them. Homer. II. 19. She is the same as the Discord of the Latins. ATELLA, a own of Campania, famous for & splendid amphitheatre. Juv. 0. ATENOMAUUS, a chieftain, who made war against the Romans Plut. in Parell. the apples at some distance one from tne other. I ATHAMANES, an ancient people of Epirus While Atalanta, charmed at the sight, stopped who existed long before the Trojan war, and to gather the apples; Hippomeues hastened on his course, arrived first at the goal, and ob- tained Atalanta in marriage. These two fond lovers, in the impatience of csnsummadng their nuptials, cuteifd the 0S still preserved their name and customs in the age of Alexander. There was a fountain in their territories, whose waters, about the last quarter of the moon, were so sulphureous tha pie of ( 'y toe ; \ they set on fire any pircc of xvood. Ovid, ilft H 2 AT 15, T SI 1. Strub. 7. Plin. 9. Mela, 2, c. 'AT IAM AS, kinv; of Thebes, in Bffiotia, was on of yKolus. He married Themisto, whom some call Nephele, and Pindar, Demotice, and by her he had Phryxus and Helle. Some time nfter, on pretence that Nephele was subject to tits of madness, he married Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. Ino became jealous of the chil- dren of Nephele ; because they were to ascend their father's throne in preference to her own, therefore she resolved to destroy them; but they escaped from her fury to Colchis, on a golden ram. [Vid. Phryxut>q Argoiiauty the gods of those parts which distinguish the nale sex. From the mutilated parts, which vere thrown on the ground, rose an almond- Tee, one of whose branches a nymph of the Sangar gathered, and placed in her bosom as mentioned above. Atys, as soon as born, was exposed in a wood, but preserved by a she- goat. The genius Agdistis saw him in the wood, and was captivated with his beauty. As Atys was going to celebrate his nuptials with the daughter of the king of Pessiuus, Agdistis ho was jealous of his rival, inspired by his en- chantments the king and his future son-in-law with such an uncommon fury, that they both attacked and mutilated one another in the struggle. Ovid, says, Met. 10, fab. 2, &c. that Cybele changed Atys into a pine-tree as he was going to lay violent hands upon himself, and ever after that tree was sacred to the mother of the gods. After his death, Atys received divine honours, and temples were raised to his memory, particularly at Dymae. Catull. de Aty. Eerec.Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 223, &c. Lucian in Dea Syria. Sylvius, son of Alba Sylvius was king of Alba. Liv. 1, c. 3. AvAKicuM, a strong and fortified town of Gaul. Ctfs. bell. G. 7. AVELLA, a town of Campania, abounding in nuts, whence nuts have been called avellintr. Sil. 8, v. 45, &c. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 740. AvENTlNUS, a son of Hercules, by Rhea, who assisted Turnus against /Eneas. Virg. Jn. 7, v. 657. A king of Alba, buried upon mount Aventine. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 51. One of the seven hills on which part of the city of Rome was built. It was 13,300 feet in circum- ference, and was given to the people to build houses upon by king Ancus Martius. It was not reckoned within the precincts of the city till the reign of the emperor Claudius, because the soothsayers looked upon it as a place of ill omen, as Remus had been buried there, whose blood had been criminally shed. The word is derived, according to some, ab avibns, because birds were fond of the place. Others suppose that it receives its name because Aventinus, one of the Alban kings, was buried upon it. Juno, the Moon, Diana, Bona Dea, Hercules, and the goddess of Victory and Liberty, had magnifi- cent temples built upon it. Varro de L. L. 4. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 235. Liu. 1, c. 33 AVEBNUS or AVERNA, a lake of Campania, near Baiae, whose waters were so unwhole- some and putrid, that no birds were seen on its banks; hence its original name wan aopvoQ, avibns carens. The ancients made it the entrance of hell, as also one of its rivers. Its circumference was five stadia, and its dep*a could not be ascertained. The waters of the Avernus were indispensably necessary in all enchantments and magical processes. It may be observed, that all lakes whose stagnated wa- ters were putrid and offensive to the smell, were indiscriminately called Averna. Virg. vEn 4, v. 5. 12, &c. 1. 6, v. 201, &c. Mela, *, 4. Strab. 5.DM. 4.Arutot. de Adm. AVESTA, a book composed by Zoroaster A U ATJFMA AQUA, called afterwards Marcia, wa the iweetest and most wholesome water in Rome, was first conveyed into the city by An- cus Martius. AUFIDENA, a city of Italy, whose inhabi- tants, called Aufidenates, were among the Sa- bines. Liv. 10, c. 12. AUFIDIA LEX, was enacted by the tribune Aufidius Lurco, A. U. C. 692. It ordained, that if any candidate, in canvassing for an office, promised money to the tribunes, and failed in the performance, he should be excused ; but if he actually paid it, he should be compelled to pay every tribune 6000 sesterces. AUFIDIUS, an effeminate person of Chios. Juv. 9, v. 25. Bassus, a famous historian in the age of Quintilian, who wrote an account of Germany, and of the civil wars. A Roman senator, famous for his blindness and abilities. Cic. Tusc. 5. Lurco, a man who enriched himself by fattening peacocks, and selling them for meat. Ptin. J 0. Luscus, a man obscurely born, and made a pretor of Fundi, in the age of Horace. 1 Sat. 5, v. 34. AUFIDUS, a river of Apulia, falling into the Adriatic sea. It was on its banks that the Ro- mans were defeated by Hannibal at Cannae. Horat. 3, od. 30. I. 4, od. 9. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 40.5. AUGA, and AUGE, and AUGEA, daughter of Aleus king of Tegea, by Nesera, was ravished by Hercules, and brought forth a son, whom she exposed in the woods to conceal her amours from her father. The child was preserved, and called Telephus. Aleus was informed of his daughter's shame, and gave her to Nauplius to be put to death. Nauplius refused to perform the cruel office, and gave Auga to Teuthras, king of Mysia, who, being without issue, adopted her as his daughter. Some time after, the dominions of Teuthras were invaded by an enemy, and the king promised his crown and daughter to him who could deliver him from the impending calamity. Telephus, who had been directed by the oracle to go to the court of Teuthras, if he wished to find his parents, offered his services to the king, and they were accepted. As he was going to unite himself to Augc, in consequence of the victory he had ob- tained, Auge rushed from him with secret hor- ror, and the gods sent a serpent to separate them. Augc implored the aid of Hercules, who made her son known to her, and she re- turned with him to Tegea. Pansanias says, that Auge was confined in a coffer with her in- fant son, and thrown into the sea, where she was found by king Teuthras. Apollad. 2 & 3. Pans. 8, c. 4. Uiigin. fab. 99 & 100. AUOARUB, an Arabian, who, for his good offices, obtained the favours of Pompey whom he vilely deceived. Dio. A king of Os- roene, whom Caracalla imprisoned, after he had given him solemn promises of friendship and support. Dio. AUGE*, a town of Laconia. Patis. 3, c. J. At- OIAS and AUGEAS, son of Eleus or Elius, was one of the Argonauts, and afterwards Mcendad the throne of Elis. He had an im- 106 AU manse number of oxen and goats, and the stable* in which they were kept had never been cleaned, so that the task seemed an impossibi- lity to any man. Hercules undertook it on pro- mise of receiving for a reward the tenth part of the herds of Augias, or something equivalent. The hero changed the course of the river A I- pheus, or, according to others, of the Peneus which immediately carried away the dung and filth from the stables. Augias refused the pro- mised recompence, on pretence that Hercules had made use of artifice, and had not expe- rienced any labour or trouble. He farther drove his own son Phyleus from his kingdom, be- cause he supported the claims of Hercules. The refusal was a declaration of war. Hercules conquered Elis, put to death Augias, and gave the crown to Phyleus. Pausanias says, 5, c. 2 & 3, that Hercules spared the life of Augiaa for the sake of his son, and that Phyleus went to settle in Dulichium ; and that at the death of Augias, his other son, Agasthenes, suc- ceeded to the throne. Augias received, aftei his death, the honours which were generally paid to a hero. Augias has been called the son of Sol. because Elius signifies the sun. Tie proverb of Augean stable is now applied to an impossibility. Hijgin. tab. 14. Plin. 17, c. 9. Strab. 8.Apottod. 2. Auoli,., a people of Africa, who supposed that there were no gods except the manes of the dead, of whom they sought oracles. Mela, 1. AUGINUS, a mountain of Liguria. Liv. 39 c. 2. AUGURES, certain officers at Rome who foretold future events ; whence their name aft avium garritu. They were first created by Ro- mulus, to the number of three. Servius Tullius added a fourth, and the tribunes of the people, A. U. C. 454, increased the number to nine ; and Sylla added six more during his dictator- ship. They had a particular college, and the chief among them was called magister wltegii. Their office was honourable ; and if any one of them was convicted of any crime, he could not be deprived of his privileges; an indulgence granted to no other sacerdotal body at Rome. The augur generally sat on an high tower, to make his observations. His face was turned towards the east, and he had the north at his left, and the south at his right. With a crooked staff he divided the face of the heavens into four different parts, and afterwards sacrificed to the gods, covering his head with his vestments There were generall" five tilings from which the augurs drew omens ; the first consisted in ob- serving the phaenoinena of the heavens, such as thunder, lightning, comets, &c. The second kind of omen was drawn from the ctiirping of flying of birds. The third was from the sacred chickens, whose eagerness or indifference in eating the bread which was thrown to them, was looked upon as lucky or unlucky. The fourth was from quadrupeds, from their crossing or appearing in some unaccustomed place. The fifth was from different casualties, which wcra called Dira, such as spilling salt on a table, o? AU wine upon one's clothes, hearing strange noises, stumbling or sneezing, meeting a wolf, hare, fox, or pregnant bitch. From such supersti- tious notions did the Romans draw their pro- phecies; the sight of birds on the left hand was always deemed a lucky object, and the words sinister &; lavus, though generally sup- posed to be terms of ill luck, were always used by the augurs in an auspicious sense. Cic. de Div. Liv. 1, &c. Dionys. Hal. Ovid. Fast. AUGUSTA, a name given to seventy cities in the Roman provinces, in honour of Augustus Caesar. London, as capital of the coun- try of the Trinobantes, was called Augusta Tri- nobantina. Massalina, famous for her de- baucheries, was called Augusta, as wife of the eavperor Claudius. Juv. 6, v. 118. AUGUSTAI.IA, a festival at Rome, in comme- moration of the day on which Augustus re- turned to Rome, after he had established peace over the different parts of the empire. AUGUSTINUS, bishop of Hippo, in Africa, distinguished himself by his writings, as well *s by the austerity of his life. In his works, which are numerous, he displayed the powers, of a great genius, and an extensive acquaintance with the philosophy of Plato. He died in the 76th year of his age, A. D. 430. The best edition of his works is that of the Benedict, fol. Ant. 1700 to 1703, 12 vols. AUGUPTODUNUM, now Antun, a town of Gaul, the capital of the ancient ^Edui. AUGUSTULUS, the last Roman emperor of the west, A. D. 475, conquered by Odoacer, king of the Heruli. AUGUSTUS OCTAVIANUS CSSAR, second em- peror of Rome, was son of Octavius a senator, and Accia daughter of Julius, and sister to Ju- lius Caesar. He was adopted by his uncle Ca;sar, and inherited the greatest part of his fortune. He lost his father at the age of four and though only 18 when his uncle was mur- dered, he hastened to Rome, where he ingra- tiated himself with the senate and the people and received the honours of the consulship twc years after, as the reward of his hypocrisy Though his youth and his inexperience were ridiculed by his enemies, who branded him with the appellation of boy, yet he rose in con- sequence by his prudence and valour, and made war against his opponents, on pretence o" avenging the death of his murdered uncle But when he perceived that by making him fight against Antony, the senate wished to de- bilitate both antagonists, he changed his views and, uniting himself with his enemy, soon formed the second trumvirate, in which hi cruel proscriptions shed the innocent blood o 300 senators and 200 knights, and did not even spare the life of his friend Cicero. By the di visions which were made among the triumvirs Augustus retained for himself the more im portant provinces of the west, and banished as it were, his colleagies, Lepidus and Antony to more distant territories. But as long as the murderers of Caesar were alive, the reigning ty rant* had reasons for apprehension, and there 107 AU ore the forces of the triumvirate were iirected gainst the partizans of Bratus and the senate, 'he battle was deaided at Philippi, where it is aid that the valour and conduct of Antony lone preserved the combined armies, and fleeted the defeat of the republican forces. .Tie head of the unfortunate Brutus was car- ried to Rome, and an insolent revenge thrown t the foot of Caesar's statue. On his return to taly, Augustus rewarded his soldiers with the ands of thost: that had been proscribed ; bul mong the sufferers were many who had neve< njured the conqueror of Philippi, especially Virgil, whose modest application procured the stitution of his property. The friendship which subsisted between Augustus and Antony, was broken as soon as the fears of a third rival vanished away , and the aspiring heir of Caesar was easily induced to take up arms by the little ealousies and resentments of Fulvia. Her death, however, retarded hostilities ; the two rivals were reconciled ; their united forces were successfully directed against the younger Pom- jey ; and to strengthen their friendship, Au- ;ouy agreed to marry Octavia the sister of Au- gustus. But as this step was political, and not dictated by affection, Octavia was slighted, and Antony resigned himself to the pleasures and company of the beautiful Cleopatra. Augustus as incensed, and immediately took up arms to enge the wrongs of his sister, and perhaps more eagerly to remove a man whose powe and existence kept him in continual alanust and made him dependent. Both parties me* Actium, B. C. 31, to decide the fate of Rome, Antony was supported by all the power of the east, and Augustus by Italy. Cleopatra fled from the battle with 60 ships, and her fligh ruined the interest of Antony, who followed her into Egypt. The conqueror soon after passed into Egypt, besieged Alexandria, and honoured with a magnificent funeral the unfor- tunate Roman ; and the celebrated queen, whom the fear of being led in a victor's triumph at Rome had driven to commit suicide. After he had established peace all over the world, Augustus shut up the gates of the temple of Janus, the year our Saviour was born. It is said he twice resolved to lay down the supreme power, immediately after the victory obtained over Antony, and on account 8f his ill health > but his friend Mecaenas dissuaded him, and oH- served, that he would leave it to be the prey of the most powerful, and expose himself to the greatest dangers. He died at Nola, in the 76th year of his age, A. D. 14, alter he had held the sovereign power 44 years. He was ;iu active emperor, and consulted the good of tl.e Romans with the most anxious care. He vi- sited all the provinces except Afnca and Sardi- nia, and his consummate prudence and expe- rience gave rise to many salutary laws ; but it may be said that he finished with a good grace what he began with cruelty. While making himself absolute, he took care to leave his countrymen the shadow of liberty ; and if, un- der the character and ofiice of perpetual tri- bune, of priest and iinperator, he was invested AV with all the power of sovereignty, he guarded \ against offending the jealous Romans by the j assumption of the regal title. His refusal to | read the letters he found after Pompcy's defeat, arose more from fear than refusal, and lie dreaded the discovery cf names which would Lave perhaps united to sacrifice his ambition. His good qualities and many virtues he perhaps never possessed, have been transmitted to pos- terity by the pen of adulation or gratitude, in the poems of Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. To distinguish himself from the obscurity of the Octavii, and, if possible, to suppress the re- membrance of his uncle's violent fate, he as- pired after a new title ; and the submissive senate yielded to his ambition, by giving him the honourable appellation of Augustus. He has been accused of licentiousness and adultery by his biographer; but the goodness of his heart, and the fidelity of his friendship, which in some instances he possessed, made some amends for his natural foibles. He was am- bitious of being thought handsome ; and he was publicly reported to be the son of Apollo, according to his mother's declaration, he wished his flatterers to represent him with the figure and attributes of that god. Like Apollo, his yes were clear, and he affected to haw it thought that they possessed some divine irra- diation ; and was well pleased, if when he fixed his eyes upon any body, the} held down their eyes, as if overcome by the glaring brightness of the sun. He distinguished himself by his learning ; he was a perfect master of the Greek language, and wrote some tragedies, besides memoirs of his life, and other works, all now- lost. He was married three times ; to Claudia, Scribonia, and Livia ; but he was unhappy in his matrimonial connexions, and his only daugh ter, Julia, by Scribonia, disgraced herself and her father by the debauchery and licentiousness of her manners. He recommended, at his death, his adopted son Tiberius as his successor. He left his fortune partly to Tiberius and to Drusus, and made donations to the army and and Roman people. Virgil wrote his heroic poem at the desire of Augustus, whom lie re- presented under the amiable and perfect cha- racter of /Eneas. Sueton. in vita. Horat. n/tfiV. Puts. Tacit. PatercuL Dio.~ Cans. OM. The name of Augustus was after- wards given to his successors in the Roman empire, as a personal, and the name of Caesar, as a family distinction. In a more distant pe- riod of the empire, the title of Augustus was given only to the emperor, while that of Caesar was bestowed on the second person in the state, who was considered as presumptive heir. AV!DENUS, a rich and sordid man whom Ho- rat. styles happy, 2 Ser. 2, v. 55. AVIDIUS CASSIUS, a man saluted emperor A. D. 175. He reigned only three months and was assassinated by a centurion. He was called a second Catiline, from his ex- cessive love of blood. Diod. Rirfus Festus Avienus, a poet in the age of Theodosius, who translated the phenomena of Arastus, as also *iJ Livy, into iambic verses. The best edition toe A U o/ what remain* of him, is that of Cannegetwr 8vo. 1731. AVITITS, a governor of Britain under Nero 'acit. Ann. 14. AviENi's, a poet in the age of Theodosius, /ho translated the phenomena of Aratus, as Iso all l.ivy, hito iambic verses. The best dition of what remains of him, is that of Can - jeeetier, 8vo. 1731. AVIUM, a city between Tyre and Sidon. ^trab. 16. AULESTES, a king of the Etrurians when Eneas came into Italy. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 290. AULETES, a general who assisted ^Eneas n Italy with 100 ships. Vir*. JEn. 10, v. 207. The surname of one of the Ptolemean kings, father to Cleopatra. AUI.IS, a daughter of Ugyges. POMS. Bceotic. A place of Boeotia near Chalcis, on the sea-coast, where all the Greeks conspired against Troy. They were detained there by contrary winds, by the anger of Diana ; and appease her ; Agamemnon was obliged to sacrifice his own daughter Iphigenia, whom, lowever, the goddess spared by substituting a . HYA painter in the age of Augustus. Plin. 35.- -Victor, an historian in the age of Julian, two of whose compositions are extant : an account of illustrious men, and a bio- graphy of all the Caesars to Julian. The best edi- tions of Aurelius are tho 4to. of Artazenius, Amst. 1733, and the 8vo. of Pitiscus, Utr. 1696. Antoninus, an emperor. Vid. Antoninus. AUREOLUS, a general who assumed the pur- ple in the age of Gallienus. AUIUNIA, a prophetess held in great vene- ration by the Germans. Tacit. Germ. 8. AURORA, a goddess, daughter of Hyperion and Thia or Thea. Some say that PaUas, son of Crius, and brother to Perses, was her father ; hence her surname of Pallantias. She married Astreeus, by whom she had the winds, the stars, &c.c. Her amours witli Tithonus and Cephalus are also famous ; by the former she had Memnon and ^Emathion, and Phaeton by the latter. [ Vid. Cephalus and Tithmns.] She had also an intrigue with Orion, whom she carried to the island of Delos, where he was killed by Diana's arrows. Aurora is generally represented by the poets drawn in a rose- coloured chariot, and opening with her rosy fingers the gates of the east, pouring the dew upon the earth, and making the flowers grow. Her chariot is generally drawn by white horses, and she is covered with a veil. Nox and Somnus fly before her, and the constellations of heaven disappear at her approach. She always sets out before the sun, and as the forerunner of his rising. The Greeks call her Eos. Homer. 11. 8. Od. 10. Hymn, in Verier. Ot id. Met. 3, 9, \r>.A)x>Uod. 1, S. Virg. ln. 6, v. 535. Varro de L. L. i>, &c. Haiod. Theog. Hygin. Vntf* fab. AURVNCE, an ancient town of Lauum, built by Auson, the son of Ulysses by Calypso. Virg. JSfhi 7, v. 727, &c. AUSCHISK, a people of Libya. Herodot. 4, c. 171. Ausci, a people of Gaul. AUSER, Ai'SERis, and ANSER, a river of Italy. AUSF.S, a people of Africa, whose virgins yearly n^ht with sticks in honour of Minerva. She who behaves with the greatest valour re- ceives uncommon honour, &c. Herndot. 4,c. 180. AUSON, a son of Ulysses and Calypso, from whom the Ausones, a people of Italy are de- er .ended. AVSOMA, one of the ancient names of Italv, which it received from Ausou the son of Ulysses. If Virgil makes ,its in thickness, and 200 in height. It was taken by Cyrus, B. C. 538, after he had drained the waters of the Euphrates into a new chan- nel, and marched his troops by night into the town, through the dried bed; and it is said that the fate of the extensive capital was un- known to the inhabitants of the distant suburbs till late in the evening. Babylon became fa- mous for the death of Alexander, and for the iit-w empire which was afterwards estalililit-ri 110 B A there under the Seleucidae. [ Vid. Syria.] It* greatness was so reduced in succeeding ages, according to Pliny's observations, that in his time it was but a desolate wilderness, and at present the place where it stood is unknown to travellers. The inhabitants were early ac- quainted with astrology. Plin. 6, c. 26. He- rodot. 1, 2, 3. Justin. 1, &c. Dwd. 2. Xenoph. Cyrop. 7, &c. Propert. 3, el. 11, v. 21. Oi-id. Met. 4, fab. 2. Martial. 9, ep. 77. There is also a town of the same name near the Nile in Egypt. BABYLONIA, a large province of Assyria, oj which Babylon was the capital. The inhabi- tants shook of the Assyrian yoke, and aftes. wards became very powerful. The surname Seleucia, which arose from the ruins of Baby Ion, under the successors of Alexander. Pli* 6, c. 26. BABYLONII, the inhabitants of Babylon famous for their knowledge of astrology, fir* divided the year into 12 months, and the zodi* into 12 signs. BABYRBA, a fortified castle near Artaxata. Strab. 11. BABYTACE, a city of Armenia, whose in- habitants despised gold. Plin. 6, c. 27. BACABASI'S, betrayed the snares of Arta- B.t banns, brother of Darius, against Artaxerxes. Jvxtit. 3. c. 1. BACCHJE, the priestesses of Bacchus. Paus. 9, c. 7. BACCHANALIA, festivals in honour of Bac- chus at Rome, the same as the Dionysia of the Greeks. Via. Dionysia. BACCHANTES, priestesses of Bacchus, who are represented at the celebration of the Or- gies almost naked, with garlands of ivy, with a thyrsus and dishevelled hair. Their looks are wild, and they utter dreadful sounds, and clash different musical instruments together. They are also called Thyades and Monades. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 592. Horat. 3, od. 2j. Propert. 5, el. 21. Lncan. 1, v. 674. BACOHI, a mountain of Thrace, near Philippi. Appian. BACCHI^D*, a Corinthian family descended from Bacchia, daughter of Dionysius. la their nocturnal orgies, they, as some report, tore to pieces Actaeon, son of Melissus, which so en- raged the father, that before the altar he en- treated the Corinthians to revenge the death of his son, and immediately threw himself into the sea. Upon this the Bacchiadae were ba- nished, and went to settle in Sicily, between Pachynum and Pelorus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 407. Strab. 8. B AccHlDES, a general who betrayed the town of Sinope to Lucullus. Strab. 12. BACCHIS or BALTJS, king of Corinth, suc- ceeded his father Prumnides. His successors were always called Bacchidx, in remembrance of the equity and moderation of his reign. The Bacchidae increased so much, that they chose one of their number to preside among them with regal authority. Cypselus over- turned this institution, by making himself ab- solute. Strab. 8. Pans. 2, c. 4.~Herodot. 5, c. 92. BACCHIUM, a small island in the JEgean sea, opposite Smyrna. IVin. 5, c. 3. BACCHIUS and BITHUS, two celebrated gla- diators of equal age and stiongth ; whence the proverb to erpress equality, Bithus contra Bac- chinm. Suetan. in Aug. Horat. 1, sat. 7, v. 20. BACCHUS, was son of Jupiter and Semele, the daughter of Cadmus. After she had en- joyed the company of Jupiter, Semele was de- ceived, and perished by the artifice of Juno. This goddess, always jealous of her husband's amours, assumed the shape of Beroe, Semele's nurse, and persuaded Semele that the lover whom she entertained was not Jupiter, but a false lover, and that to prove his divinity she ought to beg of him, if he really were Jupiter, to come to her bed with the same majesty as he courted the embraces of Juno. The arti- fice succeeded, and when Jupiter promised his mistress whatever she asked, Semele re- quired him to visit her with all the divinity of a god. Jupiter was unable to violate his oath, and Semele unwilling to retract it ; therefore, as she was a mortal, and unable to bear t}e majesty of Jupiter, she was consumed, ad reduced to ashes. The child, of which 111 B A she had been pregnant for seven months, was with difficulty saved from the flames, and put in his father's thigh, where he remained the full time he was naturally was to have been in his mother's womb. From this circumstance Bacchus has been called Bimater. According to some, Dirce, a nymph of the Achelous, saved him from the flames. There are different tradi- tions of the manner of his education. Ovid says, that after his birth, he was brought up by his aunt Ino, and afterwards entrusted to the care of the nymphs of Nysa. Lucian supposes, that Mercury carried him, as soon as born, to the nymphs of Nysa ; and Apollonius says, that he was carried by Mercury to a nymph in the island of Euboea, whence he was driven by the power of Juno, who was the chief deity 01 the place. Some support, that Naxus can boast of the place of his education, under the nymphs Philia, Coronis, and Clyda. Pausa- nias relates a tradition which prevailed in the town of Brasiaa in Peloponnesus ; and accord- ingly mentions, that Cadmus, as soon as he heard of his daughter's amours, shut her up, with her child lately born, in a coffer, and ex- posed them on the sea. The coffer was car- ried safe by the waves on the coast of Brasiae ; but Semele was found dead, and the child alive. Semele was honoured with a magnifi- cent funeral, and Bacchus properly educated. This diversity of opinions shews that there were many of the same name. Diodorus speaks of three, and Cicero of a greater num- ber; but among them all, the son of Jupiter and Semele seems to have obtained the merit of all the rest. Bacchus is the Osiris of the Egyptians, and his history is drawn from the Egyptian traditions concerning that an- cient king. Bacchus assisted the gods in their wars against the giants, and was cut to pieces ; but the son of Semele was not then born; this tradition therefore is taken from the history of Osiris, who was killed by hw brother Typhon, and the worslu'p of Osiris has been introduced by Orpheus into Greece, un- der the name of Bacchus. In his youth he was taken asleep in the island of Naxos, and carried away by some mariners, whom he changed iuto dolphins, except the pilot, who had expressed some concern at his misfortune. His expedition into the east is celebrated. He marched at the head of an army, composed ot men, as well as of women, all inspired with divine fury, and armed with thyrsuses, vym- bals, and other musical instruments. The leader was drawn in a chariot by a lion and a tiger, and was accompanied hy Pan and Si- lenus, and all the satyrs. His conquests were easy, and without bloodshed; the people easily submitted, and gratefully elevated to the rank of a god the hero who taught* them the use of the vine, the cultivation of the earth, and the manner of making honey. Amidst his benevolence to mankind, he wa relentless in punishing all want of respect to his divinity ; and the punishment he inflicted on Pentheus, Agave, Lycurgus, &c. is well known. He has received the nunie of Liber, B A BtomiuB, LycEUB, Evan, Thyonseus, Psilas, &c. which are mostly derived from the places where ho received adoration, or from the cere- monies observed in his festivals. As he was the god of wine, and of drinkers, he is generally represented crowned with vine and ivy leaves, with a thyrus in his hand. His figure is that of an effeminate young man, to denote the joys w hich commonly pre\ ail at feasts, and some- times that of an old man, to teach us that wine taken immoderately will enervate us, consume our Siealth, render us loquacious and childish ike old men, and unable to keep secrets. The panther is sacred to him, hecause he went in his expedition covered with the skin of that beast. The magpye is also Ids favourite bird, because in triumphs .people were permitted to speak with boldness and liberty. Bacchus is sometimes represented like an infant, holding a thyrsus and cluster of grapes with a horn. He olteu appears naked, and riding upon the thouldtrs of Pan, or in the arms of Silenus, vflto was his foster-father. He also sits upon a celestial globe, bespangled with stars, and is then the same as the sun or Osiris of Kgypt. The festivals of Bacchus, generally called Orgies, Bacchanalia, or IJionysia, were introduced into Greece from Kgypt by Danaus and his daugh- ters. The infamous debaucheries which arose from the celebration of these, festivals are well Jinown. [Vid. Dionysiu.] The amours of Bac- chus are not numerous. He married Ariadne after she had been forsaken by '\ heseus in the island of Naxos ; and by her he had many children, among whom were Ceranus, Thoas, (Enopion, Tauropoh's, &c. According to some, he was the father of Hym<-na?ns, whom the Athenians made the god of marriage. The Egyptians sacrifice pigs to him before the doors of their houses. The fir-tree, the yew-tree, the fig-tree, and the ivy, and the vine, were sacred to him ; and the goat was generally sacrificed to him, on account of the great propensity of that animal to destroy the vine. According to Pliny, he was the first who ever wore a crown. His beauty is compared to that of Apollo, and, like him, he is represented with fine- hair loosely flowijig down his shoulders, and is said to pos- sess eternal youth. Sometimes he has horns, either because he taught the cultivation of the earth witli oxen, or because Jupiter, his father, appeared to him in the deserts of Lybia under the shape of a ram, and supplied his thirsty army with water. Bacchus went down to hell to re- cover his mother, whom Jupiter willingly made a goddess under the name of Thyone. 1 he three persons of the name of Bacchus, which Diodo- TUS mentions, are, the one who conquered the In- dies, and is surnamed the bearded Bacchus ; a *on of Jupiter and Proserpine, who was repre- sented with horns ; and the son of Jupiter and Semele, called the Bacchus of Thebes. Those mentioned by Cicero, are, a son of Proserpine ; a on of Nilus who built Nysa; a son of Caprius, who reigned in the Indies ; a son of Jupiter and tb* Moon ; and a son of Thyone and Kisus. Ctc. de Nat. D. 2 & S.Paus. 2, c. 22, 37. 1. 3, e. 84, 5, c. 19, &c. -Herodot. 1, c. 150. 1.-2, 113 BA c. 42, 46, 49. Plut. in hid. % Ustrv 1>A 1. I 3, &c. Orpheus in Dianys.ApolM. 1, c. 9. 1 I. 3, c. 4, &Lc.Ocid. Met. 3, fab. 3, &c. ^m^r 3, 1. 3. Fust. 3, v. 7 15,Hygin. fab. 155, 167, c. P/in. 7 c . 56. 1. 8, c. 2, 1. 36, c. 5. Jftwer. //. 6.'- locf. dejals. Rel. 1, c. 22. Virg. G. 2, &c. Eurivid. in Bacch. Lttcian. de j Sacrif. de Baccho. in dial. Dear. Oppian. in Cy- I neg. PMostrat. 1, Icon. c. 50. benec. in Clicr. \ Oedip. Martial. 8, ep. 26. \. 14, ep. 107. BACCHYLIDES, a lyric poet of Cos, nephew to Simonides, who like Kndar, wrote the praises of Hiero. Some of his verses have been preserved. Marcel. RACEMS, a wood in Germany. Cas. bell. Gall. 6, c. 10. BACIS, a soothsayer of Bceotia. Cic. 1, de Div. c. 34. A king of Corinth, in honour of whom all the following kings were called Ba- rf cidas. An athletic of Iroezene. Pans. 6 BACTRA, the capital of Bactriana, on the river Bactros in Asia. Virg. G. 2, v. 138. Strab. 2. BACTHI, and BACTEIANA, the inhabitants of Bactriana, who live upon plunder, and are al- ways under arms. They give to their dogs those that die through old age or disease, and suffer slaves and strangers to take whatever li- berties they please with their wives. They were conquered by Alexander the Great. Curt. 4, c. 6, &c. Plin. 6, c. 23. Plut. in vitios. ad injel. suff. Herodot. 1 & 3. BACTSIAKA, a country of Asia, fruitful as well as extensive. It formed once part of the Persian empire, on the eastern parts of which it is situated. Zoroaster was die most ancient king of this country, who taught his subjects the art of magic and astrology Dwd. 2. Justin. 1, c. 1. BACTROS, a river on the borders of Asiatic Scy thia, from which Bactriana receives its name, Lucan. 3, v. 267. BACUNTIUS, ariver of Pannonia, which falls into the Save above Sirmium. BADACA, a town of Media. Dwd. 19. BADIA, a town of Spain. Val. Mai. 3, c. 7. BADIUS, a Campanian, who challenged T. Q. Crispinus, one of his friends, by whom he was killed. Liv. 35, c. 18. BADVIIEKNA, a place in the country of the Frisli, where 900 Romans were killed. Tacit. 4, Ann. c. 73. BjtBiA LEX was enacted concerning the pub- lic exhibitions, &c. M. B^BIUS, a Roman, in whose consulship the tomb of Numa was discoTered. P/i<. in Num.' Val. Max. 1, c. 1. Lucias, a Roman pretor, who being surprised by the Ligurians, fled to Marseilles, where he died three days after. Liv. 37, c. 57. B.STJS, a river of Spain, from which a part of the country has received the name of Bae- tica. It was formerly called Tartessug, and now bears the name of Guadalquivir. Martial 12, ep. 100. B*TON, a Greek historiaL in the age of Alex- ander. B A BAOTSTAME, a delightful country of Media. Died. 17. BAOISTANES, a friend of Bessus, whom he abandoned when he murdered Darius. Curt \ c 13. BAGOAS and BAodsAs, an Egyptian eunuch in the court of Artaxerxes Ochus, so powerful that nothing could be done without his consent. He led some troops against the Jews, and pro- faned their temple He poisoned Ochus, gava his flesh to cats, and made knife-handles with hi* tones, because he had killed the god Apis. He placed on the throne Arses, the youngest of the slaughtered prince's children, and after- wards put him to death. He was at last killed, B. C. 335, by Darius, whom, after raising to *.he crown, he had attempted to poison. Diod. 16 fie 17. Another, greatly esteemed by Alex- ander. He was the cause that one of the sa- traps was put to death by the most excruciating torments. Curt. 10, c. 1. Plut. in Alex. The name of Bagoas occurs very frequently in the Persian history ; and it seems that most of the eunuchs of the monarchs of Persia were ge- nerally known by that appellation. BAGODARES, a friend of Bessus, whom he abandoned when he attempted the life of Da- rius. Diod. 17. BAGOPHANES, a governor of Babylon, who, when Alexander approached the city, strewed all the streets, and burned incense on the altars, &c. Curt. 5, c. 1. BAGRADA, a river of Africa near Utica, where Regulus killed a serpent 120 feet long. Plm. 8, c. 14. BAI/E, a city of Campania near the sea, founded by Baius, one of the companions of L'lyssus. It is famous for its delightful situa- tion and baths, where many of the Roman se- nators had country houses. Martial. 14, ep 81- Harat. 1, ep. I. Strab.5. BAI.A, a surname of Alexander king of Sy- ria. Justin. 35, c. 1. BALACRUS, an officer in Alexander's army, who took Miletus. Curt. 4, c. 13. Ano- ther officer, who commanded some auxiliaries. Id. 4, c. 5. BALANAGK.JS, a town of Cyrene. Pans. 2, c. 26. BALANCS, a prince of Gaul, who assisted the Romans in their Macedonian war. A. U. C. 581. Liv. 44, c. 14. BALARI, a people of Sardinia. Liv. 41, c. 6. C. BALBILLUS, a learned and benevolent man, governor of Egypt, of which he wrote the history under Nero. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 22. BALBINUS, au admirer of Agna, mentioned Harat. 1, Sat. 3, v. 40. A Roman, who, after governing provinces with credit and honour, assassinated the Gordians, and seized the purple. He was some time after murdered by his sol- diers, A. D. 238. BALBUS, a mountain of Africa, famous for the retreat of Masimssa, after he had fought a battle against Syphax. L. BALBUS, a lawyer, &c. one. among the pupils of Scaevola. A man killed by the as- sassins of the triumvirs. 113 B A BALEARBS, the"; islands in the Mediterra- nean, modernly called Majorca, Minorca, and Yvica, on the coast of Spain. The word is de- rived from /3a\XJ> to throw, because the inha- birants were expert archers and slingers, besides great pirates. We are told by Florus, that the mothers never gave their children breakfast be- fore they had struck with an arrow a certain mark in a tree. When a woman was married, she was not admitted to her husband's bed be- fore she had received the embraces of all her relations. The inhabitants were naturally of a lascivious propensity, and in their war they re- quired nothing but females and wine, and often changed four men for one woman. Strab. 14. Fior. 3, c. 8. Diod. 6. BALETUS, a son of Hippo, who first founded Corinth, fatercvl. 1, c. 3. BALIUS, a horse of Achilles. Homer. II. 1C, B A LIST A, a mountain of Liguria. Liv. 40, BALLANOTI, a people of European Sarmatia Place. 6, v. 160. BALNE* (baths) were very numerous at Rome, private as well as public. In the an- cient times simplicity was observed, but in the age of the emperors they became expensive , they were used after walking, exercise, or la hour, and were deemed more necessary than luxurious. Under the emperors it became so fashionable to bathe, that without this the meanest of the people seemed to be deprived of one of the necessaries of life. There were cer- tain hours of the day appointed for bathing, and a small piece of money admitted the poorest a* well is the most opulent. In the baths there wera separate apartments for the people to dress and to undress ; and after they had bathed, they commonly covered themselves, rubbed with ointments, the hair was plucked out of the skin, and the body rubbed over with a pumice stone, and perfumed to render it smooth and fair. The Roman emperors generally built baths, and all endeavoured to eclipse each othei in the magnificence of the building. It is said, that Diocletian employed 40,000 of his soldiers in building his baths; and when they were finished, he destroyed all the workmen. Alex ander Severus first permitted the people to use them in the night, and he himself often bathed with the common people. For some time both sexes bathed promiscuously and without shame, and tH edicts of the emperors proved abor- tive for a while in abolishing that indecent cus- tom, which gradually destroyed the morals of the people. They generally read in bathing, and we find many compositions written in using the bath. BALVENTIUS, a centurion of great valour in Csesar's army, killed by Ambiorix. Cass. bell. Gall. 5, c. 35. B A LYRAS, a river of Peloponnesus. Pans. 4, c. 33. BAMURUX, a people of Lybia. Ttal. 3, v. SOS. BANTIS, a town of Apulia, whence Banti- ma. Horat.3,od.4, T 15. 1 B A L. BANTIUS. a gallant youth of Noia, whom Annibal found, after the battle of Cannie, almost dead amongst the heap of slain. He was sent back home with great humanity, upon which he resolved to betray his country to so gene- rous an enemy. Marcellus the Roman general heard of it, and rebuked Bantius, who conti- nued firm and faithful to the interest of Rome. Lin. 35, c. 15. BAPHYRUS, a river of Macedonia. Liv. 44, -.6. BAPTJE, the priests of Cotytto, the goddess of lasciviousness and debauchery at Athens. Her festivals wer*t celebrated in the night ; and so infamous and obscene was the behaviour of the priests, that they disgusted even Co- tytto herself, though the goddess of obscenity. The name is derived from ficnrTtiv, to wash, be- cause the priests bathed themselves in the most effeminate manner. Juv. 2, v. 91. A co- medy of Eupolis, in which men re introduced dancing on the stage, with all the indecent ges- tures of common prostitutes. BARSI, a people of Colchis and Iberia, who burn the bodies of their friends who die by dis- ease, but give to the fowls of the air such as fall in the war. JElian. de Anim. 10, c. 22. BARATHRUM, a deep and obscure gulf at Athens, where criminals were thrown. BARBARI, a name originally applied to those who spoke inelegantly, or with harshness and difficulty. The Greeks and Romans generally called all nations, except their own, by the des- picable name of Barbarians. BARBARIA, a river of Macedonia. Liv. 44, c. 31. A name given to Phrygia and Troy. Horat. 1, ep. 2, v.7. BARBATUS, the surname of a Roman family. Suet. Cl. 21. BARBOSTHENES, a mountain of Pelopon- nesus, 10 miles from Sparta. Lit 1 . 35, c. 27. BARBYTH ACE, a city of Persia. Plin. 6, c. 27. BARCA, a friend of Cato the elder. Plut. in Cat. BARC*I, or BARCITJE, a warlike nation of Africa, near Carthage. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 43. BARCE, the nurse of Sichaeus. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 63-2. A large country of Africa. Also a city about nine miles from the sea, founded by the brothers of Arcesilaus king of Cyrene, 515 years before the Christian era. Strabo says, that in his age it was called Ptolemais ; but this, arises because most of the inhabitants re- tired to Ptolemais, which was on the sea-coast, to enrich themselves by commerce. Strab. 17. Ptol. 4, c. 4. A small village of Bactriana, where the people who had been taken prisoners ly Darius in Africa were confined. Herodot. 4, c. 204. A city of Media. Justin. 1, c. 7. BARCHA, the surname of a noble family at Carthage, of which Annibal and Amilcar were descended. By means of their bribes and in- fluence, they excited a great faction, which is celebrated in the annals of Carthage by the name of the Barchinian faction, and at last raised themselves to power, and to the independent disposal of all the offices of trust or emolument in the state. Liv. 21 , c. 2 & 9. 114 B A BARDJEI, a people of Illyricum, concerned in the factions of Marius. Plut. in Mario. BARD i, a celebrated sacerdotal order among the ancient Gauls, who praised their heroes, and published their fame in their verses, or on musical instruments. They were so esteemed and respected by the people, that at their sight two armies who were engaged in battle, laid down their arms, and submitted to their orders. They censured, as well as commended, the be- haviour of the people. Lucan. 1, v. 447. Strab. 4. Marceil. 15, c. 24. BARDYLLIS, an Illyrian prince, whose daugh- ter Bircenna married king Pyrrhus. Plut. it Pyrrh. BAREAS SORANUS, a youth killed by hi tutor Egnatius, a stoic philosopher. Juv. 3, v. 116. BABES, a naval officer of Persia, who wished to destroy Cyrene, but was opposed by Amasis. Herodot. 4, c. 203. BARGUSII, a people of Spain. Liu. 21, c. 19. BARINE, a prostitute whom Horace accuses of perjury, 2, od. 8. BA HISSES, one of the seven conspirators against the usurper Smerdis. Ctesias. BARIUM, a town of Apulia, on the Adriatic Horat. 1,sat. 5, 97. BARNUUS, a town of Macedonia, near Hera- clea. Strab. 7. BARSINE and BAHSENE, a daughter of Da- rius, who married Alexander, by whom she had a son called Hercules. Cassander ordered her and her child to be put to death. Justin. 13, c. 2. I. 15, c. 2. Arrian. BARZAENTES, a satrap who revolted from Alexander, &c. Curt. 8, c. 13. BARZANES, a king of Armenia, tributary to Ninus. DM. 2. BASILEA, a daughter of Coelus and Terra, who was mother of all the gods. Diod. 3. An island at the north of Gaul, famous for its amber. Diod. 5. -An island in the Euxine sea. Plin. 4, c. 13. BASH. ID*, European Sarmatians, descended from Hercules and Echidna. Mela, 2, c. 1. BASILIDES, the father of Herodotus, who, with others, attempted to destroy Strattes, ty- rant of Chios. Herodot. 8, c. 132. A fa- mily who held an oligarchical power at Ery- thrse. Strab. 14. A priest of mount Car mel, who foretold many momentous events tj Vespasian, when he offered sacrifices. Tacit 2, Hist. c. 87. Suetmi. in Vesp. 7. BASILIOPOTAMOS, an ancient name of tha Eurotas. Strab. 6. BASILIS, an historian who wrote concerning India. Athen. A city of Arcadia, built bj Cypselus, near the river Alpheus. Pans, a c. 29. BASILIUS, a river of Mesopotamia, falling into the Euphrates. Strab. -A celebrated bishop of Africa, very animated against the Arians, whose tenets and doctrines he refuted with warmth, but great ability. He was elo- quent as well as ingenious, and possessed of all those qualities which constitute the persuasive B A aetor, and* the elegant writer. Erasmus has placed him in the number of the greatest ora- tors of antiquity. He died in his 51st year, A. D. 379. The latest edition of his works is that of the Benedictines, fol. Paris, 1721. BASILUS, a general who assisted Antony. Lucan. 4, v. 416. An insignificant lawyer. Juv. 7, v. 146. A pretor who plundered the provinces. Id. 10, v, 222. BASS*, a place of Arcadia, where Apollo has a temple. Paws. 8, c. 30 & 41. BASSANIA, a town of Macedonia near Illy- ricum. Liv. 44, c. 30. BASSAREUS, a surname of Bacchus, from the dress or long robe which his priests, called Bos- saris, wore. Horat. 1, od. 18. BASSARIS, a name given to the votaries of Bacchus, and to Agave by Persius, which seems derived from Bassara, a town of Lybia, sacred to the god, or from a particular dress worn by his priestessess of the same name. Perseus \, v. 101. BASSUS AUFIDIUS, an historian in the age of Augustus, who wrote on the Germanic war. Quintil. 10, c. 1. Caesius, a lyric poet in Nero's age, to whom Perseus addressed his 6th satyr. Some of his verses are extant. Julius, an orator in the reign of Augustus, some of whose orations have been preserved by Seneca. A man spoken of by Horace 1, od. 36, v. 14, and described as fond of wine and women. BASTARN* and EASTERNS, a people of Eu- ropean Sannatia, destroyed by a sudden storm as they pursued the Thracians. Liv. 40, v. 58. Ovid. Trist. 2, v. 198. Strab. 7. BASTIA, the wife of Metellus. Liv. epit. 89. BATA, a seaport of Asia, on the Euxine, op- posite Sinope. Strvb. f). BATAVI, a people of Germany, who inhabited that part of the continent known under the mo- dern name of Holland. Lucan. 1, v. 431. BATHOS, a river near the Alpheus. Paus. 8, c. 29. BATHYCI-ES, a celebrated artist of Magnesia. Pa*. 3, c. 19. BATHYLLUS, a beautiful youth of Samos, greatly beloied by Polycrates the tyrant, and by Anacreon. Horat. ep. 14, v. 9. Mecae- nas was also fond of a youth of Alexandria, of tbe same name. Juv. 6, v. 63. The poet vi ho claimed as his own Virgil's distich, Necte '('(it tuta, &c. was also of the same name. A fountain of Arcadia* Paus. 8, c. 31 LENT. BATIATUS, a man of Campania who kept a house full of gladiators, wh 3 rebelled against him. Plut. in Cras. BATIA, a naiad who married CEbalus. Apol- lod. 3, c. 10. A daughter of Teucer,. who married Dardanus. Id. BATINA andBANTiNA. Fid.Bantia. BAxis, an eunuch, governor of Gaza, who, upon being unwilling to yield, was dragged round the city tied by the heels to Alexander's chariot. Curt. 4, c. 6. BATO, a Dardanian, who revolted to Home from king Philip. Lit;. 31, c. 28. BATON of Sinope, wrote commentaries on 115 B A the Persian affairs. S(rat>. It, -- i of Amphiaraus. Paus, 5, c. 17. BATRACHOMYOMACUIA, a poem, describing the jight between frogs and mice, written by Homer, which has been printed sometimes se- parately from the Iliad or Odyssey. The best edition of it is Maittaire's, 8vo. Lond. 1721. BATTIADES, a patronymic of Callimachus, from his father Battus. Odd. in Ibin. v. 53. - A name given to the people of Cyrene from king Battus. Ital. 3, v. 253. BATTIS, a girl celebrated by Philetas the elegiac poet. Ovid. Trist. 1, el. 5. BATTUS 1st, a Lacedemonian who built the town of Cyrene, B. C. 630, with a colony from the island of Thera. He was son of Polymnes- tus and Phronime, and reigned in the town he had founded, and after death received divine honours. The difficulty with which he spoke, first procured him the name of Battus. Hero- dot. 4, c. 155, &c. Paus. 10, c. 15. -The 2d of that name, was grandson to Battus 1st, by Arcesilaus. He succeeded his father on the throne of Cyrene, and was surnamed Felix, and died 554 B. C. Herodot. 4, c. 159, &c. - A shepherd of Pylos, who promised Mer- cury that he would not discover his having stolen the flocks of Admetus, which Apollo tended. He violated his promise, and wa turned into a pumice stone. Ovid. Met. 2. v. 702. - A general of Corinth against Athens. Thwyd. 4, c. 43. - A Buffoon of Caesar's. PLt. Symp. 6. BATULUM, a town of Campania, whose inha- bitants assisted Turnus against ^Eneas. Virg. X.n. 7,v.739. BATULUS, a surname of Demosthenes, from his effeminacy when young. Plut. in Demosth. BASTYLLUS, a celebrated dancer in Domi- tian's reign. Juv. 6, v. 63. BAUBO, a woman who received Ceres when she sought her daughter all over the world, and gave her some water to quench her thirst. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 7. BAUCIS, an aged old woman of Phrygia, who, with her husband Philemon, lived in a small cottage, in a penurious manner, when Ju- piter and Mercury travelled in disguise over Asia. The gods came to the cottage, where they received the best things it afforded j and Jupiter was so pleased with their hospitality, that he metamorphosed their dwelling into a magmncent temple, of which Baucis and her husband were made pries>O. After they had lived happy to an extreme old age, they died both at the same hour, according to their re- quest to Jupiter, that one might not have the sorrow of following the other to the grave. Their bodies were changed into trees before the doors of the temple, Ovid. Met. 8, v. 631, &c. BAVIUS and M^vius, two stupid and male- volent poets in the age of Augustus, who at- tacked the superior talents of the contemporary writers. Virg. J-cl. 2. BAUM, a Mimll town of Latium near Buiaev *, Ital. 12, v. 155. 1 BAZYLNTKS, a- friend of Bessus, &c. BE BASXBIA, a rountry of Asia. Curt. 8. c. 1. } BEBIUS, a famous informer in Vespasian's reign. Juv. 1, v. 35. Fid. Bcebius. BEBRIACUM, a village between Cremona and Verona, where Vitellius overcame Otho. Juv. 2, v. 106. Tacit. 3. Hist. 1, c. 15. BBBRYCE, a daughter of Danaus, who is said to have spared her husband. Most au- thors, however, attribute that character of hu- manity to Hypermnestra. Vid. Danaides. BEBRYCES and BEBRYCII, a nation of Asia near Pontus, of Thracian origin, and, accord- ing to Arrian, descended from Bebryce. They were ejcpert in the battle of the cestus. The Argonauts touched on their coasts in their expedition to Colchis. Apollad. l.Strab. 7 &12. BEBRYCIA, an ancient name of Bithynia, from Behryce the daughter of Danaus. Strab. 13. Vir%. fcn. 5, v. 373. BELEM!NA, a town of Laconia. Pans. 3, c. 21. BELENUS, a divinity of the Gauls, the same as the Apollo of me Greeks, and the Orus of the ^Egyptians. BELEPHANTES, a Chaldean, who, from his knowledge of astronomy, told Alexander that his entering Babylon would be attended with fatal consequences to him. Diad, 17. BELESIS, a priest of Babylon, who told Ar- baces governor of Media, that he should reign one day in the place of Sardanapalus. His pro- phecy was verified, and he was rewarded by the new king with the goverment of Babylon, B. C. 826. Diod. 2. BELGJE, a warlike people of ancient Gaul, separated from the Celtae by the rivers Ma- trona and Sequana. Their country extends from the Rhine to the river modernly called the Loire. Cxsar de bell. Gall. 1 & 2. BELGICA, one of the four provinces of Gaul near the Rhine. BELGIUM, the capital of Gallia Belgica. The word is often used to express the whole country. Gr. bell. Gall. 5, c. 24. BELGIUS, a general of Gaul, who destroyed an army of Macedonians. Justin. 25, c. 2. Polyb. 2. BuLloES, a surname given to the daughter of Belus. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 463. BELIDES, a name applied to Palemedes, as descended from Belus. Virg. JEm. 2, v. 82. BELISAMA, the name of Minerva among the Gauls, signifying queen of heaven. Goes. bell. Gall. 6. BELISARIUS, a celebrated general, who, in a degenerate and effeminate age, in the reign of Justinian emperor of Constaninople, renewed all the glorious victories, battles, and triumphs, which had rendered the first Romans so distin- guished in the time of their republic. He died, after a life of military glory, and the trial of royal ingratitude, in the 565th yeajr of the Christian era. BELESTIDA, a woman who obtained a prize at OJympia. Pans. 5, c. 8. BELIT*, a nation of Asia. Curt. 4, c. 12. BELLEROPHON, son of Glaucus king of 116 BE Ephyre, by Eurymede, was at first called Hip- ponous. The murder of his brother, whom some call Alcimenus and Beller, procured him the name of Bellerophon, or murderer of Beller. After this murder, Bellerophon fled to the court of Proetus king of Argos. As he was of a handsome appearance, the king's wife, called Antasa or Stenoboea, fell in love with him ; and as he slighted her passion, she accused him be- fore her husband, of attempts upon her virtue- Proetus, unwilling to violate the laws of hospi- tality, by punishing Bellerophon, sent him away to his father-in-law Jobates king of Ly- cia, and gave him a letter, in which he begged the king to punish with death a man who had so dishonourably treated his daughter. From that circumstance all letters which are of au unfavourable tendency to the bearer, have been called letters of Bellerophon. .; Jobates, to satisfy his son-in-law, sent Bellerophon to conquer a horrible monster called Chimaera, in which dan- gerous expedition he hoped, and was even as- sured, he must perish. [Fid. ChinKera.] But the providence of Minerva supported him, and, with the aid of the winged horse Pegasus, he conquered the monster, and returned victorious. After this, Jobates sent him against the Solymi, in hopes of seeing him destroyed ; but he ob- tained another victory, and conquered after- wards the Amazons, by the king's orders. At his return from this third expedition, he was attacked by a party sent against him by Jo- bates ; but he destroyed all his assassins, and convinced the king that innocence is always protected by the gods. Upon this, Jobates no longer sought to destroy his life ; but he gave his daughter in marriage, and made him his successor on the throne of Lycia, as he was without a male issue. Some authors have sup- ported, that he attempted to fly to heaven upon the horse Pegasus ; but that Jupiter sent an insect, which stung the horse, and threw down the rider, who wandered upon the earth in the greatest melancholy and dejection till the day of his death, one generation before the Trojan war. Bellerophon had two sons, Isander, who was killed in his war against the Solymi, and Hippolochus, who succeeded to the throne after his death, besides one daughter called Hippo- camia, who had Sapedon by Jupiter. Homer. II. 6, v. 156, &ic.Juv. lO.Apollod. 2, c. 3 1. 3, c. l.Hygin. fab. 157 & 243. P. A. 2, c. 18 Hesiod. Theog. v. 325.Horat. 4, od. 11, v. 26. Pans. 9, c. 31. BELLERUS and BELLER, a brother of Hip- ponous. Vid. Bellerophon. BELLIENUS, a Roman, whose house was set on flames at Caesar's funeral. Cic. 2, Phil. c. 36. BELLONA, the goddess of war, daughter to Phorcys and Ceto, called by the Greeks Enyo, and ofteii confounded with Minerva. She was anciently called Duelliona, and was the sister of Mars, or, according to others, his daughter, or his wife. She prepared the chariot of Mars when he was going to war ; and she appeared in battles armed with a whip to animate the combatants, with dishevelled hair, and a torch in her hand. The Romans naid great adora- B E tion to her ; but she was held in the greatest veneration by the Cappadocians, and cliiefiy at Comana, where slie had above 3000 priests. Her temple at Rome was near the Porta Car- mentalis. In it the senators gave audience to foreign ambassadors, and to generals returned from war. At the gate was a small column, called the column of war, against which they threw a spear whenever war was declared against an enemy. The priests of this goddess consecrated themselves by great incisions in their body, and particularly in the thigh, of which they received the blood in their hands to offer a sacrifice to the goddess. In their wild enthusiasm, they often predicted blood- shed and wars, the defeat of enemies, or the besieging of towns. Juv. 4, v. 124. Varro de L. L. 5.Hesiod. Theog. v. 270. Paus. 4, c. 30. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 703. Stat. Theb. 2, v. 718. 1. 7, v. 73.Ital. 5, v. 221. BELLONARII, the priests of Bellona. BELLOVACI, a people of Gaul, conquered by J. Caesar. Csaref action est Nam Bibiilo Jieri confute nil nemini. -One o the friends of Horace bore that name. 1 So? 10, v. 86. long and B I BICHS, a mareh near tha Palus Moeotifl. Flaee. 6, v. 68. EICON, a Greek who assassinated Atheno- dorus, because he made himself master of a 'jolony which Alexander had left , at Bactra. Curt. 9, c. 7. BicoRNlGER, a surname of Bacchus. BICORNIS, the name of Alexander among the Arabians. BIFORMIS, (ttoo forms,) a surname of Bac- chus and of Janus. Bacchus received it be- cause he changed himself into an old woman, to fly from the persecution of Juno, or perhaps oecause he was represented sometimes as a young and sometimes as an old man. BIFRONS, a surname of Janus, because he was represented with two faces among the Ro- mans, as acquainted with the past and future. Virg. X.n. 7, v. 180. BILB!LIS, a town of Celtiberia, where Mar- tial was born. Mart. 1, ep. 50. A river of Spain. Justin. 44, c. 3. BIMATER, a surname of Bacchus, which sig- nifies that he had two mothers, because when he was taken from his mother's womb, he was placed on the thigh of his father Jupiter. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 12. BINGIUM, a town of Germany. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 70. BION, a philosopher and sophiat of Borys- thenes in Scythia, who rendered himself famous for his knowledge of poetry, music, and philo- sophy. He made every body the object of his satire, and rendered his compositions distin- guished for clearness of expression, for face- tiousness, wit, and pleasantry. He died 241 B. C. Ding, in vita. A Greek poet of Smyrna, who wrote pastorals in an elegant style. Moschus, his friend and disciple, men- tions in an elegnc poem, that he died by poi- son, about 300 years B. C. Idyllia are written with elegance and simplicity, purity and ease, and they abound with correct images, such as the view of the country may inspire. There are many good editions of this poet's works, generally printed by those of Moschus, the best of which may be that of Heskin, 8vo. Oxon. 1 748. -A soldier in Alexander's army, &c. Curt. 4, c. 13. A native of Propontis. A man of Syracuse, who wrote on rhetoric. A na- tive of Abdera, disciple to Democritus. He Srst found out that there were certain parts of the earth where there were six months of perpetual light and darkness alternately. A man of &>li, who composed an history of jlithopia. Another who wrote nine books on rheto- ric, which he called by the names of the muses. Ding. 4. BIRHH-.-S. Vid. Coelius. BISALT, a people of Scythia, or, according to some, of Thrace, or Macedonia Their country is called Bisaltia. Liv. 45, c. 29. Plin. 4, c. 10. BI.SALTES, a man of Abydos, &c. Herodot. c. 26. BISAI.TES, a patronymic of Theophane, by whom Neptune, under the form of a ram, had 119 B L the golden ram. Ovid. Met. ts V. 11T* Hygin fab. 188. BISANTHE, a town on the Hellespont. He- rodot. 7, c. 137. BISTON, son of Mars and Callirhoe, built Bistonia in Thrace, whence the Thracians are often called Bistones. Herodot. 7, c. 110. Plin. 4, c. 14. Lucan. 7, v. 569. BISTONIS, a lake o* Thrace, near Abdera. Herodft. 7, c. 109. BITHUS. Vtd. Bacchius. BiTHYa:, a certain race of women in Scy- thia, whose eyes, as Plini/ reports, 1. 7, c. 2. killed those who gazed upon them for some time. BITHYNIA, a country of Asia Minor, foi- merly called Bebrycia. It was bounded by the Euxine on the north, on the south by Phrygia and Mysia, on the west by the Propontis, and the east by Paphlagonia. The country was nrst invaded by the Thracians, under Bithynus the son of Jupiter, who gave it the name of Bithy- nia. It was once a powerful kingdom. 6'trJo. 12. Herodot. 7, c. 75. Mela, 1 & 2. Accord- ing to Paus. 8, c. 9, the inhabitants were de- scended from Mantinea in Peloponnesus. BITIAS, a Trojan, son of Alcanor and Hier*., brought up in a wood sacred to Jupiter. He followed the fortune of ./Eneas, and, with his brother, was killed by the Rutuli in Italy. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 672, &c One of Dido's lovers, present when j^neas and the Trojans were in- troduced to the queen. Virg. 2.n. 1, v. 742. BITON. Vid. Cleobis. BITUITUS, a king of the Allobroges, con- quered by a small number of Romans, &c. Val. Max. 9, c. 6.Flor. 3, c. 2. BITUNTUM, a town of Spain. .Mart. 4, ep. 55.^ BiTURiGEs, a people of Gaul, divided from the ^Edui by the Ligeris. Ctfs. bell. G. 7, c. 21. BITURICUM, a town of Gaul, formerly the capital of the Belgae. Strab. 4. BIZIA, a citadel near Rhodope belonging to the kings of Thrace. Tereus was born there. BLSNA, a fruitful country of Pontus, where the general of Mithridates Eupator destroyed the forces of Nicomedes the Bithynian. Strab. 12. BLSSU, two Romans who killed themselves because Tiberius deprived them of the priest- hood. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 40. BUN. BLJESUS, a governor of Gaul. Tacit,. BLANDENONA, a place near Placentia. Ctc 2, ep. 15, ad Quin. BLANDUSIA, a fountain OB the borders of tha country of the Sabines near Mandeua, Horace" country seat. Horat. 3, od. 13. BLASTOPHZNICES, a people of Lusitania, Appian. BLEMMYES, a people of Africa, who, as is fabulously reported, had no heads, but ha-, eyes and mouth placed in the breast. Herodvt 4, c. 85 L Mela, i, c. 4. BLENINA, a town of A'cadia. Pan* 8, e. 27. BUTIUS CATULiNrs, was banished into BCE tin* -Sgean sea after Pise's conspiracy, &c. Tacit. 15, .dmi.c. 71. BLUCIUM, a castle where king Dejotarus kept his treasures in Bithynia. Strab. 12. Bo A DICE A. Vid. Boudicea. Bo* and BOEA, a town of Laconia. Pans. 3, c.21. BOAGRIUS, a river of Locris. Strab. 9. BOCAI.IAS, a river in the island of Salamis. BOCCAR, a king of Mauritania. Jut,'. 4, v. -90, applies the word in a general sense to any native of Africa. BOCCHORIS, a wise king and legislator of Egypt. Diod. 1. BOCCHUS, a king of Getulia, in alliance with Rome, who perfidiously delivered Jugurtha to Sylla, the lieutenant of Marius. Sallust. Jug. Paterc. 2, c. 12. BODUNI, a people of Britain who surren- dered to Claudius Casar. BODUAGNATCS, a leader of the Nervii, when Csesar made war against them. Cees. bell. G. 2, v. 23. BOEA. Vid. BOJE. BCEBB, a town of Thessaly. Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 5. A lake of Crete. Strab. 9. BCEBEIS, a lake of Thessaly near mount Ossa. Lvcan. 7, v. 176. BCECIA LEX, was enacted to elect four pre tors every year. Another to insure proprie- tors in the possession of their lands. Ano- ther, A. U. C. 571, against using bribes a' elections. BOEDROMIA, an Athenian iestival instituted in commemoration of the assistance which the people of Athens received in the reign oi Erechtheus, from Inon son of Xuthus, when their country was invaded by Eumolpus son of Neptune. The word is derived airo rov /3o;- Spoptiv, coming to help. Plutarch iti Thes. men- tions it in commemoration of the victory whicl: Theseus obtained over the Amazons in a month called at Athens Boedromion. BCEOTARCHJE, the chief magistrate in Boeotia Liv. 42, c. 43. BCEOTIA, a country of Greece, bounded on the north by Phocis, south by Attica, east by Euboea, and west by the bay of Corinth. I has been successively called Aonia, Mesapia Hyantis, Ogygia, and Cadmeis, and now form a part of Lividia. It was called Boeotia, from Boeotis son of Itonus ; or, according to others a have, from a cow, by which Cadmus was lei into the country where he built Thebes. Th inhabitants were reckoned rude and illiterate fonder of bodily strength than of mental excel lence ; yet their country produced many illus trious men, such as Pindar, Hesiod, Plutarch &c. The mountains of Bceotia, particularl Helicon, were frequented by the Muses, tc whom also many of their fountains and river were consecrated. Herodot. 9,, c. 49. 1. 5, 57. Ovid. Met. S, v. 10. Paus. 9, c. 1, &c. C. Nep. 7, c. 11. Strab. 9. Justin. 3, c. 6. 8, c. 4. Herat. 2, ep. 1, v. 244. Diod. 19. BIEOTUS, a son of Itonus by Menalippa Pant. 9, c.l. BOOKOBISTAI, a man who made himself ab 120 BO olute among the Getas, by tlw strictness of his .scipline. Strab. 7. BOETHIUS, a celebrated Reman, punished ith death, on suspicion of a conspiracy, by Tieodoiic king of the Ostogoths, A. D. 525 t was during his imprisonment that he wrote is celebrated treatise de censolatione phito&iphia:. The best edition of his works is that of Hage- au, 4to. 1491, or that of L. Bat. 1671, with le rtotis variorum. BOETUS, a foolish poet of Tarsus, who wrote poem on the battle of Philippi. Strab. 14. A river of Spain. BOEUS, one of the Heraclidse. BOGES and Boss, a Persian, who destroyed himself and family w hen besieged by the Athe- nians. Herodot. 7, c. 107. Paus. 8, c. 8. BOGUD, a king of Mauritania in the interest f Caesar. Cos. Alex. 59. BOGUS, a king of the Maurusii, present at he battle of Actium. Strub. 8. Bon, a people of Celtic Gaul. Cox. bell. G. c. 28. 1. 7, c. 17. A people of Italy near he Padus. Sil. 4, v. 158. BOJOCALUS, a general of the Germans in he age of Tiberius, &c. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 5. BOLA, a town of the ^Equi in Italy. Virg. En. 6, v. 775. BOLBE, a marsh near Mygdonia. Thucyd. , c. 58. BOLBITINUM, one of the mouths of the Nile, with a town of the same name. Naucratis was built near it. Herodot. 2, c. 17. BOLGIUS, a general of Gaul, in an expedition against Ptolemy king of Macedonia. Paws. 10, c. 19. BOLINA, a virgin of Achaia, who rejected he addresses of Apollo, and threw herself into he sea to avoid his importunities. The god made her immortal. There is a city which bears her name in Achaia. Paus. 7, c. 23. BOLINJEUS, a river near Bolina. Paus. 7, c. 23. EOLISSUS, a town and island near Chios. Thucyd. 8, c. 24. BOLLANUS, a man whom Horace represents, 1 Sat. 9, v. 11, as of the most irascible temper, and the most inimical to loquacity. BOLUS, a king of the Cimbri, who killed a Roman ambassador. Liv. ep. 67. BOMIENSES, a people near ^Etolia. Thucyd. 3, c. 96. BOMILCAR, a Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was suspected of conspiracy with Agathocles, and hung in the forum where he had received all his dignity. Diod. 26. Justin. 22, c. 7. An African, for some time the instrument of all Jugurtha's cruelties. He conspired against Jugurtha, who put him to death. Sallust. Jug. BoMONlcjE, youths that were whipped at the altar of Diana Orthia during the festivals of the goddess. He who bore the lash of the whip with the greatest patience, and without uttering a groan, was declared victorious, and received an honourable prize. Paw. 3, c. 16. flut. in Lye. BONA DEA, a name given to Ops, Vesta, BO Cybele, Rhea, by tlie Greeks ; and by the La- tins, to Fauua or f lLvi. 3, c. 13. Homer. It. 16, v. 177. BORYSTHENES, a large river of Scythia, falling into the Euxine sea, now railed the Dnieper, and inferior to no otlu;r European river but the Danube, according to Herodotus 4^ c. 45, &c. There was a city of the same name on the borders of the river, built by a colony of Milesians 655 years before the Christ- ian era. It was also called Olba Savia. Mela, 2, c. 1 & 7. A horse with which the em- peror Adrian used to hunt. At his death be was honoured with a monument. Died. BOSPHORUS and BOSPORUS, two narrow straits, situate at the confines of Kurope and Asia. One was called Cimmerian, and joined the Palus Mojotis to the Euxine, and is called by the moderns the strait of Caffa; and the other, wliich was called the Thracian Bosporus, and by the moderns the strait of Constantino- ple, made a communication between the Euxine sea nd the Propontis. The word is derived from Boos iropog, bovis meatus, because, on ac- count of its narrowness, an ox could easily cross it. Cocks were heard te crow, and dogs to bark, from the opposite banks, and in a calm day persons could talk one to the other. Plin. 4, c. 12. 1. 6, c. I. Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 4, v. 49. Mela, 1, c. 4. Strab. M.Henxkt. 4, C 85. BOTTIA, a colony of Macedonians in Thrace The people were called Botti;ei. Plin. 4, c. J. Herodot. 7, c. 185, &c.Tkucyd. 2, u. 99. BOTTI/EIS, a country at the north of Mace- donia, on the bay of Therma. Hertxiot. 7, c 123, &c. BOUDICEA, a queen in Britain, who rebelled upon being insulted by the Romans. She poi- soned herself when conquered. Tacit. Aim. 14, c.31. BOUIANUM, an ancient colony of the Sam- nites. Liv. 9, c. 28. BOVILLX, a town of Latium near Rome* Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 607. Another in Campania. BRACHMANES, Indian philosophers, ttho de- rive their name from Brahma, one of the three beings whom Gad, according to their theology, created, and with whose assistance he formed the world. They devoted themselves totally to the worship of the gods, and were accustomed from their youth, to endure labours, and to live with frugality and abstinence. They never eat flesh, and abstained from the use of wine, and all carnal enjoyments. After they had spent 37 years in the greatest trials, they were par- nutted to marry, and indulge themselves in more free and unbounded manner. According to modern authors, Brahma is the parent of all mankind, Bad he produced M many worlds tttf BR there are parts In the body, which they reckoned 14. They believed that there were seven seas, of water, milk, curds, butter, salt, sugar, and wine, each blessed with its particular paradise. Strab.15. Died. 17. BRSSI A, a daughter of Cinyra and Metharme. Apollod. 3, c. 14. BHANCHIADES, a surname of Apollo. BRANCHIDJE, a people of Asia near the river Oxus, put to the sword by Alexander. They were originally of Miletus, near the temple of Branchus, but had been icmoved from thence by Xerxes. Strab. 11. Curt. 7, c. 5. The priests of Apollo Didymzeus. Plin. 5, c. 29. BHANCHYLLIDES, a chief of the Boeotians. Paus. 9, c. 13. BRANCHUS, a youth of Miletus, beloved by Apollo, who gave him the power of prophecy. He gave oracles at Didyme, which became in- ferior to none of the Grecian oracles, except Delphi, and which exchanged the name of Didymean to that of Branchidse. The temple, according to Strabo, was set fire by Xerxes, who took possession of the riches it coutained, and transported the people into Sogdiana, where they built a city, which was afterwards destroyed by Alexander. Strafe. 15. Stat. Theb. 3, v. 479. Liician. de Domo. BRA six, a town of Laconia. Paus. 3, c. 24. BRASIDAS, a famous general of Lacedstmon, son of Tellis, who, after many great victories over Athens and other Grecian states, died of a wound at Amphipolis, which Cleon, the Athenian, had besieged, B. C. 422. A superb monument was raised to his memory. Paus. 3, c. 24Thucyd. 4 & S.Diod. 5. A man of Cos. Theocrit. Id. 7. BRASIDEIA, festivals at Lacedajmon, in ho- nour of Brasidas. None but freemen born Spartans were permitted to enter the lists, and such as were absent were fined. BRAT; RE, a woman who assisted in the mur- der of Pittacus, king of the Edoni. Thucud. 4. c. 107. BRAURON, a town of Attica, where Diana Lad a temple. The goddess had three festivals called Brauronia. celebrated once every fifth year by ten men who were called upo-sroiot. They sacrificed a goat to the goddess, and it was usual to sing one of the books of Homer's Iliad. The most remarkable that attended were young virgins in yellow gowns, consecrated to Diana. They were about ten years of age, and not under five, and therefore their conse- cration was called StKctTivtiv, from SIKCI, decem ; and sometimes aptcnvuv, as the virgins them- selves bore the name of apicrot, bears, from this circumstance. There was a bear in one of the villages of Attica, so tame, that he ate with the inhabitants, and played harmlessly with them. This familiarity lasted long, till a young virgin treated the animal too roughly, and was killed by it. The virgin's brothers killed the bear, and the country was soon after visited by a pestilence. The oracle was consulted, and the plague removed by consecrating virgins to the service of Diana. Tuk was so faithful* 122 BR observed, that no woman in Athena was ere* married before a previous consecration to the goddess. The statue of Diana of Tauris, which had been brought into Greece by Iphi genia, was preserved in the town of Brauron. Xerxes carried it away when he invaded Greece. Paus. 8, c. 46. Strab. 9. BRENNI and BREUNI, a people of Noricum Horat. 4, od. 14. BRENNUS, a general of the Galli Senones, who entered Italy, defeated the Romans at the river Allia, and entered their city without op- position. The Romans fled into the capito!, and left the whole city in the possession of the enemies. The Gauls climbed the Tarpeian rock in the night, and the capitol would have been taken, had not the Romans been awakened by the noise of geese which were before the doors, and immediately repelled the enemy. Camillus, who was in banishment, marched to the relief of his country, and so totally defeated the Gauls, that not one remained to carry the news of their destruction. Liv. 5, c. 36, etc. Pint, in Camill. Another Gaul, who made an irruption into Greece with 150,000 men and 15,000 horse, and endeavoured to destroy the temple of Apollo at Delphi. He was destroyed, with all his troops, by the god, or more pro- perly he killed himself in a fit of intoxication, B. C. 278, after being defeated by the Del phians. Pans. 10, c. 22 & 23. Justin. 24, c 6, &c. BRENTHE, a ruined city of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 28. . BRESCIA, a city of Italy, who had gods pe- culiar to itself. BnETTii, a people of Italy. Strab. 6. BRIAREUS, a famous giant, son of Coelus and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads, and was called by men ^Egeon, and only by the gods Briareus. When Juno, Neptune, and Mi- nerva, conspired to dethrone Jupiter, Briareug ascended the heavens, and sat himself next to him, and so terrified the conspirators by his fierce and threatening looks, that they desisted, He assisted the giants in their war against the gods, and was thrown under mount ALtna, according to some accounts.' Hesiod. Theng. v. 148. Apollod. 1, c. 1. Homer.il. 1, v. 403. Virg. JEn. 6, v, 287. 1. 10, v. 565. A cyclop, made judge between Apollo and Neptune, in their dispute about the isthmus and promontory of Corinth. He gave the former to Neptune, and the latter to Apollo. Paus. 2, c. 1. BRIAS, a town of Pisidia. BHIGANTES, a people in the northern parts of Britain. Juv. 14, v. 196. Paus. 8, c. 43. BRIGANT!NUS, a lake of Rhajtia between the Alps, with a town called Brigantium Plin. 9, c. 17. BRILESSUS, a mountain of Attica. Thucyd 2, c. 23. BRIMO, (terror) a name given to Proserpina and Hecate. Propert. 2, el. 2, v. 11. BRISEIS, a girl of Lyrnessus, called alt Hippodamia. When her country was taken bv the Greeks, and her husband a*-i Srother kiU* BR in the fight, she fell to the share of Achilles, in the division of the spoils. Agamemnon took her away some time after from Achilles, who made a vow to absent himself from the field of battle. Briseis was very faithful to Achilles ; and when Agamemnon restored her to him, he swore he had never offended her chastity. Homer. II. 1, 2, &ic.0vid. Heroid. 3, de Art. Am. 2 & 3. Proper*. 2, el. 8, 20, & 22. Paus. b, c. 24. Horat. 2, od. 4. BRIBES, a man of Lymessus, brother to the priest Chrysses. His daughter, Hippodamia, was called Briseis from liim. BRISEUS, a surname of Bacchus, from his nurse of the same name, or his temple at Brisa, a promontory of Lesbos. Persius. 1, v. 76. BRITANNI, the inhabitants of Britain. [Vid. Britannia.'] A nation in Gallia Belgica. Plin. 4, c. 17. BRITANNIA, an island in the northern ocean, the greatest in Europe, B. C. 55, conquered by J. Caesar during his Gallic wars, and first known to be an island by Agricola, who sailed round it. It was a Roman province from the time of its conquest till the 448th year of the Christian era. The inhabitants, in the age of Caesar, used to paint their bodies, to render themselves more terrible in the eyes of their enemies. The name of Britain was unknown to the Ro- mans before Caesar conquered it. Cats. bell. G. 4. Diod. 5. Pans. 1, c. 33. Tacit. m Agric. '10. Plin. 34, c. 17. BRITANNICUS, a son of Claudius Cssar by Messalina. Nero was raised to the throne in oreference to him, by means of Agrippina, and caused him to be poisoned. His corpse was buried in the night ; but it is said that a shower of rain washed away the white paint which the murderer had put over his face, so that it appeared quite black, and discovered the effects of poison. Tacit. Ann. Sueton. in Ner. c. 33. BRITOMARTIS, a beautiful nymph of Crete, daughter of Jupiter and Charme. She was loved by Minos, who pursued her so closely, that to avoid his importunities, she threw her- self into the sea. Paus. 2, c. 30. 1. 3, c. 14. A surname of Diana. BRITOMARUS, a chief of the Galli Insubres, conquered by ^imilius. FUnr. 2, c. 4, BRITON ES, the inhabitants of Britain. Juv. 15, v. 124. BRIXELLUM, a town in Italy near Mantua. Tacit. Hist. 2, :. 32. BRIXIA, a town of Italy beyond the To. Justin. 20, c. 5. BRIZO, the goddess of dreams, worshipped in Delos. BROCUBELUS, a governor of Syria, who fled to Alexander, when Darius waa murdered by Bessus. Curt. 5, c. 13. BROMIUS, a surname of Bacchus, from 'Bpt[jifiv,frendere, alluding to the groans which Semele uttered when consumed by Jupiter's fire. Ovid. Met. 4, v, 11. A son of ^Egyp- tus. Apnllcd. 2, c. 1. BROMI'S, one of the Centaurs. Ovid. Met. It, v. 459. BR BRONGUS, a river falling into the later. He rodot. 4, c. 49. BRONTES, (thunder) one of the Cvclop*. Virg. n. 8, v. 425. BRONTINUS a Pythagorean philosopher. The father of Theano, the wife of Pythagoras. Diog. BROTEAS and AMMON, two men famous for their skill in the cestus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 107. One of the Lapithae. BROTHEUS, a son of Vulcan and Minerva, who burned himself to avoid the ridicule to which his deformity subjected him. Ovid, in Ib. v. 517. BHUCTERI, a people of Germany. Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 51. BRUMALIA, festivals celebrated at Rome in honour of Bacchus, about the month of De- cember. They were first instituted by Romu- lus. BRANDUSIUM, a city of Calabria, on the Adriatic sea, where the Appian road was ter- minated. It was founded by Diomedes after the Trojan war, or, according to Strabo, by Theseus, with a Cretan colony. The Romans generally embarked at Brandusium for Greece. It is famous for the birth of the poet Pacuvius, and the death of Virgil. Justin. 3, c. 4. 1. 12, c. 2. Strab. o.Cces. bell. Civ. 1, c. 24. Ctc. ad Attic. 4, ep. 1. BRIITIDIUS, a man dragged to prison in Juvenal's age, on suspicion of his favouring Sejanus. Juv. 10, v. 82. BRUTII, a people in the farthest parts of Italy, who were originally shepherds of the Lucanians, but revolted, and went in quest of a settlement. They received the name of Brutii, from their stupidity and cowardice in sub- mitting, without opposition, to Annibal in the 2d Punic war. They were ever after held in the greatest disgrace, and employed in every servile work. Justin. 23, c. 9. Strab. 6. Diod. 16. BRUTULUS, a Samnite, who killed himself upon being delivered to the Romans for vio- lating a treaty. Liv. 8, c. 39. BRUTUS, L. JUNIUS, son of M. Junius and Tarquinia second daughter of Tarquin Priscus. The father, with his eldest son, were murdered by Tarquin the Proud ; and Lucius, unable to revenge their death, pretended to be insane. The artifice saved his life ; he was called Brutus for his stupidity, which he however soon after shewed to be feigned. When Lucietia killeL herself, B. C. 509, in consequence of the bru- tality of Tarquin, Brutus snatched the dagger from the wound, and swore, upon the reeking blade, immortal hatred to the royal family His example was followed ; the Tarquins wera proscribed by a decree of the senate, and th royal authority vested in the hands of consuls chosen from patrician families. Brutus, in his consular office, made the people swear they never would again submit to kingly authority ; but the first who violated their oath were in hia own family. His sons conspired with the Tus- can ambassador to restore the Tanjuins; and when discovered, they wre tried and con- BR demned before their father, who himself at- tended at their execution. Some time after, in a combat that was fought between the Ro- mans and Tarquins, Brutus engaged with Aruns, and so fierce was the attack that they pierced one another at the same time. The dead body was brought to Rome, and received as in triumph ; a funeral oration was spoken over it, and the Roman matrons showed their grief by mourning a year for the father of the republic. Flor. 1, c. 9.Liv. 1, c. 56. 1. 2, c. 1, &c. Dionys. Hal. 4 & 5. C. Nep. i-i Attic. 8. Virg. Jn.~6, v. 818. Pint, in Brut, and C. Various interpretations have been pat upon the CM two sepenta round it. Rome suppose them to | be a symbol of Jupiter's amours with Rhea, when these two deities transformed themselves into snakes. Others say, that it originates from Mercury's having appeased the fury of two ser- pents that were fighting, by touching them with his rod. Prudence is generally supposed to be represented by these two serpents, and the wings are the symbol of diligence ; both ne- cessary iu the pursuit of business and com- merce, which Mercury patronized. With it Mercury conducted to the infernal regions the BOU.S of the dead, imd could lull to sleep, and even raise to life, a .lead person. Virg. jEn. 4, v. 242. Herat. 1, o,l. 10. CADURCI, a people of Gaul. Cvid. 20, Heroid. Virg. G. 1, v. 14. CJECIAS, awiud blowing from the north. C*CIUA, the wife of Sylla. Plut. in Syl. The mother of Lucullus. Id. in Luc. CCILIA CAIA, oi Tanaquil. Vid. Tanaquil. CCILIA LEX, was proposed A. U. C. 693, by Cascil. Metellus Nepos, to remove taxes from all the Italian states, and to give them free exportation. Another, called also Didia, A. U. C. 654, b.y the consul Q. Caecilius Me- tellus, and T. Didius. It required that no more than one single matter should be proposed to the people in one question, lest by one word they should give their assent to a whole bill, which might contain clauses worthy to be ap- proved, and others unworthy. It required that every law, before it was preferred, should be exposud to public view on three market- days. Another, enacted Cascilius Metellus the censur, concerning fullers. Plin. 3.5, c. 17. Another, A. U. C. 701, to restore to the cen- sors their original rights and privileges, which had been lessened by P. Clodius the tribune. A mother, called also Gabinia, A. U. C. 685. again -i usury. C,M;II.IANUS, a Latin writer before the age of Cicero. CC!LII, a plebeian family at Rome, de- scended from Caecas, one of the companions of . of Caesar seemed inseparable from the imperial ' Dyrjachium ; and Caesar, after he had subdued dignity, and therefore it was assumed by the all Italy, in oO days, entered Rome, and pro- successors of the Julian family S letonius has vided himself with money from the public trea- fho opposed Saturnius. Cic. ad H C*RESI, a people of Germany. Cits. CJESAR, a smname given to the Julian fa- mily at Rome, either because one of them kept an elephant, which bears the same name in the Punic tongue, or because one was born with a thick head of hair. This name, after it had been dignified in the person of Julius Caesar, and of his successors, was given to the apparent heir of the empire, in the age of the Roman em- perors. The twelve first Roman emperors were distinguished by the surname of Ciesar. They reigned in the following order : Julius Caesar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vlteb'ius, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. In Domitian, or rather in Nero, the family of Julius Caesar was extinguished. But after such a lapse of time, the appellatioi sury. He went to Spain, where he conquered tlie partizans of Pompey, under Petreius, Afra- niu8 % and Varro ; and, at bis return to Rome, was declared dictator, and soon after consul. When he left Rome, he went in quest of Pom- pey, observing that he was marching against a general without troops, after having defeated troops without a general in Spain. In the plains of Pharsalia, B. C. 48, the two hostile generals engaged. Pompey was conquered, and fled into Egypt, where he was murdered. Caesar, after he had made a noble use of victory, pur- sued his adversary into Egypt, where he some- times forgot his fame and character in the arms of Cleopatra, by whom he had a son. His danger was great while at Alexandria; but he extricated himself with wonderful success, and made Egypt tributary to his power. After se- veral conquests in Africa, the defeat of Cato, Scipio, and Juba, and that of Pompey's sons in| Spain, he entered Rome, and triumphed over five different nations, Gaul, Alexandria, Pon- tus, Africa, and Spain, and was created perpe- tual dictator. But now his glory was at an end, his uncommon success created him enemies, and the cliiefest of the senators, among whom was Brutus his most intimate friend, conspired against him, and stabbed him in the senate-house on the ides of March. He died, pierced with 23 wounds, the 15th of March, B. C. 44, in the 56th year of his age. Casca ga\ e him the first blow, and immediately he attempted to make some resistance; but when he saw Brutus among the conspirators, he submitted to his fate, and fell down at their feet, muffling up his mantle, and exclaiming, Tu quoque Brute! Cae- sar might have escaped the sword of the con- spirators, if he had listened to the advice of his wife, whose dreams, on the night previous to the day of his murder, were alarming. He also received, as he went to the senate-house, a paper from Artemidorus, which discovered the whole conspiracy to him ; but he neglected the reading of what might have saved his life. When he was in the first campaign in Spain, lie was observed to gaze at a statue of Alex- ander, and even he shed tears at the recollec- tion that that hero had conquered the world at an age in which he himself had done nothing. '1 he learning of Caesar deserves commendation, as well as his military character. He reformed the calendar. He wrote his commentaries on the Gallic wars, on the spot where he fought his battles ; and the composition has been ad- mired for the elegance as well as the correct- nesg of its style. This valuable book was nearly lost ; and when Ca:sar saved his life in the bay of Alexandria, he was obliged to swim from -/is ship, with his arms in one hand, and his commentaries in the other. Besides the Gallic and civil wars, he wrote other pieces, which are now lost. The history of the war in Alex- andria and Spain is attributed to him by some, and by others to Hirtius. Caesar has been blamed for lib debaucheries and expences ; and the first year he had a public office. Ids debts were rated at 830 talents, which his friends discharged ; yet, iu his public character, he 130 must be reckoned one of the few heroes tha now and then make their appearance among mankind. His qualities were such that in every battle he could not but be conqueror, and in every republic, master ; and to his sense of his superiority over the rest of the world, or to his ambition, we are to attribute his saying, that he wished rather to be first in a little village than second at Rome. It was alter his con quest over Pharnaces in one day, that he ma.fc use of these remarkable words, to express tig celerity of his operations ; Verti, vidi, vici. Conscious of the services of a man who, in the intervass of peace, beautified and enriched the capital of his country with public buildings, h.. braries, and porticoes, the senate permitted tlw dictator to wear a laurel crown on his bate head ; and it is said, that, to reward his bene> volence, they were going to give him the title or authority of king all over the Roman empire, except Italy, when he was murdered. In his private character, Caesar has been accused ct seducing one of the vestal virgins, and suspected of being privy to Catiline's conspiracy ; and ii was his fondness for dissipate pleasures whicl; made his countrymen say, that he was the bus band of all the women at Rome, and the wo> man of all men. It iw said that he conquered 300 nations, took 800 cities, and defeated three millions of men, one of which fell in the lielc of battle. Pirn. 7, c. 25, says, that he couli employ at the same time, his ears to listen, his eyes to read, his hand to write, and his mind to dictate. His death was preceded, as maw authors mention, by uncommon prodigies ; an5 immediately after his death, a large comet mad? its appearance. The best editions of Caesar'i commentaries are the magnificent one by Dr Clarke, fol. Lond. 1712; that of Cambridge, with a Greek translation, 4to. 1727 ; that of Oudendorp. 2 vols. 4to. L. Bat. 1737 ; and that of Elzevir, 8vo. L. Bat. 1635. Siieton. & Plut. in vita. Dio. Appian. Orosiiis. D Lit. 16 & eel. 31 & S7.Virg. G. 1, v. 466. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 782 Marcell. Flar. 3 & 4. Lucius was father to the dictator. He died suddenly, when putting on his shots. Oc- tavianus. Vid. Augustus.- Caius, a tragic poet and orator, commended by Cf'c. in Brut. His brother, C. Lucius was consul, and fol lowed, as well as himself, the party of Sylla, They were both pat to death by order of Ma- rius. Lucius, an uncle of M. Antony, who followed the interest of Pompey, anil was pro- scribed by Augustus, for which Autony pro- scribed Cicero, the friend of Augustus. His son Lucius was put to death by J. Caesar, in his youth. Two sons of Agrippa bore also the name of Caesars, Caius and Liuius. Vid. Agrippa. Augusta, a town of Spain, built by Augustus on the Iberus. CJESAREA, a city of Cappadocia, of Bithy- nia, of Mauritania, of Palestine. There are many small insignificant towns of that name, ither built by the emperors, or called by their lame, in compliment to them. C/tSARioN, the son of J. Caesar, by queen Cleopatra, wa., at the age of 13, proclaimed by C A Anton) and his mother, king of Cyprus, Egypt, I and Coelosyria. He was put to death five years after by Augustus. Suel. in Aug. 17, $ Cics. 52. CS.SENNIUS P^ETUS, a general sent by Nero to Armenia, &c. Tacit. 15, Ann. 6 & 25. CXCETIUS, a Roman who protected his children against Caesar. , Fa/. Max. 5, c. 7. CftSiA, a surname of Minerva. A wood in Germany. Tacit. 1, Ann. c. 50. C/ESIOS, a Latin poet, whose talents were not of uncommon brilliancy. Catull. A lyric and heroic poet in the reign of Nero. Persia. Csso, a son of Q. Cincinnatus, who revolted to the Volsci. CJESONIA, a lascivious woman, who married Caligula, and was murdered with her daughter Julia at the same time. Suet, in Calig. c. 59. C/F.SONIUS MAXIMUS, was banished from "taly by Nero, on account of his friendship with Seneca, &c. Tacit. 15. Ann. c. 71. C.ETULVM, a town of Spain. Strab. 2. CAGACO, a fountain of Laconia. Patis. 3 C. 24. CAICINUS, a river of Locris. Thucyd. 3, -.103. CAICUS, a companion of JEneg?. l'-rg. tn. l,v 187. 1. 9, v. 35. A river of Mysia, falling into the ^Egean sea, opposite Lesbos. Virg. G. 4, v. 370. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 243. CAIETA, a town, promontory, and harboui of Campania, which receives its name from Caieta, the nurse of ./Eneas, who was buned there. Firg. JLn. 7, v. 1. CAIUS and CAIA, a prcenomen very common at Rome to both sexes C, in its natural position, denoted the man's name, and when reversed 3 it implied Caia. Quintil. 1, c. 7. CAIUS, a son of Agrippa by Julia. Vid Agrippa. (j. CALABER, wrote a Greek poem in 14 books, as a continuation of Homer's Iliad, about the beginning of the third century. The best editions of this elegant and well written "ook, are, that of Rhodoman. 12mo. Hanover, 1604, with the notes of Dausqueius, and that of Pauw, 8vo. L. Bat. 1734. CALABRIA, a country of Italy in Magna Graecia. It has been called Messapia, Ja- pygia, Salentinia, and Peucetia. The poet Ennius was born there. The country was fertile, and produced a variety of fruits, much cattle, and excellent honey. Virg. G. 3, 425. Horat. 1, od. 31. Epad. 1, v. 27. 1. 1, ep. 7, v. :4._ Strab. 6. Mela, 2, c. 4. Plin. 8, c. 48. CALABRUS, a river of Calabria. Pans. 6. CALAGURRITANI, a people of Spain who ate their wives and children, rather than to yield to Pompey. Fa/. Max. 7, c. 6. CALAIS and ZETHES. Fid. Zethes. CATAGUTIS, a river of Spain. Flor. 3, c. 22. CALAMIS, an excellent carver. Prcpert. 3, J. 9, v. 10. CALAMISA, a place of Samos. Herodat. 9. CALAMOS, a town of Asia, near mount Libanus. Plin. 5, c. 30. A town of Phce nicia. Another of Babylonia. " 131 C A CALAMUS, a son of the river Meander, who was tenderly attached to Carpo, &c. I'aiu. 9. c.35. CALANUS, a celebrated Indian plulosopher, one of the gymnosophists. He followed Alexander in his Indian expedition, and being sick, in his 83d year, he ordered a pile to l>e raised, upon which he mounted, decked with flowers and garlands, to the astonishment of the king and of die army. When the pile was fired, Alexander asked him whether he had any thing to say, " No," said he, " I shall meet you again in a very short time." Alexander died three months after in Babylon. St-ab. 15. Cic. de Div. 1, c. SS.Aman. Sf Plut. in Alex.MKan. 2, c. 41. 1. 5, c. 6. Vol. Max. CALAON, a river of Asia, near Colophon. Pans. 7, c. 3. CALABIS, a city of Sardinia. Flor. 2, c. 6. CALATHANA, a town of Macedonia. Lin. 32, c. 13. CALATHES, a town of Thrace near Tomus, on the Euxint sea. Strab. 7. Mela. 2, c. 2. CALATHION, a mountain of Laconia. Paut. 3, c. 26. CALATHUS, a son of Jupiter and Antiope. CAATES, a town of Thrace near Tomus. CALATIA, a town of Campania, on the Ap- pian way. It was made a Roman colony in the age of Julius Caesar. Sil. 8, v. 543- CALATI.C, a people of India, who eat the flesh of their parents. Herodot. 3, c. 38. CALAVII, a people of Campania. Liv. 26, c. 27. CALAVIUS, a magistrate of Capua, who rescued some Roman senators from death, &.c. Liv. 23, c. 2 & 3. CALAUREA and CALAUHIA, an island near Troezene in the bay of Argos. Apollo, and afterwards Neptune, was the chief deity of the place. The tomb of Demosthenes was see*, there, who poisoned himself t^ * from the persecution of Antipater. Ovid.Met. 7, v. 384. Pavs. 1, c. 8, <5)C. Strab. 8. Mela, 2, c. 7. CALBIS, a river of Caria. Mela, 1, c. 16. CALCE, a city of Campania. Strab. 5. CALCHAS, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Thestor. He accompanied the Greeks to Troy, in the office of high priest ; and he in- formed them, that that city could not be taken without the aid of Achilles, that their fleet could not sail from Aulis before Iphigeuia was sacrificed to Diana, and that the plague could, not be stopped in the Grecian army, before the restoration of Chryseis to her father. He told them also, that Troy could not be taken before ten years siege. He had received the power of divination from Apollo. Calchas was informed, that as soon as he found a man more skilled than himself in divination, he must perish ; and this happened near Colophon, after the Trojan war. He was unable to teil how many figs were in the branches of a cer- tain fig-tree ; and when Mopsus mentioned the exact number, Calchas died through grief. [Vid. Mopsw.~] Homer. 1L 1, &c. .Sschyl. in Agnm.Euripid. in Iphig.Paus. 1, c. 43. K.S C A CALCHEDONI/. Vid. Chalcedon CALCHINIA, a daughter of Leucippus. She had a, son by Neptune, who inherited his grandfather's kingdom of Sicyon. Paus. 2, c. 5 CALDUS CX.LIVS, a Roman who killed him- self when detained by the Germans. Paterc 9, c. 120. CALB, es, CALES, ium, and CALENUM, a town of Campania. Horat. 4, od. 12. Juv 1, v. 69. Sil. 8, v. 413. Virg. J.n. 7, v. 728 CALEDONIA, a country at the north o Britain, now called Scotland The reddish hair and lofty stature of its inhabitants seem to denounce a German extraction, as Tacit in vita Agric. mentions. Martial 10, ep. 44. Sil. 3, v. 598. , CALENUS, a famous soothsayer of Etruria, i the age of Tarquin. Plin. 28, c. 2. A lieutenant of Caesar's army. After Caesar's murder, he concealed some that had been pro- scribed by the triumvirs, and behaved with great honour to them. Plut in Cies. CALES. Vid. Cale. A city of Bithynia on the Euxine. Arrian CALESIUS, a charioteer of Axylus, killed by Diomedes in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 6 v. 16. CAI.ET*, a people of Belgic Gaul. Cms. bell G. 2, c. 4. Their town is called Caletum. CALETOR, a Trojan prince, slain by Ajax as he was going to set fire to the ship of Pro- tesilaus. Homer. II. 15, v. 419. CALEX, a river of Asia Minor, falling into .he Euxine sea. Thucyd. 4, c. 75. CALIADNE, the wife of ^Egyptus. Apollod. 2, c. 1. CALICENI, a people of Macedonia. M. CALIDIUS, an orator and pretorian who died in the civil wars, &c. Ce to C A ApIIe, who had fallen in love with her, a* he drew her picture in her naked charms. Plin. So, c. 10. CAMPI DIOMEDIS, a plain situate in Apulia. Mart. 13, ep. 93. CAMPSA, a town near Pallene. Herodot. 7, c. 123. CAMPUS MARTIUS, a large plain at Rome, without the walls of the city, where the Roman youth performed their exercises, and learnt to wrestle and box, to throw the discus, hurl the javelin, ride a horse, drive a chariot, &c. The public assemblies were held there, and the officers of state chosen, and audience given to foreign ambassadors. It was adorned with statues, columns, arches, and porticoes, and its pleasant situation made it very frequented. It was called Martius, because dedicated to Mars. It was sometimes called Tiberinus, from its closeness to the Tiber* It was given to the lloinan people by a vestal virgin ; but they were deprived of it hy Tarquin the Proud, who made it a private field, and sowed corn in it. When Tarquin was driven from Rome, the people re- covered it, and threw away into the Tiber the corn which had grown there, deeming it un- lawful for any man to eat of the produce of that land. The sheaves which were thrown into the river stopped in a shallow ford, and by the accumulated collection of mud became firm ground, and formed an island, which was called the Holy Island, or the island of ^Esculapius. Dead carcases were generally burnt in the Campus Martius. Strab. 5. Liv. 2, c.5. 1.6, c. 20. CAMULOGINUS, a Gaul, raised to great ho- nours by Cesar, for his military abilities. Goes, bell. G. 7, c. 57. CANA, a city and promontory of ^Eolia. Mela, 1, c. 18. CANACE, a daughter of .Solus and Enaretta, who became enamoured of her brother Ma- careus, by whom she had a child, whom she exposed. The cries of the child discovered his mother's incest ; and .Solus sent his daughter a sword, and obliged her to kill herself. Ma- careus fled, and became a priest of Apollo, at Delphi, Some say that Canace was ravished by Neptune, by whom she had many children, among whom were Epopeus, Triops, and Alous. Apollod. l.Hygin. fab. 238 & 242. Owl. He- njid. 11. Trist. 2, v. 384. CANACHE, one of Action's dogs. CANACHUS, a statuary of Sicyon. Pans. 6, <~ 9. CAN.E, a city of Locris, of Eolia. CANARII, a people near mount Atlas in Africa, who received this name because they fed in common with their dogs. The islands which they inhabited were called Fortunati by the ancients, and are now known by the name of Canaries. Plin. 5, c. 1. CANATHUS, a fountain of Nauplia, where Juno yearly washed herself to receive her in- fant purity. Pans. 2, c. 38. CANDACB, a queen of Ethiopia, in the age of Augustus, so prudent and meritorious that her successors always bore her name. She was 137 C A blind of one eye. Pan. 6, c. 99. Din. i*. Strab. 17. CANDAVIA, a mountain of Epirus, which separates Illyria from Macedonia. Luccm. 6, v. 331. CANDAUI.ES, or MYRSILUS, son of Myreus, was the last of the Heraclidse who sat en the throne of Lydia. He shewed his wife naked to Gyges, one of his ministers ; and the queen was so incensed, that she ordered Gyges to murder her husband, 718 years before the Christian era. After this murder, Gyges mar- ried the queen, and ascended the throne. Justin. 1, c. 7. Herodot. 1, c. 7, &c. Plut. Symp. CANDEI, a people of Arabia who fed on serpents. CAND!OPE, a daughter of Oencpion, ravisheu by her brother. CANDYBA, a town of Lycia. CAN ENS, a nymph, wife to Picus king of the Laurentes. When Circe had changed her hus- band into a bird, she lamented him so much, that she pined away, and was changed into a voice. She was reckoned as a deity by the in- habitants. Ovid. Met. 14, fab. 9. CANEPHORIA, festivals at Athens in honour of Bacchus, or, according to others, of Diana, in which all marriageable women offered small baskets to the deity. Cic. in Ver. 4. CANETHUM, a place of Euboea. A moun tain of Boeotia. CANICULARES DIES, certain days in the sum- mer, in which the star Canis is said to influence the season, and to make the days more warm during its appearance. Manilius. CANIDIA, a certain woman of Neapolis, against whom Horace inveighed as a sorceress. Herat, epod. CANIDIUS, a tribune who proposed a law to empower Pompey to go only with two lictors to reconcile Ptolemy and the Alexandrians. Pint, in Poop. CANINEFATES, a people near the BatavL Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 15. C. CANINIUS RERILUS, a consnl with J. Caesar, after the death of Trebonius. He was consul only for seven hours, because his prede- cessor died the last day of the year, and he was chosen only for the remaining part of the day ; whence Cicero observed, that Rome was greatly indebted to him for his vigilance, as he had not sfept during the whole time of his con- sulship. Cic. 7, ad Fam. ep. 33. P/uf. in C#s. Lucius, a lieutenant of Cssar's army in Gaul. Cs. bell. G. 7, c. 83. Rufus, a friend of Pliny the younger. Gallus, a friend of Cicero Plin. 1, ep. 3. CANISTIUS, a Lacedaemonian courier, who ran 1200 stadia in one day. Plin. 7, c. 20. CANIUS, a poet of Gades, contemporary with Martial. He was so naturally merry that he always laughed. Mart. 1, ep. 62. A Ro- man knight who went to Sicily for his amuse- ment, where he bought gardens well stocked with fish, which disappeared on the morrow Cic. 3, de Offic. 14 CANNAE, a small village of Apulia near UMI C A Aufidus, where Hannibal conquered the Ro- man consuls, P. jEmylius and Terentius Varro, and slaughtered 40,000 Romans, on the 21st of May, B. C. 216. Liv. 22, c.44. Flar. 2, c. 6. Pint in Annib. CANOPICUM OSTIUM, one of the mouths of the Nile, 12 miles from Alexandria. Pans. 5, c. 21. CANOPUS, a city of Egypt, 12 miles from Alexandria, celebrated for the temple of Se- rapis. It receives its name from Canopus the pilot of the vessel of Menelaus, who was buried in this place. The inhabitants are dissolute in their manners. Virgil bestows upon it the epi- thet of Peilxns, because Alexander, who was born at Pella, built Alexandria iu the neigh- bourhood. Jtal. 11, v. 433. Mela, 1, c. 9. Strab. 17. ?;. 5, c. 31. Virg. G. 4, v. 287. The pilot of the ship of Menelaus, who died in his youth on the coast of Egypt, by the bite of serpent, Mela, 2, c. 7. CANTABRA, a river falling into the Indus. Plin. 6, c. 30. CANTABRI, a ferocious peeple of Spain, who rebelled against Augustus, by whom they were conquered ; their country is now called Biscays. Lit. 3, v. 329. Horat. 2, od. 6 6c 11. CANTABRI* LACUS, a lake in Spain, where a thunder-bolt fell, and in which 12 axes were found. Siiet. in Galb. 8. CANTHARUS, a famous sculptor of Sicyon. D aws. 6, c. 17. A comic poet of Athens. CANTHUS, a son of Abas, one of the Argo- nauts. CANTIUM, a country in the eastern parts of Britain. Ctts. bell. G. 5. CASULBI A, one of the four first vestals chosen by Numa. Pint. A law. Vid. Canuleius. C. CANTLEIUS, a tribune of the people of Rome, A. U. C. 310, who made a law to ren- der it constitutional for the patricians and ple- beians to intermarry. It ordained also, that one of the consuls should be yearly chosen from the plebeians. L'V. 4, c. 3, 6cc. Flor. 1, c. 17. CANULIA, a Roman virgin, who became pregnant by her brother, and killed herself by order of her father. Pint, in Parall. CANUSIUM, a town of Apulia whither the Romans fled after the battle of Cannae. It was built by Diomedes, and its inhabitants have been called bilingues, because they retained the language of their founder, and likewise adopted that of their neighbours. Horat. 1, Sat. 10, v. 30. Mela, 2, c. 4. Plln. 8, c. 11. CANUSHIS, a Greek historian under Ptolemy Auletes. Ptut. CANUTIUS TIBBRINUS, a tribune of the people, who, like Cicero, furiously attacked Antony when declared an enemy to the state. His satire cost him his life. Patercul. 2, c. 64. A Roman actor. Pint, in Brut. CApXNEt's, a noble Argive, son of Hippo- nous and Astinome, an 1 husband to Evadne. He was so impious, tha' when he went to the Theban war, he declared that he would take Thebes even in spite of Jupiter. Such con- <.TnDt provoked the god. who struck him dead 138 C A with a thunder-bolt. His body was burnt se- parately from the others, and his wife threw herself on the burning pile to mingle hei ashes with his. It is said that ^sculapius restored him to life. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 404. Stat. Thet>. 3 ; fy. Hifgin. fab. 68 & 70. Euripid. in Phoe- nix, et Sujrpl. JEschyl. Sept. Ante. Theb. CAPELLA, an elegiac poet in the age of J. Caesar. Odd. de Pont. 4, el. 16, v. 36. Martianus, a Carthaginian, A. D. 490, who wrote on the marriage of Mercury, and phi- lology. The best edition is that of Walthar- dus, 8vo. Bernae, 1763. A gladiator. Juv. 4, v. 155. CAPENA, a gate of Rome. Ovid. Fast. v. 192. CAPENAS, a small river of Italy. Stat. Theb. 13, v. 85. CAPENI, a people of Etruria, in whose ter- ritory Feronia had a grove and a temple. Virg. Mn. 7, v. 697. Liv. 22, &c. CAPER, a river of Asia Minor. CAPETUS, a king of Alba, who reigned 26 years. Dionys. A suitor of Hippodamia. Pans. 6, c. 21. CAPHRAEUS, a lofty mountain and promon- tory of Euboea, where Nauplius king of the country, to revenge the death of his son Pala- medes, slain by Ulysses, set a burning torch in the darkness of the night, which caused the Greeks to be shipwrecked on the coast. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 260. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 418. Pro- pert. 4, el. 1, v. 115. CAPHY*, a town of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 23. CAPIO, a Roman, famous for his friendship with Cato. Plut. de Pair, Am. CAPITO, the uncle of Paterculus, who joined Agrippa against Cassius. Patercul. 2, c. 69. Fontelus, a man sent by Antony to settle his disputes with Augustus. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 32. A man accused of extortion in Cili- cia, and severely punished by the senate. Juv. 8, v. 93. An epic poet of Alexandria, who wrote on love. An historian of Lycia, who wrote an account of Isauria in eight books. A poet wh^ wrote on illustrious men. CAPITOLINI MIDI, games yearly celebrated at Rome in honour of Jupiter, who preserved the capitol from the Gauls. CAPJTOLINIJS, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple on mount Capitolinus. A sur- name of M. Manlius, who, for his ambition was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock which he had so nobly defended. A moun- tain at Rome, called also Mons Tarpeius, and Mons Saturni. The capitol was built upon it. A man of lascivious morals, consul with Marcellus. Plut. in Marcell. Julius, an author in Dioclesian's reign, who wrote an ac- count of the life of Verus, Antonius Pius, the Gordians, &c. most of which are now lost. CAPITOLIUM, a celebrated temple and citadel at Rome on the Tarpeian rock, the plan of which was made by Tarquin Priscus. It was begun by Servius Tulh'us, finished by Tarquin Superbus, and consecrated by the consul Hora- tius after the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome. It was built upon four acres of ground ; C A die front was adorned with three rows of pil- ous, and the othi'.r sides with two. The ascent to it from the ground was by an hundred steps. The magnificence and richness of this temple are almost incredible. All the consuls suc- cessively made donations to the capitol, and Augustus bestowed upon it at one time 2000 Sounds weight of gold. Its tliresholds were wade of brass, and its roof was gold. It was adorned with vessels and shields of solid silver, frith golden chariots, &c. It was burnt during the civil wars of Marius, and Sylla rebuilt it, and died before the dedication, which was per- formed by Q. Catullus. It was again destroyed in the troubles under Vitellius ; and Vespa- sian, who endeavoured to repair it, saw it again in mins at his death. Domitian raised it again, for the last time, and made it more grand and magnificent than any of his predecessors, and spent 12,000 talents in gilding it. When they first dug for the foundations, they found a man's head, called Tolius, sound and entire in the ground, and from thence drew an omen of the future greatness of the Roman empire. The hill was from that circumstance called Capito- lium, a copite Toll. The consuls and magis- trates offered sacrifices there, when they first entered upon their offices, and the procession in triumphs was always conducted to the capitol. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 136. 1. 8 , v. 347. Tacit. 3. Hist. c.72. Plut.in Pnplic. Liv. 1, 10, &c. Piln. 33, &ic.Sueton. in Aug. c. 30. CAPPADOCIA, a country of Asia Minor, be- tween the Halys, the Euphrates, and the Euxine. It receives its name from the river Cappadox, which separates it from Galatia. The inhabitants were called Syrians and Leuco- Syrians Dy the Greeks. They were of a dull and submissive disposition, and addicted to every vice, according to the ancients, who wrote this virulent epigram against them : Vipera Cappadwem nocitura mmmrdit ; at ilia Gustato periit sanguine Cappadocis. When they were offered their freedom and in- dependence by the Romans, they refusea it, and begged of them a king, and they received Ariobarzanes. It was some time after governed by a Roman proconsul. Though the ancients have ridiculed this country for the unfruitful- ness of its soil, and the manners of its inhabi- tants, yet it can boast of the birth of the geo- grapher Strabo, among other illustrious cha- racters. The horses of this country were in ge- neral esteem, and with these they paid their tributes to the king of Persia, while under his power, for want of money. The kings of Cappadocia mostly bore the name of Ariarathes. Horat. 1. ep. 6, v. 39.Plin. 6, c. 3. Curt. 3 & 4. Strab. 11 & 16. HeroA*. 1, c. 73. 1. 5, c. 49. Mela, 1, c. 2. 1. 3, c- 8 CAPPADO.X,, a river of Cappadocia. Ptin. 6, c.3. CAPRARIA, a mountainous island on the coast of Italy, famous for its goats. Plin. 3, c. 6. CApRE*, an island on the coast of Campa- nia, famous for quails. Orid. Met. 15, v. 709. CAFHBC PALUS, a place near Rome, where 139 C A Romulus, disappeared. Plut. in Pern, Oritf. Fast. 2, v. 491. CAPRICORNUS, a sign of the Zodiac, in which appear 28 stars in the form of a goat, supposed by the ancients to be the goat Amal- thffia, which fed .Jupiter with her milk. Some maintain that it is Pan, who changed himse^ into a goat when frightened at the approach o. Typhon. When the sun enters this sign, it is the winter solstice, or the longest night in the year. ManiL 2 & 4.Harat. 2, od. 17, v. 19. Hygin. fab. 196, P. A. 2, 28. CAPKIFICIALIS, a day sacred to Vulcan, on which the Athenians offered him money. Plin. 11, c. 15. CARPRIMA, a town of Caria. CAPR!PEDES, a surname of Pan, the Fauni, and the Satyrs, from their having goats feet. CAPRIUS, a great informer in Horace's ago. Horat. 1, sat. 4, v. 66. CAPROTIXA, a festival celebrated at Rome in honour of Juno, at which women only offi- ciated. Varro de L. L. 5. CAPRTS, a harbour near mount Athos. CAPSA, a town of Lybia, surrounded by vast deserts full of snakes. Flor. 3, c. 1. Sail. beU. Jug. CAPSAGE, a town of Syria. Curt. 10. CAPUA, the chief city of Campania in Italy, supposed to have been founded by Capys, the father, or rather the companion of Ancbises. This city was very ancient, and so opulent that it even rivalled Rome, and was called altera Kama. Here the soldiers of Annibal were enervated by pleasures and indulgences after the battle of Cannae. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 145. Liv. 4, 7, 8 \c..Paterc. 1, c. 7. 1. 2, c. 44. Flor. 1, c. 10. Cic. in Philip. 12. c. 3. Plut. in Ann. CAPYS, a Trojan who came with ^Eneas into Italy, and founded Capua. He was one of those who, against the advice of Thymoetes, wished to destroy the wooden horse, which proved the destruction of Troy. Virg. JLn. 10, v. 145 - A son of Assaracus by a daughter of Si- mois. He was father of Anchises by Themis. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 33. CAPYS SYLVIUS, a king of Alba, who Ha v. 768. s. Dionys. Hal. Virg. jn. 6, CARABACTRA, a place in India. CARABIS, a town of Spain. CAB, a son of Phoroneus, king of Megara. Paus. 1, c. 39 & 40. A son of Manes who married Callirhoe, daughter of the Ma> ander. Caria received its name from him. Herodot. 1, c. 171. CARACALLA. Fid. Antoninus. CARACATES, a people of Germany. CARACTACUS, a king of the Britons, con quered by an officer of Claudius Caesar, A. D 47. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 33 & 37. CAR*, certain places between Susa and th* Tigris, where Alexander pitched his cam].. CAR/EUS, a surname of Jupiter in Bceotia, in Caria. C A CARALII, the chief city of Sardinia. Paut. 10, c. 17. CARAMBIS, now Kerempi, a promontory of Paphlagonia. CARANUS, one of the Heraclidae, the first who laid the foundation of the Macedonian em- pire, B. C. 814. He took Edessa, and reigned 28 years, which he spent in establishing his newly founded kingdom. He was succeeded by Perdiccas. Justin. 7, c. 1. f-.terc. 1, c. 6. A general of Alexander. Cut . 7. An harbour of Phoenicia. CARAUSIUS, a tyrant of Britain for seven years, A. D. 293. CARBO, a Roman orator who killed himself because he could not curb the licentious man- ners of his countrymen. Cic. in Brut. Cneus, a son of the orator Carbo, who embraced the party of Marius, and after the death of Cinna succeeded to the government. He was killed in Spain, in his third consulship, by order of Pompey. Val. Max. 9, c. 13. An orator, son of Carbo the orator, killed by the army when desirous of re-establishing the ancient mi- litary discipline. Cic. in Brut. CARCHEDON, the Greek name of Carthage. CARCINUS, a tragic poet of Agrigentum, in the age of Philip of Macedou. He wrote on the rape of Proserpine. Diad. 5. Another of Athens. Another of Naupactum. A man of Rhegium, who exposed his son Agathocles ou account of some uncommon dreams during his wife's pregnancy. Agathocles was pre- served. DM. 19. An "Athenian general, who laid waste Peloponnesus in the time of Pe- ricles. Id. 12. CARCINUS, a constellation, the same as the Cancer. Lucan. 9, v. 536. CARDACES, a people of Asia Minor. Strab. 15. CAHDAM^LE, a town of Argos. CARDIA, a town in the Thraciau Cherso- snesus. Piin. 4, c. 11. CARDUCIII, a warlike nation of Media. Diod. 14. CARES, a nation which inhabited Caria, and thought themselves the original possessors of the -country. They became so powerful that their country was not sufficiently extensive to contain them all, upon which they seized the neighbouring islands of the ^Egeari sea. These islands were conquered by Minos king of Crete. N'elus son of Codrus, invaded their country, and slaughtered many of the inhabitants. In this calamity the Carians, surrounded on every iide by enemies, fortified themselves in the mountainous parts of the country, and, soon after, made themselves terrible by sea. They were anciently called Leleges. Herodot. 1 c. 146 & 171. Pans. 1, c. 40. Strab. 13. Curt. 6, c. 3. Justin. 13, c. 4. Virg. JEn. v.725. CARESA, an island of the JEgean sea, oppo- site Attica. CARESSUS, a river of Troas. CARFINIA, an immodest woman mentionec JIM.-. 2, v. 69. CARIA, a country of Asia Minor, whose 140 C A xiundaries have been different in different agt. JJenerally speaking, it was at the south of "onia, at the east and north of the Icarian sea, and at the west of Phrygia Major and Lycia. ^t has been called Phoenicia, because a Phoeni- cian colony first settled there ; and afterwards t received tbe name of Caria, from Car, a king * 7 ho first invented the auguries of birds. The chief town was called Halicarnassus, where Ju- piter was the chief deity. [Fid. Cares.] A >ort of Thrace. Mela, 2, c. 2. A general Fid. Laches. CARIAS, a town of Peloponnesus. CARIATE, a town of Bactriana, where Alex- ander imprisoned Callisthenes. CAR IN A, a virgin of Caria, &c. Poly tan. 8. " CAR!N, certain edifices at Rome, built in lie manner of ships, which were in the temple of Tellus. Some suppose that it was a street in which Poinpey's house was built. Firg. JEn. 8, v. 36i.-Horat.-i, ep. 7. CARINE, a town near the Caicus in Asia Mi- nor. Herodot. 7, c. 42. CARINUS, (M. Aurelius) a Roman who at- tempted to succeed his father Caru 1 * as emperor. He was famous for his debaucheries and cruel- ties. Diocletian defeated him at Dalmatia. He was killed by a soldier whose wife he had debauched, A. D. 268. CARISIACUM, a town of ancient Gaul, now Cressy in Picardy. CARISSANUM, a place of Italy near which Milo was killed. Plin. 2, c. 56. CAHISTUM, a town of Liguria. CARMAMA, a country of Asia between Per- sia and India. Arnan. Piin. 6, c. 23. CARMANOR, a Cretan who purified Apollo of slaughter. Pans. '2, c. 30. CARME, a nymph, daughter of Eubulus and mother of Britomartis by J upiter. She was one of Diana^s attendants. Pans. 2, c. 30. CARMELUS, a god among the inhabitants of mount Cannel, situate between Syria and Ju- daea. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 78. Sueton. Fesp. 5. CARMENTA and CARMENTIS, a prophetess of Arcadia, mother of Evander, with whom she came to Italy, and was received by king Fau- nus, about 60 years before the Trojan war. Her name was Nicostrata, and she received that of Carmentis from the wildness of her looks when giving oracles, as if carens mentis. She was the oracle of the people of Italy during her life, and after death she received divine ho- nours. She had a temple at Rome, and the Greeks offered her sacrifices under the. name of Themis. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 467. 1. 6, v. 533- Pint, in llomid. Firg. sEn. 8, v. 339. Liu. 5, c. 47. CARMENTALES, festivals at Rome in honour of Carmen ta, celebrated the llth of January near the Porta Carmentalis, below the capitol This goddess was entreated to render the Ro- man matrons prolific, and their labours easy. Liv. 1, c. 7. CARMENTALIS PORTA, one of the gates oi Rome in the neighbourhood of the capitol. It was afterwards called Scelerutu, because the Fabii passed through it on going to that fatal C A expedition wfcere they perished. Virg. n. 8, CARMIDES, a Greek of an uncommon me- mory. Plin. 7, c. 24. CAHNA and CARDINEA, a goddess at Rome who presided over lunges, as also over the en- trails of the human body. She was originally a nymph called Grane, whom Janus ra.vished, and, for the injury, he gave her the power of presiding over houses, and of removing all noxious birds from the doors. The Romans offered her beans, bacon, and vegetables, to re- present the simplicity of their ancestors. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 101, &c. CARNASIUS, a village of Messenia in Pelo- ponnesus. PaUi. 4, c. 33. CARNEADES, a philosopher of Cyrene in Africa, founder of a sect called the third or new academy. The Athenians sent him with Dio- genes the stoic and Critolaus the peripatetic, as ambassador to Rome, B. C. 155. The Ro- man youth were extremely fond of the company of these learned philosophers ; and when Car- neades, in a speech, had given an accurate and judicious dissertation upon justice, and in ano- ther speech confuted all the arguments he had advanced, and apparently given no existence to the virtue he had so much commended, a re- port prevailed all over Rome, that a Grecian was come, who had so captivated by his words the rising generation, that they forgot their usual amusements, and ran mad after philoso- phy. When this teached the ears of Cato the censor, he gave immediate audience to the Athenian ambassadors in the senate, and dis- missed them in haste, expressing his apprehen- sion of their corrupting the opinions of the Ro- man people, whose only profession, he sternly observed, was arm'? and war. Carneades de- nied that any thing could be perceived or un- derstood in the world, and he was the first who introduced an universal suspension of assent. He died in the 90th year of his age, B. C. 128. Cic. ad Attic. 12, ep. 23. de Orat. 1 & 2. Plin. 7, c. 30. Lactantius 5, c. 14. VaL M*r. 8, c. 8. CAHNKIA, a festival observed in most of the Grecian cities, but more particularly at Sparta, where it was first instituted, about 675 B. C. in honour of Apollo surnamed Carneus. It lasted nine days, and was an imitation of the manner of living in camps among the ancients. CARNIOK, a town of Laconia. A river of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 34. CARNUS, a prophet of Acarnania, from whom Apollo was called Carneus. Paws. 3, c. 13. CARNUTES, a people of Celtic Gaul. Cas. bell. G. 6, c. 4. CARPASIA and CARPASIUM, a town of Cy- prus. CARPATHUS, an island in the Mediterranean between Rhodes and Crete, now called Sea- panto. It has given its name to a part of the neighbouring sea, then called the Carpathian sea, between Rhodes and Crete. Carpathus was at first inhabited by some Cretan soldiers of Minos. It was 20 miles in circumference, 141 C A and was sometime* called Tetrapolis, from its four capital cities. Plin. 4, c. 12. Herodot. 3. c. 45. DM. 5.Strab. 10. CARPI A, an ancient name of Tartessus Paws. 6, c.l 9. CARPIS, a river of Mysia. Herodot. CARPO, a daughter of Zephyrus, and one of the Seasons. She was loved by Calamus, the son of Meander, whom she equally admired. She was drowned in the Ma;ander, and was changed by Jupiter into all sorts of fruit. Paus. 9, c. 35. CAROPHORA, a name of Ceres and Proser- pine in Tegea. Paus. 8, c. 53. CARPOPHORUB, an actor greatly esteemed by Domitian. Martial. Juv. 6, v. 198. CARR and CARRH.S, a town of Mesopo- tamia, near which Crassus was killed. Lucan. 1, v. 105. CARRINATES SECUNDUS, a poor but inge- nious rhetorician, who came from Athens to Rome, where the boldness of his expressions, especially against tyrannical power, exposed him to Caligula's resentment, who banished him. Juv, 7, v. 205. CARRUCA, a town of Spain. Hirt. Hisp. 27. CARSEOLI, a town of the ^Equi. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 683. CARTALIAS, a town of Spain. CARTEIA, a town of Spain, near the sea of Gades, supposed to be the same as Calpe. CARTHJEA, a town in the island of Cea whence the epithet of Cartheius. Ovid. Met 7, v. 368. CARTHAGINIENSES, the inhabitants of Car- thage, a rich and commercial nation. Vid. Carthago. CARTHAGO, a celebrated city of Africa, the rival of Rome, and long the capital of the country, and mistress of Spain, Sicily, and Sar- dinia. The precise time of its foundation is un- known, yet writers seem to agree that it was first built by Dido, about 869 years before the Chris- tian era, or, according to others, 72 or 93 years before the foundation of Rome. This city and republic flourished for 737 years, and the time of its greatest glory was under Annibal and Amilcar. During the first Punic war, it con- tained no less than 700,000 inhabitants. It maintained three famous wars against Rome, called the Punic wars [Vid. Punicwn Betlum] ; in the 3d of which Carthage was totally de- stroyed by Scipio the second Africanus, B. C. 147, and only 5000 persons were found within the walls. It was 23 miles in circumference ; and when it was set on fire by the Romans, it burnt incessantly during 17 days. After the destruction of Carthage, Utica became power- ful, and the Romans thought themselves se- cure ; and as they had no rival to dispute with, them in the field, they fell into indolence and inactivity. Caesar planted a small colony on the ruins of Carthage. Augustus sent there 3000 men ; and Adrian, after the example of his imperial predecessors, rebuilt part of it. which he called Adrianopolis. Carthage was conquered from the Romans by the arms of Genseric, A. D. 439 ; and it was for more than C A a century the seat of the Vandal empire in Africa, and fell into the hands of the Saracens in the 7th century. The Carthaginians were governed as a republic, and had two persons yearly chosen among them with regal authority. They were very superstitious, and generally offered human victims to their gods ; an unna- tural custom, which their allies wished them to abolish, but in vain. They bore the character of a faithless and treacherous people, and the proverb Punicajides is well known. Strab. 17. Virg. JEn. 1, &c. Mela, 1, &c. Ptol. 4. Justin. Liv. 4, &c. Patere. 1 & 2. P/iit. in Annib. &c. Cic. Nova, a town built in Spain, on the coasts of the Mediterranean, by Asdrubal the Carthaginian general. It was taken by Scipio when Hanno surrendered liimself after a heavy loss. It now bears the name of Car- thagena. Polyb. lO.Liv. 26, c. 43, &c. Si.. 15, v. 220, &c. A. daughter of Hercules. CARTHASIS, a Scythian, &c. Cuit. 7, c. 7. CARTHEA, a town of Cos. Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 9. CARVILT.US, a king of Britain, who attacked Caesar's naval station by order of Cassivelau- nus, &c. Cifs. bell. G. 5, c. 22. Spurius, a Roman, who made a large image of the breast- plates taken from the Samnites, and placed it in the capitol. Plin. 34, c. 7. The first Ro- man who divorced his wife during the space of abo?e 600 years. This was for barrenness, B. C. 231. Dimns. Hal. 2.Val. Mai. 2, c. i. CARDS, a Roman emperor who succeeded Probus. He was a prudent and active gene- ral, conquered the Sarmatians, and continued the Persian war which his predecesor had com- menced. Ho reigned two years, and died on the banks of th^ Tigris, as he was going in an expedition against Persia, A. D. 283. He made his two sons, Carinasand Numerianus, Caesars ; and as his many virtues had promised the Ro- mans happiness, he was made a god after death. Entrap. One of those who attempted to scale the rock Aornus, by ordet of Alex- ander. Curt. 8, C. 11. CARYA, a country of Arcadia. A city of Laconia. Paus. 3, c. 10. Here a festival was observed in honour of Diana Caryatis. It was then usual for virgins to meet at the celebration, and join in^a certain dance, said to have been first instituted by Castor and Pollux. When Greece was invaded by Xerxes-, the Laconians did not appear before the enemy, for fear of displeasing die goddess, by not celebrating her festival. At that time the peasants assembled at the usual place, and sang pastorals called 'BovKoXifffi.oi, from BouKO\0, a neatherd. From this circumstance some suppose that Bucolics originated. CARYAT*:, a people of Arcadia. CARYSTIUS ANTIUONUS, an historian, &c B. C. 248. CAKYSTUS, a maritime town on the south o1 Eutwea, still in existence, famous for its marble Martini. 9, ep. 76. Slat. 2, v. 93. CARYUM, a place of Laconia, where Aris- tomenea preserved some virgins &c. Pans. 4, c. 16. CA CAPCA, one of Caesar's assassins, who gav him the first blow. Pint, in C<6. CASCELLIUS AULUS, a lawyer of great merit ie Augustan age. Horat. Art. Poet. 371. CASILINUM. a town of Campania. When it was besieged by Hannibal, a mouse sold for 200 denarii. The place was defended by 540 or 570 tives of Prasneste, who, when half their num ber had perished either by war or famine, sur rendered to the conqueror. Liv. 23, c. 19. Strab. 5. Cic. de Inv. 2, c. 5. Plin. 3, c. 5. CASINA and CASINUM, a town of Campania. Sil. 4, v. 297. CASIUS, a mountain near the Euphrates. - Another beyond Pelusium, where Pompey's .omb was raised by Adrian. Jupiter, surnamed Casius, had a temple there. Lucan. 8, v. 858 Another in Syria, from whose top the sun can be seen rising, though it be still the dark- ness of the night at the bottom of the mountain. Plin. 5, c. 22. Mela, 1 & 3. GASMEN.*., a town built by the Syracusans in Sicily. Thucyd. 6, c. 5. CASMILLA, the mother of Camilla. Virg. /ZJn. 91, v. 543. CASPERIA, wife of Rhoetus, king of the Mar- rubii, committed adultery with her son-in-law. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 388. - A town of die Sa- s. Virg. /En. 7, v. 714. ASPERULA, v. 416. bines. C a town of the Sabices. Sil. 8, CASPIJE PORTS, certain passes of Asi;i, liich some place about Caucasus and the Cas- pian sea, and others between Persia and the Caspian sea, or near mount Taurus, or Ar- menia, or Cilicia. Diod. 1. Plin. 5, c. 27. 1. 6, c. 13. C'ASPIAVA, a country of Armenia. CASPII, a Scythian nation near the Caspian sea. Such as had lived beyond their 70th y> ar were starved to death. Their dogs were remark- able for their fierceness. Herodnt. 3, c. 92. &c. 1. 7, c. 67, &c. Virg. n. 6 v. 798. CASPIUM MARK, or HYRCANUM, a large sea in the form of a lake, which has no communication with other seas, and lies between the Caspian and Hyrcanian mountains, at the north of Par- thia. Its waters are sweet. Ancient authors assure us, that it produced enormous serpents and fishes, different in colour and kind from those of all other waters. A number of rivers discharge themselves into it. It is 800 miles long, and 650 broad. The eastern parts are more particularly called the Hyrcanian sea, and the western the Caspian. It is called the sea of Sala or Baku. Herodot. \, c. 202, &c. Curt. 3, c. 2. 1. 6, c. 4. 1. 7, c. 3. Sfab. 11. Mela, 1, c. 2. 1. 3, c. 5 & 6. Plin. 6, c. 13. Dionys. Peneg. v. 50, CASSANDANE, the mother of Cambyses by Cyrus. Hercdot. 2, c. 1. 1. 3, c. 2. CASSANOKR, son of Antipater, made himseh master of Macedonia after his father's death, where he reigned for 18 years. He married Thessaloriica, and sister of Alexander, to strengthen himself on his throne. Olympias, the mother of Alexander, wished to keep the kingJ )m of Mncedonia for Alexander's younjf C A children ; and therefore she destroyed the rela- tions of Cassaniter, who besieged her in the u>wn of Pydna, and put her to death. Roxane, with her sou Alexander, and Barsena, the mo- ther of Hercules, both wives of Alexander, shared the fate of Olympias with their children. Antigonus, who had been for some time upon friendly terms with Cassandei, declared war against him ; and Cassander, to make himsel equal with his adversary, made a league with Lysimachus and Seleucus, and obtained a me- morable victory at Ipsus, B. C. 301. He died three years after this victory, of a dropsy. His son Antipater killed his mother ; and for this unnatural murder, he was put to death by his brother Alexander, who, to strengthen himself, invited Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, from Asia. Demetiius took advantage of the invita- tion, and put to death Alexander, and ascended the throne of Macedonia. Pans. 1, c. 25. Diod. 19. Justin. 12, 13, &c. CASSANDRA, daughter of Priam and Hecuba, was passionately loved by Apollo, who pro- mised to grant her whatever she might require, if she would gratify his passion. She asked the power of knowing futurity ; and as soon as she had received it, she refused to perform he promise, and slighted Apollo. The god, in his disappointment, wetted her lips with his tongue, and by this action effected that no credit or re- liance should ever be put upon her predictions, however true or faithful they might be. Some maintain that she received the gift of prophecy witli her brother Helenus, by being placed when young one night in the temple of Apollo, where serpents were found wreathed round their bo- dies, and licking their ears, which circumstance gave them the knowledge of futurity. She was looked upon by the Trojans as insane, and she was even confined, and her predictions were dis- regarded. She was courted by many prince! during the Trojan war. When Troy was taken she fled for shelter to the temple of Minerva where Ajax found her, and offered her vio- lence with the greatest cruelty, at the foot o Minerva's statue. In the division of the spoil of Troy, Agamemnon, who was enamoured o her, took her as his wife, and returned with he: to Greece. She repeatedly foretold to him the sudden calamities that awaited his return ; bu he gave no credit to her, and was assassinatec by his wife Clytemnestra. Cassandra sharec his fate, and saw all her prophecies but too truly fulfilled. [ Vid, Agamemnon.] schyl. in Agam Homer. II. 13, v. 363. Od. 4.H>jgin. fab 117. Tirg. JEn. 2, v. 246, &c. Q. Calab. 13 v, 421. Eurlp. in Troa. 8. CASTRATIUS, a governor of Placentia during tLe civil wars of Marius. Vol. Max. 6, c. 2. 145 C A CAST-HUM NOVUM, a place ou the coast of F.tnma. Liv. 36, c. 3. Truentinum, a town of Picenum. Cic. de Attic. 8, ep. 12. Inui, a town on the shores of the Tv~hen6 sea. Vire fcn. 6, v. 775. CASTULO, a town of Spain, where Annibal married one of the natives. Pint, in Sert. Liv, CATADUPA, the name of the large cataracts of the Nile, whose immense noise stuns the ear for a short space of time. Cic. de Somn. Scip. 5. CATAMENTELES, a king of the Sequani, in alliance with Rome, &c. Ctrs.bell. G. 1, c. 3. CATANA, a town of Sicily, at the foot of mount ALtna, founded by a colony from Chalcis, 753 yars before the Christian era. Ceres had there a temple in which none but women were permitted to appear. It was large and opulent, and it is rendered remarkable for the dreadful overthrows to which it has been subjected from its vicinity to ^Etna, which has discharged in some of its eruptions, a stream of lava 4 milea broad and 50 feet deep, and advan -ng at the rate of 7 miles in a day. Catana contains now about 30,000 inhabitants. C* in V )rr. 4, c. o3.Diod. 11 & 14. Strab. 6.- TTiuc-, i 6, c. 3. CATADNIA, a country above Cilicia, near Cappadocia. C. Nep. in Dat. 4. CATARACTA, a city of the Samnitt>*. CATENES, a Persian, by whose mean* Gessua was seized. Curt. 7, c. 43. CATH/EA, a country of India. CATHAIU, certain gods of the Aroiians. -An Indian nation, where the wives arcom pany their husbands to the burning pile, aao are burnt with them. Diod. 1 7. CATIA, an immodest woman, ments-yned Horat. I, Sat. 2, v.95. CATIENA, a courtezan in Juvenal's ag. } ut, 3, v. 13.* CATIENUS, an actor at Rome in Hor.^e's age, 2, Sat. 3, v. 61. L. SERGIUS CATILINA, a celebrated R^unm, descended of a noble family. When h- had squandered away his fortune by his debaucheries and extravagance, and been refused the consul- ship, he secretly meditated the ruin of his country, and conspired with many of the m,/st illustrious oj the Romans, as dissolute as him- self, to extirpate the senate, plunder the trea- sures, and set Rome on fire. This conspuacy was timely discovered by the consul CM.WO, whom he had resolved to murder ; and Catalme, after he had declared his intentions in tL, full senate, and attempted to vindicate himself, on seeing five of his accomplices arrested, retired to Gaul, where his partizans were assembling an army ; while Cicero, at Rome, punished the condemned conspirators. Petreius, the other consul's lieutenant, attacked Cataline's ill dis- ciplined troops, and routed them. Cataline was killed in the engagement, bravely fighting, about the middle of December, B. C. 63. Hi character has been deservedly branded with the foulest infamy ; and to the violence he offered to a vestal, he added the more atrocious mui- der of his own brother, for which he would kave suffered death, had not friends and bribes orevaited aver justice. It has been reoorted L r A that Catilin* and the other conspirators drank human blood, to make their oaths more firm and inviolable. Sallttst has written an account of the conspiracy. Ctc. in Catil. Virg. Jn. 8, v. 668. CATILI.I, a people near the river Anio. Si/. *,, v. 225. CATILLCS or CATII.US, a son of Amphiaraus, who came to Italy with his brothers Coras and Tiburtus, where he built Tibur, and assisted Turnus against ^neas. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 672. Horat. 1, od. 18. v. 2. CATINA, a town of Sicily. \Vid. Catena.] Another of Arcadia. M. CATIUS, an Epicurean philosopher of In- uhria, who wrote a treatise, in four books, on the nature of things, and the mmmum bonum and an account of the doctrine and tenets o: Epicurus. But as he was not a sound or faith- ful follower of the Epicurean philosophy, b has been ridiculed by H-rat. 2, Sat. 4.Quintil 10, c. 1. CATIZI, a people of the Pygrmeans, sup- posed to have been driven from their country by cranes. Plin. 4, c. 11. CATO, a surname of the Porcian family rendered illustrious by M. Porcius Cato, a cele brated Roman, afterwards called Censornts, from his having exercised the office of censor. II rose to all the honours of the state, and the first battle he ever saw was against Annibal, at th< age of seventeen, where he behaved with un- common valour. In his quaestorship, unde Africanus, against Carthage, and in his expe dition in Spain, against the Celtiberians, am in Greece, he displayed equal proofs of hi courage and prudence. He was remarkable for his love of temperance ; he never drank bu water, and was always satisfied with whateve meats were laid upon his table by his servants whom lie never reproved with an angry word During his censorship, which he obtained though he had made many declarations of hi future severity, if ever in office, he behavec with the greatest rigour and impartiality shewed himself an enemy to all luxury an dissipation, and even accused his colleague o embezzling the public money. He is famou for the great opposition which he m against the introduction of the finer of Greece into Italy, and his treatment Carneades is well known. This prejudic arose from an apprehension that the learn ing and luxury of Athens would destro the valour and simplicity of the Roman people and he often observed to his son that the Re mans would be certainly ruined whenever the began to be infected with Gieek. It appear however, that he changed his opinion, an made himself remarkable for the knowledge c Greek, which he acquired in his old age. I himself educated hia son, and instructed hi in writing and grammar. He taught him de: erously to throw a javelin, and inured him Ae labours of the field, and to bear cold an **&t with the same indifference, and to swi across the most rapid rivers with ease an boldness. He was universally deemed so stri his morals, that Virgil makes him one of tk* dges of hell. He repented only of thrw lings during his life; to have gone by sort hen he could go by land, to have passed a dav lactive, and to have told a secret to his wife. L statue was raised to his memory, and he dis- inguisbed himself as much for his knowledge f agriculture as his political life. In Cicero's ge there were 150 orations of his, besides etters, and a celebrated work called Origines, f which the first book gave an history of the Roman monarchy ; the second and third an ccount of the neighbouring cities of Italy ; _e fourth a detail of the first, and the fifth ot he second Punic war ; and in the others the loman history was brought down to the war >f the Lusitanians, carried on by Ser. Galba. some fragments of the Origines remain, sup- posed, by some, to be supposititious. Cato's realise, De re rnstica, was edited by Auson. 'ompna, 8vo. Ant. Plant. 1590 ; but the best dition of Cato, &c. seems to be Gesner's, 2 vols. 4to. Lips. 1735. Cato died in an extreme jld age, about 150 B. C. ; and Cicero, to shew n's respect for him, has introduced him in his reatise on old age, as the principal character. Plutarch and C. JYe/xw have written an account >f his life. Cic. Acad. &; de Senect. gee. Mar- cus, the son of the censor, married the daugh- :er of P. -(Emylius. He lost his sword in a battle, and, though wounded and tired, he went to his friends, and with their assistance, renewed the battle, and recovered his sword. Pint, in Cat. A courageous Roman, grand- "ather to Cato the censor. He had five horses illed under him in battles. Pint, in Cat. Valerius, a grammarian in the time of Sylla, who instructed at Rome many noble pupils, and wrote some poems. Ovid. 2, Trist. 1, v. 436. Marcus, surnamed Uticensis, from his death at Utica, was great grandson to the censor of the same name. The early virtues that appeared in his childhood, seemed to pro- mise a great man ; and at the age of fourteen, he earnestly asked his preceptor for a sword, to stab the tyrant Sylla. He was austere in his morals, and a strict follower of the tenets of the stoics : he was careless of his dress, often appeared barefooted in public, and never tra- velled but on foot. He was such a lover ol discipline, that in whatever office he was em- ployed, he always reformed its abuses, and re- stored the ancient regulations. When he was set over the troops, in the capacity of a com- mander, his removal was universally lamented, and deemed almost a public loss by his affec- tionate soldiers. His fondness for candour was so great, that the veracity of Cato became pro- verbial. In his visits to his friends, lie wished. to give as little molestation as possible; and the importuning civilities of king Dejotarus so displeased him, when he was at las court that he hastened to retire from him. He was very jealous of the safety and liberty of the republic, and watched carefully over the con- duct of Pompey, whose power and influence was great. He often expressed his dislike to serve the office of tribune ; bat when he saw C A a man of corrnpeed principles apply for it, he offered himself a candidate to oppose him, and obtained the tribuneship. In the conspiracy of Catiline, he supported Cicero, and was the chief cause that the conspirators were capitally punished. When the provinces of Gaul were voted for five years to Caesar, Cato observed to the senators, that they had introduced a ty- rat to the capital. He was sent to Cyprus against Ptolemy, who had rebelled, by his enemies, who hoped that the difficulty of the expedition would injure his reputation. But his prudence extricated him from every danger. Ptolemy submitted, and after a successful cam- paign, Cato was received at Rome with the most distinguishing honours, which he, how- ever, modestly declined. When the first trium- virate was formed between Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, Cato opposed them with all his might, and with independent spirit foretold to the Roman people all the misfortunes which soon after followed. After repeated applications he was made pretor, but he seemed rather to dis- grace the dignity of that office by the mean- ness of his dress. He applied for the con- sulship, but could never obtain it. When Cse- sar had passed the Rubicon, Cato advised the Roman senate to deliver the care of the repub- lic into the hands of Pompey ; and when his advice had been complied with, he followed him with his son to Dyrrachium, where, after a small victory there, he was entrusted with the care of the ammunitions and of 15 cohorts. After the battle of Pharsalia, Cato took the com- mand of the Corcyrean fleet ; and when he heard of Pompey's death, on the coast of Africa, he traversed the deserts of Libya, to join himself to Scipio. He refused to take the command of the army in Africa, a circumstance of which he afterwards repented. When Scipio had been defeated, partly for not paying regard to Cato's advice, Cato fortified himself iu Utica, but, however, not with the intention of supporting a siege. When Caesar approached near the city, Cato disdained to fly, and, rather than fall alive into the conqueror's hands, he stabbed himself, after he read Plato's treatise on the immortality of the soul, B. C. 46, in the 59th year of his age. He had first married Attilia, a woman whose licentious conduct obliged him to divorce her. Afterwards he united himself to Martia, daughter of Philip. Hortensius, his friend, wished to raise children by Martia, and therefore obtained her from Cato. After the death of Hortensius, Cato took her again. This condu-ct was ridiculed by the Romans, who observed tha.t Martia had entered the house of Hortensius very poor, but returned to the bed of Cato loaded with trea- sures. It was observed that Cato always ap- peared in mourning, and never laid himself 'lown at his meals since the defeat of Pompey, bat always sat down, contrary to the custom of the Romans, as if depressed with the recol- lection that the supporters of republican liberty were decaying. Plutarch has written an ac- count of his life. Lucan. 1, v. 128, &c Val. Mou 2, c. 10. Horat. 3, od. n.Virg. JE. 147 CA 6 v. 841. 1. 8, v. 670. A son of Cato of Utica, who was killed in a battle after he had acquired much honour. Pint, in Cat. Min. CATREUS, a king of Crete, killed by his son at Rhodes, unknowingly. Died. 5. CATTA, a woman who had the gift of pro- phecy. Suet, in Vitel. 14. CATTI, a people of Gaul, &c. Tacit. Ann. 13, v. 57. CATULIANA, a surname of Minerva, from L. Catulus, who dedicated a standard to her. Plin. 34, c. 8. CATULLUS, C. or Q. VALERIUS, a poet of Verona, whose compositions, elegant and sim- ple, are the offspring of a luxuriant imagina- tion. He was acquainted with the most dis- tinguished people of his age, and directed his satire against Caesar, whose only revenge was to invite the poet to a good supper. Catullus was the first Roman who imitated with success the Greek writers, and introduced their num- bers among the Latins. Though the pages of the poet are occasionally disfigured with li- centious expressions, the whole is written with great purity of style. Catullus died in the 46th year of his age, B. C. 40. The best editions of liis works, which consist only of epigrams, are that of Vulpius, 4to. Patavii, 1737, and that of Barbou, 12mo. Paris, 1754. Martial 1, ep. 62. Ovid. Trist. 2, v. 427. A man sur- named Urbicarius, was a mimographer. Juv. 13, v. ill. Q. LUCTATIUS CATULUS, went with 300 ships during the first Punic war against the Carthaginians, and destroyed 600 of their ships under Hamilcar, near the JCgeates. This ce- lebrated victory put an end to the war. An orator, consul with Marius 4. He was, by his colleague's order, suffocated in a room tilled with the smoke of burning coals. Lucan. 2, v. 174. Pint, in Mario. A Roman sent by his countrymen to carry a present to tlie god of Delphi, from the spoils taken from Asdrubal. Liv. 27. CAVARILI.US, a commander of some troops of the JEdui in Caesar's army. C patroness of their city. It is said he was the first who raised an altar to Jupiter in Greece, and offered him sacrifices. After a reign of 50 years, spent in regulating his newly-formed kingdom, and in polishing the minds of his subjects, Cecrops died, leaving three daughters, Aglauros, Herse, and Pandrosos. He was suc- ceeded by Cranaus, a native of the country. Some time after, Theseus, one of his succes- sors on the throne, formed the twelve villages which he had established into one city, to which the name of Athens was given. [ Vid- I Athente.] Some authors have described Ce I crops as monster, half a man and half a ser- CE pent ; and this fable ta explained by the recol- lection that he was master of two languages, the Greek and Egyptian ; or that he had the command over two countries, Egypt and Greece. Others explain it by an allusion to the regula- tions which Cecrops made amongst the inhabi- tants concerning marriage and the union of the two sexes. Pans. 1, c. 5. Strab. 9. Jtistin. 2, c. 6.Herodot. 8, c. ^.Apollod. 3, c. 14. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 561. Hygin. fab. 166. The second of that name, was the seventh king of Athens, and the son and successor of Erectheus. He married Metiadusa the sister of Dsedalus, by whom he had Pandion. He reigned 40 years, and died 1307 B. C. Apollod. 3, c. 15. Pans. 1, c. 5. CECYPHAL^E, a place of Greece, where the Athenians defeated the fleet of the Peloponne- sians. Thucyd. 1, c. 105. CEDREATIS, a name of Diana among theOr- chomenians, because her images were hung- on lofty cedars. CEDON, an Athenian general, killed in an en- gagement against the Spartans. DM. 15. CEDRUSII, an Indian nation. Cart. 9, c. 11. CEGLUSA, the mother of Asopus by Neptune, Paus. 2, c. 12. CEI, the inhabitants of the island of Cea. CELADON, a man killed by Perseus at the marriage of Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 1 44. A river of Greece flowing into the Al- pheus. Strab. Q. Homer. II. 7, v. 133. CEI.ADUS, a river of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 38. Au island of the Adriatic sea. Mela, 3, c. 1. CELKN*, a city of Phrygia, of which it was once the capital. Cyrus the younger had a palace there, with a park filled with wild beasts, where he exercised himself in hunting. The Maeander arose in this park. Xerxes built a famous citadel there after his defeat in Greece. The inhabitants of Celaenae were carried by An- tiochus Soter to people Apamea, when newly founded. Strab. 12. Lin. 38, c. 13. Xenoph. Anab. 1. Marsyas is said to have contended in its neighbourhood against Apollo. Herodot. 7, c. 26. Lucan. 3, v. 206. CEL.&NO, one of the daughters of Atlas, ra- vished by Neptune. Ovid. 4, Fast. v. 173. One of the harpies, daughter of Neptune and Terra. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 245. One of the Danaides. Apollod. 2, c. 1. A daughter of Neptune and Ergea. Hygin. A daughter of Hyamus, mother of Delplms by Apollo. Paus. 10, c. 6. CELE^E, a town of Peloponnesus. Pans. 2, c. 14. CELEIA and CELA. a town of Noricum. Pirn. 3 c. 24. CELELATES, a people of Liguria. Liv. 32, c. 29. CELENDR.T., CELENDHIS, and CET.ENDERIS, a colony of the Samians in Cilicia, with a har- bour of the same name at the mouth of the Sefinus. Luian. 8, v. 259. CSLENEUS, a Cimmerian, who first taught how persons guilty of murder might be expi- ated. Flaec. 3, v. 406. -.49 CE CELENNA or CELNA, a town of Campania, where Juno was worshipped. Virg. JF.n. 7, r. 739. CELER, a man who with Severus undertook to rebuild Nero's palace after the burning of Rome. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 42. A man called Fabius, who killed Remus when he leaped over the walls of Rome, by order of Romulus. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 837. Pint, in Romul. CELER METIUS, a noble youth to whomSta- tius dedicated a poem. CELEBES, 300 of the noblest and strongest youths at Rome chosen by Romulus to be his body-guards, to attend him wherever he went, and to protect his person. The chief or cap- tain was called Tribumis Celerum. Liv. 1, c. 15. CELETRUM, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31. c. 40. CELEUS, a king of Eleusis, father to Trip- tolemus by Metanira. He gave a kind recep- tion to Ceres, who taught his son the cultiva- tion of the earth. His rustic dress became a proverb. Virg. G. 1, v. 165. Apollod. 1, c. 5. Paus. 1, c. 14. A king of Cephal- lenia. CELMUS, a man who nursed Jupiter, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He was changed into a magnet stone, for saying that Jupiter was mortal. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 281. CELON*, a place of Mesopotamia. Diod. 17. CELSUS, an epicurean philosopher in the se- cond century, to whom Lucian dedicated one of his compositions. He wrote a treatise against the Christians. -Corn, a physician, in the age of Tiberius, who wrote eight books on medicine, besides treatises on agriculture, rhetoric, and military affairs. The best edi- tions of Celsus de medicina, are the 8vo. L. Bat. 1746, and that of Vallart, 12mo. Paris, apud Didot, 1772. Albinovanus, a friend of Ho- race, warned against plagiarism, 1 ep. 3, v. 15, and pleasantly ridiculed in the 8th epistle, for his foibles. Some of his elegies have been preserved. Juventius, a lawyer, who con- spired against Domitian. -Titus, a man pro- claimed emperor, A. D. 265, against his will, and murdered seven days after. CELTJE, a name given to the nation that in- habited the country between the Ocean and the Palus Maeotis, according to some authors, men- tioned by Pint, in Mario. This name, though anciently applied to the inhabitants of Gaul, as well as of Germany and Spain, was more par- ticularly given to a part of the Gauls, whose country, called Gallia Celtica, was situate be- tween the rivers Sequana and Garumna, mo- dernly called la Seine and la Garonne. The Celtse seemed to receive their name from Cel- tus, a son of Hercules or of Polyphemus. The promontory which bore the name of Celticum, is now called Cape Finisterre. Ces. bell. G. 1, c. 1, &c. Mela, 3, c. 2. Herodot. 4, c. 49. CELTIBERI, a people of Spain, descended from the Celtae They settled near the Iberu* and added the name of the river to that of their nation, and were afterwards called Celtiberi. rhey made strong head against the Romans and Carthaginians when they invaded their country. Their country is called Celtiberia. Flor. 2, c. J7. Strnb. 4. Lucan. 4, v. 10. CELTICA, a well populated part of Gaul, in- habited by the Celtse. CELTICI, a people of Spain. CSI.TILLUS, the father of Vercingetorix among the Averni. C Martius, a consul, to whom as a particular friend, Horace addressed his 4od. 8. A gram- marian of the third century, whose book, Da die nutali, is extant, best edited in 8vo. by Haverkamp, L. Bat. 1767. It treats of the birth of man, of years, months, and days. CENSUS, the numbering of the people at Rome, performed by the censors ; a eenxo, to value. Vid. Censores. A god worshipped at Rome, the same as Census. CENTARETUS, a Galatian, who, when An- tioclms was killed, mounted his horse in the greatest exultation. The horse, as if conscious of disgrace, immediately leaped down a precipice, and killed himself and his rider. Plin. 8, c. 42. CENTAURI, a people of Thessaly, half men and half horses. They were the offspring of Centaurus, son of Apollo, by Stilbia, daughter of the Peneus. According to come, the Cen- taurs were the fruit of Ixion's adventure with the cloud in the shape of Juno, or. as other assert, of his union of Centaurs with Ur* C E inaren of Magnesia. This fable of the ex- istence of the Centaurs, monsters supported upon the four legs of a horse, arises from the ancient people of Thessaly having tamed horses, and having appeared to their neigh- bours mounted on horseback, a sight very un- common at that time, and which, when at a distance, seems only one body, and con- sequently one creature. Some derive the name atro TOV Kivrtiv ravpcvf, goading bulls, because they went on horseback after their bulls which had strayed, or because they hunted wild bulls, with horses. Some of the ancients have maintained, that monsters like the Centaurs can have existed in the natural course of things. Plutarch in Sympos. mentions one seen by Periander tyrant of Corinth ; and Pliny, 7, c. 3, says, that he saw one embalmed in honey, which had been brought to Rome from Egypt in the reign of Claudius. The battle of the Centaurs with the Lapithse is famous in history. Ovid has elegantly de- scribed it, and it has also employed the pen of Hesiod, Valerius Flaccus, &c. and Pausanias in E/;ac. says, it was represented in the temple of Jupiter at Olympia, and also at Athens by Phidias and Parrhasius, according to Pliny, 36, c. 5. The origin of this battle was a juarrel at the marriage of Hippodamia with Pirithous, where the Centaurs, intoxicated >-ith wine, behaved with rudeness, and even offered violence to the women that were pre- aent. Such an insult irritated Hercules, The- seus, and the rest of the Lapithae, who de- fended the women, wounded and defeated the Centaurs, and obliged them to leave their country, and retire to Arcadia. Here their in- solence was a second time punished by Her- cules, who, when he was going to hunt the boar of Erymanthus, was kindly entertained by the Centaur Pholus, who gave him wine which belonged to the rest of the Centaurs, but had been given them on condition of their treating Hercules with it, whenever he passed through their territory. They resented the liberty which Hercules took with their wine, and at- tacked him with uncommon fury. The hero defended liimself with his arrows, and defeated his adversaries, who fled for safety to the Cen- taur Chiron. Chiron had been the preceptor of Hercules, and therefore they hoped that he would desist in his presence. Hercules, though awed at the sight of Chiron, did not desist, Dut, in the midst of the engagement, lie vounded his preceptor in the knee, who, in the xcessive pain he suffered, exchanged im- mortality for death. The death of Chiron irritated Hercules the more, and the Centaurs that were present, were all extirpated by his hand, and indeed few escaped the common destruction. DM. 4. Hesiod. in Scut. Hercul. Homer, li. ar of Rome A. U. C. 615, when they changed the custom, and gave their approba- tion or disapprobation by ballots thrown into an urn. If the first class was unanimous, the others were not consulted, as the first was superior to all the others in number ; but if they were not unanimous, they proceeded to consult the rest, and the majority decided the question. This advantage of the first class gave offence to the rest; and it was after- wards settled, that one class of the six should be draw by lot, to give its votes first, without regard to rank or priority. After all the votes had been gathered, the consul declared aloud, that the law which had been proposed was duly and constitutionally approved. The same ceremonies were observed in the election of consuls, pretors, &c. The word Centuria is also applied to a subdivision of one of the Ro- man legions ; it consisted of an hundred men, and was the half of a manipulus, the sixth part of a cohort, and the sixtieth part of a legion. The commander of a centuria was called cen- tnrimi, and he was distinguished from the rest by the branch of a vine, which he carried in his hand. CENTURIPA, a town of Sicily. Cic. in Vet-r. 4, c. 23.Ital. 14, v. 205. CEOS and CEA, an island. Vid. Cos. CE PII A i, AS, a lofty promontory of Africa, tte river Himera. PUn. 3, c. 8. Cic. in Ver. 2, c. 5!?. CEPHALLEN, a noble musician. Pans. JO, c. 7. CEPHALEXA and CEPHALLENIA, an island in the Ionian sea, below Corcyra, whose in- habitants went with Ulysses to the Trojan war. It abounds in oil and excellent wines. It was anciently divided into four different districts. Homer. IL Z.Thucyd. 2, c. 30. Pans. 6, c. 15. CEPHALO, an officer of Eumenes. Diod. 19. CEPHALOEDIS and CEPHALUDIUM, a town of Sicily. Sil. 14, v. 253. Cic. 2, in Ver. 51. CEPHALON, a Greek of Ionia, who wrote an history of Troy, besides an epitome of uni- versal history from the age of Ninus to Alexan- der, which he divided into nine books, in- scribed with the name of the nine muses. He affected not to know the place of his birth, expecting it would be disputed like Homer's. He had lived in the reign of Adrian. CEPHALUS, son of Deioneus, king of Thes- saly, by Diomede, daughter of Xuthus, married Procris, daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens. Aurora fell in love with him, and carried him away ; but he refused to listen to her addresses, and was impatient to return to Procris. The goddess sent liim back ; and to try the fidelity of his wife, she made him put on a different form, and he arrived at the house of Procris in the habit of a merchant. Procris was deaf to every offer ; but she suffered her- self to be seduced by the gold of this stranger, who discovered himself the very moment that Procris had yielded up her virtue. This cir- cumstance so ashamed Procris, that she fled from her husband, and devoted herself to hunting in the island of Eubrea, where she was admitted among the attendants of Diana, who presented her with a dog always sure of hia prey, and a dart which never missed its aim, and always returned to the hands of its mis- tress of its own accord. Some say that the dog was a present from Minos, because Pro- cris had cured his wounds. After this, Pro- cris returned in disguise to Cephalus, who was willing to disgrace himself by some unnatural concessions to obtain the dog and the dart of Procris. Procris discovered herself at the mo- ment that Cephalus shewed himself faithless, and a reconciliation was easily made between them. They loved one another with more tenderness than before, and Cephalus received from his wife the presents of Diana. As he was particularly fond of hunting, he every morning early repaired to the woods, and after much toil and fatigue, laid himself down in the cool shade, and earnestly called for Aura, or the refreshing breeze. This ambiguous word was mistaken for a mistress; and some in- former reported to the jealous Procris, that Cephalus daily paid a visit to a mistress, whose name was Aura. Procris too readily believed the information, and secretly followed her husband into the woods. According to hi daily custom. Cephalus retired to the cool, and called after Aura, At the name of Aura, C L Procris eagerly lifted up her head to see her expected rival ; her motion occasioned a rust- ling among the leaves of the bush that con- cealed her, Cephalus listened, and thinking it to be a wild beast, he let fly his unerring dart. Procris was struck to the heart, and instantly expired in the arms of her husband, confessing that ill-grounded jealousy was the cause of her death. According to Apollodorus, there were two persons of the name of Cephalus ; one, son of Mercury and Herse, carried away by Aurora, with whom he dwelt in Syria, and by whom he had a son called Tithonus. The other married Procris, and was the cause of the tragical events mentioned above. Quid. Met. 7, fab. 26. Hi/gin, fab. 189. Apollod. 3. c. l.j. A Corinthian lawyer, who assisted Timoleon in regulating the republic of Syracuse. Diod. 16. Pint, in Tim. A king of Epims. Liv. 43, c. 18. An orator frequently men- tioned by Demosthenes. CEPHEIS, a name given to Andromeda as daughter of Cepheus. Ovid. A. A. 1, v. 193. CEPHEUS, .a king of ^Ethiopia, father of An- dromeda, by Cassiope. He was one of the Ar- gonauts, and was changed into a constellation after his death. Quid. Met. 4, v. 669. 1. 5, v. 12. Pans. 4, c. 35. 1. 8, c. 4.Apollod. 1, c. 1. 2, c. 1, 4, & 7. I. 3, c. 9, mentions one, so of Alt'us, and another, son of Belus. The for- mer he makes king of Tegea, and father of Sterope ; and says, that he, with his twelve sons, assisted Hercules in a war against Hip- Eocoon, where they were killed. The latter e calls king of Ethiopia, and father of An- dromeda. A son of Lycurgus, present at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Apollod. 1 c. 8. CEPHENES, an ancient name of the Persians. Herodot. 7, c. 61. A name of the ^Ethiopians, from Cepheus, one of their kings. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 1. CEPHISIA, a part of Attica, through which the Cephisus flows. Plin. 4, c. 7. CEPHISIADES, a patronymic of Eteocles, son of Andreus and Evippe, from the supposition of his being the son of the Cephisus. Paus. 9, c. 34. CEPHISIDORUS, a tragic poet of Athens, in the age of ,'e on the Egyp- tian priests. CHAR&PHON, a tragic poet of Athens, in the age of Philip of Macedonia. 256 C h CHT.RESTRXTA, the mother of Epicurus, de scended of a noble family. CHJERINTHUS, a beautiful youth, &c. Horat> 1. Sera. 2, v. 81. CHJERIPPUS, an extortioner, &c. Jus. 8, v. 96. CH*RO, the founder of Chzeronia. Plut w Syll. CH*RONIA, CH^RONEA, and CHERRONEA, a city of Boeotia, on the Cephisus, celebrated for a defeat of the Athenians, by the Boeotians, B. C. 447, and for the victory which Philip of Macedonia obtained there with 32,000 men, over the confederate army of the Thebans and Athenians, consisting of 30,000 men, the 2d of August, B. C. 338. Plutarch was born there. The town was anciently called A me. Paus. 9, c. 40. Plut. in Peiop, fyc. CHALON, a city of Locris. A port of Boeotia. CHALES, a herald of Busiris, put to death by Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 5. CHALC*A, a town of Caria, of Phoe- nicia. CH ALCEA , an island with a town near Rhodes. Plin. 5, c. 3. A festival at Athena Vid. Panathenaea. CHALCEDON and CHALCEDONIA, an ancient city of Bithynia, opposite Byzantium, built by a colony from Megara. Its situation was so improperly chosen, that it was called the city of blind men, intimating the inconsiderate plan of the founders. Strab. 7. Plin. 5, c. 32. Me/a. 1, c. 19. CHALCIDENSES, the inhabitants of the isth- mus between Teos and Erythrae. A people near the Phasis. CHALCIDEUS, a commander of the Lacedae- monian fleet, killed by the Athenians, &c. Thucyd. 8, c. 8. CHALCIDICA, a country of Thrace, of Syria. CHALCIDICUS, (of Chalets), an epithet ap- plied to Cumae in Italy, as built by a colony from Chalcis. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 17. CHALCIOEUS, a surname of Minerva, because she had a temple at Chalcis in Euboea. She was called Chalciotis and Clialcidica. CHALCIOPE, a daughter of ^Eetes king of Colchis, who married Phryxus son of Atha- mas, who had fled to her father's court for protection. She had some children by Phryxus, and she preserved their life from the avarice and cruelty of her father, who had murdered her husband to obtain the golden fleece. [ Vid. Phrynis.] Ovid. Heroid. 17, v. 23V.Hygin. fab. 14, c. The mother of Thessalus by Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 7. The daughter of Rhexenor, who married ^Egeus. Id. 3, c. 1. CHALCITIS, a country of Ionia. Paus. 7, c. 5. CHALCIS, the chief city of Euboea, in that part which is nearest to Btiotia. It wa founded by an Athenian colony. Tke island was said to be joined to the continent in the neighbourhood of Chalcis. There were three other towns of the same n.nnu iu Thrace. CH Acarnania, and Sicily, all belonging to the Corinthians. Plin. 4, c. 12. Strab. 10. Pans. 5, c. 23. CHALCODON, a son of vEgyptus, by Arabia. Apollad. 2, c. 1. A man of Cos, who wounded Hercules. Id. 2, c. 7. The fa- ther of Elephenor, one of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. Pma. 8, c. 15. A man who assisted Hercules in his war against Au- gias. Pans. 8, c. 15. CHALCON, a Messenian, who reminded An- tilochus, son of Nestor, to beware of the ^Ethiopians, by whom he was to perish. CHAI.CCS, a man made governor of Cizycus by Alexander. Polyen. CHALDSA, a country of Asia, between the Euphrates and Tigris. Its capital is Babylon, whose inhabitants were famous for their know- ledge of astrology. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 1. Diod. 2. Strab. 2. CHALDJEI, the inhabitants of Chaldaea. CHALESTRA, a town of Macedonia. Hero- dot. 7, c. 123. CHALONITIS, a country of Media. CHALYBES and CALYBES, a people of Asia Minor, near Pontus, once very powerful, and ' possessed of a great extent of country, abound- | ing in iron mines, where the inhabitants worked naked. The Calybes attacked the ten thousand in their retreat, and behaved with much spirit and courage. They were partly conquered by Croesus, king of Lydia. Some authors imagine that the Calybes are a nation of Spain. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 421. Strab. 12, Sfc.Apollon. 2, v. 375. Xenoph. Anab. 4, &c. Herodot. 1, c. 28. CHALYBON, now supposed to be Aleppo, a town of Syria, which gave the name of Cha- tybimitis to the neighbouring country. CHALYBONITIS, a country of Syria, so fa- mous for its wines that the kings of Persia drank no other. CHALYBS, a river of Spain, where Justin. 44, c. 3, places the people called Calybes. CHAMANI and CHAMAVIRI, a people of Germany. Tacit, in Germ. CHANE, a river between Armenia and Alba- nia, falling into the Caspian sea. CHAON, a mountain of Peloponnesus. A son of Priam. CHAONES, a people of Epirus. CHAONIA, a mountainous part of Epirus, which receives its name from Chaon, a son of Priam, inadvertently killed by his brother He- lenus. There was a wood near, where doves (Gtaoipa Aves) were said to deliver oracles. Vircr. n . 3, v . 335. Propert. 1, el. 9. CHAOMTIS, a country of Assyria. CHAOS, a rude and shapeless tmss of mat tor, and confused assemblage of inactive ele- ments, which, as the poets suppose, pre-ex- sted the formation of the world, and from which the universe was formed by the hand and power of a superior being. This doctrine was first established by Hesiod, from whom the succeeding poets have copied it. Chaos was deemed, by some, as one of the oldest of U:e gods, and invoked as one of the i:;fernal 1S7 deities. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 310.- Ovid M*. 1, fab. 1. CHARADRA, a town of Phocis. Herodat. 8 c. 33. CHARADROS, a river of Phocis, falling kiu> the Cephisus. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 46. CHARADRUS, a place of Argos, where mili- tary causes were tried. Thucyd. 5, c. 60. CHAR*ADAS, an Athenian general, sent with 20 ships to Sicily during the Pelopon nesian war. He died 426 B. C. &c. Thucya. 3, c. 86. CHARANDJEI, a people near Pontus. CHARAX, a town of Armenia. A philo- sopher of Pergamus, who wrote an history of Greece in 40 books. CHAHAXES and CHAHAXUS, a Mitylenean, brother to Sappho, who became passionately fond of the courtezan Rhodope, upon whom he squandered all his possessions, and reduced himself to poverty, and the necessity of pi- ratical excursions. Ovid. Heroid. 15, v. 117. Herodot. 2, c. 135, &c. CHARAXUS, one of the centaurs. Odd. Met. 12, v. 272. CHARES, an Athenian general. A sta- tuary who was 12 years employed in making the famous Colossus at Rhodes. Pirn. 34, c. 7. A man who wounded Cyrus wheii fighting against his brother Artaxerxes. An historian of Mitylene, who wrote the life a f Alexander. An Athenian who fought witL Darius against Alexander. Curt. 4, c. 5. A river of Peloponnesus. Pint, in Arat. CHARICLES, one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Lacedaemonians. Xenoph. Me- mor. 1. Arist. 5, Polit. c. 6. A famous physician under Tiberius. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 50. CHARICLO, the mother of Tiresias, greatly favoured by Minerva. Apollod. 3, c. 6. A daughter of Apollo, who married the centaur Chiron. Ovifl. Met. 2, v. 635. yHARiCLlDES, an officer of Dionysius the younger, whom Dion gained to dethrone the tyrant. Diod. 16. CHARIDEMUS, a Roman exposed to wild beasts. Martial. 1, ep. 44. An Athenian, banished by Alexander, and killed by Darius, &c. CHARILA, a festival observed once in nine years by the Delphians. It owes its origin to this circumstance : In a great famine the peo- ple of Delphi assembled and applied to thtir king to relieve their wants. He accordingly distributed the little corn he had among the noblest ; but as a poor little girl, ca'.lei Ciia- rila, begged the king with more than common earnestness, he beat her with his shoe, and the girl, unable to bear his treatment, hanged herself in her girdle. The famine increased ; and the orai le told the king, that to relieve his peopte, he must atone for the murder of Clm- rila. Upon this a festival was instituted, with expiatory rites. The king presided over this stitution, and distributed pulse and corn to sucl- as attended. Charila's image was brought before the king, who struck it with his shoe ; after which it was earned to a dfeuolate place, C H irhwre they put a halter round its neck, and buried it where Charila was buried. Plut. in Qtuest. Grtfc. CHARIL^WS end CHARILLUS, a son of Poly dectes king of Sparta, educated and protected by his uncle Lycurgus. He made war against Argos, and attacked Tegea. He was taken prisoner, and released n promising that he would cease from war, an engagement he soon broke. He died in the 64th year of his age. Pans. 2, 36, 1. 6, c. 48. A Spartan, who changed the tyranny into aristocracy. Ari Polit. 5, c. 12. CHARII.I.US, one of the ancestors of Leuty- chides. Herodot. 8, c., 131. CHARINI and CARINT, a people of Ger- many. Plin. 4, c. 14. CHARIS, a goddess among the Greeks, sur- rounded with pleasures, graces, and delight. She was the mistress of Vulcan. Homer. II. 18 CHARISIA, a town of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 3. A festival in honour of the Graces, with dances which continued all night. He who continued awake the longest, was re warded with a cake. CHARISIUS, an orator at Athens. Cic. in B. 83. CHARISTIA, festivals at Rome celebrated o the 20th of February, by distribution of mu- tual presents, with the intention of reconciling friends and relations. Vol. Max. 2, c. 1. Ovid. Fast. 2. CiiARiTEs and GRATIS, the Graces, daugh- ter f Venus by Jupiter or Bacchus, are three in number, Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphrosyne They were the constant attendants of Venus and they were represented as three young, beautiful, and modest virgins, all holding one another by the hand. They presided over kindness and all good offices, and their wor- ship was the same as that of the nine Muses, with whom they had a temple in common They were generally represented naked, be cause kindnesses ought to be done with since- rity and candour. The moderns explain the allegory of their holding their hands joined by observing, that there* ought to be a per- petual and never-ceasing intercourse of kind- ness and benevolence among friends. Theii youth denotes the constant remembrance tha we ought ever to have of kindnesses received and their virgin purity and innocence teaches us, that acts of benevolence ought to be done without any expectations of restoration, anc that we ought never to suffer others or ourselve to be guilty of base or impure favours. CHARITON, a writer of Aphrodisium, at the latter end of the fourth century. He composec a Greek romance, called The Lores if Charei. and Callirhoe, which has been much admirec for its elegance, and the originality of the cha racters it describes. There is a very learne< edition of Chariton by Reiske, with D'Or ville's notes, 2 vols. 4to. Amst. 1750. CHARMADAS, a philosopher of uncommo- memory. Plin. 7, c. 24. CHARME and CAHMK, the mother of Brito n&ruti by Jupiter. 158 CH CHARMIDES, a Lacedemonian, seut bj hi* king to quell seditions in Crete. Pans. 3, c. *. A boxer. Id. 6, c. 7. A philosopher of the third academy, B. C. 95. CHARMINUS, an Athenian general, who de- feated the Peloponnesians. Thucyd. 8, c. 42. CIIARMIONE, a servant maid of Cleopatra, who stabbed herself after the example of her mistress. Plut. in Centor. CHARMIS, a physician of Marseilles in Nero's age, who used cold baths for his pa- tients, and prescribed medicines contrary to those of his contemporaries. Plin. 21, c. 1. CHARMOSYNA, a festival in Egypt. Plut. de Isid. CHARMOTAS, a part of Arabia. CHARMUS, a poet of Syracuse. CHARON, a Theban, who received into lug house Pelopidas and his friends, when they delivered Thebes from tyranny, &c. Plut. in Pelop. An historian of Lampsacus, who wrote two books on Persia, besides other trea- tises, B.C. 479. An historian of Naucra- tis, who wrote an history of his country, and of Egypt. A Carthaginian writer, &c. A god of hell, son of Erebus and Nox, who conducted the souls of the dead in a boat over the rivers Styx and Acheron to the infernal regions, for an obolus. Such as had not been honoured with a funeral were not permitted to enter his boat, without previously wandering on the shore for one hundred years. If any living person presented himself to cross the Stygian lake, lie could not be admitted before he shewed Charon a golden bough, which he re- ceived from the sibyl; and Charon was im- prisoned for one year, because he had ferried over, against his own will, Hercules, without this passport. Charon is represented as an old robust man, with a hideous countenance, long white beard, and piercing eyes. His gar- ment is ragged and filthy, and his forehead is covered with wrinkles. As all the dead were obliged to pay a small piece of money for their admission, It was always usual, among the an- cients, to place under the tongue of the de- ceased a piece of money for Charon. This fable of Charon and his boat is borrowed from the Egyptians, whose dead were carried across a lake, where sentence was passed over them, and, according to their good or bad actions, they were honoured with a splendid burial, or left unnoticed in the open air. Vid. Acherusia. DM. l.Senec. in Here. Fur. act. 3, v. 765. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 298, &c. CHARONDAS, a man of Catana, who gave laws to the people of Thulium, and made a law that no man should be permitted to come armed into the assembly. He inadvertently broke this law, and when told of it, he fell upon his sword, B. C. 446. Val. Max. 6, c. b. CHARONEA, a place of Asia, &c. CHARONIUM, a cave near Nysa, where the sick were supposed to be delivered from their disorders by certain superstitious solemnities. CHA HOPS and CHAROPES, a Trojan, killed by Ulysses. Homer. II. A powerful Epirot who assisted Flaminius when making wai C H tgwnst Philip the king of Macedonia. Plut. in Flam. The first decennial archon at Athens. Paterc. 1, c. 8. CHARYBDIS, a dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Sicily, opposite another whirlpool called Scylla, on the coast of Italy. It was very dangerous to sailors, and it proved fatal to part of the fleet of Ulysses. The words, Incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charybdim, became a proverb, to shew that in our eager- ness to avoid an evil, we fall into a greater. The name of Charybdis was properly bestowed on mistresses who repay affection and tender- ness with ingratitude. It is supposed that Charybdis was an avaricious woman, who stole the oxen of Hercules, for which theft she was struck with thunder by Jupiter, and changed into a whirpool. Lyfopkr. in Cass. Homer. Od. 12 Proper*. 3, el. 11. Ital. 14. Ovid, in Ihin. de Ponto, 4, el. 10. Amor. 2, el. 16. Virg. &n. v. 420. CHAUBI and CHAUCI, a people of Germany, who inhabit the country now called Friesland. CHAULA, a village of Egypt. CHAURUS and CHORUS, a cold wind blowing from the north-west. CHEI..X, a Greek word, (xA/,) signifying claws, which is applied to the Scorpion, one of the signs of the zodiac, and lies, according to the ancients, contiguous to Virgo. Virg. G. 1, CHELES, a satrap of Seleucus, &c. CuELiooN, a mistress of Verres. Cic. in Ver. l, c . 40. CHELIDONIA, a festival at Rhodes, in which it was customary for boys to go begging from door to door, and singing certain songs, &c. Atften. CHELIDONIJE, small islands opposite the promontory of Taurus, very dangerous to sailors. Dionys. Perieg. v. 506. CHEI.IDONIS, a daughter of king Leoty- chides, who married Cleonymus, and commit- ted adultery with Acrotatus. Plut. in Pyrrh. CHELIDONIUM, a promontory of mount Tau- rus, projecting into the Pamphylian sea. CHELONE, a nymph changed into a tortoise by Mercury, for not being present at the nup- tials of Jupiter and Juno, and condemned to perpetual silence for having ridiculed these deities. CHELONIS, a daughter of Leonidas king of Sparta, wbo married Cleombrotus. She ac- companied her father, whom her husband had expelled, and soon after went into banishment with her husband, who had in his turn been expelled by Leonidas. Plut. in Agid. f Cleom. CHET.ONOPHAGI, a people of Carmania, who feed upon turtle, and cover their habitations with the shells. Pirn. 6, c. 24. CHELYDOREA, a mountain of Arcadia. CIIEMMIS, an island in a deep lake of Egypt. Hirodot. 2, c. 156. CHENA, a town of Laconia. CHEN*, a village on mount (Eta. Pans. 10, c. 84. CHENIOX, a mountain in Asia Minor, from 159 C H which the 10,000 Greeks first saw the sea. Diad. 14. CHENIUS, a mountain near Colchis. CHEOPS and CHEOSPES, a king of Egypt aft^r Rhampsinitus, who built famous pyra- mids, upon which 1060 talents were expended only in supplying the workmen with leeks, parsley, garlic, and other vegetables. Herodot. 2, c. 124. CHEPHREN, a brother of Cheops, who also built a pyramid. The Egyptians so invete- rately hated these two royal brothers, that they publicly reported, that the pyramids which they had built had been erected by a shepherd. Herodot. 2, c. 127. CHEREMOCRATES, an artist who built Diana's temple at Ephesus, &c. CHERISOPHUS, a commander of 800 Spar- tans, in the expedition which Cyrus undertook against his brother Artaxerxes. DM. 14. CHERONAA. Vid. Chaeronea. CHEROPHON, a tragic writer of Athens in the age of Philip. Philostr. in vita. CHERRONESUS. Vid. Chersonesus. CHERSIAS, an Orchomenian, reconciled to Periander by Chilo. Pausanias praises some of his poetry, 9, c. 38. CHERSIDAMUS, a Trojan, killed by Ulysses in the Trojan war. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 259. CHERSIPHO, an architect, &c. CHERSONESUS, a Greek word, rendered by the Latins Peninsula. There were many of these among the ancients, of which these five are the most celebrated ; one called Pelopon- nesus; one called Thracian, at the south of Thrace, and west of the Hellespont, where Miltiades led a colony of Athenians. From its isthmus to its further shores, it measured 420 stadia. The third, called Taurica, now Crin Tartary, was situate near the Palus Maeotis. The fourth, called Cimbrica, now Jutland, is in the northern parts of Germany ; and the fifth, surnamed Aurea, lies in India, beyond the Ganges. CHERUSCI, a people of Germany, who long maintained a war against Rome. Tacit. CHIDN/EI, a people near Pontus. CHIDORUS, a river of Macedonia near Thes- salonica, not sufficiently large to supply the army of Xerxes with water. Herodot. 7 , c. 127. CIIILIARCHUS, a great officer of state at the court of Persia. C. Nep. in Conon. CHILIUS and CHILEUS, an Arcadian who ad- vised the Lacedaemonians, when Xerxes was in Greece, not to desert the common cause of their country. Herodot. 9, c. 9. CHILO, a Spartan philosopher, who has been called one of the seven wise men of Greece. He died through excess of joy in the arms of his son, who had obtained a victory at Olyra- pia, B. C. 597. P/m. 7, c. 3;3. Laert. One of the Ephori at Sparta, B. C. 556. CHILONIS, the wife of Theopompus king ot Sparta. Polyxn. Z. CHIM/ERA, a celebrated monster, sprung from Echidna and Typlion, which had thre heads, that of a lien, a goat, and a dragon, CH and continually vomited flames. Th^ fore- parts of its body were those of a lion, the middle was that of a goat, and the hinder \iarts were those of a dragon. Tt generally fived in Lycia, about the reign of Jobates, by whose orders Bellerophon, mounted on the horse Pegasus, overcame it. This fabulous tradition is explained by the recollection that there was a burning mountain in Lycia, whose top was the resort of lions, on account of its desolate wilderness; the middle, which was fruitful, was covered with goats; and at the oottom the marshy ground abounded with ser- pents. Bellerophon is said to have conquered the Chimaera, because he first made his habita- tion on that mountain. Plutarch says, that it is the captain of some pkates, who adorned their ship with the images of a lion, a goat, and a dragon. Hesiod. Theog. v. S22.Apollod. 1, c.9 1.2, c. 3.Lucret. 5, v. 903. Ovid. 9. Met. v. 646. Firg. JEn. 6, v. 288. One of the ships in the fleet of JEneas. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 118. CHIMARUS, a river of Argolis. Paws. 2, c. 36. CHIMEKIUM, a mountain of Phthiotis, in Thessaly. Plin. 4, c. 8. C mo MARA, a woman who cut off the head of a Roman tribune when she had been taken prisoner, ike. Pint, de Virt. Mul. CHION, a Greek writer, whose epistles were edited cum notis, Cobergi. 8vo. Lips. 1765. CHIONE, a daughter of Daedalion, of whom Apollo and Mercury became enamoured. To enjoy her company, Mercury lulled her to sleep with his caduceus, and Apollo, in the night, under the form of an old woman, obtained the same favours as Mercury. From this embrace Chione became mother of Philammon and Au- tolycus, the former of whom, as being son of Apollo, became an excellent musician; and the latter was equally notorious for his rob- ries, of which his father ?Iercury was the pa- tron. Chione grew so proud of her commerce with the gods, that she even preferred her beauty to that of Juno, for which impiety she was killed by the goddess, and changed into a hawk. Olid. Mtt. 11, fab. 8. A daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, who had Eumolpus by Neptune. She threw her son into the sea, but he was preserved by his father. Apollod. 3, c. 15. Pam. 1, c. 38. A famous prostitute. Martial. 3, ep. 34. CHIONIDES, an Athenian poet, supposed by some to be the inventor of comedy. CHIONIS, a victor at Olympia. Pans. 6, c. 13. CHIOS, an island in the ygean sea, between Lesbos and Samos, on the coast of Asia Minor, which receives its name, as some suppose, from Chione, or from \iwv, snow, which was very frequent there. It was well inhabited, and could once equip a hundred ships; and its chief town, called Chios, had a beautiful har- bour, which could contain eighty ships. The wine of this island, so much celebrated by the ancients, is still held in general esteem. Chios was anciently called jEthaiia, Macris, and Pi- tyasa. There was no adultery committed there 160 CH for the space of 700 years. Pint de Virt. MuL Horat. 1, $ett. 10, v. 24. Paw. 7, C.4. Mela, 2, v. 2. Strab. 2. CHIRON, a centaur, half a man and half a horse, son of Philyra and Saturn, who had changed himself into a horse, to escape the in- quiries of his wife Rhea. Chiron, was famous for his knowledge of music, medicine, and shooting. He taught mankind the use of plants and medicinal herbs ; and he instructed in all the polite arts, the greatest heroes of his age, such as Achilles, ^Esculapius, Hercules, &c. He was wounded in the knee by a poi- soned arrow, by Hercules, in his pursuit of the centaurs. Hercules flew to his assistance ; but as the wound was incurable, and the cause of the most excruciating pains, Chiron begged Jupiter to deprive him of immortality His prayers were heard, and he was placed by the god among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. Hesiod. in Scuto. Homer. II. 11. Paus. 3, c. 18. 1. 5, c. 19. 1. 9, c. 31. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 676. Apollod. 2, c. 5. 1. 3, c. 13. Horat. epod. 13. CHLOE, a surname of Ceres at Athens. Her yearly festivals, called Chloeia, were cele- brated with much mirth and rejoicing, and a ram was always sacrificed to her. The name of Chloe is supposed to bear the same signifi- cation as Flava, so often applied to the god- dess of corn. The name, from its signification, (X^of' herba virens) has generally been applied to women possessed of beauty and of simpli- city. CHLOREUS, a priest of Cybele, who came with .^Eneas into Italy, and was killed by Tur- nus. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 768. Another, &c. CHI.ORIS, the goddess of flowers, who mar- ried Zephyrus. She is the same as Flora. A daughter of Amphion, son of Jasus and Per- sephone, who married Neleus king of Pylos, by whom she had one daughter and twelve sons, who all except Nestor, were killed by Hercules. Homier. Od. 11. Pam>. 2, c. 21. i. 9, c. 36. A prostitute, &c. Horat. 3, Od. 15. CHLORUS, a river of Cilicia. Plin. 5, c. 27. Constantine, one of the Cassars in Dio- clesian's age, who reigned two years after the emperor's abdication, and died July 25, A. D. 306. Cno AH IN A, a country near India, reduced by Craterus, &c. CHOASPES, a son of Phasis, &c. Place. 5, v. 585. An Indian river. Curt. 5, c. 2. A river of Media, flowing into the Tigris. Its waters were so sweet, that th<* kings of Persia drank no other, arid in their expeditions thej always had some with them, which had been previously boiled. Herodot. 1, c. 188. JElian. V. H. 12, c. 40. Tibnll. 4, el. 1, v. 141. CUOBUS, a river of Colchis. Arnan. CHCERADES and PHAROS, two islands oppo- site Alexandria in Egypt. Thucyd. 7, v 33. Others in the Euxine sea. An island in the Ionian sea, or near the Hellespont. Tkt- ocrit. Id. 13. CH CnF.Hii.L'3, a tragic poet of Atheus, who wrot* 150 tragedies, of which IS obtained the prize. An historian of Samos. Two other poets, one of whom was very intimate with Herodotus. He wrote a poem on the victory which the Athenians had obtained over Xerxes, and on account of the excellence of the composition, he received a piece of gold for each verse from the Athenians, and was publicly ranked with Homer as a poet. The other was one of Alexander's flatterers and friends. It is said the prince promised him as many pieces of gold as there should be good verses in his poetry, and as many slaps on the forehead as there were bad ; and in conse- . quence of this, scarce six of his verses in each poein were entitled to gold, while the rest were rewarded with the castigation. Plut. in Alex. Harat. 2, ep. 1, v. 232. CHCERE.I, a place of Bceotia. CHONNIDAS, a man made preceptor to The- seus, by his grandfather Pitheus king of Troe- zene. The Athenians instituted sacrifices to .arm for the good precepts he had inculcated in nis pupil. Plut. in Thes. CHONUPHIS, an Egyptian prophet. Plut. de Socrat. gen. CHORASMI, a people of Asia near the Oxus. Herodot. S, c. 93. CHORINEUS, a man killed in the Rutulian war. Virg. 2En. 9, v. 571. Another. Id. 12, v. 298. A priest with ^Eneas. Id. CHORCEBUS, a man of Elis, who obtained a prize the first Olympiad. Vid. Coroebus. A youth of Mygdonia, who was enamoured of Cassandra. Virg. Mn. 2, v. 341. CROROKNJEI, a people subdued by Ninus. Diod. 1. CHOSROKS, a king of Persia, in Justinian's reign. CHREMES, a sordid old man mentioned iu Terence's Andria. Horat. in A-t. v. 94. CHREMETES, a river of Libya. CHRESJPHON, an architect of Diana's temple in Ephesus. Piin. 36, c. 14. CHRESPHONTES, a son of Aristomachus. Vid. Aristodemus. CHRESTUS, an approved writer of Athens, Stc. Colum. 1, dt R. R. c. 1. CHROMIA, a daughter of Itonus. Paws. 5, s. l. CHROMIOS, a son of Neleus and Chloris, who, with ten brothers, was killed in a battle by Hercules. A son of Priam, killed by Dio- medes. Apollod. 3, c. 12. CHROMIS, a captain in the Trojan war. Ho- w. II. 2. A young shepherd. Virg. Eel. 6. A Phrygian, killed by Camilla. Id. n. 11, v. 675. A son of Hercules. Stat. 6, v. 546 CHROMIUS a son of Pterilaus. Apolind, 2, :. 4. An Argive, who, alone with Alcenor, survived a battle between 300 of his country- men and 300 Spartans. Herodot. 1, c. 82. CIIRONIUS, a man who built a temple of Diana Orchomenos. Pans. 8, c. 48. CIIRONOS, the Greek name of Saturn, or Time. 16: CH CHIITAIVS, a king of Argos, descended from Inachus. CIIRYSA and CHRYSE, a town of Cilicia, famous for a temple of Apollo Smintheus. Ho mer. It. 1, v. 37. Strab. 13. Ovid. Met. IS. v. 174. A daughter of Halmus, mother of Phlegias by Mars. Pai/s. 9, c. 36. CHRYSAME, a Thessalian, priestess of Diana Trivia. She fed a bull with poison, which sha sent to the enemies of her country, who eat the flesh, and became delirous, and were an easy conquest. Poly ten. CHRYSASTAS, a man who refrained frore killing another, by hearing a dog bark. Plin Qiutst Rom. CHRYSANTHIUS, a philosopher in the ag3 of Julian, known for the great number of vo- lumes he wrote. CHRYSANTIS, a nymph who told Ceres that her daughter had been carried away. Paiw. 1 CHRYSAOH, a son of Medusa by Neptune. Some report that he sprung from the biood of Medusa, armed with a golden sword, whence his name xpixroc, crop. He married Callirhoe, one of the Oceanides., bv whom he had Geryon, Echidna, and the Chimsera. Hesiod. Theng. v. 295. A rich king of Iberia. Diod. 4. A son of Glaucus. Pans. 5, c. 21. CHRYSAOREUS, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple at Stratonice, where all the Carians assembled upon any public emergency Strab. 4 CHRYSAORIS, a town of Cilicia. Pans. 5, c. 21. THRYSAS, a river of Sicily, worshipped as a deity. CHRYSEIS, the daughter of Chryses. Vid. Chryses. CHRYSERMUS, a Corinthian, who wrote an history of Peloponnesus and of India, besides a treatise on rivers. Plut. in Parall. CHRYSES, the priest of Apollo, father of Astynome, called from him Chryseis. When Lyrnessus was taken, and the spoils divided among the conquerors, Chryseis fell to the share of Agamemnon. Chryses, upon this, went to the Grecian camp to solicit his daughter's resto- ration ; and when his prayers were fruitless, he implored the aid of Apollo, who visited the Greeks with a plague, and obliged them to re- store Chryseis. Homer. II. 1, v. 11, &c. A daughter of Minos. Apollod. 3, c. 1. CHRYSIPPE, a daughter of Danar.s. Apollod. 2, c. 1. CHRYSIPPUS, a natural son of Pelops, highly favoured by his father, for which Hippodamia, his step-mother, ordered her own sons, Atreus and Thyestes, to kill him ; on accoant of which they were banished. Some say tbit Hippodamia's sons refused to murder Chrysip- pus, and that she did it herself. They farther say, that Chiysippus had been carried away by Laius, king of Thebes, to gratify his unnatural lusts, and that he was in his arms when Hip podamia killed him. Hi/gin, fab. 85. Plato da Leg. 6. Apollod. 3, c. 5. Pan*. 6, c. O A stoic philosopher of Tarsus, who wrote about 311 treatises Among his curious opinion* C H was his approbation of a parent's marriage wStb his child, imd his wish that dead bodies should be eaten rather than buried. He died through excess of wine, or, as others say, from laughing too much on seeing an ass eating figs on a silver plate, 207 B. C. in the 80th year of his age. Vol. Max. 8, c. 7. Diog. Harat. 2, Sat. 3, v 40. There were also others of the same name. Laert. CHRYSIS, a mistress of Demetrius. Pint. in Demet. A priestess of Juno at Mycene. The temple of the goddess was burnt by the negligence of Chrysis, who fled to Tegea, to the altar of Minerva. Pant. 2, c. 17. CHRYSOASPIDES, soldiers in the armies of Persia, whose arms were all covered with silver, to display the opulence of the prince whom they served. Justin. 12, c. 7. CHRYSOGONUS, a freed-man of Sylla. Cic. pro Rts. A celebrated singer in Domitian's reign. Juv, 6, v. 74. CHYRSOLAUS, a tyrant of Methymna, &c. Curt. 4, c. 8. CHRYSODIUM, a town of Macedonia. Polyb 5. CHRYSOPSLIS, a promontory of Asia, op- posite Byzantium. CHRYSORRHOJE, a people in whose country are golden streams. CHRYSORRHOAS, a river of Peloponnesus us. 2, c. 31. CHRYSOSTOM, a bishop of Constantinople who died A. D. 407. iu his 53d year. He was great disciplinarian, and by severely lashing the vices of his age, he procured himself mani enemies. He was banished for opposing th raising a statue to the empress, after having dioplayed his abilities as an elegant preacher, i sound theologician, and a faithful intejpreter o scripture. Chrysostom's works were nobb and correctly edited, without a Latin version by Saville, 8 vols. fol. Etonaj, 1613. The) have appeared, with a translation, at Paris edit. Benedict. Montfaucon, 13 vols. fol. 1718 CHRYSOTHEMIS, a daughter of Agamemno and Clytemnestra. A Cretan, who first ob tained the poetical prize at the Pythian games Pans 10, c. 7. CHRYXUS, a leader of the Boii, grandson Brennus, who took Rome. Sil. 4, v. 148. CHTHONIA, a daughter of Erechtheus, wh married Butes. Apollad. 3, c. 15. A surnam of Ceres, from a temple built to her by Chtho nia, at Hermione. She had a festival ther called by the same name, and celebrated every summer. During the celebration, the priests i the goddess march in procession, accompanie by the magistrates, and a crowd of women ar boys in white apparel, with garlands of flowe on their heads. Behind iu dragged an untame heifer, just taken from the herd. When the come to the temple the victim is let loose, an lour o'd women, armed with scytlies, sacrifi tl e neifcr, and kill her by cutting her throa A second, a third, a; d a fourth victim, is in like manner dispatched by the old women ; an it is observable that they all fall on the sain C H CHTHOWIUS, a centaur, killed by Nes'or in battle at the nuptials of Pirithoug. Orui. ,W. 2, v. 441. One of the soldiers who sprain; rom the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus. Hn. fab. 178. A son of Egyptus and Caliadne. Apollod. 2, c. 1. CHITRUM, a name given to part of the town f Clazomenae. CIBAI.S, now Sevilei, a town of Panonica, where Licinius was defeated by Constantine. ~t was the birth place of Gratian. Eutrop. 10, . 4.Marcell. 30, c. 24. CIBARITIS, a country of Asia, near the Vlaeander. CIBYRA, now Burun, a town of Phrygia, the nhabitants were famous hunters. Hornt. 1, ep , v. 33. Cic. in Ver. 4, c. 13. Attic. 5, op. 2. M. T. CICERO, bom at Arpinum, was son ol Roman knight, and lineally descended from the ancient kings of the Sabines. His mother's ame was Helvia. After displaying many pro- mising abilities at school, he was taught phir osophy by Philo, and law by Mutius Scaevola. le acquired and perfected a taste for military knowledge under Sylla, in the Marsian war and retired from Rome, which was dividec into factions, to indulge his philosophic prc pensities. He was naturally of a weak an lelicate constitution, and he visited Greece or account of his health ; but, perhaps, the true cause of bis absence from Rome might be at tributed to his fear of Sylla. His friends, wl were well acquainted with his superior abilities were anxious for his return ; and when at las* he obeyed their solicitations, he applied him- self with uncommon diligence to oratory, and was soon distinguished above all the speakers of his age in the Roman forum. When he went to Sicily as quaestor, he behaved with great justice and moderation ; and the Sicilian remembered with gratitude the eloquence of Cicero, their common patron, who had deliverec them from the tyranny and avarice of Verres. After he had passed through the offices of edile and pretor, he stood a candidate for the con- sulship, A. U. C. 689; and the patricians and the plebeians were equally anxious to raise him to that dignity, against the efforts and bribery of Catiline. His new situation was critical, and required circumspection. Catiline, with many dissolute and desperate Romans, had con- spired against their country, and combined to murder Cicero himself. In this dilemma, Cicero, in full senate, accused Catiline of treason against the state ; but as his evidence was not clear, his efforts were unavailing. He, how- ever, stood upon his guard, and by the infor- mation of his friends, and the discovery o> Fulvia, his life was saved from the dagger at Marcius and Cethegus, whom Catiline had sent to assassinate him. After this, Cicerc commanded Catiline, in the senate, ro leave the city ; and this desperate conspirator marched out iu triumph to meet the 20,000 men who were assembled to support his cause. The lieutenant of C. Antony, the other consul, de- feated them in Gaul; and Cicero, at home, punished the rest of the conspirator with Cl death. This capital punishment, though in- veighed against by J. Csesar as too severe, was supported by the opinion of Lutatius Catulus and Cato, and oonfirmed by the whole senate. After tins memorable deliverance, Cicero re- ceived the thanks of all tb people, and was etyled, The Father of his Country, and a second Founder of Rome. The vehemence with which ne had attacked Clodius, proved injurious to him ; and when his enemy was made tribune, Cicero was ban isted from Rome, though 20,000 young men were supporters of his innocence. He was not, however, deserted in his banish- ment. Wherever he went, he was received with uncommon favour ; and when the faction had subsided at Rome, all the senate and people were unanimous for his return. After sixteen months' absence, he entered Rome with universal satisfaction ; and when lie was sent, with the power of proconsul, to Cilicia, his integrity and prudence made him successful against the enemy, and, at his return, he was honoured with a triumph which the factions orevented him to have. After much hesitation, during the civil commotions between Caesar and Pompey, he joined himself to the latter, nd followed him to Greece. When victory had declared in favour of Csesar, at the battle if Pharsalia, Cicero went to Brundusium, and was reconciled to the conqueror, who treated him with great humanity. From this time Cicero retired into the country, and seldom visited Rome. When Csesarhad been stabbed in the senate, Cicero recommended a general amnesty, and was the most earnest to decree the provinces to Brutus and Cassius. But when he saw the interest of Cwsar's mur- derers decreased, and Antony come into power, he retired to Athens. He soon after returned, but lived in perpetual fear of assassination. Augustus courted the approbation of Cicero, and expressed his wish to be his colleague in the consulship. But his wish was not sincere ; lie soon rejected him ; and when the two con- suls had been killed at Mutina, Augustus joined his interest to that of Antony, and the triumvirate was soon after formed. The great e7)mity which Cicero bore to Antony, was fatal to him ; and Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, the triumvirs, to destroy all cause of quarrel, and each to dispatch his enemies, produced their list of proscription. About two hundred were doomed to death, and Cicero was among them, upon the list of Antony. Augustus yielded a man to whom he partly owed his greatness, and Cicero was pursued by the emis- saries of Antony, among whom was Popilius, whom he had defended upon an accusation of parricide. He had fled in a litter towards the sea of Caieta; and when the assassins came up to him, he put his head out of the litter, and it was severed from the body by Herennius. This memorable event happened in December, 43 B. C. after the enjoyment of life for 63 years, 11 mouths, and five days. The head and Pu..*t, ;n mumvir't wife, wr>ai4 bcr ven- geance upou his head, and drew the tongue out oi his mouth, and bored it through repeatedly with a gold bodkin, verifying, in this act of inhu- manity, what Cicero had once observed, that no animal is mare revengeful than a woman, Cicero has acquired more real fame by his lite- rary compositions, than by his spirited exertions as a Roman senator. The learning and the abilities which he possessed, have been the ad- miration of every age and country, and his style has always been accounted as the true btandard of pure latinity. 1'he words nascitur poeta have been verified in his attempts to write poetry ; and the satire of Martial, Carmitia quod scribit musts et Apolline though severe, is true. He once formed a design to write the history of his country, but he was disappointed. He translated many of the Greek writers, poets as well as historians, for his own improvement. When he travelled into Asia, he was attended by most of the learned men of his age ; and his stay at Rhodes, in the school of the famous Molo, conduced not a little to perfect his judg- ment. Like his countrymen, he was jiot desti- tute of ambition, and the arrogant expectations with which he returned from his quaistorship in Sicily are well known. He was of a timid dis- position ; and he who shone as the father of Roman eloquence, never ascended the pulpit to harangue without feeling a secret emotion of dread. His conduct, during the civil wars, is far from that of a patriot ; and when we view him, dubious and irresolute, sorry cot to follow Pompey, and yet afraid to oppose Csesar, the judgment would almost give him the name of coward. In his private character, however, Cicero was of an amiable disposition ; and though he was too elated with prosperity, and debased by adversity, the affability of the friend conciliated the good graces of all. He mar- ried Terentia, whom he afterwards divorced, and by whom he had a son and daughter. He afterwards married a young woman, to whom he was guardian ; and because she seemed elated at the death of his daughter Tullia, he repudiated her. The works of this celebrated man, of which, according to some, the tenth part is scarce extant, have been edited by the best scholars in every country. The most va- luable editions of the works complete, are that of Verburgius, 2 vols. fol. Amst. )724 that of Olivet, 9 vols. 4to. Geneva, 1758 the Oxford edition in 10 vols. 4to. 1782 and that of Lal- lemand, 12mo. 14 vols. Paris apud Barbord 1768. Plutarch, in vita.Quintil.Dio. Ca*~ Appian. Flarua, C. Nep. in Attic. Eittrop. Cic. ands. Pans. 10, c. 6. CLEOPTOLEMUS, a man of Chalcis, whose daughter was given in marriage to Antiochus. v. 36, c. 11. CI.EOPUS, a son of Codrus. Paus. 7, c. 3. CI.EORA, the wife of Agesilaus. Ptut. in Ages. CLEOSTRATUS, a youth devoted to be sacrificed to a serpent, among the Thespians, &c. Paiw. 9, c. 26. An ancient philoso- pher and astronomer of Tenedos, about 536 pears before Christ. He first found the con- stallations of the zodiac, and reformed the Sreek calendar. CI.EOXENUS, wrote an history of Persia. CLEPSYDRA, a fountain of Messenia. Paus. 4, c. 31. CLERI, a people of Attica. CLESIDES, a Greek painter, about 276 years before Christ, who revenged the injuries he had received from queen Stratonice, by re- presenting her in the arms of a fisherman. However indecent the painter might represent the queen, she was drawn with such persona, beauty, that she preserved the piece, and liberally rewarded the artist. CLETA and PIIAENNA, two of the Graces, according to some. Paus. 3, c. 18. CI.IDEMUS, a Greek, who wrote the histoiy of Attica. CLIMENUS, a son of Areas, descended from Hercules. CLINAS, a musician and Pythagorean philosopher. JElian. V. H. 14, c. 23. CLINIAS, a Pythagorean philosopher, 52C years before the Christian era. Ptut. Symp A son of Alcibiades, the bravest man in the Grecian fleet that fought against Xerxes. Herodot. 8, c. 17. The father of Alcibiades killed at the battle of Coronea. Pint, in Ale, The father of Aratus, killed by Abantidas B. C. 263. v lu.t. in Arat. A friend of Solon, Id. in Sot. CLINIPPIDES, an Athenian general in Lesbos. Diod. If. CMNUS of Cos, was general of 7000 Greeks, in the pay of king Nectanebus. He was killed, with some of his troops, by Nicos- tratus and the Argives, as he passed the Nile Diod. 16. Ctio, the first of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over history. She is represented and crowned with laurels, holding in one hand a trumpet and a book in the other. Sometimes she holds & plectrum or quill with a lute. Her name signifies honour and reputation, (cXtot 1 , gloria ; and it was her office faithfully to record the actions of brave and illustrious heroes. She had Hyacintha by Pierus son of Magnea Hesiod. The*g. v. 75. AptlM. i t c.S. C L 14. One of Gyrene's nymphs. Firg. G. 4, v.341. CLUZTHBRA, a daughter of Idomeneus, promised in marriage to Leucus, by whom she was murdered. CLISTHENES, the last tyrant of Sicyon. Ariitot. An Athenian, of the family of Alc- majon. It is said, that he first established ostracism, and that he was the first who was banished by that institution. He banished Isagoras, and was himself soon after restored. Plui. in Arist. Herodot. 5, c. 66, &c. A per- son censured as effeminate and incontinent. Aiistot. An orator. Cic. in Brut. c. 7. CUT*, a people of Cilicia. Tacit. Ann. 12, c . 55. A place near mount Athos. Liv. 44 c. 1 1 . CLITARCHUS, a man who made himself ab- solute at Eretria, by means of Philip of Macedonia. He was ejected by Phocion. An historian, who accompanied Alexander the Great, of whose life he wrote the history. Cuit. 9, c. .5. CLITE, the wife of Cyzicus, who hung her- self when she saw her husband dead. Apalton 1. Orpheus. CLITERNIA, a town of Italy. Mela, 2, c. 4 CLITODEMUS, an ancient writer. Pan*. 10 c. 15. CLITOMACHUS, a Carthaginian philosophei of the third academy, who was pupil and suc- cessor to Carneades at Athens, B. C. 128 Ding, in vita. An athlete of a modest coun- tenance and behaviour. JElian. V. H. 3, c. 30. CLITONYMUS, wrote a treatise on Sybaris and Italy. CLITOPHOV, a man of Rhodes, who wrote an history of India, &c. CLITOH, a son of Lycaon. A son o: Azan, who founded a city in Arcadia called after his name. Paw. 8, c. 4. Apo/lod. 3, 8. Ceres, ^Esculapius, and other deities, hac temples in that city. There was also in the town a fountain, whose waters gave a dislike for wine. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 322. A rive of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. \%. CLITORIA, the wife of Cimon the Athenian. CMTUMNUS, a river of Campania, whose waters, when drunk, made oxen white. Pro- pert. 2, el. 10, v. 25. Virg. G. 2, v. 146 Plin 2, c. 103. CLITUS, a familiar friend and foster-brotbe: of Alexander. He had saved the king's lif< in a bloody battle. Alexander killed him witl a javelin, in a fit of anger, when he was in- toxicated ; because, at a feast, he preferred the actions of Philip to those of his son. Alex ander was inconsolable for the loss of a friend whom he had sacrificed in the hour of drunken ness and dissipation. Justin. 12 % c. 6. Plu in Alei. Cnrf. 4, &c. A commander o Polyperchon's ships, defeated by Antigonus Dwd. 18. An officer sent by Antipater with 240 ships, against the Athenians, whom he conquered near the Echinades. Dwd. 18 A Trojan prince killed by Teucer. A dis eJple of Aristotle, who wrote a book on Miletus tra C L CLOAC'INA, a goddess at Rome, who pre- sided over the Cloaca;. Some suppose her to >e Venus. The Cloacfe were large recepta- les for the filth and dung of the whole city, legun by Tarquin the elder, and finished by Parquin the proud. They were built all under he city; so that, according to an expression )f Pliny, Rome seemed to be suspended be- tween heaven and earth. The building was so strong, and the stones so large, that though they were continually washed by impetous torrents, they remained unhurt during above 700 years. There were public officers chosen to take care of the Cloacae, called Curators Ctoacarum urbis. CLOANTHUS, one of the companions of neas, from whom the family of the Cluentii at Rome are descended. Virg. &n. 5, v. 122. CLODIA, the wife of Lucullus, repudiated for her lasciviousness. Pint, in Lucidl. An opulent matron at Rome, mother of D. Brutus. Cic. m Attic. CLODIA LEX de Ctiprn, was enacted by the tribune Clodius, A. U. C. 69.5, to reduce Cyprus into a Roman province, and expose Ptolemy king of Egypt to sale in his regal ornaments. It empowered Cato to go with the praetorian power, and see the auction of the king's goods, and commissioned him to return the money to Rome. Another, de Magis- tratibus, A U. C. 695, by Clodius the tribune. It forbad the censors to put a stigma or mark, of infamy upon any person who had not been actually accused and condemned by both the censors. Another, de Religione, by the same, A. U. C. 696, to deprive the priest of Cybele, a native of Pescinum, of his office, and con- fer the priesthood upon Brotigonus, a Galjo- greciai). Another, tie Provineiis, A. U. C. 69.5, which nominated the provinces of Syria, Babylon, and Persia, to the consul Gabinus; and Achaia, Thessstly, Macedon, and Greece, to his colleague Pigo, with proconsular power I empowered them to defray the expences o r their march from the public treasury. Ano- ther, A. U. C. 695, which required the same distribution of corn among the people gratis, aa had been given them before at six asses and a trie/is the bushel. Another, A. U. C. 695, by the same, de Judiciii. It called to an account, such as had executed a Roman citizen without a judgment of the people, and all the formalities of a trial. Another, by the same, to pay no attention to the appearances of the heavens, while any affair was before the people. Another, to make the power of the tribunes free, in making and proposing laws. Another, to re-establish the companies of artists, wliich had been instituted by Numa; but since his time abolished. CLODII FORUM, a town of Italy. Plin. 3, c 15. PB. CLOPIUS, a Roman, descended of an illustrious family. He made himself famous for his licentiousness, avarice, and am- bition. He committed incest with his three sisters, and introduced himself in CL women's clothes in the house of J. Csssar, woilst Pompeia, Caesar's wife, of wnom he was enamoured, was celebrating the mysteries of Ceres, where no man was permitted *o appear. He was accused for this violation of h iman and divine laws; but he corrupted his juiges, and by that means screened himself from justice. He descended from a patrician into a plebeian family to become a tribune. He was such an enemy to Cato, that he made him go with prae- torian power, in an expedition against Ptolemy king of Cyprus, that, by the difficulty of the campaign, he might ruin his reputation, and destroy his interest at Rome during his absence. Cato, however, by his uncommon success, frustrated the views of Clodius. He was also an inveterate enemy to Cicero ; and, by his in- fluence, he banished him from Rome, partly on pretence that he had punished witli death, and without trial, the adherents of Catiline. He wreaked his vengeance upon Cicero's house, which he burnt, and set all his goods to sale ; which, however, to his great mortification, no one offered to buy. In spite of Clodius, Cicero way recalled, and all his goods restored to him. Clodius was some time after murdered by Milo, whose defence Cicero took upon himself. Phil, in Cic. dppian. de Civ. 2. Cic. pro Milan, fy pro damci. Dia. A certain author, quoted by Pint. Licinius, wrote an history of Rome. Liv. 29, c. 22. Quirinalis, a rhetorician in Nero's age. Tacit. 1, Hist. c. 7. Sextus, a rhetorician of Sicily, intimate with M. Antony, whose preceptor he was. Suet, de Clar. Orat. Cic. in Philip. CLQLLIA, a Roman virgin, given with other maidens, as hostages to Porsenna king of Etruria. She escaped from her confinement, and swam across the Tiber to Rome. Her un- precedented virtue was rewarded by her coun- trymen, with an equestrian statue in the Via Sacra. Liv. 2, c. 13. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 651. Dionys. Hal. 5.Juv. 8, v. 265. A patrician family descended from Cloelius, one of the com- panions of JEneas. Dioiiys. CIXELIK FOSSS, a place near Rome. Pint, m CorioL CLCEMUS GRACCHUS, a general of the Vol- sci and Sabines against Rome, conquered by Q. Cincinnatus the dictator. CLONAS, a musician. Pint, de Music. CLOKIA, the mother of Nycteus. Apdlod. 3, c. 10. CLONIUS, a Btrotian, who went with 50 ships to the Trojan war. Hotner. II. 2. A Trojan, killed by Messapus in Italy. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 749. Another, killed by Turnue. Id. 9, v. 574. CI.OTHO, the youngest of the three Parca?, duaghters of Jupiter and Themis, was sup- posed to preside over the moment that we are born. She held the distaff in her hand, and spun the thread of life, whence her name (K\w5av tn spin.) She was represented wearing a crown with seven stars, and covered with a variegated robe. Vid. Parcae. Hesiod. Theog. T. 218, Apollod 1, c. 3. C VACINA. a name of Venus, whose statue 173 CL was erected in that place where peace was made between the Romans and Sabines, after the rape of the virgins. CLUENTIUS, a Roman citizen, accused bj his mother of having murdered his father, 54 years before Christ. He was ably defended by Cicero, in an oration still extant. The family of the Cluentii was descended from Cloanthus, one of the companions of ^Eneas. Virg. JEn^ 5, v. 122. Cic. pro Cluent. CLUILIA FOSSA, a place five miles distan from Rome. Liv. J , c. 23. 1. 2, c. 39. CLUPEA and CLYPHF.A, a town of Africa Propria, which receives its name from its exact resemblance to a shield, clypeut. Lttcan. 4, v 586. Strab. 17, /. L. 27, c. 29. CLUSIA, a daughter of an Etrurian king, of whom V. Torquatus the Roman general became enamoured. He asked her of her father, who slighted his addresses; upon which he be- sieged and destroyed his town. Clusia threw herself down from a high tower, and came to the ground unhurt. Plut. in Parall. CLUSINI FONTES, baths in Etruria. Horat. 1, ep. 15, v. 9. CLUSIUM, a town of Etruria, taken by the Gauls under Brennus. Porsenna was buried there. At the north of Clusium there was a lake called Clusina lacus, which extended northward as far as Arretium, and had a com- munication with the Arnus, which falls into the sea at Pisa. l)iod. 14. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 167 &655. CLUSIUS, a river of CisaJpine Gaul. Po/yft, 2. The surname of Janus, when his tem- ple was shut. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 130. CLUVIA, a noted debauchee, &c. Juv. 2. v. 49. CLUVIUS RUFUS, a quaestor, A. U. C. 693. Cic. ad fam. 13, ep. 56. A man of Pu- sedi appointed by Caesar to divide the lands of Gaul, &c. Cic. Die. 13, c. 7. CLYMENB, a daughter of Oceanus and Te- thys, who married Japetus, by whom she had Atlas, Prometheus, Menoetius, and Epimetheus. Hesiod. Theog. One of the Nereides, mother of Mnemosyne by Jupiter. Hygin. The mother of Thesimenus by Parthenopasus. Id. fab. 71. A daughter of Mynias, mother o. Atalanta by Jasus. Ajx>Uod. 3. A daughter of Crateus, who married Nauplius. Id. 2. The mother of Phseton by Apollo. Ovid. Met. I, v. 756. A Trojan woman. Paiu. 10, c. 26. The mother of Homer. Id. 10, c. 24. A female servant of Helen, who accom- panied her mistress to Troy, when she eloped with Paris. Ovid. Heroid. 17, v. 267. Homer II. 3, v. 144. , CLYMENEIDES, a patronymic given to Phse- ton's sisters, who were daughters of Ctymene. CI.YMENUS, a king of Orchomenos, son of Presbon. He received a wound from a stone thrown by a Theban, of which he died. His son Erginus, who succeeded him, made war against the Thebans, to revenge his death. Pans. 9, c. 37. One of the descendants of Hercules who built a temple to Minerva of Cydonia. Id. 6, c. 21. A sou of Phoroneus. CL W. J, c. 33. A king of Elis. Id. A son of CKneus, king of Calydon. CLYSONYMUSA, a son of Amphidamas, killed by Patroclus. Apollod. S, c. 13. CLVTEMNESTRA, a daughter of Tyndarus king of Sparta, by Leda. She was born, to- gether with her brother Castor, from one of the eggs which her mother brought forth after her amour with Jupiter, under the form of a swan. Clytemnestra married Agamerrmon king of Argos. She had before married Tantalus, son of Thyestes, according to some authors. When Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he left his cousin yEgystbus to take care of his wii'e, of his family, and all his domestic affairs. Besides this, a certain favourite musician was appointed by Agamemnon, to watch over the coiiduct of the guardian, as well as that of Cly- temnestra. lu the absence of Agamemnon, -cF.gysthus made his court to Clytemnestra, and publicly lived with her. Her infidelity reached the ears of Agamemnon, before the walls of Troy, and he resolved to take full re- venge upon the adulterers at his return. He was prevented from putting his schemes into execution; Clytemnestra, with her adulterer, murdered him at his arrival, as he came out of the bath, or, according to other accounts, as he sat down at a feast prepared to celebrate his happy return. Cassandra, whom Agamemnon had brought from Troy, shared his fate; and Orestes would also have been deprived of life, li/.e his father, had not his sister Electra re- moved him from the reach of Clytemnestra. Afutr this murder, Clytemnestra publicly mar- ried /Egysthus, and he ascended the throne of Argos. Orestes, after an absence of seven years returned to Mycenae, resolved to avenge his father's murder. He concealed himself in the house of his sister Electra, who had been married by the adultress, to a person of mean extraction and circumstances. His death was publicly announced ; and when /Egysthus and Clytemnestra repaired to the temple of Apollo, to return thanks to the god, for the death of the surviving son of Agamemnon, Orestes, with his faithful fnend Pylades, hid himself in the temple, and rushed upon the adulterers, and killed them with his own hand. They were buried without the walls of the city, as their bones were not worthy to be laid in the sepulchre of Agamemnon. Vid. Egysthus, Agamemnon, Orests, Electra. DM. 4. Ho- mer. Od. 11. Apollod. 3, c. 10. Pans. 2, c. 18 & W.Euripid. Iphig. in Aul.Hvgin. fab. 117 & 140. Propert. 3, el. 19. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 471. Phibitr. Icon. 2, c. 9. CLYTIA or CLYTIE, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, beloved by Apollo. She .was de- serted by her lover, who paid his addresses to Leucothoe ; and this so irritated her. that she discovered the whole intrigue to .ittr rival's father. Apollo despised her the more for this, and she pined away anrt was changed into a un-flower, which still turns its head towards the sun in his course, as in pledge of her love. Ovid. Mtt. t, fab. 3, &c. A daughter of mother of Pelops, bj Tantalus. 174 C O A concubine of Amjntor, eon of Phreitor. A daughter of Pandarus. CLYTIUS, a son of Laomedon. Homer. 11. 10 A youth in the army of Turnus, beloved by Cydon. Virg. Mn. 10, v. 325. A giant, killed by Vulcan. Apollod. 1, c. 6. The father of Pireus, who faithfully attended Tele- machus Homer. Od. 15, v. 251. A son ci ^Eolus, who followed ^Eneas into Italy, wher* he was killed by Turnus. Virg. ln. 9, v. 774. A son of Alcmaeon, the son of Ainphiaraus, Pans. 6, c. 17. CLYTUS, a Greek in the Trojan war, kille,. by Hector. Homer. II. 11, v. 302. CNACADIUM, a niountain of Laconia. Pant. 3, c. 24. CNACALIS, a mountain of Arcadia, where festivals were celebrated in honour of Diana. Id. 8, c. 23 CNAOIA, a surname of Diana. CNEMUS, a Macedonian general- success- ful in an expedition against the Acarnanians. DmL 12. Thucyd. 2, c. 66, &c. CNEUS or CNSUS, a praenoinen common to many Romans. CNIDIUM, a name given to a monument nea. Ephesus. CNIDUS and GNIDUS, a town and promontory of Doris in Caria. Venus was the chief deity of the place, and had there a famous statue made by Praxiteles. Horat. 1, od. 30. Plin 36, c. 15. CNOPUS, one of the descendants of Codru\ who went to settle a colony, &c. Palyan. 8. CNOSSIA, a mistress of" Menelaus. Api/UixL 3, c. 11. CNOSUS, a town of Crete, about 25 stadij from the sea. It was built by Minos, and had a famous labyrinth. Ptnu. 1, c. 27. Co, Coos, and Cos, one of the Cycladcs, situate near the coast of Asia, about 15 miles from Halicarnassus. Its chief town is called Cos, and anciently bore the name of Astypalzea, It gave birth to Hippocrates and Apelles, anc was famous for its fertility, and the wine an, v. ^ ! fi1. Diod. 4. COCCBIUS \FRVA, a friend of Horace Mid CO Mecasnas, and grandfather to the emperor I Nerva. He wa one of those who settled the disputes betweer Augustus and Antony. Herat. 1, S.it. 5, v. 27. An architect of Rome, one of whose buildings is still in being, the present cathedral of Naples. A lawyer and consul, who resolved to starve himself to death. Tacit. 4, Ann. A nephew of Otho. Plut. A man to whom Nero granted a triumph, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy. Tacit. 15, Ann. c. 72. COCCYGIUS, a mountain of Peloponnesus. Paw. 2, c. 36. COCINTUM, a promontory of the Bruti, now cape Stilo. COCLES, PUB. HORAT. a celebrated Roman, who, alone, opposed the whole army of Por- senna at the head of a bridge, while his com- panions behind him were cutting off the com- munication with the other shore. When the bridge was destroyed, Codes, though wounded by the darts of the enemy, leapt into the Tiber, and swam across it with his arms. A brazen statue was raised to him in the temple of Vul- can, by the consul Publicola, for his eminent services. Lin. 2, c. W. Val. Mai. 3, c. f Virg. M/i. 8, v. 650. COCTI/E, and COTTI/E, certain parts of the Alps, called after Coctius, the conqueror of the Gaals, who was in alliance with Augustu Tacit. Hist. CocY-rus, a river of Epirus. The word is derived from tcuiKveiv, to weep and to lament. Its etymology, the unwholesomeness of its water, and above all, its vicinity to the Acheron, havt made the poets call it one of the rivers of hell Virg. Mn. 6, v. 297. Pans- 1, c. 17. A river f Campania, flowing into the Luciine lake. CODOMAMJS, a surname of Darius the third jdng of Persia. CODRID., the descendants of Codrus, whi went from Athens at the head of several colo nies. Pans. 7, c. 2. CODROPOLIS, a town of Illyricum. ConRfs, the 17th, and last king of Athens son of Melanthus. When the Heraclidse mad war against Athens, the oracle declared, thatth victory would be granted to that nation whos king was killed in battle. The Heraclidae upo this gave strict orders to spare the life of Codrus but the patriotic king disguised himself, an attacked one of the enemy, by whom he wa killed. The Athenians obtained the victory and Codrus was deservedly called the father bis country. He reigned 21 years, and wa killed 1070 years before the Christian era. T pay greater honour to his memory, the Athe nians made a resolution that no man after Co drus should reign in Athens under the name king, and therefore the government was p into the hands of perpetual archons. Pater 1 t c. 2. Justin. 2, c. 6 & 7. Pans. 1, c. 19. 7, c. 25. Val. Max. 5, c. 6. A man wh with his brothers, killed Hegesias, tyrant Ephesus, &c. Polyten. 6, c. 49- A Lati poet contemporary with Virgil. Virg. Eel. ' Another, in the reign of Domitian, who! poverty became a proverb. Juv. 3, v. 203. CO CCECILIUS, a centurion. Cin.e\v. btU, CCELA, a place in the bay of Euboea. L# 1, c . 47. A part of Attica. Strab. 10. CCELALET*, a people of Thrace. COLLESYRIA & Cffir.osYRi A, a country << yria, between mount Libanus and Antilibanus, here the Orontes takes its rise. Its capital as Damascus. Antiochus Cynicenus gave is name to that part of Syria which he ob- ined as his share, when he divided his father's ominions with Grypus, B. C. 112. Dionyt. ^erieg. COJLIA, the wife of Sylla. Plut. in Syll. The 'celian family, which was plebeian, but honoured rith the consulship was descended from Vi- enna Coeles, an Etrurian, who came to settle t Rome in the age of Romulus. CffiLius, a Roman, defended by Cicero, 'wo brothers of Tarraciua, accused of having lurdered their father in his bed. They were cquitted when it was proved that they were bo* sleep at the time of the murder. Val. Max. c. t. Plut. in Cic. -A general of Carbo. An orator. Id. in Pomp. A lieutenant f Antony's. Cursor, a Roman knight in ic age of Tiberius. A man who, after pending his all in dissipation and luxury, be- ame a public robber with his friend Birrhus. iarat. 1. Sat. 4, v. 69. A Roman historian. 'ho flourished B. C. 121. A hill of Roma. r id. Cajlius. CreLus or UHANUS, an ancient deity, sup- osed to be the father of Saturn, Oceanus, Hy- >erion, &c. He was son of Terra, whom he ifterwards married. The number of- his chil- Iren, according to some, amounted to forty-five. They were called Titans, and were so closely :ontined by their father, that they conspired igainst him and were supported by their mother, who provided them with a scythe. Saturn rmed himself with this scythe, and deprived is father of the organs- of generation, as he fas going to unite himself to Terra. From the ilood which issued from the wound, sprang the nants, furies, and nymphs. The mutilated sarrs were thrown into the sea, and from them, md the foam which they occasioned, arose Ve- nus, the goddess of beauty. Heswd. fyc. COINUS, an officer of Alexander, son-in-law to Parmenio. He died of a distemper, in his return from India. Curt. 9, c. 3. Diod. 17. CCERANUS, a stoic philosopher. Tacit. Ann 14, c. 52. A person s>lain by Ulysses. Ovid Met. 13, v. 157. -A Greek charioteer to Me- rion. He was killed by Hector. Homer. II. 17 v. 610. COBS, a man of Mitylene, made sovereign aster of his country, by Darius. His coun- trymen stoned him to death. Herodot. 5, c. 11 &38. Cosus, a son of Coelus and Terra. He was father of Latona, Asteria, &c. by Phoebe. Hesiod. Theng. 135 & 405. Virg. G. 1, v. 279. A river of Messenia, flowing by Electra. Pant. 4, c. 33. COG AM us, a river of Lydia. Pirn. 5, c. S9. COGIDUNUS, a king of Britain, faithful to Rome. Tr.t. Agrie. c. 14. CO COHIBI t a nver of Asia, near Pontus. COHORS, a division in the Roman armies, consisting of about 600 men. It was the sixth part of a legion, and consequently its number was under the same fluctuation as that of the legions being sometimes more, and sometimes lees. COLJENUS, a king of Attica, before the age of Cecrops, according to some accounts. Pain. 1, c. 31. COLAXES, a son of Jupiter and Ora. Place. 6, v. 48. COI.AXATS, one of the remote ancestors of the Scythians. Herndot. 4, c. 5, &c. COLCHI, the inhabitants of Colchis. COI.CHIS and COLCHOS, a country of Asia, at the south of Asiatic Sarmatia, east of the Euxine sea, north of Armenia, and west of Iberia, now called Mingrelia. It is famous for the expedition of the Argonauts, and as the birth-place of Medea. It was fruitful in poi- sonous herbs, and produced excellent flax. The inhabitants were originally Egyptians, who settled there when Sesostris king of Egypt ex- tended his conquests in the north. From the country arise the epithets Colchus, Colchicus, Col- chiacus, and Medea receives the name of Colchis. Juv. 6, v. 640. Place. 5, v. 418. Horat. 2, od. 13, T. 8. Strab. U.Ptol. 5, c. 10. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 24. Amor. 2, el. 14, v. 28. -Mela, 1, c. 19. 1. 2. c. 3. COLENDA, a town of Spain. COLIAS, now Agio Nicolo, a promontory of Attica, in the form of a man's foot, where Venus had a temple. Herodot. 8, c. 96. COLLATIA, a town on the Anio, built by the people of Alba. It was there that Sext. Tar- uin offered violence to Lucretia. Liv. 1, 37", kc. Strab. 3.Virg. JEn. 6, v. 774. L. TARQUINIUS COLLATINUS, a nephew of Tarquin the Proud, who married Lucretia, to whom Scxt. Tarquin offered violence. He, with Brutus, drove the Tarquins from Rome, and were made first consuls. As he was one of the Tarquins, so much abominated by all the Roman people, he laid down his office of consul, and retired to Alba in voluntary ba- nishment. Liv. 1, c. 57. 1. 2, c. 2. Plor. 1, c. 9. - -One of the seven hills of Rome. COLLINA, one of the gates of Rome, on mount Quirinalis. Ovid. 4, Fast. v. 871. - A goddess at Rome, who presided over hills. - One of the original tribes established by Romulus. COLLUCIA, a lascivious woman, &c. Juv. 6, v. 306. JUN. COLO, a governor of Pontus, who brought Mithridates to the emperor Claudius. Tacit. 12, Ann. c. 21. COLON*, a place of Troas. Nepns. 4, c. 3. COLONE, a cit> of Phocis, - of Erythrasa, - of Thessaly, - of Messenia. - A rock of Asia, on the Thracian Bosphorus. COLONIA AGRTPPINA, a city of Germany on the Rhine, now Cologne. - Equestris, a town on the lake of Geneva, now Noyim. - Morinorum, a town of Gaul, now Terrouen, in Artois. - Norbensis, a town of Spain, now 176 c o Alcantara. Trajana, or Ulpia, a town of Germany, now Kellen, near Cleves. Valen- tia, a town of Spain, which now bears tha same name. COLONOS, an eminence near Athens, where (Edipus retired during his banishment. From which circumstance Sophocles has given the title of (Edipus Colonem to one of his plays. COLOPHON, a town of Ionia, at a small dis- tance from the sea, first built by Mopsus the son of Manto, and colonized by the sons of Codrus. It was the native country of Mim- nermus, Nicander, and Xenophanes, and one of the cities which disputed for the honour of having given birth to Homer. Apollo had a temple there. Strab. 14. Plin. 14, c. 20. Paus. 7, c. 3- Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 54. Cic. pro Arch. Poet. 8.Ovul. Met. 6, v. 8. COLOPHOMUS, one of the giants. COLOSSE and COLOSSIS, a large town of Phrygia, near Laodicea, of which the govern- ment was democratical, and the first ruler called Archon. One of the first Christian churches was established there, and one of St. Paul's epistles was addressed to it. Plin. 21, c. 9. COLOSSUS, a celebrated brazen image at Rhodes, which passed for one of the seven wonders of the world. Its feet we re upon the two moles, which formed the entrance of the harbour, and ships passed full sail between its legs. It was 70 cubits, or 105 fecit high, and every tiling in equal proportion, and few could clasp round its thumb. It was the work of Chares, the disciple of Lysippus, and the artist was 12 years in making it. It was be- gun 300 years before Christ ; and after it had remained unhurt during 56 or 88 years, it was partly demolished by an earthquake, 224 B. C. A winding staircase ran to the top, from which could easily be discerned the shores of Syria, and the ships that sailed on the coast of Egypt, by the help of glasses, which were hung on the neck of the statue. It remained in ruins for the space of 894 years ; and the Rhodians, ho had received several large contributions to repair it, divided the money among them- selves, and frustrated the expectations of the donors, by saying that the oracle of Delphi forbad them to raise it up again from its ruins. In the year 672 of the Christian era, it was sold by the Saracens, who were masters of the 'sland, to a Jewish merchant, who loaded 900 camels with the brass, whose value has been estimated at 36,000 pounds, English money. COI.OTES, a Teian painter, disciple of Phi- dias. Plin. 35, c. 8. A disciple of Epic- :etus. A follower of Epicurus, accused of ignorance by Ptut. A sculptor, who made a statue of ^Esculapius. Strab. 8. COLPE, a city of Ionia. Plin. 5, c. 29. COLUBRARIA, now Monte Colubre, a small .sland at the east of Spain, supposed to be the same as Ophiusa. Plin. 3, c. 5. COLUMBA, a dove, the symbol of Venus among the poets. This bird was sacred to Venus, and received divine honours in Syria. Doves disappeared once every year at Eryx, CO where Venus had a temple, and they were said to accompany the goddess to Lybia, whither she went to pass nine days, after which they returned. Doves were supposed to give ora- cles in the oaks of the forest of Dodona. Tibidl. 1, el. 7, v. 17. Milan. V. H. 1, c. 15. . COLUMELLA, (L. Jun. Moderatus), a native of Gades, who wrote among other works, 12 Dooks on agriculture, of which the tenth, on gardening, is in verse The style is elegant, nd the work displays the genius of a naturalist, nd the labours of "an accurate observer. The best edition of Columella is that of Gesner, 2 vols. 4to. Lips. 1735, and reprinted there 1772. COLUMNS HERCULIS, a name given to two mountains on the extremest parts of Spain and Africa, at the entrance into the Mediterranean. They were called Calpe and Abyla, the former on the coast of Spain, and the latter on the ide of Africa, at the distance of only ' 18 miles. They are reckoned the boundaries of ihe labours of Hercules, and they were sup- posed to have been joined, till the hero sepa- rated them, and opened a communication he- ween the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. Protei, the boundaries of Egypt, or the extent of the kingdom of Proteus. Alexandria was supposed to be built near them, though Homer places them in the island Pharos. Odys. 4, v. 351. Virg. X.n. 11, v. 262. COL.UTHUS, a native of Lycopolis in Egypt, who wrote a short poem on the rape of Helen, in imitation of Homer. The composition re- mained long unknown, till it was discovered at Lycopolis in the 15th century, by the learned cardinal Bessarion. Coluthus was, as some suppose, a contemporary of Tryphiodorus. COLYTTUS, a tribe of Athens. COMAGENA, a part of Syria above Cilicia, on the east, extending as far as the Euphrates. Strait. 11 & 17. COMANA, (orum), a city of Cappadocia, fa- mous for a temple of Bellona, where there weri above 6000 ministe 's of both sexes. The chief priest among them was very powerful, and knew no superior but the king of the country. This high office was generally con- ferred upon one of the royal family. Place. 7, v. 63ti. Strab. 12. COMANIA, a country of Asia. COMARI, a people of Asia. Mela, 1, c. 2. COMAB.US, a port in, the bay of Aaibracia near Nicopolis. CO.MASTUS, a place of Persia. COMBAIIUS, a favourite of Stratonice, wife of Antiochus. CO\JBE, a daughter of Ophius, who first in vented a brazen suit of armour. She was changed into a bird, and escaped from her children, who had conspired to murder her. Ovid. Met. 7, v. S82. COMBI and O.MBI, a city of Egypt on the Nile. Juv. 15, v. 35. COMBREA. a town near Pallene. Herodot. 7, c. 123. COMBUTIS, a general under Brennus. Pans. 10, c. 22. COMETES, the father of Asterion, and one CO of the Argonauts, Tlucc. 1, v. S56 __ On* of the Centaurs, killed at the nuptials of Piri- thous. Odd. Met. 12, v. 284. -- A man killed at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Pans. 8,c. 45. -- One of the Magi, intimate with Cambyses king of Persia. Justin. 1, c. 9. An adulterer of ^Egiale. -- A sou of Orestes. COMETHO, a daughter of Pterilaus, who da prived her father of a golden hair in his head, upon which depended his fate. She was put \) death by Amphitryon for her perfidy. Apol- iori. 2, c. 4. Q. COMINIUS, a Roman knight, who wrote oroe illiberal verses against Tiberius. Tacit* 4, Aim. c. 31. COMITIA, (orum), an assembly of the Ro- man people. The word is derived from Comi. tinm, the place where they were convened, quasi a cum ennda. The Comitium was a large hall, which was left uncovered at the top, in the first ages of the republic ; so that the as- sembly was often dissolving in rainy weather. The Comitia were called, some ontsitlaria, for the election of the consuls ; others prtztoria, for the election of praetors, &c. These assemblies were more generally known by the name of Comitia, Curiata, Centuriata, and Tributa The Curiata was when the people gave their votes bycuriae The Centuriata were not convened in later times. [Vid Centuria.] Another as- sembly was called Comitia tribnta, where the votes were received from the whole tnbes to- gether. At first the Roman people were di- vided only into three tribes ; but as their num- bers increased, the tribes were at last swelled to 35. The object of these assemblies was the electing of magistrates, and all the public officers of state. They could be dissolved oy one of the tribunes, if he differed in opinion from the rest of his colleagues. If one amoT.g the people was taken with the falling sickness the whole assembly was immediately dissolved, whence that disease is called motb'.s comiialis. After the custom of giving their votes oina race had been abolished, every one of the assembly in enacting of a law, was presented with two ballots, on one of which were the letters U. R. that is, uti rogas, be- it as it -is required ; on the other was ar A. that is antiquo, which bears the same meaning as antiquam volo, 1 for- bid it, the old law is more preferable. If the number of ballots with U. R. was superior to the A', the law was approved constitutionally; if not it was rejected. Only the chief ma- gistrates, and sometimes the pontifices, had the privilege of convening these assemblies. There were only these eight of the magistrates who had the power of proposing a law, the consuls, the dictator, the praetor, the interrex, the decemvirs, the military tribunes, the kings, and the triumvirs. They were called majoret magistrates; to whom one of the mi- noi-es magiitrutus was added, the tribune ol the people. COMICS, a man appointed king ever tl'C Attrebates, by J. Caesar, for his services. Cei. bell. G. 4, c. 21. H CO (L. Aurelius Antoninus) son of M. Antoninus, succeeded his father in the Roman empire. He was naturally cruel, and fond of indulging his licentious propensities ; and regardless of the instructions of philoso- phers, and of the decencies of nature, he cor- rupted his own sisters, and kept 300 women, and as many boys, for his illicit pleasures Desirous to he called Hercules, "like that hen he adorned his shoulders with a lion's skin and armed his hand with a knotted club. He showed himself naked in public, and fough with the gladiators, and boasted of his dexte rity in killing the wild beasts in the amphi theatre. He required divine honours from the senate, and they were granted. He was wont to put such an immense quantity of gold dust in his hair, that when he appeared bare- headed in the sun-shine, his head glittered as if surrounded with sun-beams. Martia, one of his concubines, whose death he had pre- pared poisoned him ; but as the poison did not quickly operate, he was strangled by a wrestler. He died in the 31st year of his age, and the 13th of his reign, A. D. 192. It has been observed, that he never trusted himself to a barber, but always burnt his beard, in imita- tion of the tyrant Dionysius. Herodian. COMMORIS, a village of Cilicia. Cic. Fam. 15, ep. 4. COMON, a general of Messenia. Pans. 4, c. 26. COMP!TALIA, festivals celebrated by the Romans the 12th of January and the 6th of March, in the cross ways, in honour of the household gods called Lares. Tarquin the Proud first instituted them, on acount of an oracle which ordered him to offer heads to the Lares. He sacrificed to them human victims ; but J. .Brutus, after the expulsion of the Tar- quins, thought sufficient to offer them only poppy heads, and men of straw. The slaves were generally the ministers, and during the celebration they enjoyeo their freedom. Varro de L. L. 5, c. 13. Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 140. Dionys. Hid. 4. COMPSA, now Cmsa, a town of the Hirpini, in Italy, at the east of Vesuvius. COMPSATUS, a river of Thrace, falling into the lake Bistonis. Herodot. 7, c. 109. COMPDSA, a town of Bithynia. COMUM, now Camo, a town at the north of Insubria, at the bottom of the lake Como, in the modern duchy of Milan. It was after- wards called Novo Comum by J. Csesar, who transplanted a colony there, though it re- sumed its ancient name. It was the birth- nlace of the younger Pliny. Plin. 3, :. 18. Liu. 34, c. 36 & 37. Suet, in Jul. S. Cic. Fam. 13, ep. 35. 3. Plin. 1, ep. COMUS, the god of revelry, feasting, and cturnal entertainments. During his festivals Ben and women exchanged each others' dress. He was represented as a young and drunken man, with a garland of flowers on his head, and a torch in his hand, wliich seemed falling. Her ig more generally seen sleeping upon his legs, and turning himself when the heat of the 178 c o fal.Ing torch scorched his side. Philostrat.l. Icon Plut. Qiuest. Rom. CONCANI, a people of Spain, who liveil chiefly on milk mixed with horses' blood. Horat. 8, od. 4, v. 34. CONCERDA, a town belonging to Venice in Italy. CONCORDIA, the goddess of peace and con- cord at Rome, to whom Camillus first raised a temple in the capitol, where the magistrates often assembled for the transaction of public business. She had, besides this, other temples and statues, and was addressed to promote die peace and union of families, and citizens. Plut. in Camill.Plin. 33, c. 1. Cic. prj Domo. CONDATE, a town of Gaul, now Hermes. CONDALUS, an avaricious officer, &c. Aris- tot. Polit. CONDIVICNUM, a town of Gaul, now Naiites. CONDOCHATES, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges. CONDRUSI, a people of Belgium. Cos. bell. G. 4, c. 6. CONDYLIA, a town of Arcadia. Paws. 8, c. 23. CONE, a small island at the mouth of ti,< Ister. Lucan. 3, v. 200. CONETODUNUS and COTUATUS, two despe- rate Gauls who raised their countrymen against Rome, &e. Cues. bell. G. 7, c. 3. CONFLUENTES, a town at the confluence of Moselle and Rhine. CONFUCIUS, a Chinese philosopher, as much honoured among his countrymen as a monarch. He died about 479 years B. C. CONGEDUS, a river of Spain. Martial. 1, ep. 50, v. 9. CONII, a people of Spain. CONISALTUS, a god worshipped at Athens, with the same ceremonies as Priapus at Lamp- sacus. Strab. 3. CONISCI, a people of Spain. CONNIDAS, the preceptor of Theseus, in whose honour the Athenians instituted a festi- al called Connidela. It was then usual to sa- crifice to him a ram. Plut. in Thes. CONON, a famous general of Athens, son of Timotheus. He was made governor of all the slands of the Athenians, and was defeated in a naval battle by Lysander, near the ^Egos- )otamos. He retired into voluntary banish- ment to Evagoras king of Cyprus, and after- wards to Artaxerxes king of Persia, by whose assistance he freed his country from slavery. He defeated tl irtans near Cnidos, in an ngagement where Pisander, the enemy's ad miral, was killed. By his means the Athe- nians fortified their city with a strong wall, nd attempted to recover Ionia and le was perfidiously betrayed by a Persian, nd died in prison, 13. C. 393. C. Nep. in iia. Plut. in Lys. % Artax. Isocrates. - A ireek astronomer of Samos, who, to gain the avour of Ptolemy Evergetes, publicly declared that the queen's locks, which had been dedi- cated in the temple of Venus, and had siuce disappeared, were become a constellation. c o He was intimate with Archimedes, and flou rished 247 B. C. Catull. 67.Virg. Ed. 3, v 40. A Grecian mythologist, in the age : Julius C:esar, who wrote a book which con- tained 40 fables, still extant. There was a treatise written on Italy by a man of the same \arne. CONSEXTES, the name which the Romans gave to the twelve superior gods, the Dii ma m-um gentium. The word signifies as much as cmsentientes, that is, who consented to the de- liberations of Jupiter's council. They were twelve in number, whose names Ennius has briefly expressed in these lines : Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venvs, Man, M*rc,tunus, Vuleama, Apollo. Varro de R. R. CONSENTIA, a town in the country of the Brutii. Liv. 8, c. 24. CONSIDIUS JEvvvs, a Roman knight, &c. Tacit. Caius, one of Pompey's adherents, &c. Cat. bell. Civ. 2, c. 23. CONSILINUM, a town of Italy. Mfla, 2, c CONSTANS, a son of Constantina. Vid. Con- atantinus. CONST ANTIA, a grand-daughter of the great Constantine, who married the emperor Gra- tian. CONLTANTINA, a princess, wife of the em- oeror Callus. Another. CONSTANTINOPOLIS, formerly Byzantium, the capital of Thrace, a noble and magnificent city, built by Constantine the Great, and so- lemnly dedicated A. D. 330. It was the ca- pital of the eastern Roman empire, and was called, after its foundation, Poma nova, on ac- count of its greatness, which seemed to rival Rome. The bearty of its situation, with all its conveniences, have been the admiration of every age. Constantinople fell into the hands of Mahomet the 2d, the 28th of May, 1453. CONSTANTINUS, surnamed the ij'seat, from the greatness of his exploits, was son of Con- stantius. As soon as he became independent, lie assumed the title of Augustus, and made war against Licinius, his brother-in-law, and colleague on the throne, because he was cruel and ambitious. He conquered him, and obliged him to lay aside the imperial power. It is said, that as he was going to fight against Maxentius, one of his rivals, he saw a cross in the sky, with this inscription, tv rovrm VIKU, in /loc vines. From this circumstance he be- came a convert to Christianity, and obtained n easy victory, ever after adopting a cross, or i/.arHm, as his standard. After the death of Diocletian, Maximian, Maxentius, Maximinus. and Licinius, who had reigned together in a tuUordinate manner, Constantine became sole trr.peror, and began to reform the state. He founded a city in a most eligible situation, where old Byzantium formerly stood, and cal'ed it by his own name, Constantinopolis. TLitber be transported part of the Roman se- 179 CO nate ; and, by keeping his conrt thtre, lie made it the rival of Rome, in population and magnificence. Fiom that time the two iipe rial cities began to look upon each other with an eye of envy ; and soon after the age of Constantine, a separation was made of the two empires, and Rome was called the capital of the western, and Constantinopolis was called the capital of the eastern dominions of Rome. The emperor has been distinguished for per- sonal courage, and praised for the protection he extended to the Christians. He at first persecuted the Arians, but afterwards inclined to their opinions ; and his murder of his son Crispus has been deservedly censured. By removiug the Roman legions from the garrisons on the rivers, he opened an easy passage to the barbarians, and rendered his soldiers un- warlike. He defeated 100,000 Goths, and received into his territories 300,000 Sarma- tians, who had been banished by their slaves, and gave them ground to cultivate. Constantine was learned, and preached, as well as com- posed many sermons, one of which remains. He died A. D. 337, after a reign of 31 years of the greatest glory ' and success. He left three sons, Constantinus, Constans, and Con- stantius, among whom he divided his empire. The first, who had Gaul, Spain, and Britain for his portion, was conquered by the armieg of his brother Constans, and killed in the 25th year of his age, A. D. 340. Magnentius, the governor of the provinces of Rhastia, mur- dered Constans in his bed, after a reign of 13 years, over Italy, Africa, and Illyricum ; and Constantius. th only surviving brother, now become the sole emperor, A. D. 353, punished his brother's murderer, and gave way to cruelty and oppression. He visited Rome, where he displayed a triumph, and died in his march against Julian, who had been proclaimed in- dependent emperor by his soldiers. The name of Constantine was very common to the emperors of the east, at a later period. A private soldier in Britain, raised, on account of his name, to the imperial dignity. A ge- neral of Belisarius, CONSTANTIUS CHI.ORUS, son of Eutropius, and father of the great Constantine, merited the title of Csesar, which lie obtained, by his victories in Britain and Germany. He became the colleague of Galerius, on the abdication of Dioclesian ; and after bearing the character of a humane and benevolent prince, he died at York, and made his son las successor, A. D. 306. The second son of Cons'antine the Great. Vid. Constantinus. The father of Julian and Gallus, was son of Constantius by Theodora, and died A. D. 537. -\ Roman general of Nyssa, who married Placidia, the sister of Honorius, and was proclaimed em- peror, ah honour he enjoyed only seven mouths. He died universally regretted, 421 A. D. and was succeeded by his son Valentinian in the west. One of the servants of Attilla. CONSUALES LUDI or CONSUALIA, festivals at Rome in honour of Census, the god of counsel, whose altar Romulus discovered N2 CO under the ground. This altar was always covered, except at the festival, when a mule was sacrificed, and games and horse-races ex- hibited in honour of Neptune. It was during these festivals that Romulus carried away the Sabine women who had assembled to be spec- tators of the games. They were fin.t instituted by Romulus. Some say that Romulus only regulated and re-instituted them after they had been before established by Evander. During the celebration, which happened about the middle of August, the horses were exempted from all labours, and were led through the streets adorned with garlands and flowers. CONSUL, a magistrate at Rome, with regal authority for the space of one year. There were two consuls, a consulendo, and annually cliosen in the Campus Martius. The two first consuls were L. Jun. Brutus, and L. Tarquinius Collatinus, chosen A. U. C. 244, after the ex- pulsion of the Tarquins. In the first times of die republic, the two consuls were always chosen from patrician families, or noblemen ; but the people obtained the privilege, A. U. C. 388, of electing one of the consuls from their wn body; and sometimes both were plebeians, r/he first consul among the plebeians was L. Jextius. It was required that every can- didate for the consulship should be 43 years of age, called legitimum tempus. He was always 10 appear at the election as a private man, without a retinue ; and it was requisite, before DC canvassed for the office, to have discharged me functions of quststor, edile, and praetor. Sometimes these qualifications were dis- regarded. Val. Corvinus was made a consul in his 23d year, and Scipio in his 24th. Young Marius, Pompey, and Augustus, were also under the proper age when they were invested with the office, and Pompey had never been qusestor or piaster. The power of the consuls was unbounded, and they knew no superior but the gods and the laws ; but after the ex- piration of their office, their conduct was minutely scrutinized by the people, and misbe- haviour was often punished by the laws. The Badge of their office was the prtrterta, a robe fringed with purple, afterwards exchanged for the toga picta or palmata. They were preceded by 12 lictors, carrying the fasces or bundle of sticks, in the middle of which appeared an axe. The axe, as being the characteristic rather of tyranny than of freedom was taken away from the faxes by Valerius Poplicola, but it was re- stored by his successor. They took it by turns, monthly, to be preceded by the lictors while at Rome, lest the appearance of two persons with the badges of royal authority, should raise apprehensions in the multitude. While one appeared publicly in state, only a crier walked before the other, and the lictors followed beliind without the fasces. Their au- thority was tqual ; yet the Valerian law gave the right of priority to the older, and the Julian law to him who had the most children, and he was generally called consul major or jitirr. As their power was absolute, they pre- fidf d over the senate, and could convene and CO dismiss it at pleasure. The senators were their counselors ; and among the Romans, the manner of reckoning their years was by th name of the consuls, and by M. Tnll. Ciceroni if L. Antonio Consulibits for instance, the year )f Rome 689 was always understood. This custom lasted from the year of Rome 244 till the year 1294, or 541st year of the Christian era, when the consular office was totally sup- pressed hy Justinian. In public assemblies the consuls sat in ivory chairs, and held in their hands an ivory wand, called scipm ebur- nens, which had an eagle on its top, as a sign of dignity and power. When they had drawn by lot the provinces over which they were to preside during their consulship, they went to the capitol to offer their prayers to the gods, and entreat them to protect the republic : after this they departed from the city, arrayed in their military dress, and preceded by the lictors. Sometimes the provinces were as- signed them, without drawing by lot, by the will and appointment of the senators, At their departure, they were provided by the state with whatever was requisite during their ex- pedition. In their provinces they were both attended by the 12 lictors, and equally in- vested with regal authority. They were noS permitted to return to Rome without the special command of the senate, and they always remained in the province till they arrival of their successor. At their return they harangued the people, and solemnly protested that they had done nothing against the laws or interest of their country, but had faithfully and diligently endeavoured to promote the greatness and welfare of the state. No man could be consul two following years ; yet this institution was sometimes broken, and we find Marius re-elected consul, after the expiration of his office, during the Cimbrian war. Th*. office of consul, so dignified during the times of the commonwealth, became a mere title under the emperors, and retained nothing of its au- thority but the useless ensigns of origin;-.! dignity. Even the office of consul, which was originally annual, was reduced to two or three months by J. Caesar ; but they who were ad- mitted on the first of January denominated the year, and were called ordinaiii. Their suc- cessors, during the year, were distinguished by the name of siiffecti. Tiberius and Claudius abridged the time of the consulship, and the emperor Commodus made no less than 25 con- suls in one year. Constantino the Great re- newed the original institution, and permitted them to be a whole year in office.- Here is annexed a list of the consuls from the esta- blishment of the consular power to the battle of Actium, in which it may be said that the authority of the consuls was totally ex- tinguished. The two first consuls, chosen ubout the middle of June, A. U. C. 244, were L. Jun. Brutus, and L. Tarq. Collatinus. Collatinus retired from Rome as being of the family r.f the Tarquins, and Pub. Valerius was chosen in his room. When Brutus was killed ill Utt! CO 8p. Lucretius was elected to succeed him ; and after the death of Lucretius, Marcus Horatius was chosen for the rest of the year with Va- lerias Publicola. The first consulship lasted about 16 months, during wlu'ch the Romans fought against the Tarquins, and the capitol w;is dedicated. A. U. C. 246. Pub. Valerius Publicola 2. Tit. Lucretius. Porsenna supported the claims of Tarquin. The noble actions of Codes, Scsevola, and Cloelia. . 247. P. Lucretius, or M. Horatius ; P. Valer. Publicola 3. The vain efforts of Por- senna continued. 248. Sp. Lartius; T. Herminius. Victories over the Sabines. 249. M. Valerius ; P. Postumius. Wars with the Sabines continued. 250. P. Valerius 4; T. Lucre- tius 2. 2.51. Agrippa Menenius ; P. Pos- tumius 2. The death of Publicola. 252. Opiter Virginius ; Sp. Cas- erns. Sahine war. 253. Postumius Cominius ; T. Lartius. A conspiracy of slaves at Rome. 254. Serv. Sulpicius ; Manius Tullius. 255. P. Veturius Geminus ; T. yEbutius Elva. 256. T. Lartius 2 ; L. Cloelius. War with the Latins. ' 257. A. Sempronius Atratinus ; M. Minucius. 258. Aulus Postumius; Tit. Virginius. The battle of Regillae. 259. Ap. Claudius ; P. Servilius. War with the Volsci. 260. A. Virginius ; T. Veturius ; Tie dissatisfied people retire to Mons Sacer. 261 . Postumius Cominius 2 ; Sp. Cassius 2. A reconciliation between the senate and people, and the election of the tribunes. 262. T. Geganius; P. Muni- cius. A famine at Rome. 263. M. Minucius 2 ; Aul. Sem- pronius 2. The haughty behaviour of Corio- lanus to the populace. 264 Q. Sulpitius Camerinus ; Sp. Lartius Flavus 2. Coriolanus retires to the Volsci. 265. C. Julius ; P. Pinarius. The Volsci make declarations of war. 266. Sp. Nautius ; SCT. Fu- rius. Coriolanus forms the siege of Rome. He retires at the entreaties of las mother and wife, and dies. 267. T. Sicinius ; C. Aquilius. The Volsci defeated. 268. Sp. Cassius 3 ; Proculus Yirginius. Cassius aspires to tyranny. 269. Serv. Cornelius; Q. Fa- hius. Cassius is condemned, and thrown flown the Tarpeian rock. 270. L. jEmilius; Caeso Fabiiis. The ^Equi and Volsei defeated. 271. M. Fabius ; L. Valerius. 181 C O A. U. C. 272. Q. Fabius 2 ; C. JnHu War with the ^Squi. 273. Caeso Fabius 2 ; Sp. Furius. War continued with the ^Equi and Veientes. 274. M. Fabius 2 ; Cn. Manlius. Victory over the Hernici. 275. Casso Fabius 3 ; A. Vir- ginius. The march of the Fabii to the rive? Cremera. 276. L. ^Emilius 2 ; C. Servilius. The wars continued against the neighbouring states. 277. C. Horatius; T. Menenius. The defeat and death of the 300 Fabii. 278. Sp. Servilius; Aul. Vir- ginius. Menenius brought to his trial for the defeat of the armies under him. 279. C. Nautius ; P. Valerius. 280. L. Furius ; C. Manlius. A truce of 40 years granted to the Veientes. 281. L. ^Emilius 3 ; Virginius or Vopiscus Julius. The tribune Genutiua murdered in his bed for his seditions. 282. L. Pinarius ; P. Furius. 283. Ap. Claudius ; T. Quin- tius. The Roman army suffered themselves to be defeated by the Volsci, on account of their hatred to Appius, while his colleague is boldly and cheerfully obeyed against the JT ' 284. <7. L. Sergius Fidenas, M. Papirius Mugillanus, C. Servilius. Bee. 333. 339. A. Menenius Lanatus, 2, A. Sempronius Atratinus 3, 340. 341. I . Cornelius Cossus, &c. Cn. Corn. Cossus, &c. One of the military tribunes stoned to death by Uie army. ; 342. M. Corn. Cossus ; I.. Tu- rius Medullinus, consuls. Domestic sedit>e:;s 343. Q. Fabius Ambustus; C Furius Pacilus. -- - - 344. Nautius Rutilus. -- 345. Potilus. 346. M. Papirius Atratinus ; C. Mamercus jEmilius ; C. Valerius Cn. Corn. Cossus ; L. Fu- rius Medullinus 2. Plebeians for the first time qusestors. bunes. 347. C. Julius, &c. military tri- 348. L. Furius Medullinus, &c. military tribunes. - 349. P. and Cn. Comelii Cossi, &c. military tribunes. This year the Roman soldiers first received pay. - 350. T. Quintire Capitolinus, &c. military tribunes. The siege of Veii begun. - 351. C. Valerius Potitoa, &c. military tribune*. CO A. T:. C. S5Z. Maalius /Emilius Mamerci- nu, &c The Roman cavalry begin to receive PRJ. 353. C. Servilius Ahala, &c. A defeat at Veii, occasioned by a quarrel between two of the military tribunes. 354. L. Valerius Potitus 4 ; M. Furiua Camillus 2, &c. A military tribune chosen from among the plebeians. 355. P. Licinius Calvus, &c. 356. M. Veturius, &c. 357. L. Valerius Potitus 5 ; M. Furius Camillus 3, &c. 358. L. Julius Julus, &c. 359. P. Licinius, &c. Camil- lus declared dictator. The city of Veii taken by means of a mine. Camillus obtains a triumph. 360. P. Com. Cossus, &c. The people wished to remove to Veii. 361. M. Furius Camillus, &c. Falisci surrendered to the Romans. 362. L. Lucret. Flaccus : Servius Sulpicius Cameriuus, consuls, after Rome had oeen governed by military tribunes for 1 5 suc- tssive years. Camillus strongly opposes the removing to Veii, and it is rejected. 363. L. Valerius Potitus; M. Manlius. One of the censors dies 364. L. Lucretius, &c. military tribunes. A strange voice heard, which fore- told the approach of the Gauls. Camillus goes to banishment to Ardea. The Gauls besiege Clusium, and soon after march towards Rome. 365. Three Fabii military inbuneg. The Romans defeated at Allia by the Gauls. The Gauls enter Rome and set it on fire. Ca- millus declared dictator by the senate, who had retired into the capitol. The geese save the capitol, Camillus suddenly comes and defeats the Gauls. 306. L. Valerius Pophcola 3 ; L. Virginius, &c. Camillus declared dictator, de- feats the Volsci, ^Equi, and Tuscans. 367. T. Q. Cincinnatus ; Q. Ser- Tilius Fidenas ; L. Julius Julus. 368. L. Papirius; Cn. Sergius; L. ^Emilius, &c. . 369. M. Furius Camillus, &c. 370. A. Manlius ; P. Cornelius, &c. The Volsci defeated. Manlius aims at royalty. 371. Ser. Cora. Maluginensis ; P. Valerius Potitus; M. Furius Camillus. Man- lius is condemned and thrown down the Tar- peian rock. ^ 372. L. Valerius ; A. Manlius ; C O Ser. Sulpicius, &c. Furius, &c. 373. Sp. and L. Papirii, &c. 374. M. Furius Camillus; L. 375. L. and P. Valerii. 376. C. Manlius, &c. 377. Sp. Furius, &c. 378. L. ^milius, &c. J. "| For four years anarchy at L. I,. Home. No consuls or mi- A. U. C. 380.- 381. 382. ( litary tribunes elected, but 383. J only for that time, L. Sex- tinus ; C. Licinius Calvus Stolo, tribunes of the people. 384. L. Furius, &c. 385. Q. Servilius; C. Veturius, &c. Ten magistrates are chosen to take care of the Sibylline books. 386. M. Fabius, &c. 387. T. Quintius ; Ser. Cornelius, &c. 388. A. and M. Cornelii, &c. The Gauls defeated by Camillus. One of the consuls for the future to be elected from among the plebeians. 389. M. ^milius; L. Sextius, consuls. The offices of praetor and curule aedile, granted to the senate by the people. 390. L. Genucius ; Q. Servilius. Camillus died. 391. Sulpitms Peticus; C. Lici- nius Stolo. 392. Cn. Genutius ; L. jEmiliu*. 393. Q. Serv. Ahala 2 ; L. Ge- nutius 2. Curtius devotes himself to the Da manes. 394. C. Sulpicius 2 ; C. Licinius 2. Manlius conquers a Gaul in single battle. 395. C. Petilius Balbus ; M. Fa- bius Ambustus. 396. M. Popilius C. S. Sulpicius, &c. Manlius 2. 397. C. Fabius; C. Plautius. Gauls defeated. 398. C. Marcius ; Cn. Manlius 2. 399. M. Fabius Ambustus 2; M. Popilius Laenas 2. A dictator elected from the plebeians for the first time. 400. C. Sulpicius Paeticus 3 ; M. Valerius Poplicola 2, both of patrician families. 401. M. Fabius Ambustus 3; T. Quintius. 402. C. Sulpitius Paeticus 4 ; M. Valerius Poplicola 3. 403. M. Valerius Poplicola 4; C. Marcius Rutilus. 404. Q. Sulpicius Paeticus 5 ; T. Q. Pennus. A censor elected for the first time from the plebeians. -405. M. Popilius Laenas 3; L. Corn. Scipio. 406. L. Furius Camillus ; Ap Claudius Crassus. Valerius surnamed Cor- vinus, after conquering a Gaul. 407. M. Valer. Corvus ; M. Popilius Lasnas 4. Corvus was elected at 23 years of age, against the standing law. A treaty rf amity concluded with Carthage. 408. T. Manlius Torquatus; C. Plautius. 409. M. Valerius Corvns 2; C. Paetilius. 410. M. Fabius Dorsoj Ser. I Sulpicius Camerinus. 379. L. Papirius; L. Merenius; | 411 C. Mrciu 183 j Manlius Torquatus. c o A.U.C. 412. M.ValeriusCorvusS; A. Corn. Coffins. Tlie Romans begin to make wai figwinut the Samnites, at the request of the Campanians. Tliey obtaiu a victory. -- 413. C. Marcius Rutilus 4; Q. Servilius. - 414. C. Plautius ; L. ^milius Mamercinus. -- 41.5. T. Manlius Torquatus 3 ; P. Decius Mus. The victories of Alexander the Great in Asia. .Manlius put his son to death for lighting against his order. Decius devotes himself for the army, which obtains a great victory over the Latins. - 416. T. JLmilius Mamercinus; Q. Publilius Philo. - 417. L. Furius Camillas ; C. Mae- nius. The Latins conquered. - 418. C. Sulpicius Longus ; P. ./EHus PaHus. The prastorship granted to a plebeian. - 419. L. Papirius Crassus ; Caeso Duilius. Atilius Regulus. - 421. cuiis. 422. M. Valerius Corvus; M. T. Veturius; Sp. Posthu- A. Cornelius 2 ; Cn. Domi- tous. 423. M. Claudius Marcellus ; C. Valerius Potitus. 424. L. Papirius Cursor ; C. Paetilius Libo. 425. Plautius Venno. L. Papirius Crassus; C. L. jEmilius Mamercinus 2 ; P. Plautius Proculns; P. C. Plautius. 427. Corn. Scapula. 428. L. Corn. Lentulus ; Q. Pub- lilius Philo 2. 429. C. Paetilius; L. Papirius Mugillanus. 430. L. Furius Camillus 2 ; D. Jun. Brutus Scaeta. The dictator Papirius Cur- or is for putting to death Fabius, his master of horse, because he fought in his absence, and obtained a famous victory. He pardons him. 431. C. Sulpicius Longus 1 ; Q. Aulius Cerretanus. 432. Q. Fabius ; L. Fulvius. 433. T. Veturius Calvinus 2 ; Sp. Posthumius Albinus 2. C. Pontius, the Sam- nhe, takes the Roman consuls in an ambuscade at Claudium. 434. L. Papirius Cursor 2 ; Q. 'ublilius Philo. 435. L. Papirius Cursor 3; Q. \ulius Cerretanus 2. 436. M. Foesius Flaccinator; L. riiuitius Venno. 437. C. Jun. Bubulcus ; L. ^Emi- 438. Sp. Nautius ; M. Popilius. 439. I* Papirius 4; Q. Publilius 440. M. Psetilius ; C. Sulpicius. 184 Jius Barbula. A.U.C. 441. L. Papirius Cursor &, C Jun. Bubulcus 2. 442. M. Valerius ; P. Decius. The censor Appius makes the Appian way and aqueducts. The family of the Potitii extinct. 443. C. Jun. Bubulcus 3; Q JEmilius Barbula 2. 444. Q. Fabius 2 ; C. Martius Rutilus. Q. Fabius 3 ; P. Decius 2. 445. 446. lumnius. 447. Appius Claudius ; L. Vo- P. Corn. Arvina; Q. Mar- cius Tremulus. 448. L. Postumius ; T. Minucius 449. P. Sulpicius Saverrio ; Sem- pronius Sophus. The jEqui conquered.- 450. L. Genucius ; Ser. Cornelius. 451. M. Livius; M. yEmilius. 452. M. Valerius Maximus ; Q Apuleius. The priesthood made common to the plebeians. ^^^ 453. M. Fulvius Paetinus; T Manlius Torquatus. 454. L. Cornelius Scipio; Ci Fulvius. 45.5. Q. Fabius Maximus 4; P Decius Mus. 3. Wars against the Samnites. 456. L. Volumnius 2 ; Ap. Clau- dius 2. Conquest over the Etrurians and Sam- nites. 457. Q. Fabius 5 ; P. Decius 4. Decius devotes himself in a battle against the Samnites and the Gauls, and the Romans ob- tain a victory. 458. L. Postumius Megellus ; M. Atilius Regulus. 459. L. Papirius Cursor ; Sp. Carvilius. Victories over the Samnites. 460. Q. Fabius Gurges ; D. Jun. Brutus Scaeva. Victory over the Samnites. 461. L. Postumius 3; C. Jun. Brutus. JEsculapius brought to Rome m the form of a serpent from Epidaurus. 462. P. Com. Rufiuus; M. Cu rius Dentatus. 463. M. Valerius Corvinus; Q. Caedicius Noctua. 464. Q. Marcius Tremulus ; P. Corn. Arvina. 465. M. Claudius Marcellus ; C. Nautius. -466. M. Valerius Potitus; C. JElius Paetus. 467. C. Claudius Caanina; M. ^Emilius Lepidus. 468. C. Servilius Tucca; Cae- cilius Metellus. War with the Senoiies. 469. P. Corn. Dolabella ; C. Do- mitius Calvinus. Senones defeated. 470. Q. ^imilius; C. Fabricius. War with Tarentum. 471. L. ^Emilius Barbula; Q. Marcius. Pyrrhus comes to assist Tarentum. 472. P. Valerius Levinus ; Tib. Coruncianus. Pynlms conquers the consul Levinus, and, though victorious, sues for peace, CO which is refused by the Roman senate. The cen- KUS was made, and 272,222 citizens were found. A. U. C. 475. P. Sulpidus Saverrio ; P. Dpcius Mus. A battle with Pyrrhus. CO A. U. C. 497. Serv. Fulvius Paetimu No bilior; M. .lEmilius Paulus. Regulus, after many victories in Africa, is defeated, ao4 taken prisoner by Xanthippus. Agrigentum 474. C. Fabricius Luscinus 2; retaken by the Carthaginians. Q. JEmilius Pappus 2. Pyrrhus goes to Sicily The treaty between Rome and Carthage re- 475. P. Corn. Rufinus; C. Jun. newed. Brutus. Crotona and Locri taken. 476. Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges $ ; C. Genucius Clepsina. Pyrrhus returns from Sicily to Italy. 477. M. Curius Dentatus 2; L. Corn. Lentulus; Pyrrhus finally defeated by 478. M. Curius Dentatus 3 ; Curius. Her. Corn. Merenda. 479. C. Fabius Dors C. Clau- dius Cienina 2. An embassy from Philadelphus, to conclude an alliance with the Romans. 480. L. Papirius Cursor 2 ; Sp. Ccirvilius 2. Tarentum surrenders. 481 L. Genucius; C. Quintius. -482. C. Genuciusj Cn. Cor- 498. Cn. Corn. Scipio Asina 2 A. Attilius Calatinus 2. Panormus taken by the Romans. - 499. Cn. Servilius Caepio; C. Sempronius Blaesus. The Romans, discou- raged by shipwrecks, renounce the sovereignty C. Aurelius Cotta ; P. Ser- Citizens capable to bear of the ieas. - 500. rilius Geminus. arms, amounted to 297,797. 501. L. Csecilius Metellus 2 ; C. Fuiius Pacilus. The Romans begin to re- cover their power by sea. - 502. C. Attilius Regulus 2 ; L. Manlius Volso 2. The Carthaginians defeated near Panormus in Sicily. One hundred and forty-two elephants taken and sent to Rome. Regulus advises the Romans not to exchange prisoners. He is put to death in the most ex- cruciating torments. 503. P. Clodius Pulcher; L. 483. Q. Ogulinus Callus; C. Fa- | Jun. Pullus. The Romans defeated in a laus Pictor. Silver money coined at Rome for naval battle. The Roman fleet lost in a the first time. I storm 484. P. Sempronius Sophus; Ap. J 504. C. Aurelius Cotta 2; P. Claudius Crassus. Servilius Germinus 2. 485. M. Attilius Regulus ; L. 505. L. Csecilius Metellus 3 ; Julias Libo. Italy enjoys peace universally. - 486. Numerius Fabius ; D. Junius. - 487. Q. Fabius Gurges 3; L. Mamilius Vitulus. The number of the quss- Jors doubled to eight. - 488. Ap. Claudius Caudex; M. fr'ulvius Flaccus. The Romans aid the Mamer- (ines, which occasions the first Punic war. Ap- [iius defeats the Carthaginians in Sicily. The combats of gladiators first instituted. --- 489. M. Valerius Maximus ; M. Otacilius Crassus. Alliance between Rome and Hiero king of Syracuse. A sun-dial first put up at Rome, brought from Catana. - 490. L. Postumius Gemellus ; Q. Mamilius Vitulus. The siege and taking of Agrigentum. The total defeat cf the Car- Umginians. -- 491. L. Valerius Flaccus; T. Oiacilius Crassus. - 492. Cn. Corn. Scipio Asina; C. D-ailius. In two months the Romans build s. The naval nd equip a fleet of 120 galley "ictory and triumph of Duilius. - 493. L. Corn. Scipio ; C. Aquilius /Jorus. Expedition against Sardinia and Corsica. -- 494. A. Attilius Calatinus; C. Sulpicius Paterculus. The Carthaginians de- feated in a naval battle. -- - 495. C. Attilius Regulus; Cn. Cm, Blasio. - 496. L. Manlius Vulso ; Q. Caj- - cilius Metellus. Lucullus defeats the united forces of Mithridates and Tigranes. - - - 685. M. Acilius Glabrio; C. Calpurnius Piso. Lucullus falls under the dis- pleasure of his troops, who partly desert him. Pompey goes against the pirates. - 686. M. ^Emilius Lepidus ; I. Volcatus Tullus. Pompey succeeds Lucullus to finish the Mithridatic war, and defeats tha enemy. - 687. L. Aureliua Cotta ; L Manlius Torquatus. Success of Pompey in Asia. - 688. L. Julius Caesar ; C. Mar- cius Figulus. Pompey goes to Syria. Ilia conquests there. - 689. M. Tullius Cicero; C. An- tonius. Mithridates poisons bimseif. Catilin* conspires against the state. Cicero discovers the conspiracy, and punishes the adherents. - 690. D. Junius Silanus ; L. Li- cinius Muraena. Pompey triumphs over the pirates, Mithridates, Tigranes, and Aristo- bulus. - 691. M. Puppius Piso ; M. Va- lerius Messala Niger. -- 692. L. Afranius; Q. Mete!! Celer. A reconciliation between Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar. - 693. C. Jul. Cffisar; M. Cal- purnius Bibulus. Caesar breaks the fasces of his colleague, and is sole consul. He obtains the government of Gaul for five years. - 694. C. Calpurnius Piso; A Gabinus Paulus, Cicero banished by means of Clodius. Cato goes against Ptolemy king Cyprus. Successes of Ca?sar in Gaul. - 695. P. Coin. Lentiuus Spin- ther ; Q. Caecilius Metullus Nepos. Cicero recalled. Caesar's success and victories. - 696. Cn. Corn. Lentulus Mar- jcellinus; L. Marcius Philippus. The trium- virate of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. - 697. Cn. Pompeius Magnus g ; M. Licinus Crassus 2. Crassus goes against Parthia. Caesar continued for five years more in the administration of Gaul. His conquest of Britain. - 698. L. Domitius Ahenobarbus ; Ap. Claudius Pulcher. Great victories of Caesar. - - 699. Cn. Domitius Calvinus ; M. Valerius Messala. Crassus defeated and slain in Parthia. Milo kills Clodius. -- 700. Cn. Pompeius Magnus 3 ; the only consul. He afterwards took for col- league, Q. Csecilius Metellus Pius Scipio. Re- volts of the Gauls crushed bv Ctesar. -- 701. Ser. Sulpicius Rufus ; M. Claudius Marcellus. Rise of the jealousy 'e- tween Caesar and Pompey. E 702. L. Paulus; P. Claudius Marcellus. Cicero proconsul of Ci- licia. Increase of the differences IxtwMiu Caesar and Pompey. - 703. C. Claudius Marcellu* ; L. Cornelius Lentulus. Cresar begins tlie civil CO rw. Pompey flies from Pome. CiPsarmadej dictator. A. U. C. 704. C. Julius Caesar 2 ; P. Ser- vilius Isauricus. Caesar defeats Pompey at Pharsalia. Pompey murdered in ^Egypt. The wars of Caesar in Egypt. 705. Q. Fusius Calenus ; P. Va- tinius. Power and influence of Caesar at Rome. He reduces Pontus. 706. C. Julius Caesar 3: M. Almilius Lepidus. Caesar defeats Pompey s partizans in Africa, and takes Utica. 707. C. Julius Caesar 4; consul alone. He conquered the partizans of Pompey in Spain, and was declared perpetual dictator and imperator, &c. 708. C. Julius Caesar 5 ; M. An- tonius. Caesar meditates a war against Par- thia. Above 60 Romans conspire against Cassar, and murder him in the senate-house. Antony raises himself to power. The rise of Octavius. 709. C. VibiusPansa; A. Hir- tius. Antony judged a public enemy. He is opposed by the consuls and Augustus. He 'oins Augustus. Triumvirate of Antony, Au- gustus, and Lepidus. 710. L. Minutius Plancus ; M. ^Emilius Lepidus 2. Great honours paid to the memory of J. Caesar. Brutus and Cassius ioin their forces against Augustus and An- tony. 711. L. Antonius; P. Servilius Isauricus 2. Battle of Philippi, and the defeat of Brutus and Cassius. 712. Cn. Domitius Calvinus ; P. Asinius Pollio. Antony joins the son of Pompey against Augustus. The alliance of short duration. . 713. L. Marcius Censorinus ; C. Calvisius Sabinus. Antony marries Octavia, the sister of Augustus, to strengthen their mutual alliance. 714. Ar. Claudius Pulcher; C. Norbauus Flaccus. To whom were substituted C. Octavianus and Q. Pedius. Sext. Pompey, the son of Pompey the Great, makes himself powerful by sea, to oppose Augustus. . 715. M. Agrippa; L. Caninius Gallus. Agrippa is appointed by Augustus to oppose Sext. Pompey with a fleet. He builds the famous harbour of Misenum. 716. L. Gellius Poplicola; M. Cocceius Nerva. Agrippa obtains a naval vic- tory over Pompey, who delivers himself to An- tony, by whom he is put to death. -717. L. Cornincus Nepos; Sex. Pompeius Nepos. Lentulus removed from power by Augustus. 718. L. Scribonius Libo; M. Antonius 2. Augustus and Antony being sole masters of the Roman empire, make another division of the provinces. Caesar obtains the west, and Antony the east. 719. C. Caesax Octavianus 2; L. Volcatius Tullus. Octavia divorced by An- ony, who marries Cleopatra. i 720. Cn. Domitus Abe^obarbus ; * 190 C O C. Srcsius. Dissensions between Augueiua and Antony. A. fr. C. 721. C. Caesar Octavianu* 3; M. Valer. Messala Corvinus. The battle of Actium, which, according to som? authors happened no r till the year of Rome 724. The end of the commonwealth. CONSUS, a deity at Rome, who presided over counsels. His temple was covered in the Maximus circus, to show that counsels ought to be secret and inviolable. Some suppose that it is the same as Neptunus Equestris. Romulus instituted festivals to his honour, called Consualia, during the celebration Oi which the Romans carried away the Sabine women. Dioni/s. Hal. 1. Liv. 1, c. 9. CONSYGNA, the wife of Nicomedes king 01 Bithynia, torn in pieces by dogs for her lasci- vious deportment. Plin. 8, c. 40. CONTADESDUS, a river of Thrace. Herodot. 4, c. 90. CONTUBIA, a town in Spain. Flor. 2, c. 17 COON, "the eldest son of Autenor, killed bj Agamemnon. Homer. II. Coos, Cos, CEA, and Co, an island of the ^Dgean sea. Vid. Co. COP*, a place of Greece near the Cephisus Plin. 4, c. 7. ' COPIAS I.ACITS, a lake of Boeotia, into which the Cophisus and other rivers empty them- selves. It is famous for its excellent eels Pans. 9, c. 24. COPHONTIS, a burning mountain of Bac triana. Plin. 2, c. 106. COPHAS, a son of Artabazus. Curt. 7. c 11. A river of India. Dionys. Perieg. COPIA, the goddess of plenty, among the Romans, represented as bearing a horn filled with grapes, fruit, &c. COPILLUS, a general of the Tectosagae, taken by the Romans. Plut. in Syll. C. COPONIUS, a commander of the fleet of Rhodes, at Dyrrachium, in the interest of Pompey. Cic. 1. de Div. c. 38. Pate-c. 2, c, 83. COPRATES, a river of Asia, falling into the Tigris. Diod. 19. COPREUS, a son of Pelops, who fled to My- cenae at the death of Iphitus. Apollod. 1, c, COPTUS and COPTOS, a town of Egypt, near the Red sea, about 100 league? from Alexan- dria, on a canal which communicates with the Nile. Plin. 5, c. 9. 1. 6, c. 23. Strab. 16. Juv. 15, v. 28. CORA, a town of Latium, on the confines of the Volsci, built by a colony of Dardanians be- fore the foundation of Rome. Lucan. 7, v. 392, Virg. JEn. 6, v. 775. CORACESIUM and CORACF.NSIUM, a maritime town of Pamphylia. Liv. 33, c. 20. CORACONASUS, a town of Arcadia, where the Ladon falls into the Alpheus. Paws. 8, c. 25. CORALETJ., a people of Scythia. Fiafc. 6, v. 81. CORALLI, a savage people of Pontus. Ovio. ex Pmit. 4, el. 2, v. 37- CORANUS, a miser. Vid. Nasica. c o CORAS, a brother of Catillus and Tyburtus, *ho fought against JEneaa. Virg. JEn. 7, r. 678. CORAX, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily, who first demanded salary of his pupils. Cic. tn Brut. Quintil. 3, c. 1. A king of Sicyon. A mountain of ^Etolia. Liu. 36, c. SO. CORAXI, a people of Colchis. Plin. 6, c. 5. CORBEUS, a Gaul, &c. Cat. bell. G. 8, c. 6. CORBIS and ORSUA, two brothers, who fought for the dominion of a city, in the pre- sence of Scipio in Spain. Liv. 28, c. 21. Vol. Max. 9, c. 11. COKBULO, (Domitius) a prefect of Belgium, who routed the Parthians, destroyed Aitaxata, and made Tigranes king of Armenia. Nero, iealous of his virtues, ordered him to be mur- dered ; and Corbulo hearing this, fell upon his sword, exclaiming, " I have well deserved this?" A. D. 66. Tacit. Ann. 11, c. 18. CORCYRA, an island in the Ionian sea, about 12 miles from Buthrotum, on the coast of Epirus ; famous for the shipwreck of Ulysses, and the gardens of Alcinous. It has been successively called Drepane, Scheria, and Phaeacia, and now bears the name cf Corfu. Some Corinthians, with Chersicrates at their head, came to settle there, when ba- nished from their country, 703 years before the Christian era. A colony of Colchis had settled there 1349 years before Christ. The war which was carried on by Themistocles, against the Corcyreans, and was called Corcy- rean, became but a preparation for the Pelo- ponnesian war. Homer. Od. 5, fyc. Lucan. 9, v. 32 Mela. 2, c. 7. Plin. 4, c. 12. Strab. 6. CORDUBA, a famous city of Hispania Bsetica, the native place of both the Senecas and of Lucan. Martial. 1, ep. 62. Mela. 2, c. 6. Cffs. Bell. Alex. 57. Plin. 3, c. 1. CORDYLA, a port of Pontus, supposed to give its name to a peculiar sort of fishes caught there (Cardyla). Plin. 9, c. 15. Martial. 13, ep. 1. CORE, a daughter of Ceres, the same as Proserpine. Festivals, called Careia, were in- stituted to her honour in Greece. CORISSUS, a hill near Ephesus. Herodot. 5, c. 100. CORESUS, a priest of Bacchus at Calydon in Boeotia, who was deeply enamoured of the Bymph Callirboe, who treated him with dis- dain. He complained to Bacchus, who visited the country with a pestilence. The Caly- donians were directed by the oracle, to ap- pease the god by sacrificing Callirhoe on his altar. The nymph was led to the altar, and Coreeus, who was to sacrifice her, forgot his resentment, and stabbed himself. Callirhoe, conscious of her ingratitude to the love of Co- resus, killed herself on the brink of a foun- tain, which afterwards bore her name. Paus. 7, c. 21. CORETAS, a man who first gave oracles at Delphi. Pint, de orac. def. GORVIMUM, the capital of the Peligni, 191 C O , three miles from the Aternue, which fall* fttto the Adriatic. Ctes. Civ. 1, c. 16. Lucan. 2 v. 478. Sit. 5, v. 522. CORIA, a surname of Minerva, among the Arcadians. Cic. de not. D. 3, c. 23. CORINNA, a celebrated woman of Thebes, disciple to Myrtis. Her father's name was Archelodorus. It is said, that she obtained five times a poetical prize, in which Pindar was her competitor ; but it must be acknow- ledged, that her beauty greatly contributed to defeat her rivals. Some few of her verses re- main. Prapert. 2, el. 3. Pauf. 9, c. 22. A woman of Thespis celebrated for her beauty. Ovid's mistress was also called Corinna Amor. 2, el. 6. CORINNUS, an ancient poet in the time of the Trojan war, on which he wrote a poem. Homer, as some suppose, took his subject from the poem of Corinnus. CORINTHIACUS SINUS, is now called the gulf of Lepanto. CORINTHUS, an ancient city of Greece, now called Corito, situated on the middle of the isthmus of Corinth, at the distance of about 60 stadia on either side from the sea. It was first founded by Sisyphus son of JEolus, A. M. 2616, and receive its name from Corinthus the son of Pelops. Its original name was Ephyre ; and it is called Bimaris, because situate be- tween the Saronicus Sinus and Crisseus Sinus. The inhabitants were once very powerful, and had great influence among the Grecian states. They colonized Syracuse in Sicily, and de livered it from the tyranny of its oppressors, by the means of Timoleon. Corinth was totally destroyed by L. Mummius, the Roman con- sul, and burnt to the ground, 146 B. C. The riches which the Romans found there, were immense. During the conflagration, all the metals which were in the city, melted and mixed together, and formed that valuable com- position of metals, which has since been known by the name of Carintlnum jEs. There was there a famous temple of Venus, where many lascivious women resorted, and sold their pleasures so dear, that many of their lovers were reduced to poverty ; whence the proverb of Nan cuivis liomini contingit adire Corinthum, to shew that all voluptuous indulgences are at- tended with much expense. J. Casar plantel a colony at Corinth, and endeavoured to re- store it to its former grandeur. The govern- ment of Corinth was monarchical till 779 years B. C. when officers called Prytanes were instituted. The war which has received the name of Corinthian war, because the battles were fought in the neighbourhood of Corinth, was begun B. C. 395, by the combination of the Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and Ar- gives, against Lacedsemon. Pisander and Agesilaus distinguished themselves in that war ; the former, on the first year of hostili- ties, was defeated with the Lacedaemonian fleet, by Conon, near nidus ; while a few days after, Agesilaus slaughtered 10,000 of the enemy. The most famous battle* CO were fooght at Coronea and Leuctoa ; but Agesilaus refused to besiege Corinth, lament- ing that the Greeks, instead of destroying one another, did not turn their arms against the Persian power. Liv. 45, c. 28. Flar. 2, c. 16. Ovid, Met. 2, v. 240. Horot. 1, ep. 1?; v. 36. P/m. 34, c. 2. Slat. Theb. 7, v. 106 Pans. 2, C. 1, &c. i'trafc. 8, &C. Hvmer. Jl, 15. An actor at Rome. Jnv. 8, v. 197. CORIOLANUS, the surname of C. Martius, from liis victory over Corioli, where, from a private soldier, he gained the amplest honours. When master of the place, he accepted as the only reward, the surname of Coriolanus, a horse, and prisoners, his ancient host, to whom he immediately gave his liberty. After a number of military exploits, and many ser- vices for his country, he was refused the con- sulship by the peop'le, when hi* v scars had for awhile influenced them in his favour. This raised his resentment ; and when the Romans had received a present of corn from Gelo king of Sicily, Coriolanus insisted that it should be Bold for money, and not be given gratis. Upon this, the tribunes raised the people against him for his imprudent advice, and even wished him to be put to death. This rigorous sen- tence was stopped by the influence of the senators, and Coriolanus submitted to a trial. He was banished by a majority of three tribes, and lie immediately retired among the Volsci, to Tullus Aufidius, his greatest enemy, from whom he met a most tendei reception. He advised him to make war against Rome, and be marched at the head of the Volsci as ge- neral. The approach of Coriolanus greatly alarmed the Romans, who sent him several embassies, to reconcile him to his country, and to solicit his return. He was deaf to all proposals, and bad them prepare for war. He pitched his camp only at the distance of five miles from the city ; and his enmity against his country would have been fatal, had not his mother Volumnia, and his wife Vergilia, been prevailed upon by the Roman matrons, to go and appease his resentment. The meeting of Co- riolanus with his family was tender and affect- ing. He remained long inexorable ; but at last the tears and entreaties of a mother and a wife prevailed over the stern and obstinate re- solutions of an eneiry, and Coriolanus marched the Volsci from the neighbourhood of Rome. To shew their sense of Volumnia's merit and patriotism, the Romans dedicated a temple to Female Fortune. The behaviour of Conolanus displeased the Volsci. He was summoned to appear before the people of Antium ; but the clejnours which his enemies raised, were so prevalent, that he was murdered on the place appointed for his trial, B. C. 488. His body was honoured with a magnificent funeral by the Volsci, and the Roman matrons, put on mourning for his loss. Some historians say that he died in exile, in an advanced old age. Pint, in vte. Flar. 2, c. 22. CORIOLI and COIUOLLA, a town of Latium, on the borders of the Volsci, taken by the 192 CO Romans under Coriolanus. P/i.x 3, c - a Pint. Liv. 2, c. 33. Conissus, a town of Ionia. CORITUS. Vid. Corytus. Con MII s, a river near Assyna. Tacit. An* 12, c. 14. CORMA SA , a town of Pamphylia. Liv. 38, c. i5. CORNELIA LEX, de Civitute, was enacted A. U. C. 670, by L. Corn. Sylla. It con- firmed the Sulpician law, and req aired that the citizens of the eight newly-elected tribes should be divided among the 35 ancient triL.i. Another, de Judiciis, A. U. C. 673, by the same. It ordained that the praetor should always observe the same invariable method in judicial proceedings, and that the pro- cess should not depend upon his will. An- other, de Sumptibus, by the same. It limited the. expences which generally attended fune- rals. Another, de Ueligione, by the same, A. U. C. 677. It restored to the college of priests, the privilege of choosing the priests. which, by the Domitian law, had been lodged in the hands of the poople Anotl fr, if Munictpvs, by the same ; which revoked all the privileges which had been some time be- fore granted to the several towns that had assisted Marius and Cinna in the civil wars. Another, de Magistratibns, by the saiae ; which gave the power of bearing honours and being promoted before the legal age, to those who had followed the interest of Sylla, while the sons and partizans of his enemies, who had been proscribed, were deprived of the privilege of standing for any ofiice in the state. Another, de Magistratibux, by the same A. U. C. 673. It ordained that no person should exercise the same office within ten years distance, or be invested with two dif- ferent magistracies in one year. Another, de Magistratibns, by the same, A. U. C. 673. It divested the tribunes of the privilege of making laws, interfering, holding assembles, I and receiving appeals. All such as had beou tribunes were incapable of holding any other office, in the state by that law. Another, de Majestate, by the same, A. U. C. 670. It made it treason to lend an army out of a pro- vince, or engage in a war without orders, to influence the soldiers to spare or ransom a cap- tive general of the enemy, to pardon the leaders of robbers, or pirates, or for the absence of a Roman citizen to a foreign court, without pre- vious leave. The punishment was, aqntr el ignis i:iterdictio. Another by the same, which gave the power to a man accused of murder, either by poison, weapons, or false accusa- tions, and the setting fire to buildings, to choose whether the jury that tried him should give their verdict clam or jialam, viva voce or bt, ballots. Another by the same, which made it aqnee et ignis intenlictio to such as were guiltj of forgery, concealing and altering of wills corruption, false accusations, and the debasing or counterfeiting of the public coin ; all such as were accessary to this offence, were deeint-tl as guilty as the offender. Another, de fie- CO tunuirepetimdit, by which a man convicted of peculation or :xtortion hi the provinces, was condemned to us, wrote eight books on medicine, still ex- tant. Cn. and Publ. Scipio. Fid. Scipio. Lentulus, a high priest, &c. Liv. Plut. Val. Max. Tacit. Suet. Polyb.C. Nep. fa. CORNICULUM, a town of Latium. Dicnyt. Hal. CORNIPICIUS, a poet and general in the age of Augustus, employed to accuse Brutus, &c. His sistei Cornificia, was also blessed with a poetical genius. Pint, in Brut. A lieute- nant of J Caesar. Id. in Ctes. A friend of Cicero, and his colleague in the office of augur. CORNIGER, a surname of Bacchus. CORNUTUS, a stoic philosopher of Africa, preceptor to Persius the satirist. He wrote some treatises on philosophy and rhetoric. Pars. 5, v. 36. A praHor of Rome, ha the ag. of Cicero. Cic. 10, ep. 12. A Roman, saved from the proscription of Marius, by his servants, who hung a dead man in his room, and said it was their master. Plut. in Mario. CORCEBUS, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon and Anaximena. He assisted Priam hi the Trojan war, with the hopes of being rewarded with the hand of Cassandra for his services. Cas- sandra advised him in vain to retire from the war. He was killed by Peueleus. Pans. 10, c. 27. Virg, JEn. 2, v. 341, &c. A con- ner of Elis, killed by Neoptolemus. He ob- tained a prize at Olympia, B. C. 776, in the 28th olympiad from the institution of Iphitus j but this year has generally been called the first olympiad. Paus. 5, c. 8. A hero of Argolis, who killed the serpent sent by Apollo to avenge Argos. His country was afflicted with a plague, and he consulted the oracle of Delphi, which commanded him to build k temple, where a tripod which was given him, should fall from his hand. Pout. 1, \. <&. C Co5tA, a town of Messenia. Pirn. 4, c. 5. ComoNEA, a town of Boeotia, where, in the first year of the Corinthian war, Agesilaus defeated the allied forces of Athens, Thebes, Corinth, and Argos, B. C. 394. C. Nep. in Ages. Diod. 12. A town of Peloponnesus of Corinth of Cyprus of Ambracia of Phthiotis. CORONIS, a daughter of Phlegias, loved by Apollo. She became pregnant by her lover, who killed her on account of her criminal par- tiality to Ischys the Thessalian. According to some, Diana killed her, for her infidelity to her brother ; and Mercury saved the child from her womb, as she was on the burning pile. Others say, that she brought forth her son, and exposed him near Epidaurus, to avoid her father's re- sentment; and they further mention, that Apollo had set a crow to watch her behaviour. The child was preserved, and called j,sc\i- lapius ; and the mother, after death, received divine honours, and had a statue at Sicyon, in her son's temple, which was never exposed to public view. Pans. 2, c. 26. The daugh- ter of Coronaeus, king of Phocis, changed into a crow by Minerva, when flying before Neptune. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 543. One of the daughters of Atlas and Pleione. CORONTA, a town of Acaraania. Thttcyd. a, c. 102. CoR5Nus, a son of Apollo. Paus. 2, c. 5. A son of Phoroneusking of the Lapithaa. Diod. 4. CORRHAGIUM, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31, c. 27. Co RSI, a people of Sardinia, descended from the Corsicans. CORSIA, a town of Boeotia. Paus. 9, c. 24. CORSICA, a mountainous island in the Me- diterranean, on the coast of Italy. Its inhabi- tants were savage, and bore the character of robbers, liars, and atheists, according to Seneca, who was exiled among them. They lived to a great age and fed on honey, which was pro- duced there in great abundance. Corsica was in the possession of the Carthaginians, and conquered by the Romans, B. C. 231. The Greeks called it Cymos. Strab. Martial. 9, ep. 27. P/in. 3, c. 6. Ovid. 1, Amor. el. I?., v. 10. Virg. Eel. 9, v. 30. CORSOTE, a town of Armenia. CORSURA, an island in the bay of Carthage. CORTOK, an ancient town of Etruria, called Can/turn by Virgil. It was at the north of the Thrasymene lake. Dionys. H. 1, c. 20 & 26. Liv. 9, c. 37. CORVINUS, a name given to M. Valerius, from a crow, which assisted him when he was fighting against a Gaul. An orator. Paterc. 2, c. 36. Messala, an eloquent orWor, in the Augustan age, distinguished for integrity and patriotism, yet ridiculed for hi* frequent quotations of Greek in his actions. In his old age, he became so forgetful as not even to Temember his name. One of this family oecame so poor, that he was obliged, to main- tain himself, to be a mercenary shepherd. Jut). 1, r. 108. T. CORUKCASVS, the first plebeian who was 194 CO made high-priest at Rome. 'The family of the Coruncani was famous for the number of great men which it supplied, for the service- and honour of the Roman republic. Cic. prc domn. Coaus, a river of Arabia, falling into the Red sea. Herodot. 3, c. 9. CORYBANTES, the priests of Cybele, called also Galli. In the celebration of their festivals, they beat their cymbals and behaved as if de- lirious. They first inhabited mount Ida, and from thence passed into Crete, and secretly brought up Jupiter. Some suppose that they receive their name from Corybas son of Jasus and Cybele, who first introduced the rites ot his mother into Phrygia. There was a festival at Cnossus in Crete, called Corybantica, in commemoration of the Corybantes, who there educated Jupiter. Paiw. 8, c. 37. Diod. 5. Horat. 1, od. 16. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 617. 1. 10, v. 250. CORYBAS, a son of Jasus and Cybele. Dind. 5. A painter, disciple to Nicomachus. Plin. 35, c. 11. CORYBASSA, a city of Mysia. CORYBUS, a promontory of Crete. CORYCIA, a nymph, mother of Lycorus, by Apollo. Paus. 10, c. 6. CORYCIDES, the nymphs who inhabited the foot of Parnassus. This name is often ap- plied to the Muses. Ovid. Met. v. 320. CORYCIUS, an old man of Tarentum, whose time was happily employed in taking care ot his bees. He is represented by Virgil. G. 4, 127, &C. as a contented old man, whose assi- duity and diligence are exemplary. Some suppose that the word Corycius, implies not a person of that name, but a native of Corycus, who had settled in Italy. CORYCUS, a lofty mountain of Cilicia, with a town of the same name. Strab. 14. Another of Ionia, long the famous retreat 01 robbers. Another at the foot of Parnassus, sacred to the Muses. CORYDON, a fictitious name of a shepherd, often occurring in the pastorals of Theocritus and Virgil. CORYLA and CORYLBUM, a village of Paph- lagonia. CORYNA, a town of Ionia. Mela, 1, c. 17. CORYMBIFER, a surname of Bacchus, from his wearing a crown of canjmbi, certain berries that grow on the ivy. Ovid. v. Fast. v. 393. CORYNETA and CORYNETES, a famous rob- ber, son of Vulcan. Plat, in The*. CoRYPHASiuM; a promontory of Pelopon- nesus. Paus. 4, c. 36. CORYFHE, a daughter of Oceanus. Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 23. CORYTHENSES, a place of Tegea. Paw*. 8, c. 45. CORYTHUS, a king of Corinth. Diod. 4. CORYTUS, a king of Etruria, father to Jasius, whom Dardanus is said to have put to death, to obtain the kingdom. It is also a town and mountain of Etruria, near which Dardanus was born. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 170. 1. 7, v. 209. ^ Cos, an islamd. Vid. Co. c o COSA and Coss* or C6i., a town of Etru- ria. Virg. n. 10, v. 168.- -Lio 22, .:. 11. CM. 9, A. N. 6. Cars. B. C. I, c. 34. COSCONIUS, a Latin writer. Varro de L. L. S. A wretched epigram writer Martial. 2, ep. 77. COSINOAS, a Thracian priest of Juno, &c. Pi^ten. 7.C.22. Cosis, a brother to a king of Albania, killea by Pompey Pint, m Pomp. COSMITS, an effeminate Roman. Juv. 8. COSSEA, a part of Persia. Died. 17 . Cossus, a surname given to the family of the Cornelii A Roman, who killed Vo Jumnius, king of Veii, and obtained Spolia Opfma, A U C. 318. Virg. JEn. 6. v. 841. Cossimi, a family at Rome, of which Cos- sutia, Caesar's wife, was descended Suet, in Cat. One of the family was distinguished as an architect about 200 B. C. He first in- troduced into Italy the more perfect models of Greece. COSTOBOZI, robhers in Galatia. Pans. 10, c. 34. COSYRA, a barren island in the African sea, near Melita. Ovid. Fatt. 3, v. 567. COTES and COTTES, a promontory of Mau- ritania. COTHON, a port of Carthage. D'wd. 3. COTHONEA, the mother of Triptolemus. Hy- jn. fab. 147. COTISO, a king of the Daci, whose army in- aded Pannonia, and was defeated by Corn. Lentulus, the lieutenant of Augustus. It is said that Augustus solicited his daughter in marriage. Suet, in Aug. 63. Horat. 3, od. 8, v. 18. COTONIS, an island near the Echinades. Plin. 4, c. 12. GOTTA, (M. AURELIUS) a Roman, who op- posed Marius. He was consul with Lucullus ; and when in Asia he was defeated by sea and land, by Mithridates. He was surnamed Pon- ticus, because he took Heraclea of Pontus by treachery. Plut. in Lucull. An orator greatly commended by Cicero, de Orat. A governor of Paphlagonia, very faithful to Sar- danapalus. Diod. 2. A spendthrift, in the age of Nero, &c. Tacit. An officer of Caesar, in Gaul. A port mentioned by Odd in ep. de Pont. Com* ALPES, a certain part of the Alps, by which Italy is separated from Gaul. COTTUS, a giant, son of Coelus and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads. Hesiod. Theog. r. 147. A man among the ^Edui, &c. C<. ML COTTYXUM, a town of Galatia. Plin. 5, c. K.- Of Phrygia. COTYORA, a city of Asia Minor, founded by a colony from Sinope. Diod. 14. COTYLJEUS, a surname of -lEsculapius, wor- shipped on the borders of the Eurotas. His temple was raised by Hercules. Pans. 3, c. 19. COTYLIUS, a mountain of Arcadia. Pans. 8, < 41. COTIS, the father Asia. Herodot. 4, c. 45. A. son of Manes by Callirhoe, who succeeded ais father on the throne of Maeonia. A king 195 CR of Thrace. C. Np. in Ipkic. Another, who favoured the interest of Pompey. He wa of an irascible temper. Lucan. 5, v. 54. Ai other, king of Thrace, who divided the king- dom with his uncle, by whom he was killed. It is the same to whom Ovid writes from hia banishment. Tacit. 2. Ann. 64. Ovid. 2, . 1, c. 13. CURETES, a people of Crete, called also Co- rybantes, who, according to Ovid, were pro- duced from rain. Their knowledge of all the arts was extensive, and they commumicated it to many parts of ancient Greece. They were entrusted with the education of Jupiter ; and to prevent his being discovered by his father, they invented a kind of dance, and drowned his cries in the harsh sounds of their shields and cymbals. Virg. G. 4, v. 151. Strab. Paus. 4, c. 33. CURETIS, a name given to Crete, as being the residence of the Curet s. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 136. CURIA, a division of the Roman tribes. Romulus originally divided the people into three tribes, and each tribe into 10 Curia. Over each Curia was appointed a priest, who officiated at the sacrifices of his respective as- sembly. The sacrifices were called Curknia, and the priest Curio. He was to be above the age of fifty. His morals were to be pure and un- exceptionable, and his body free from all defects. The Curiones were elected by their respective Curisn, and above them was a superior priest called Curio maiimus, chosen by all the Curias in a public assembly. -The word Curia was also applied to public edifices among the Ro- mans. These were generally of two sorts, di- vine and civil. In the former were held the assemblies of the priests, and of every reli- gious order, for the regulation of religious sa- crifices and ceremonies. The other was ap- rted for the senate, where they assembled the dispatch of public business. The Cu- ria was solemnly consecrated by the augurs, before a lawful assembly could be convened there. There were three at Rome which mor particularly claim our attention : Curia Hivtilia built by king Tullus Hostilius; Cum PtJinpeii, where Julius Caesar was murdered ; and Cim'a August!, the palace and court of the emperor Augustus. CURIATII, a family of Alba, which was carried to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and en- tered among the patricians. The three Cu- riatii, who engaged the Horatii, and lost the. victory, were of this family. Flar. I, c. 3. Dianys. Hal.3.Liv. 1, c. 24. CURIA LEX, de Cumttiis, was enacted by M. Curius Dentatus the tribune. It forbad the convening of the Ccmitia, for the eU-ction of cu Magistrates, without a previous permission from the senate. Q. Cunio, an excellent orator, who called Caesar in full senate, Omnium mulierum virum, tt omnium vtrarum mulierum. Tacit. 21, Ann. c. 7. Suet, in Cees. 49. Cic. in Brut. His son, C. Scribonius, was tribune of the people, and an intimate friend of Caesar. He saved Caesar's life, as he returned from the senate- house, after the debates concerning the punish- ments which ought to be inflicted on the adhe- rents of Catiline. He killed himself in Africa. Flor. 4, c. 2. Pint, in Pomp. % C. Herodot. 1, c. 73 & 103. Another prince, supposed by some to be the same aa Darius the Mede. He was son of Astyages. king of Media. He added seven provinces to his father's dominions, and made war against the Assyrians, whom Cyrus favoured. Xen. Cyrop. 1. CYBEBB, a name of Cybele, from Kvfipfiiiv, because in the celebration of her festivals men were driven to madness. CYBELE, a goddess, daughter of Ccelusand Terra, and wife of Saturn. She is supposed to be the same as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, Vesta, Bona Mater, Magna Mater, Berecynthia, Dindy- mene, &c. According to Diodorus, she was the daughter of a Lydian prince ; and as soon as she was born, she was exposed on a moun- tain. She was preserved and suckled by some of the wild beasts of the forest, and received the name of Cybele from the mountain where her life had been preserved. When she re- turned to her father's court, she had an in- trigue with Atys, a beautiful youth, whom her father mutilated, &c. All the mytholo- gists are unanimous in mentioning the amours of Atys and Cybele. The partiality of the goddess for Atys seems to arise from his having first introduced her worship in Phrygia. She enjoined him perpetual celibacy, and the vio- lation of his promise was expiated by volun- tary mutilation. In Phrygia the festivals of Cybele were observed with the greatest solem- nity. Her priests, called Corybantes, Galli, &c. were not admitted in the service of the goddess without a previous mutilation. In the celebration of the festivals, they imitated the manners of madmen, and filled the air with dreadful shrieks and bowlings, mixed with the confused noise of drums, tabrets, bucklers, and spears. This was in commemoration of the sorrow of Cybele for the loss of her fa- vourite Atys. Cybele was generally repre- sented as a robust woman, far advanced in her pregnancy, to intimate the fecundity of the earth. She held keys in her hand, and her head was crowned with rising turrets, and sometimes with the leaves of an oak. She sometimes appears riding in a chariot drawn by two tame lions ; Atys follows by her side, car- rying a ball in his hand, and supporting himself upon a fir-tree, which is sacred to the goddess. Sometimes Cybele is represented with a sceptre in her hand, wi'.h her head covered with a tower. She is also seen with many breasts, to shew that tLe earth gives aliment to all living creatures ; and she generally carries two lions under her arms. From Phrygia the worship of Cybeie passed into Greece, and was so- lemnly established at Eleusis, under the name of the Eleusinian mysteries of Ceres. The Ro- mans, by order of the Sibylline books, brought the statue of the goddess from Pessinus into Italy ; and when tne ship which carried it had run on a shallow bank of the Tiber, the virtue and innocence of Claudia were vindicated in removing it with her girdle. It is supposed that the mysteries of Cybele were first known about 1580 years B.C. The Romans were particularly superstitious in washing every year, on the 6th of the calends of April, the hrine of this goddess, in the waters of the 203 c r river Almon. There prevailed many obsceni- ties in the observation of the festivals, and th priests themselves were the most eager to ua 8 indecent expressions, and to shew their un- bounded licentiousness by the impurity o^ their actions. Vid. Atys, Eleusis, Rhea, Con, bantes, Galli, ftc. Augustin. de Civit. D. %c. Lactant.Lucian. in Dea Syr.Diod. 3.Virg. JEn. 9, v. 617. 1. 10, v. 252. Lucan. 1, v. 566. Ovid. Trist. 4, v. 210 if 361. Ptot. de Loquac.Cic. ad Attic. Cxi. Rhod. 8, c. 17, &c. CYBELA and CYBELA, a town of Phrygia. Apollod. 3, c. 5. CYBELUS, a mountain of Phrygia, where Cybele was worshipped. CYBIRA, a town of Phrygia, whence Cybi raticus. Hmat. 1, ep. 6, v. 33. CYBISTRIA, a town of Cappadocia. Cic. Die. 15. CYCESIUM, a town of Peloponnesus, near Pisa. CYCHREUS, a son of Neptune and Salamis. After death he was honoured as a god in Sa- lamis and Attica. Plut. in Tites. Apollod. S, c. 12. CYCL.XDES, a name given to certain islands of the ^Egean sea, those particularly that sur- round Delos as with a circle ; whence the name of KVK\OC, circulus. They were about 53 in number, the principal of which were Ceos, Naros, Andros, Paros, Melos, Seri- phos, Gyarus, Tenedos, &c. The Cyclades were reduced under the power of Athens by Miltiades ; but during the invasion of Greece by the Persians, they revolted from their an- cient and natural allies. C. Nep. in Mil. 2. Plin. 4, c. 12. Mela, 2, c. 7. Sirab. 10. Dionus. Perieg. Oviil. Met. 2, v. 64. Virg. n. 8, v. 692. CYCLOPES, a certain race of men of gigantic stature, supposed to be the sons of Coelus and Terra. They had but one eye in the middle of the forehead ; whence their name, icwcXog cir- culus o>4< oculus. They were three in number, according to Hesiod, called Arges, Brontes, and Steropes. Their number was greater ac- cording to other mythologists, and in the age of Ulysses, Polyphemus was their king. [Vid. Polyphemus.] They inhabited the western parts of the island of Sicily ; and because they were uncivilized in their manners, the poets speak of them as men-eaters. The tra- dition of their having only one eye, originates from their custom of wearing small bucklers of steel which covered their faces, and had a small aperture in the middle,which corresponded exactly to the eye. From their vicinity to mount 2Etna, they have been supposed to be the workmen of Vulcan, and to have fabri- cated the thunderbolts of Jupiter. The most solid walls and impregnable fortresses were said, among the ancients, to be the work of the Cyclops, to render them more respectable ; and we find that Jupiter was armed with what they had fabricated, and that the shield of Pluto, and the trident of Neptune, were the produce of their labour. The Cyclops were C Y reckoned among the gods, and we find a temple dedicated to their service at Corinth, where sacrifices were solemnly offered. Apollo destroyed them all, because they had made the thunderbolts of Jupiter, with which his son ^Esculapius had been killed. From the different accounts given of the Cyclops by the ancients, it may be concluded that they were all the same people, to whom 1 various func- tions have been attributed, which cannot be reconciled one to the other, without drawing the pencil of fiction or mythology. Apollod. 1, c. 1 if 2. Homer. Od. 1 # 9. Hes'wd. Theo*. v. 140. Th&icrit. Id. 1, oy. CYNOSURA, a nymph of Ida in Crete. She nursed Jupiter, who changed her into a star which bears the same name. It is the same -as the Ursa Minor. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 107. CYNTHIA, a beautiful woman, who was mis- tress to Properties. A surname of Liana, from mount Cynthus, where she was born. CYNTHIUS, a surname of Apollo. CYNTHUS, a mountain of Delos, so high that it is said to overshadow the whole island. Apollo was surnamed Cynthius, and Diana Cynthia, as the mountain was sacred to them. Vi~g. G. 3, v. 36. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 304. CYNURENSES, a people of Arcadia. Paws. 8, c. 27. CYNUS a naval station of Opuns. Id. 10, c.l. CYPARISSI and CYPARISSIA, a town of Pe- loponnesus, near Messenia. CYPARISSUS, a youth, son of Telephus of Cea, beloved by Apollo. He killed a favourite C Y stag of Apollo's, for which he was so sorry that he pined away, and was changed by the goddess into a cypress tree. Ovid. Ma. 10, v. 121. A town near Delphi. Mela, 2, c. 3. CYPHARA, a fortified place of Thessaly. Liv. 32, c. 13. CYPRYIANUS, a native of Carthage, who, tLough born of heathen parents, became a convert to Christianity, and the bishop of his country. To be more devoted to purity and study, he abandoned his wife; and as prooi of his charity, he distributed his goods to the poor. He wrote 81 letters, besides several treatises, de Dei gratia, de virginum habita, &c. and rendered his compositions valuable by the information he conveys of the discipline of the ancient church, and by the soundness and pu- rity of his theology. He died a martyr A. D. 258. The best editions of Cyprian are, that of Fell, fol. Oxon. 1682, and that reprinted Amst. 1700. CYPRUS, a daughter of Antony and Cleopatra, who married Agrippa. A large island in the Mediterranean sea, at the south of Cilicia, and at the west of Syria, formerly joined to the con- tinent near Syria, according to Pliny. It has been anciently called Acamantis, Amathusia, Aspelia, Cerastis, Colonia, or Colinia, Macaria, and Spe- chia. It has been celebrated for giving birth to Venus, who was the chief deity of the place, and to whose service many places and temples were consecrated. It was anciently divided into nine kingdoms, and was for some time under the power of Egypt, and afterwards of the Persians. The Greeks made themselves masters of it, and it was taken from them by the Romans. Its length, according to Strabo, is 1400 stadia. There were three celebrated temples there, two sacred to Venus, and the other to Jupiter. The inhabitants were given much to pleasure and dissipation. Strab. 15. Flor. 3, c. 9. Justin. 18, c. 5. Plin. 12, c. 24._ Mela, 2, c. 7. CYPSEI.IDES, the name of three princes as descendants of Cypselus, who reigned at Co- rinth during 73 years. Cypselus was succeeded by his son Periander, who left his kingdom, after a reign of 40 years, to Cypselus II. CYPSELUS, a king of Arcadia, who married the daughter of Ctesiphon, to strengthen him- self against the Heraclidae. Puus. 4, c. 3. A man of Corinth, son of Eetion, and father of Periander. He destroyed the Bacchiadae, and seized upon the sovereign power, about 659 years before Christ. He reigned 30 years, and was succeeded by his son. Periander had two sons, Lycophron, and Cypselus who was insane. Cypselus received his name from the Greek word KvtytXos a coffer, because, when the Bacchiada; attempted to kill him, liis mother saved his life by concealing him in a coffer. Paus. 5, c. 17. Cic. Tux. 5, c. 37. Herodot. 1, c. 114. 1. 5, c. 92, &c. Aristot. Polit. The father of Miltiades. Herodot. 6, c. 35. CYRAUNIS, an island of Libya. Id. 4, C. 195. CYRBIANA, a province of the Elymaens. CY CTHB, a fountain near Cyrene. CrRENAlcA, a country of Africa, of which Cyrene is the capital. CrRENlci, a sect of philosophers who fol- lowed the doctrine of Aristippus. They placed their uunmum bonum in pleasure, and aid that virtue ought to be commended because it gave pleasure. Laert. in Arist. Cic. de Nat. D.3. CYRENE, the daughter of the river Peneus, of whom Apollo became enamoured. He car- ried her to that part of Africa which is called Cyrenaica, where she brought forth Aristaeus. Virg. G. 4, v. 321. Justin. 13, c. 7. Pindar. Pyth. 9. A celebrated city of Libya, built by a Grecian colony. Aristasus, who was the chief of the colonists, gave it hia mother's name, situate in a beautiful and fertile plain, about eleven miles from the Mediterranean sea ; it became the capital of the country, and was called Pentapolis, on account of the five cities which it contained. It gave birth to many great men, among whom were Callimachus, Era- tosthenes, Carneades, Aristippus, &c. The town of Cyrene was built by Battus, B. C. 630, and the kingdom was bequeathed to the Romans, B. C. 97, by king Ptolemy Appion. Herndot. 3 & 4. Paiw. 10, c. 13. Strab. 17. Mela, 1, c. 8. P/in. 5, c. 5. CYRIADES, one of the 30 tyrants who har- rassed the Roman empire in the reign of Gal- lienus. He died A. D. 259. CYRILI.US, a bishop of Jerusalem, who died A. D. 386. Of his writings, composed in Greek, there remain 23 catacheses, and a letter u> the emperor Constantino, the best edition of which is, Milles, fol. Oxon. 1703. A bishop ' * Alexandria, who died A. D. 444. The best edition of his writings, which are mostly con- troversial, in Greek, is that of Paris, fol. 7 vols. 1638. CYRNE, an ancient name of Corsica. A tface of Euboea. CYRNUS, a driver in the games which Scipio exhibited in Africa, &c. Ital. 16, v. 342. A man of Argos, who founded a city in Cher- sonesus. Diod, 5. A river that falls into the Caspian sea. Pint, in Pomp. An island on the coast of Liguria. It is the same as Corsica ; it is called after Cyrnus, the son of Hercules. Virg. Eel. 9, v. 30. Paus. 10, c. 17. CYRRSI, a people of ^Ethiopia. CYRRHADJE, an Indian nation. CYRRHES, a people of Macedonia, near Pella. CYRRHESTICA, a country of Syria, near Cilicia, of which the capital was called Cyr- rhum. Plin.o, c. 23. Cic. Alt. 5, ep. 18. CYRRHUS and CYRUS, a river of Iberia, in Asia. CRYSII.US, an Athenian, stoned to death for his ill advice to the state. Cic. 3, deoffic. c. CYRUS, a king of Persia, son of Cambyses and Mandane, daughter of Astyages, king of Media. His father was of an ignoble family, whose marriage with Mandane had been con- summated on account of the aporehensions of 206 C Y Astyages. [Ful. Attyaget.] Cyrus was expose* as soon as born ; but he was preserved by 3 sherpherdess, who educated him as her own son. As he was playing with his equals in years, he was elected king in a certain diversion, and he exercised his power with such an independent spirit, that he ordered one of his play compa- nions to be severely whipped for disobedience. The father of the youth, who was a nobleman, complained to the king of the ill-treatment which his son had received from a shepherd's son. Astyages ordered Cyrus before him, and discovered that he was Mandane's son, from whom he had so much to apprehend. He treated him with great coldness ; and Cyrus, unable to bear his tyranny, escaped from his confinement, and began to levy troops to de- throne his grandfather. He was assisted and encouraged by the ministers of Astyages, who were displeased with the king's oppression. He marched against him, and Astyages was defeated in the battle, and taken prisoner, B. C. 559. From this victory the empire of Media became tributary to the Persians. Cyrus sub- dued the eastern parts of Asia, and made war against Croesus, king of Lydia, whom he con- quered, B. C. j48. He invaded the kingdom of Assyria, and took the city of Babylon, by drying the channels of the Euphrates, and marching his troops through the bed of the river, while the people were celebrating a grand festival. He afterwards marched against Tomyris, the queen of the MassageUe, a Scy- thian nation, and was defeated in a bloody battle B. C. 530. The victorious queen, who had lost her son in a previous battle, was so incensed against Cyrus, that she cut off his head, and threw it into a vessel filled with human blood, exclaiming, Satia te sanguine quern sitisti. Xenophon has written the life of Cyrus , but his history is not perfectly authentic. In the character of Cyrus, he delineates a brave and virtuous prince, and often puts in his mouth many of the sayings of Socrates. The chro- nology is false ; and Xenophon, in his narration, has given existence to persons whom no other historian ever mentioned. The Cyropedia, therefore, is not to be looked upon as an au- thentic history of Cyrus the Great, but we must consider it as showing what every good and virtuous prince ought to be. Diod. 1. Herodot. 1, c. 75, &c. Justin. 1, c. 5 & 7. The younger Cyrus, was the younger son of Darius Nothus, and the brother of Artaxerxes. He was sent by his father, at the age of sixteen, to assist the Lacedaemonians against Athens. Artaxerxes succeeded to the throne at the death of Nothus ; and Cyrus, who was of an aspiring soul, attempted to assassinate him. He was discovered, and was to have been punished with death, had not his mother, Parysatis, saved him from the hands of the executioner by her tears and entreaties. This circumstance did not in the least check the ambition of Cyrus. He was appointed over Lydia and the sea coasts, where he secretly fomented rebellion, and levied troops under various pretences. At last he took the C Y feld with an army of 100,000 barbarians, and 15,000 Greeks under the command of Clear - chus. Artaxerxes met him with 900,000 men near Cunaxa. The battle was long and bloody, and Cyrus might have perhaps obtained the victory, had not his uncommon rashness proved his ruin. It is said that the two royal brothers met in person, and engaged with the most in- veterate fury, and their engagement ended in the death of Cyrus,401 years B. C. Artaxerxes was so anxious of its being universally reported that bis brother had fallen by his hand, that he put to death two of his subjects for boasting that they had killed Cyrus. The Greeks who were engaged in the expedition, obtained much glory in the battle ; and after the death of Cyrus, they remained victorious in the field without a commander. They were not, how- ever, discouraged, though at a great distance from their country, and surrounded on every side by a powerful enemy. They unanimously united in the election of commanders, and traversed all Asia, in spite of the continual attacks of the Persians ; and nothing is more truly celebrated in ancient history than the bold retreat of the ten thousand. The journey that they made from the place of their first embarkation, till their return, has been calcu- lated at 1155 leagues, performed in the space of 1 5 months, including all the time which was devoted to take rest and refreshment. This retreat lias been celebrated by Xenophon, who was one of their leaders, and among the friends and supporters of Cyrus. It is said, that in the letter he wrote to Lacedsemon, to solicit auxiliaries, Cyrus boasted his philosophy, his royal blood, and his ability to drink more wine than his brother, without being intoxicated. Pint, in Artax. Dl'd. 14. Justin. 5, c. 11. A rival of Horace in the affections of one of his mistresses, I, od. 17, v. 24. A poet of Panopolis, in the age of Theodosius. CYRUS and CYROPOLIS, a city of Syria* CYRUS, a river of Persia. CYTA, a town of Colchis, famous for the poisonous herbs which it produces. Flacc. 6, v. 693. CYTJEIS, a surname of Medea, from her being an inhabitant of Cyta. Proper*. 2, el. 4, v. 7. CYTHERA, an island on the coast of Laconia in Peloponnesus. It was particularly sacred to the goddess Venus, who was from thence surnamed Cytheraea, and who rose, as some suppose, from the sea, near its coasts. It was under the power of the Argives. The Phoe- nicians had built there a famous temple to Venus. Virg. S.n. 10, v. 5. Pans. 3, c. 33. Ovid. Fast. 4, T. 15. Herodot. 1., c. 29. 207 C Y CYTH&RXA, a surname of Veuu*. CYTHERIS, a certain courtezan much re- spected by the poet Gall us. CYTHERON. Vid. Cithaeron. CYTHERUN, a place of Attica. CYTHERUS, a river of Elis. Poiw. 6, c. *2. CYTHNOS, an island near Attica, famous for its cheese. It has been called Ophiousa and Dryopis. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 252. CYTINEUM, one of tie four cities called Tetrapolis in Doris. Strab. 9.Thucyd. 1, c. 107. CYTISSORUS, a son of Phryxus, &c. Hero- dot. 7, c. 197. CYTORUS, a mountain and town of Galatia, built by Cy torus, eoa of Phryxus. Strab. 11. Virg. G. 2, v. 437. CYZICUM, an island of the Propontis, about 530 stadia in circumference, with a town called Cyzicus. Alexander joined it to the continent by two bridges, and from that time it was called a peninsula. It had two har- bours called Panormus and Chytus, the first natural, and the other artificial. It became one of the most considerable cities of Asia. It was besieged by Mitbridates, and relieved by Luctdlus. Pfor. 3, c. 5. Pirn. 5, c. 32. Diod. 18. CYZICUS, a son of (Eneus and Stilba, who reigned in Cyzicus. He hospitably received the Argonauts in their expedition against Col- chis. After thoir departure from the court of Cyzicus, they -were driven back in the night by a storm upon the coast; and the inhabitants seeing such an unexpected number of men, furiously attacked them, supposing them to be the Pelasgi, their enemies. In this nocturnal engagement, many were killed on both sides, and Cyzicus perished by the hand of Jason himself, who honoured him with a splendid funeral, and raised a stately monument over his grave. Apollod. ;1, c. 9. Flacc. Apollon. Orpheus. CYZICUS, the chief town of the island of Cyzicum, built where the island is joined by the bridges to the contine nt. It has two excellent harbours called Panotrmus and Chytus. The former is naturally large and beautiful, and the other owes all its conveniences to the hand of art. The town is situtite partly on a mountain, and partly in a plain. The Argonauts built temple to Cybele in 'the neighbourhood, fc derives its name from Cyzicus, who was killed there by Jason. The Athenians defeated near this pface, their enemi'es of Lacedaemon, as- sisted by Pharnabazus, B. C. 410. Ftar. 3, c. 5, &c. Strab. Apd'a*. \.-Propert.3, el, 22. Flacc. 2, v. 636. DA ^E, DAII/E, or DAI, a people of Scy< thia, who dwelt on the borders of the Caspian sea. Virg. Mn. 1. v. 728. DACI and DAC/E, a warlike nation of Ger- many, beyond the Danube, whose country, called Dana, was conquered by the Romans under Trajan, after a war of 15 years, A. D. 103. Dacia is now the modern Moldavia. Lucan. 2, v. 53. DACTYLI, a name given to the priests of Cybele, which some derive from $O.KTV\O a finger, because they were ten, the same num- Dt;r as the fingers of the hand. Pans. 1, c. 8. DADICJE, a people of Asiatic Scythia. Herndot. 3, c. 91. DJEDALA a mountain and city of Lycia, where Daedalus was buried, according to Pliny, 5, c. 27. A name given to Circe, from her being cunning (fozi^aXof), and like Dasdalus addicted to deceit and artifice. Vvg. /En. 7, v. 282. Two festivals in Boeotia. Doe of these was observed at Alalcomenos by the Plataaans, in a large grove, where they exposed in the open air pieces of boiled flesh, and carefully observed whither the crows that came to prey upon them directed their flight. All the trees, upon which any of these birds alighted, were immediately cut down, and with them statues were made, called Daedala, in honour of Daedalus. The other festival was of a more solemn kind. It was celebrated every sixty years by all the cities of Bceotia, as a compensation for the intermission of the smaller festivals, for that number of years, during the exile of the Platasuns. Fourteen of the statues, called Daedala, were distributed by lot among the Plataeans, Lebadaeans, Coro- neans, Orchomenians, Thespians, Thebans, Tanagrseans, and Chasroneans, because they ' had affected a reconciliation among the Pla- | taeans, and caused them to be recalled from ex- ile, about the time that Thebes was restored by Cassander, the son of Antipater. During this festival, a woman in the habit of a bride-maid accompanied a statue, 7i-hich was dressed in emale garments, on the banks of the Eurotas. Tihis procession was attended to the top of mount Cilbzron by many of the Boeotians, who had places assigned them by lot. Here an altar of square pieces of wood, cemented to- gether like stones, was erected, and upon it were thrown large quantities of combustible materials. Afterwards, a bull was sacrificed to Jupiter, and an ox or 'heifer to Juno, by every one of the cities of Boeotia, and by the most opulent that attended. The poorest citizens offered small cattle ; and all these oblations, to- gether with the Daedala, were thrown in the common heap and set on fire, and totally re- duced to ashes. T hey originated in this : When Juno, after a quarrel with Jupiter, had retired to Eubrea, awd refused to return to his bed, the god, anxious for her return, went o consult Cithaeron king of Plataja, to find some effectual measure to break her obstinacy. Cithseron advised him to dress a statue in woman s apparel, and carry it in a chariot, and 1 ublicly to report it was Plataea, the daughter DA of Asopus, whom he was going to marry. The advice was followed, and Juno, informed of her husband's future marriage, repaired in haste to meet the chariot, and was easily united to hfhi, when she discovered the artful measure he had made use of to effect a reconciliation. Pausan. ft Pint. D.T.DALION, a son of Lucifer, brother to Ceyx, and father of Philonis. He was so afflicted at the death of Philonis, whom Diana had put to death, that he threw himself down from the top of mount Parnassus, and was changed into a falcon by Apollo. Ovid. Met 11, v. 295. >< DSDALUS, an Athenian, son of Eupalamus, descended from Erechtheus, king of Athens. He was the most ingenious artist of his age, and to him we are indebted for the invention of the wedge, and many other mechanical in- struments, and the sails of ships. He made statues, which moved of themselves, and seemed to be endowed with life. Talus, his sister's son, promised to be as great as himself, by the ingenuity of liis inventions ; and there- fore, from envy, he threw him down from a window and killed him. After the murder of this youth, Daedalus with his son Icarus, fled from Athens to Crete, where Minos, king of the country, gave him a cordial reception. Dasdalus made a famous labyrinth for Minos, and assisted Pasiphae, the queen, to gratify her unnatural passion for a bull. For this ac- ion, Daedalus incurred the displeasure of Minos, who ordered him to be confined in the labyrinth which he had constructed. Here lie made himself wings with feathers and wax and carefully fitted them to his body, and that of his son, who was the companion of his con- finement. They took their flight in the air from Crete ; but the heat of the sun melted the wax on the wings of Icarus, whose flight was too high, and he fell into that part of the ocean which from him has been called the Icarian sea. The father, by a proper manage- ment of his wings, alighted at Cuma?, where he built a temple to Apollo, and thence di- rected his course to Sicily, where he was kindly received by Cocalus, who reigned over part of the country. He left many monuments of his ingenuity in Sicily, which still existed in the age of Diodorus '^iculus. He was dis- patched by Cocalus, who was afraid of the power of Minos, who had declared war against him, because he had given an asylum to Daedalus. The flight of Daedalus from Crete, with wings, is explained by observing that he was the inventor of sails, which in his age might pass at a distance for wings. Paus. 1, 7, & 9.Diod. 4. Ovid. Met, 8. fab. 3. Heroid. 4.De An. Am. 2. Thist. 3, el. 4.Hygiu. fab. 40. Virg .JEn. 6, v. 14. Apollod. 3, c. 1, &c. Herodot. 7, c. 170. There were two statuaries of the s-ame name, one of Sicyon, son of Patioclus, the other a na- tive of Bithynia. Paus. 7, c. 14. Arrian. D^MON, a kind of spirit which, as the an- cients supposed, presided over the actions of mankind, gave them their private i ounsck, and D A csirefully Batched over their most secret in- tentions. Some of the ancient philosophers maintained that every man had two of these Dsm^ns; the one bad and the other good. These Daemons had the power of changing themselves into whatever they pleased, and of assuming whatever shapes were most sub- servient to their intentions. At the moment of death, the Daemon delivered up to judg- ment the person with whose care he had been entrusted ; and according to the evidences he delivered, sentence was passed over the body. The Dasmon of Socrates is famous in history. That great philosopher asserted *hat the genius informed him whn any of his, friends was going to engage in gome unfortunate en- terprise, eind stopped him from the com- mission of all crimes and impiety. These Genii or Daemons, though at fi-st reckoned only as the subordinate ministers of the su- peiior deities, received divine honours in length of time, and we find altars and statues erected to a Genw loci, Genio Augusti, Junonibiis, &c. Cic. Tusc. 1. Pint, de Gen. Socr. DAH.C. Vid. Daffi. DAI, a nation of Persia, all shepherds. Herodot. 1, c. 125. DAICLES, a victor at Olympia, B C 153. DAIDIS, a solemnity observed by the Greeks. It lasted three days. The lir&t was in commemoration of Latona's labour, the second in memory of Apollo's birth ; htid the third in honour of the marriage i>f Podalirius, ana tle mother of Alexander. Torches were always carried at the celebration ; whence the name. DAIMACHXIS, a master of horse, at Syracuse, &c. Polyten. 1. DAIMENES, a general of the Achaeans. Pans. 7, c. 6. An officer exposed on a cross by Dionysius, of Syracuse. Died. 14. DAIPHRON, a son of ^Egyptus, killed by his wife, &c. Apollod. 2, c. 1. DAIRA, one of the Oceanides, mother of Eleusis by Mercury. Pans. 1, c. 38. DALDIA, a town of Lydia. DALMANTIVS, one of tie Caspar's in the age of Constantine, who died A. D. 337. DAI.MATIA, apart of Illyricum, near Liburnia, on the west, whose inhabitants, called Dalma- tae, were conquered by Metellus, B. C. 118. They chiefly lived upon plunder, and from their rebellious spirit were troublesome to the Roman empire. Strab. 7. Ptd. 2. DALMIUM, the chief town of Dalmatia. Strah. 7. DAMAGETUS, a man of Rhodes, who en- quired of the oracle what wife he ought to marry 1 and received for answer, the daughter of the bravest of the Greeks. He applied to Aristomenes, and obtained his daughter in marriage, B. C. 670. Paus. 4, c. 24. DAMALIS, a courtezan at Rome, in the age of Horace, 1, od. 56, v. 13. DAMAS, a Syracusan in the interest of Agathocles. D*xl. 19. DAMASCEN.,, a part of Syria near mount Li bum*. 209 DAMABCIOC, a stoic of Damascus, wln> wiote a philosophical history the life of Isidorus, and four books on extraordinary events, in the age of Justinian. His works, which are now lost, were greatly esteemed, according to Photius. DAMASCUS, a rich and ancient city of Syria, where Demetrius Nicanor was defeated' by Alexander Zebiua. It is the modern Damas or Sham. Lucan. 3. Justin. 36, c. 2. DAMASIPPUS, a captain in Philip's a.rmy. A senator who accompanied Juba when he entered Utica in triumph. Copoc, lavrel- bearer, and at that time he executed the office of priest of Apollo. He was preceded by one of his nearest relations, bearing a rod adorned with garlands, and behind him followed a train of virgins with branches in their hands. In this order the procession advanced as far as the temple of Apollo, surnamed Ikmeriius, where supplicatory hymns were sung to the god. This festival owes its origin to the fol- lowing circumstance. When an oracle ad- vised the jEtolians, who inhabited Arne and the adjacent country, to abandon their ancient possessions, and go in quest of a settlement, they invaded the Theban territories, which at that time were pillaged by an army of Pelas- gians. As the celebration of Apollo's festivals was near, both nations, who religiously ob- served it, laid aside all hostilities, and, accord- ing to custom, cut down laurel boughs from mount Helicon, and in the neighbourhood of the river Melas, and walked in procession, in honour of the divinity. The day that this so- lemnity was observed, Polemates, the general of the Boeotian army, saw a youth in a dream that presented him with a complete suit of ar- mour, and commanded the Boeotians to offer solemn prayers to Apollo, and walk in proces- ion with laurel boughs in their hands every ninth year. Three days after this dream, the Boeotian general made a sally, and cut off the greatest part of the besiegers, who were com- pelied by this blow to relinquish their enter- D A prise. Polemates immediately Instituted a novennial festival to the god ; who seemed to be the patron of the Boeotians. Pans. Bxotic. &c. DAPIINIS, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Mer- cury by a Sicilian nymph. He was educated by the nymphs. Pan taught him to sing and play upon the pipe, and the muses inspired him with the love of poetry. It is supposed he was the first who wrote pastoral poetry, in which his successor Theocritus so happily ex- celled. He was extremely fond of hunting ; and at his death, five of his dogs, from their attachment to him, refused all aliments, and pined away. JElian. V. H. 10, c. 18. Dud. 4. There was another shepherd on mount Ida of the same name changed into a rock, ac- cording to Ovid. Met. 4, v. 275. A servant of Nicocrates, tyrant of Cyrene, &c. Polycen. 8. A grammarian. Suet, de Gr. A son of Paris and (Enone. DAPHNUS, a river of Locris, into which the body of Hesiod was thrown after his murder. Plut. de Symp. A physician who preferred a supper to a dinner, &c. Athen. 7. DARABA, a town of Arabia. DARAPS, a king of the Gangaridae, &c. Ftaec. 6, v. 67. DARDAM, the inhabitants of Dardania. DARD&MA, a town or country of Troas, from which the Trojans were called Dardani and Dardanidte. There is also a country of the same name near Illyricum. Strab. 7. DARDANIDES, a name given to ./Eneas, as descended from Dardanus. Virg. JE.n. DARDANUM, a promontory of India, called from the small town of Dardanus, about seven miles from Abydos. The two castles built on each side of the strait by the emperor Maho- met IV. A. D. 1659, gave the name of Dar- danelles to the place. Strab. 13. DARDANUS, a son of Jupiter and Electra, who killed his brother Jasius to obtain the kingdom of Etruria after the death of his re- puted father Corytus, and fled to Samothrace, and thence to Asia Minor, where he married Batia, the daughter of Teucer, king of Teu- cria. After the death of his father-in-law, he ascended the throfle, and reigned 62 years. He built the city of Dardania, and was reckoned the founder of the kingdom of Troy He was succeeded by Erichthonius. Accord- ing to some, Corybas, his nephew, accompa nied him to Teucria, where he introduced the worship of Cybele. Dardanus taught his subjects to worship Minerva ; and he gare them two statues of the goddess, one of which is well known by the name of Palladium. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 167. Paiw. 7, c. 4.Hiigin. fab. 155 & 275. Apollod. 3. -Homer. II. 20. A Trojan killed by Achilles. Homer. II. 20, T. 460. DARDAHIS, a nation near the Palus Maeotis. Plut. in Lucull. DARES, a Phrygian, who lived during the Trojan war, in which he was engaged, and of which he wrote the history in Greek. This hutory was extant in the age of MKan the D A Latin translation, now extant, u universally believed to be spurious, though it is attributed by eome to Cornelius Nepos. The best edition is that of Smids, cum not. var. 4to. & 8vo. Amst 1702. Homer. It. r>, v. 10 & 27. One of the companions of /Eneas, celebrated as a pugilist, and descended from Ainycus. He was killed by Turnus in Italy. Virg. n. 5, v. 369. _1. IS, v. 363. DARETIS, a country of Macedonia. DARIA, a town of Mesopotamia. DARIAVUS, the name of Darius in Persian. Strab. 16. DARIOBRIGUM, a town of Gaul. DAR!T, a people of Persia. Herodot. 3, c. 92. DA HI i; B, a noble satrap of Persia, son of Hystaspes, who conspired with six other no- blemen to destroy Smerdis, who usurped the crown of Persia after the death of Cambyses. On the murder of the usurper, the seven con- spirators universally agreed, that he whose iorse neighed first should be appointed king. The groom of Darius previously led his mas- ter's horse to a mare, at a place near which the seven noblemen were to pass. On the morrow before sun-rise, when they proceeded all together, the horse recollecting the mare, suddenly neighed ; and at the same time a clap of thunder was heard, as if in approbation of the choice. The noblemen dismounted from their horses, and saluted Darius king ; and a ^solution was made among them, that the King's wives and concubines should be taken from no other family but that of the conspira- tors, and that they should for ever enjoy the In limited privilege of being admitted into the King's presence without previous introduction. Darius was 29 years old when he ascended the throne, and he soon distinguished himself by nis activity and military accomplishments. He besieged Babylon ; which he took, after a siege of SO months, by the artifice of Zopyrus. From thence he marched against the Scythians, and in his way conquered Thrace. This ex- pedition was unsuccessful ; and the king, after several losses and disasters in the wilds of Srythia, retired with shame, and turned his arms against the Indians, whom he subdued. The burning of Sardis, which was a Grecian colony, incensed the Athenians, and a war was kindled between Greece and Persia. Da- rius was so exasperated against the Greeks, that a servant every evening, by Us order, re- peated these words : " Remember, O king, to punish the Athenians." Mardonius, the king's son-in-law, was entrusted with the care of I he war, but his army was destroyed by the Thracians ; and Darius, more animated by his !%<*, sent a more considerable force, under the ccitiiuand of Datis and Artaphernes. They wire conquered at the celebrated battle of Marathon by 10,000 Athenians, and the Pt=r- a:i* Darius was not disheartened by this sj- ^r-; blow, but he resolved to carry on the war ifl person, and immediately ordered a stil Wger army to be levied. He died in the 213 DA midst of his preparations, B. C. 465, after a reign of 36 years, in the 65th ytar of his ags Herodot. 1, 2, &c. Diod. 1. Justin. 1, c- 9. Plat, in Arist.C. Nep. in Miltiad. The second king of Persia, of that name, wag also called Ochus, or Nathtis, because he was the il- legitimate son of Artaxerxes by a concubine. Soon after the murder of Xerxes he ascended the throne of Persia, and married Parysatis hia sister, a cruel and ambitious woman, by whom he had Artaxerxes Memnon, Amestris, and Cyrus the younger. He carried on many wars with success, under the conduct of his gene- rals aud of his son Cyrus. He died B. C. 404, after a reign of 19 years, and was suc- ceeded by his son Artaxerxes, who asked him on his death-bed, whit had been the guide of his conduct in the management of the empire, that he might imitate him 1 The dictates of jus- tice and of religion, replied the expiring mo- narch. Justin. 5, c. 11. Diad. 12. The third of that name was the last king of Persia, surnamed Codomanus. He was son of Arsanes and Sysigambis, and descended from Darius Nothus. The eunuch Bagoas raised him to the throne, though not nearly allied to the royal family, in hopes that he would be sub- servient to his will ; but he prepared to poison him, when he saw him despise his advice, and aim at independence. Darius discovered his perfidy, and made him drink the poison which he had prepared against his life. The peace of Darius was early disturbed, and Alexander invaded Persia to avbfcge the injuries which the Greeks had suffered lYom the predecessors of Darius. The king of Persia met his adver- sary in person, at the head of 600,000 men. This army was remarkable more for its opu- lence and luxury, than for the military courage of its soldiers ; and Athenasus mentions, that the camp of Darius was crowded with 277 cooks, 29 waiters, 87 cup-bearers, 40 servants to perfume the king, and 66 to prepare gar- lands and flowers to deck the dishes and meats which appeared on the royal table. With these forces Darius met Alexander. A battle was fought near the Granicus, in which the Persians were easily defeated. Another was soon after fought near Issus ; and Alexander left 110,000 of the enemy dead in the field of battle, and took among the prisoners of war, the mother, wife, and children of Darius. The darfcaess of the night favoured the retreat of Darius, and he saved himself by flying in disguise on the horse of his arm-bearer. These losses weakened, but discouraged not Darius : he assembled another more powerful army, and the last decisive battle was fought at Arbela. The victory was long doubtful; but the intrepidity of Alexander, and the su- perior valour of the Macedonians, prevailed o^er the effeminate Persians ; and Darius, sen- sible of his disgrace and ruin, fled towards Media. His misfortunes were now increased. Bessus, the governor of Bactriana, took away his life, in hopes of succeeding him on the throne ; and Darius was found by the Mace- donians in his chariot, covered with wounda. anil almost expiring, B. C. 331. He asked for water, and exclaimed, when be received it from the hand of a Macedonian, "It is the greatest of my misfortunes that I cannot re- ward thy humanity. Beg Alexander to accept my warmest thanks, for the tenderness with which he has treated my wretched family, whilst I am doomed to perish by the band of a man whom I have loaded with kindness." These words of the dying monarch were re- ported to Alexander, who covered the dead body with his own mantle, and honoured it with a most magnificent funeral. The traitor Bessus met with a due punishment from the conqueror, who continued his kindness to the unfortunate family of Darius. Darius has been accused of imprudence, for tbe imperious and arrogant manner in which lie wrote bis letters to Alexander, in the midst of his mis- fortunes. In him the empire of Persia was extinguished 228 years after it had been founded by Cyrus tbe Great. Diod. 17,Plut. in Alex. Justin. 10, 11, &c. Curtivs. A son of Xerxes, who married Artaynta, and was killed by Artabanus. Herodot. 9, c. 108. Diod. 11. A son of Artaxerxes, declared successor to the throne, as being the eldest prince. He conspired against his father's life, and was capitally punished. Pint, in Artai DASCON, a man who founded Camarina. Thucyd. 6, c. 5. DASCYJLITIS, a province of Persia. Id. 1, c. 129. DASCYXUS, the father of Gyges. Herodot. 1, c. 8. DASEA, a town of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 27. D ASICS, a chief of Salapia, who favoured Annibal. Liv. 26, c. 38. DASSARET^, DASSARITJE, DASSARENI, or DASSARITII, a people of Illyricum, or Mace- donia. Pint, in Flam. DAT AMES, a son of Camissares, governor of Caria, and general of the armies of Arta- xerxes. The influence of his enemies at court obliged him to fly for safety, after he had greatly signalized himself by bis military ex- ploits. He took up arms in his own defence, and the king made war against him. He was treacherously killed by Mithridates, who bad invited him under pretence of entering into th^ most inviolable connection and friendship, 362 B. C. C. top. in Datam. DATAPHERNES, one of the friends of Bes- sus. After the murder of Darius, he betrayed 3essus into Alexander's hands. He also re- olted from the conqueror, and was delivered op by the Dahae. Curt. 7, c. 5 & 8. DATIS, a general of Darius 1st, sent with *i army of 200,000 foot and 10,000 horse, gainst the Greeks, in conjunction with Aita- pheraes. He was defeated at the celebrated battle of Marathon, by Mihiadts, and some time after put to death by the Spartans. C. Nep. in Milt. DATOS, or DATON, a town of Thrace, on ft nall eminence, near the Strymon. There SH is in the neighbourhood a fruitful plain, from which Proserpine, according to some, wa carried away by Pluto. That city was so rich, that the ancients generally made use of the word Datos to express abundance. When the king of Macedonia conquered it, he called it Philippi, after his own name. Appian. de Civ. DAVARA, a hill near mount Taurus, in Asia Minor. DAVUS, a comic character in the Andria of Terence. Horat. 1, Sat. 10, v. 40. DAULIS, a nymph, from whom the city of Daulis in Phocis, anciently called Anacris, re- ceived its name. It was there that Philomela and Procne made Tereus eat the flesh of his son. Strab. 9.Paus. 10, c. 4. Ptol. 3, c. 1.5. DAUNI, a people on the eastern part of Italy, conquered by Daunus, from whom they received their name. DAUNI A, a country of Apulia, on the coast of the Adriatic. It receives its name from Daunus, who settled there. Virg. JEn. 8. v. 146. DAUNUS, a son of Pilumnus and Danae. He came from Illyricum into Apulia, where he reigned over part of the country, which from him was called Daunia. Mela, 2, c. 4. Strab. 5. A river of Apulia. Horat. 3. od. 30. DAUHIFER and DAURISES, a brave general of Darius, treacherously killed by the Carians. Herodot. 5, c. 116, &c. DEB*, a nation of Arabia. Diod. 3. DECEBALUS, a warlike king of tbe Daci, who made a successful war against Domitian. He was conquered by Trajan, Domitian's suc- cessor, and he obtained peace. His active spirit again kindled rebellion, and the Roman emperor marched against him, and defeated him. He destroyed himself, and his head was brought to Rome, and Dacia became a Roman province, A. D. 103. Dio. 68. DECELIUM, a small village of Attica, north of Athens ; which, when in the hands of the Spartans, proved a very galling garrison to the Athenians. Some time the Peloponnesian war has been called Deceiean, because for some time hostilities were carried on in its neigh- bourhood. DEC'EI.US, a man who informed Castor and Pollux, that their sister, whom Theseus had carried away, was concealed at Aphidnaj Herodot. 9, c. 73. DECEMVIRI, ten magistrates of absolute au- thority among the Romans. 'ITie privileges a the patricians raised dissatisfaction among tl* plebeians ; who, though freed from the power of the Tarquins, still saw that the administra- tion of justice depended upon the will and caprice of their superiors, without any written statute to direct them, and convince them that they were governed with equity and impar- tiality. The tribunes complained to the senate, and demanded that a code of laws might be framed for the use and benefit of the Roman people. This petition was complied with, and DE iroe ambassadors were sent to Athens, and ill other Grecian states, to collect the laws of Solon, and of all the other celebrated legisla- tors of Greece. Upon the return of the com- missioners, it was universally agreed, that ten new magistates, called Decemviri, should be elected from the senate, to put the project into execution. Their power was absolute ; all other offices ceased after their election, and they presided over the city with regal autho- rity. They were invested with the badges of the consul, in the enjoyment of which they succeeded by turns, and only one was pre- ceded by the fasces, and had the power of assembling the senate, and confirming decrees. The first decemvirs were Appius Claudius, T. Genutius, P. Sextus, Sp. Veturius, C. Ju- lius, A. Manlius, Ser. Sulpitius Pluriatius, T. Romulus, Sp. Posthumius, A. U. C. 303. Under them, the laws, which had been ex- posed to public view, that every citizen might speak his sentiments, were publicly approved of as constitutional, and ratified by the priests and augurs, in the most solemn and religious manner. They were ten in number, and were engraved on tables of brass ; two were after- wards added, and they were called the laws of the twelve tables, leges duodecim tabularum, and leges decemvirales. The decemviral power, which was beheld by all ranks of the people with the greatest satisfaction was continued ; but in the third year after their creation, the decemvirs became odious, on account of their tyranny ; and the attempt of Ap. Clau-iius to ravish Virginia totally abolished the office. The people were so exasperated against them, that they demanded them from the senate to burn them alive. Consuls were again appointed, and tranquillity re-established in the state. There were other officers in Rome, called de- cemvirs, who were originally appointed, in the absence of the praetor, to administer jus- tice. Their appointment became afterwards necessary, and they generally assisted at sales called subhastationes, because a spear, hasta, was fixed at the door of the place where the goods were exposed to sale. They were called de- cemviri litibus judicaridis. The officers whom Tarquin appointed to guard the Sibylline books, were also called decemviri. They wer ori- ginally two in number, called duumviri, till the year of Rome 388, when their number was increased to ten, five of which were chosen from the plebeians, and five from the patricians. Sylla increased their number to fifteen, called quindecemvirs. DECETIA, a town of Gaul. C sooner had Nessus gained the bank, than he attempted to offer violence to Dejauira, and to carry her away in the sight of her husband. Hercules, upon this, aimed, from the other shore, a poisoned arrow at the seducer, and mortally wounded him. Nessus, as he ex- pired, wished to avenge his death upon his murderer; and he gave Dejanira his tunic which was covered with blood, poisoned and infected by the arrow, observing, that it had the power of reclaiming a husband from un- lawful loves. Dejanira accepted the present ; p.nd when Hercules proved faithless to her bed, she sent him the centaur's tunic, which in- 1 stantly caused his death. [Vid. Hercules."] Dejanira was so disconsolate at the death of her husband, which she had ignorantly occa- sioned, that she destroyed herself. Ovid. Me*.. 8 & 9. Diot. 4.$enec. in HercuLHygi,<. fab. 34. DEICOON, a Trojan prince, intimate with -neas. He was killed by Agamemnon. Ho- mer. II. 5, v. 534. A son of Hercules ami Megara. Apollnd. 2, c. 7. DEIDAMIA, a daughter of Lycomedes, king of Scyros. She bore a son called Pyrrhus, or Neoptolemus, to Achilles, who was disguised at her father's court in women's clothes, under the name of Pyrrha. Propert. 2, el. 9. Ajwl- lod. 3, c. 13. A daughter of Pyrrhus, killed by the Epirots. Polyen. A daughter of Adrastus, king of Argos, called also Hippo- ctaniia. DEILEON, a companion of Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons. Place. 5, v. 115. DEILOCHUS, a son of Hercules. DEIMACHUS, a son of Neleus and Chloris, killed by Hercules. Apollod. 1, c. 9. The father of Enarette. Id. 1, c. 7. DEIOCES, a son of Phraortes, by whose means the Medes delivered themselves from the yoke of the Assyrians. He presided as judge among his countrymen, and his great popularity and love of equity raised him to the throne, and he made himself absolute, B. C. 700. He was succeeded by his son Phraortes, after a reign of 53 years. He built Ecbatana according to Herodotus, and surrounded it with seven different walls, in the middle of which was the royal palace. Herodot. 1, c. 36, &c. Polyeen. DEIOCHUS, a Greek captain, killed by Paris in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 15, v. 341. D116NE, the mother of Miletus by Apollo. Miletus is often called Deiomdes, on account of his mother. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 442. DEIONEUS, a king of Phocis, who married Diomede, daughter of Xuthus, by whom he had Dia. He gave his daughter Dia in mar- 216 D E riage to Ixion, who promised to make a pre- sent to his father-in-law. Deioneus accord- ingly visited the house of Ixion, and waa thrown into a large hole filled with burning coals by his son-in-law. Hygin. fab. 48 & 241. Apo'lfd. 1, c. 7 & 9. 1. 2, c. 4. DEIOPEIA, a nymph, the fairest of all the fourteen nymphs that attended upon Juno. The goddess promised her in marriage to .oing to Crete, made a vow, that if he re- firned victorious, he would yearly visit in a solemn manner the temple of Delos. The persons employed in this annual procession, tvere called Deliastae and Tlieori. The ship, the same which carried Theseus, and had been carefully preserved by the Athenians, was called Theoria and Delias. When the ship was ready for the voyage, the priest of Apollo so- lemnly adorned the stem with garlands, and an universal lustration was made all over the city. The Theori were crowned with laurels, and before them proceeded men armed with axes, in commemoration of Theseus, who had cleared the way from Troezene to Athens, and delivered the country from robbers. When the ship arrived at Delos, ihey offered solemn celebrated for the nativity of Apollo and Diana ; and the solemnity with which the festivals of these deities were celebrated there, by the inhabitants of the neighbouring islands, and of the continent, is well known. One of the altars of Apollo, in the island, was reckoned among the seven wonders of the world. It had been erected by Apollo when only four years old, and made with the horns of goats, killed by Diana on mount Cynthus. It was unlawful to sacrifice any living creature upon that altar, which was religiously kept pure from blood ~'he whole island of veneration, that the Persians, who had pillaged and profaned all the temples of Greece, never offered violence to the temple of Apollo, but looked upon it with the most awful reverence. Apollo, whose image was in the shape of a dragon, delivered there oracles during the summer, in a plain and every pollution. T Delos was held in sucli sacrifices to the god of the island, and cele- j manner, without any ambiguity or obscure brated a festival in his honour. After th they retired to their ship, and sailed back to Athens, where all the people of the city ran in crowds to meet them. Every appearance of festivity prevailed at their approach, and the citizens opened their doors, and prostrated themselves before the Deliastae, as they walked in procession. During this festival, it was unlawful to put to death any malefactor, and on that account the life of Socrates was pro- longed for thirty days. Xenoph. Mentor, if in Cmw. Plut. in Phu-d. Senec. ep. 70. DELIA, a surname of Diana, because she was born in Delos. Virg. Eel. 3. DELI AD ES, a son of Glaucus, killed by his brother Bellerophon. Apollad. ve of virtue and military glory in the field of battle He has been commended as a great warrior ; and Ids ingenious inventions, his warlike engines, and stupendous machines in 219 D t his war with the Rhodians, justify his claunj to that perfect character. He has been blamed for his voluptuous indulgencies ; and his bio- grapher observes, that no Grecian prince had more wives and concubines than Poliorcetes. His obedience and reverence to his father have been justly admired ; and it has been observed, that Antigonus ordered the ambassadors of a foreign prince, particularly to remark the cor- diality and friendship which subsisted between him and his son. Pint, in vita. Diod. 17. Justin. 1, c. J7", &c. A prince who suc- ceeded his father Antigonus on the throne of Macedonia. He reigned 11 years, aud was succeeded by Antigonus Doson. Justin. 26, c. 2. Polyb. 2. A son of Philip king of Ma- cedonia^ delivered as an hostage to the Romans. His modesty delivered his father from a heavy accusation laid before the Roman senate. When he returned to Macedonia, he was falsely accused by bis brother Perseus, who was jealous of his popularity, and his father too credulously consented to his death, B. C. 180. Liv. 40, c. 20. Justin. 32, c. 2. A Mag- nesian. A servant of Cassius. A son of Demetrius of Cyrene. A freed man of Pom- pey. A son of Demetrius, surnamed Slender. A prince, surnamed Soter, was son of Seleucus Philopater, the son of Antiochus the Great, king of Syria. His father gave him as a hostage to the Romans. After the death of Seleucus, Antiochus Epiphanes, the de- ceased monarch's brother, usurped the king- dom of Syria, and was succeeded by his son Antiochus Eupator. This usurpation displeased Demetrius, who was detained at Rome ; he procured his liberty on pretence of going to hunt, and fled to Syria, where the troops re- ceived him as their lawful sovereign, B. C. 162. He put to death Eupator and Lysias, and established himself on his throne by cruelty and oppression. Alexander Bala, the son of Antiochus Epiphanes, laid claims upon the crown of Syria, and defeated Demetrius in a battle, in the 12th year of his reign. Strab. 16. Appian. Justin. 34, c. 3. The 2d, surnamed Nicanar, or Conqiterm; was son of Soter, to whom he succeded by the assistance of Ptolemy Philometer, after he had driven out the usurper Alexander Bala, B. C. 146. He married Cleopatra, the daughter of Ptolemy; n which mentions, that Pausanias, as lie was offering prayers and sacrifices to the gods, before he engaged with Mardonius, was suddenly attacked by a num- ber of Lydians, who disturbed the sacrifice, and were at last repelled with staves and stones, the only weapons with which the Lacedaemo- nians were provided at that moment. In commemoration of this, therefore, that whip- ping of boys was instituted at Sparta, and after that the Lydian procession. DIANA, the goddess of hunting. According to Cicero, th>re were three of this name : a daughter of Jupiter and Proserpine, who be- came mother of Cupid ; a daughter of Jupiter and Latona, and a daughter of Upis and Glauce. The second is the most celebrated, and to her all the ancients allude. She was a cat, to avoid his fury. She is dogs habit. generally known in the figures that represent her, by the crescent on her head, by the which attend her, and by her hunting The most famous of her temples was that of Ephesus, which was one of the seven wonders of the world. \_Vid. Ephesus.] She was there represented with a great number of breasts, and other symbols which signified the earth or Cybele. Though she was the patroness of chastity, yet she forgot her dig- nity to enjoy the company of Endymion, and the very familiar favours which she granted to Pan and Orion are well known. [Vid. En- dymion, Pan, Orion.] The inhabitants of Taurica were particularly attached to the wor- ship of this goddess, and they cruelly offered on her altar all the strangers that were ship- wrecked on their coasts. Her temple in Aricia was served by a priest who had always murdered his predecessor, and Lacedaemonians yeary e of L offered her human victims till the age of Lycurgus, who changed born at the same birth as Apollo; and the ' this barbarous custom for "the sacrifice of flagel- pains which she saw her mother suffer during j lation. The Athenians genially offered her her labour, gave her such an aversion to mar- i goats, and others a white aid, and some- D times a boar pig, or an ox. Among plant* the poppy and the ditamy were sacred to her. She, as well as her brother Apollo, Lad some oracles, among which those of Egypt, Cilicia, and Ephesus, are the most known. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 155. Met. 3, v. 156. 1. 7, v. 94 & 194, &c. Cic. de Nat. D. 3. Horat. 3, od. 22. I'irg. G. 3, v. 392. Mn. 1, v. 505. Homer. od. 3. Pat. 8, c. 31 & 37. CatulL Stat. 3. Sitv. 1, v. *>7.Apotlod. 1, c. 4, &c. 1. 3, c. b, &c. DI.INABA, the mother of Lycurgus. Pint, in DIASTA, festivals in honour of Jupiter at Athens. They received their name airo rov flog KO.I TIJQ afftif,, from Jupiter and misfortune, because, by making application to Jupiter, men obtained relief from their misfortunes, and were delivered from dangers. During this festival, things of all kinds were exposed to sale. DIC.KA & DIC.CARCHEA, a town of Italy. lial. 13, v. 385. Dicxus, an Athenian, who was superna- turally apprised of the defeat of the Persians in Greece. Herodot. 8, c. 65. DICE, one of the Horae, daughters of Ju- Siter. A}>ollod. 1, c. 3. DICEARCHUS, a Messenian famous for his knowledge of philosophy, history, and mathematics. He was one of Aristotle's dis- ciples. Nothing remains of his numerous compositions. He had composed an history of the Spartan republic, which was publicly read over every year by order of the magis- trates, for the improvement and instrucuan A youth. DICENEUS, an Egyptian philosopher in the age of Augustus, who travelled into Scythia, where he ingratiated himself with the king of the country, and by his instructions softened the wilduess and rusticity of his manners. He also gained such an influence over the ni-iltitude, that they all destroyed the vines whix" grew in their country, to prevent the riot of dissipation, which the wine oc- casioned among them. He wrote all Lis maxims and his laws in a Hok, that they might not lose the benefit o' them after his death. Dicohts, a king of the Get33. PLut. in Anton. DICTS and I)ICT*US MONS, a mountain of Crete. The island is often known by the narr> Of Dictaa arm. Virg. Eel. 6. JEn. 3. v. 171. Jupiter was called Dictsus, because worshipped there. DICTAMNUM and DICTYNNA, a town of Crete, where the herb called dictamus chiefly grows. Virg. /n. 1%, v. 412. Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 50. DICTATOR, a magistrate at Rome investet! with regal authority, gistracy seerts to "hai D I the plebeians refused to enlist, if they were not discharged from a'. Jse deots they had co-- tracted with the patricians, the se'nate found it necessary to elect a new magistrate with ab. solute and incontrolable power to take care of the state. The dictator remained in office for six months, after which he was agair. elected, if the affairs of the state seemed to be des- perate ; but if tranquility was re-establishe he generally laid down his power before the time was expired, republic, and ev He knew no superior in the the laws were subjected to him. He was called dictator, because dictus named by the consul, or quoniam uiciw, eyV parehat popidw, because the people implicitly obeyed his command. He was named by the consul in the night, viva voee, and his e'ec.tion. was confirmed by the auguries, though some- times he was nominated or recommended by the people. As his power was absolute, he could proclaim war, levy forces, conduct them against an enemy, and disband them at pleasure. He punished as he pleased ; and from his decision there was no appeal, at least- till lat-3r times. He was, preceded by 24 lictors, with the fasces; during his adminstra tion, all other officers, except the tribunes of the people, were suspended, and he was the master of the republic. But amidst all this independence, he was not permitted to go be- yond the borders of Italy, and he was always obliged to march on foot in his expeditious ; and he never could ride in difficult and ia- borious marches, without previously obtaining a formal leave from tht> people. He was cho sen. only when the state was in imminent dangers from foreign enemies or inward sedi- uons. In the time of a pestilence, a dictator wa sometimes elected, as also to hold the cvmitia, or to celebrate the public festivals, to hold trials, to choose senators, or drive a nail in the capitol.by which superstitious ceremo the Romans believed that a plague co miony, old be averted, or the progress of an enemy stopped. This office, so respectable and illustrious in the first ages of the republic, became odious by the perpetual usurpations of Sylla and J. Cassar ; and after the death of the latter, the Roman senate, on the motion of the consul Antony, passed a decree, which for ever after forbad a dictator to exist in Rome. The dictator, as goon as elected, choge a subordinate officer, called his master of horse, magister equitum* This officer was respectable, but he was to- tally subservient to the will of the dictator, and could do nothing without his express or-, der, though he enjoyed the privilege of using a horse, and had the same insignia as the prae- tors. This subordination, however, was some-r time after removed; and during the second Punic war, the master of the horse was in- vested with a power equal to that of the die* This officer, whose ma- I tator. A second dictator was also chosen for been borrowed from the customs of the Albans or Latins, was first chosen during the Roman wars against the Latins. The consuls being unable to raise for the deience of che state, because the election of magistrates at Rome alter the battle of Cannae. The dictatorship was originally confined to the patricians, but the plebfians were afterwards admitted to share it, Turns Lanius Fiavus was the firsc DI A. (l.C. 5S. Dto>W- HaLCic. de Leg. 3. Dio* Plut. m Fab.Appian. 3 Polyb. 3. Pate~c. 9, c. 28. Liv. 1, c. 23. 1. 2, c. 18. 1. 4, c. 57. 1. 9, c. 38. DICTIDIENSES, certain inhabitants of mount Athos. Thucyd. 5, c. 82. DIOTYNNA, a nymph of Crete, who first in- vented hunting nets. She was one of Diana's attendants, and for that reason the goddess is often called Dictynna. Some have supposed that Minos pursued her, and that to avoid his importunities, she threw herself into the sea, and was caught in fishermen's nets, SiKTva, whence her name. There was a festival at Sparta in honour of Diana, called Dictynnia. Paws. 2, c. 30. 1. 3, c. 12. - A city of Crete. DICTYS, a Cretan, who went with Idome- neus to the Trojan war. It is supposed that he wrote an history of this celebrated war, and that at his death he ordered it to be laid in his tomb, where it remained till a violent earth- quake in the reign of Nero opened the monu- ment where he had been buried. This con- vulsion of the earth threw out his history of the Trojan war, which was found by some shepherds, and afterwards carried to Rome. This mysterious tradition is deservedly deemed fabulous ; and the history of the Trojan war, which is now extant, was composed in the 15th century ; according to others, in the age of Constantine, and falsely attributed to one of the followers of Idomeneus. The edition of Dictys is by Masellus Venia, 4to. Mediol. 1477. - A king of the island of Seriphus, son of Magnes and Nays. He was made king of Seriphus by Perseus, who deposed Poly- dectes, because he behaved with wantonness to Danae. \Vid. Polydectes.] Apollod. 1, c. 9. 1. 2, c. 4. - A centaur, killed at the nup- tials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 334. DIDIA LEX, de Sumptibus, by Didius, A. U. C. 606, to restrain the expenses that attended public festivals and entertainments, and limit the nnmber of guests which generally attended them, not only at Rome, but in all the pro- vinces of Italy. By it, not only those who re- ceived guests in these festival meetings, but the guests themselves, were liable to be fined. ft was an extension of the Oppian and Fannian laws. DIDIUS, a governor of Spain, conquered by Sertorius. Pint, in Serf. - A man who brought Caesar the head of Pompey's eldest son. Plut. -- A governor of Britain, under Claudius. - Julianus, a rich Roman, who, after the murder of Pertinax, bought the em- pire, which the pretorians had exposed to sale, A. D. 192. His great luxury and extra- vagance rendered him odious, and when he refused to pay the money which he had pro- mised for the imperial purple, the soldiers re- volted against him, and put him to death, after a short reign, Severus was made emperor after him. DIDO, called also Elisa, a daughter of Belus king of Tyre, who married Sichaeus, or Sichar- bs, her uncle, who was priest of Hercules. Pygmalion, who gucceeeded to the throne of 226 D! Tyre after Belus, murdered Sichaeus, to get possession of the immense riches which he had ; and Dido, disconsolate for the loss of her husband whom she tenderly loved, and by whom she was equally esteemed, set sail iu quest of a settlement, with a number of Ty- rions, to whom the cruelty of the tyrant be- came odious. According to some accounts, she threw into the sea the riches of her hus- band, which Pygmalion so greatly desired; and by that artifice compelled the ships to fly with her, that had come by order of the ty- rant to obtain the riches of Sichaeus. During her voyage, Dido visited the coast of Cyprus, where she carried away 50 women, who pros- tituted themselves on the sea-shore, and gave them as wives to her Tyrian followers. A storm drove her fleet on the African coast, and she bought of the inhabitants as much land as could be covered by a bull's hide cut into thongs. Upon this piece of land she built a citadel, called Byrsa [ Vld. Byrsa] ; and the increase of population, and the rising com- merce among her subjects, soon obliged her to enlarge her city, and the boundaries of her dominions. Her beauty, as well as the fame of her enterprize gained her many admirers , and her subjects wished to compel her to marry Jarbas, king of Mauritania, who threatened them with a dreadful war. Dido begged three months to give her decisive an- swer ; and during that time she erected a fu- neral pile, as if wishing, by a solemn sacrifice, to appease the manes of Sichaeus, to which she had promised eternal fidelity. When all prepared, she stabbed herself on the pile in the presence of her people, and by this uncommon action obtained the name of Dido, raliant woman, intead of Elisa, Accord- ing to Virgil and Ovid, the death of Dido was caused by the sudden departure of tineas, of whom she was deeply enamoured, and whom she could not obtain as a husband. This poetical fiction represents ./Eneas as living in the age of Dido, and introduces an anachro- nism of near 300 years. Dido left Phoenicia 247 years after the Trojan war, or the age of ^Eneas, that is, about 953 years B. C. This chronological error proceeds not from the ig- norance of the poet, but it is supported by the authority of Horace : " Aui famam seque^e, ant sifci amvenientia; Jnge." While Virgil describes, in a beautiful episode, the desperate love of Dido, and the submis- sion of .^Eneas to the will of the gods ; he at the same time gives an explanation of the ha- tred which existed between the republics of Rome and Carthage, and informs his readers that their mutual enmity originated in their very first foundation, and was apparently kindled by a more remote cause than the jea- lousy and rivalship of two flourishing empire*. Dido, after her death, was honoured as a deity by her subjects. Justin. 18, c. 4, &c. Paterc, 1, cl 6. Virg. JEn. Ovid. Met. 14, fab. 2. Appian. Alei. Or:is. 4.- -Herodian. Dtrniyt. Hal. D I DIaYMA, a place of Miletua. Paui. 2, c. 9. An island in the Sicilian sea. Paid. 4O, c. 11. DIDYMJEUS, a surname of Apollo. DIDYMAON, an excellent artist, famous for making suits of armour. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 359. DIDYME, one of the Cyclades. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 469. A city of Sicily. Id. Fast. 4, v. 475. A place near Miletus, where the Branchidaj had their famous oracle. DIDYMUM a mountain of Asia Minor. DlDYjius, a freed man of Tiberius, &c. Tac. Ann. 6, c. 24. A scholiast on Homer, suraamed XaXictvrepof, flourished B. C. 40. He wrote a number of books, which are now lost. The editions of his commentaries are, that in 2 vols. 8vo. Venet. apud Aid. 1528, and that of Paris, 8vo. 1530. DIENECES, a Spartan, who upon hearing be- fore the battle of Thermopylae, that the Per- sians were so numerous that their arrows would darken the light of the sun, observed, that it would be a great convenience, for they then should fight in the shade. Herodot. 7, c. 226. DiESpiTEn, a surname of Jupiter, as being the father of light. DIGENTIA, a small river which watered Ho- race's farm, in the country of the Sabines. H Phoc. A native of Delos, who collected some fables in Crete, &c. Dionys. Hal. DINDLOCHUS, a Syracusan, who composed 14 comedies. JElian. de Anim. 6, c. 52. DINDYMUS, or A, (orum) a mountain of Phrygia, near a town of the same name, in the neighbourhood of Cyzicus. It was from this place that Cybele was called Dindymene, as her worship was established there by Jason. Strab. 12. Stat. 1, Sylv. 1, v. 9. Horat. 1, od. 16, v. 5. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 617. DINI;E, a town of Phrygia. Liv. 38, c. 5. A town of Gaul, now Digne. DIM AS, a general of Cassander. Diod. 19. DiNicHE, the wife of Archidamus. Paui. S, c. 10 - -A man of Phtr, who seized the su- preme powpr at Cranon. Poly&n. 2. A man who wrote an history of Argos. Plut. in Arat, DINOCHARES, an architect, who finished the temple of Diana at Ephesus, after it had been burnt by Erostratus. DiTsOcRATES, an architect of Macedonia, who proposed to Alexander, to cut mount Ath-js in the form of a statue, holding a city in one hand, and in the other a bason, into which all the waters of the mountain should empty themselves. This project Alexander rejected as too chimerical, but he employed the talents of the artist in building and beauti- fying Alexandria. He began to build a tem- ple in honour of Arsinoe, by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus, in which he intended to suspend a statue of the queen by means of loadstones. His death, and that of his royal patron, pre- vented the execution of a work which wonld have been the admiration of every age. Plln. 7, c. 37.Marcell. 22, c. 40. Plut. in Alei. A general of Agathocles. A Messe- nian, who behaved with great effeminacy and wantonness. He defeated Philopoemen. and put him to death, B. C. 183. Plut. in Flam. DINODOCHUS, a swift runner. Pau$. 6, c. 1. DINOMENES, a tyrant of Syracuse. Faus. 8, c. 42. DINON, a governor of Damascus, under Pto- lemy, &c. Polya:n. 4. The father of Cli- tarchus, who wrote an history of Persia, in Alexander's age. He is esteemed a very au- thentic historian by C. Nep. in Conon.Plut. in Alex.Diog. DINOSTHENES, a man who made himself a statue of an Olympian victor. Paus. 6, c. 16. DINOSTRATUS, a celebrated geometer, in the age of Plato. DIOCLEA, festivals in the spring at Megara, in honour of Diocles, who died in the defence of a certain youth, to whom he was tenderly attached. There was a contention on his tomb, and the youth who gave the sweetest kiss, was publicly rewarded with a garland. Theocritus has described them in his 12 Idyll. v. 27.^ DIOCLES, a general of Athens, &c. Polyce.n. 5. A ccmic poet of Athens. An histo- rian, the first Grecian who ever wrote con- cerning the origin of the Romans. Plut. in Earn. One of the four brothers placed over the citadel of Corinth by Archelaus, &c. Po~ lyien. 6. A rich man of Messenia. Paus. 4, c. 2. A general of Syracuse. Diod. 13. DIOCLETIANOPOLIS, a town of Tliessaly, called so in honour of Diocletian. DIOCLETIANUS, (Caius Valerius Jovius) a celebrated Roman emperor, born of an obscure family in Dalmatia. He was first a common soldier, and by merit and success he gradually rose to the- office of a general, and at the death cf Numerian he was invested with imperial power. In this high station, he rewarded the td fidelity of Maxiniian. who had Ml DI shared with him all the subordinate officei im the army, by making him his colleague on the throne. He created two subordinate empe- rors, Constantius and Galerius, whom he called Caesars, whilst he claimed for himself and his colleague the superior title of Augustus. Dio- cletian has been celebrated for his military vir- tues ; and though he was naturally unpolished by education and study, yet he was the friend and patron of learning and true genius. He was bold and resolute, active and diligent, and well acquainted with the arts which will en- dear a sovereign to his people, and make him respectable even in the eyes of his enemies. His cruelty, however, against the followers of Christianity, has been deservedly branded with the appellation of unbounded tyranny and insolent wantonness. After he had reigned 21 years in the greatest prosperity, he publicly abdicated the crown at Nicomedia, on the first of May, A. D. 304, and retired to a private station at Salona. Maximian, his colleague, followed his example, but not from voluntary choice; and when he sometime after endea- voured to rouse the ambition of Diocletian, and persuade him to reassume the imperial purple, he received for answer, that Diocle- tian now took more delight in cultivating his little garden, than he formerly enjoyed in a palace, when his power was extended over all the earth. He lived nine years after his abdi- cation, in the greatest security and enjoyment at Salona, and died in tke 68th year of his age. Diocletian is the first sovereign who volun- tarily resigned his power : a philosophical re- solution, which, in later years, was imitated by the emperor Charles the fifth of Germany. DIODORUS, an historian, surnamed Siculu>, because he was born at Argyra in Sicily. He wrote an history of Egypt, Persia, Syria, Media, Greece, Rome, and Carthage, which was divided into 40 books, of which only 15 are extant, with some few fragments. This valuable aomposition was the work of an accu- rate enquirer, and it is said that he visited all the places of which he has made mention in his history. It was the labour of 30 years, though the greater part may be described as a judicious compilation from Berosus, Timasus, Theopompus, Callisthenes, and others. He is, however, too credulous in some of his nar- rations, and often wanders far from the truth. His style is neither elegant, nor too laboured ; but it contains great simplicity, and unaffected correctness. He often dwells too long upon fabulous reports and trifling incidents, while events of the greatest importance to history are treated with brevity, and sometimes passed over in silence. His manner of reckoning, by the Olympiads and the Roman consuls, will be found very erroneous. This historian flou- rished about 44 years B. C. He spent much time at Rome, to procure information, and authenticate his historical narrations. The best edition of his works is that of Wesseling, 9 vole. fol. Amst. 1746. A disciple of Euclid, in the age of Plato. Diog. in vita. A comic poet. >-A con of Fthenax, who wh ti* DI brothers Codrus and Anaxagoras, murdered Hegesias the tyrant of Epbesus, &c. Polyam. 6. An Ephesian, who wrote an account of the life of Anaximander. Ding. An orator of Sardes, in the time of the Mithridatic war. A stoic philosopher, preceptor to Cicero. He lived and died in the house of his pupil, whom he instructed in the various branches of Greek literature. Cic. in Brut. A ge- neral of Demetrius. A writer surnamed Periegetes, who wrote a description of the earth. Plut. in Them. An African, &c. Pint. DIOETAS, a general of Achaia, &c. Po- lyitn. 2. DIOGENES, a celebrated Cynic philosopher of Sinope, banished from his country for com- ing false money. From Sinope he retired to Athens, where he became the disciple of Antisthenes, who was at the head of the Cynics. Antisthenes at first refused to admit him into his house, and even struck him with a stick. Diogenes calmly bore the rebuke, and said, Strike me, Antisthenes, but never shall you find a stick sufficiently hard to re- move me from your presence, whilst there is any thing to be learnt, any information to be gained, from your conversation and acquaint- ance. Such firmness recommended him to Antisthenes, and he became his most devoted pupil. He dressed himself in the garment which distinguished the Cynics, and walked about the streets' with a tub on his head, which served him as a house and a place of repose. Such singularity, joined to the greatest con- tempt for riches, soon gained him reputation, and Alexander the Great condescended to visit the philosopher in his tub. He asked Dio- genes if there was any thing in which he could gratify or oblige him. Get out of my sun- shine, was the only answer which the philoso- pher gave. Such an independence of mind so pleased the monarch, that he turned to his courtiers, and said, were I not Aleiander, I would wish to be Diogenes. He was once sold as a slave, but his magnanimity so pleased his master, that he made him the preceptor of his children, and the guardian of his estates. After a life spent in the greatest misery and indigence, he died 13. C. 324, in the 96th year of his age. He ordered his body to be care- lessly thrown into a ditch, and some dust to be sprinkled over it. His orders were, how- ever, disobeyed in this particular, and his friends honoured his remains with a magnifi- cent funeral at Corinth. The inhabitants of Sinope raised statues to his memory, and the marble figure o!' a dog was placed on a high column erected on his tomb. His biographer has transmitted to posterity a number of say- ings remarkable for their simplicity and moral tendency. The life of \. iogenes, however, shrinks from the eye of a strict examination ; he boasted of his poverty, and was so arrogant, that many have observed, that the virtues of Diogenes arose from pride and vanity, not from wisdom or sound philosophy. His morals were cor upted, and he gave way to the most 229 D I vicious indulgences, aud his unbounded wan- tonness has given occasion to some to observe, that the bottom of his tub would not bear too close an examination. Ding, in vita. Plut. in Apoph. Cic. de Nat. D. ."., c. 36, &c. A stoic of Babylon, disciple of Chrysippus. He went to Athens, and was sent as ambassador to Rome, with Carneades and Critolaus, 155 years before Christ. He died in the 88th year of his age, after a life of the most exemplary virtue. Cic. de qffic. A native of Apol- lonia, celebrated for his knowledge of philoso- phy and physic. He lived in the age of An- axagoras. Diog. in vita. Laertius, an Epi- curean philosopher, born in Cilicia. He wrote the lives of the philosophers in ten boois, still extant. This work contains an accurate ac- count of the ancient philosophers, and is re- plete with all their anecdotes and particular opinions. It is compiled, however, without any plan, method, or precision, though much neatness and conciseness are observable through the whole. In this multifarious biography, the author does not seem particularly partial to any sect, except perhaps it be that of Pota- mon of Alexandria. Diogenes died A . D. 222. The best editions of his works are that of Mei- bomius, 2 vol. 4to. Amst. 1692, and that of Lips. 8vo. 1759. A Macedonian, who be- trayed Salamis to Aratus. Paus. 2, c. 8. DIOGENIA, a daughter of Celeus. Pattt, \, c. 38. A daughter of the Cephisus, who married Erechtheus. Apollod. DIOGENUS, a man who conspired with Dym- nus against Alexander. Curt, 6, c. 7. DIOGNETUS, a philosopher, who instructed Marcus Aurelius in philosophy, and in writing dialogues. DIOMEDA, a daughter of Phorbas, whom Achilles brought from Lemnos, to be his mis- tress after the loss of Briseis. Homer. It. 1. The wife of Deion of Amyclas. DIOMEDES, a son of Tydeus and Deiphyle, was king of ^Etolia, and one of the bravest of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. He often engaged Hector and ./Eneas, and wounded Venus in the arm, and obtained much military glory. He went with Ulysses to steal the Pal- ladium from the temple of Minerva in Troy, and assisted in murdering Rhesus, king of Thrace, and carrying away his horses. At his return from the siege of Troy, he lost his way in the darkness of night, and landed in Attica, where his companions plundered the country,' and lost the Trojan Palladium. During his long absence, his wife J giale forgot her mar- riage vows, and prostituted herself to Comttes, one of her servants. This lasciviousness of the queen was attributed by some to the re- sentment of Venus, whom Diomedes had se- verely wounded in a battle before Troy. The infidelity of ^Egiale was highly displeasing to Diomedes. He resolved to abandon his native country which was the seat of his disgrace, and the attempts of his wife to take away his life, according to some accounts, did not a little contribute to hasten his departure. He came to that part of Italy which has ben DI called Magna Grsecia, where ie built a city, which he called Argyrippa, and married the daughter of Daunus, the king of the country. He died there in extreme old age, or, accord- ing to a certaiu tradition, he perished by the hand of his father-in-law. His death was greatly lamented by his companions, who in the excess of their grief were changed into birds resembling swans. These birds took flight into a neighbouring island in the Adriatic, and became remarkable for the lameness with which they approached the Greeks, and for the horror with which they shunned all other nations. They are called the birds of Dio medes. Altars were raised to Diomedes, as to a god, one of which Strabo mentions at Timavus. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 243, &c. Ovid. Met. 14, fab. I0.Apollod. 1, c. 8. 1.3, c. 7. Hys'm. fab. 97, 112, 113. Paul. 2, c. 30. A king of Thrace, son of Mars and Cy- rene, who fed his horses with human flesh. It was one of the labours of Hercules to de- stroy them, and accordingly the hero, at- tended with some of his friends, attacked Diomedes, and gave him to be devoured to his own horses, which he had fed so barbarously. Diad. 4. Pans. 3, c. l8.Apollod. 2, c. 5. A friend of Alcibiades. Plut. in Alcib. A grammarian. DiOMEnoN, an Athenian general, &c. Thucyd. 8, c. 19. A man of Cyzicus, in the interest of Artaxerxes. C. Nep. in Ep. DION, a Syracusan, son of Hipparinus, fa- mous for his power and abilities. He was re- lated to Dionysius, and often advised him to- gether with the philosopher Plato, who at his request had come to reside at the tyrant's court, to lay aside the supreme power. H' great popularity rendered him odious in the eyes of the tyrant, who banished him to Greece. There he collected a numerous force, and resolved to free his country from tyranny This he easily effected on account of his un common popularity. He entered fche port o: Syracuse only in two ships, and in three days reduced under Ids power an empire, which had already subsisted for 50 years, and which wa: guarded by 500 ships of war, and 100,00( foot, and 10,000 horse. The tyrant fled to Corinth, and Dion kept the power in his own hands, fearful of the aspiring ambition of some of the friends of Dionysius. He was shame fully betrayed and murdered by one of his familiar friends, called Callicrates, or Calli pus, 354 years before the Christian era, in the 55th year of his age, and four years after hi return from Peloponnesus. His death was universally lamented by the Syracusans, and j monument raised to his memory. Diod. 16. C. Nep. in vita. A town of Macedonia Paus. 9, c. 36. Cassius, a native of Nicffii in Bithynia. His father's name was Aproni anus. He was raised to the greatest offices o state in the Roman empire by Pertinax, ane his three successors. He was naturally fond of study, and lie improved himself by un- wearied apolication. He was ten years in col- 'orials for an Mstory of Rome, which DI ie made public in 80 books, after a laborious ployment of 12 years in composing it. This valuable history began with the arrival of (Eneas in Italy, down to the reign of the em- peror Alexander Severus. The 34 first books are totally lost, the 20 following are mutilated, and fragments are all that we possess of the " ist 20. In the compilation of his extensive istory. Dion proposed to himself Thucydides or a model ; but he is not perfectly happy in is imitation. His style is pure and elegant, and his narrations are judiciously managed, ,nd his reflections learned ; but upon the whole he is credulous, and the bigoted slave )f partiality, satire, and flattery. He inveighs igainst the republican principles of Brutus and Cicero, and extols the cause of Csssar. Se- neca is the object of his satire, and he repre- sents him as debauched and licentious in his morals. Dion flourished about the 230th year of the Christian era. The best edition of his works is that of Reimarus, 2 vol. fol. Hamb. 17501 A famous Christian writer, surnamed Chrysostom, &c. DIONEA, a surname of Venus, supposed to be the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. DIONE, a nymph, daughter of Dereus und Doris. She was mother of Venus, by Jupiter, according to Homer and others. Hesiod, how- ever, gives Venus a different origin. [Vid. Venus.] Virg. 3.JEn. v. 19. Homer. 11. 5, v. 381. Stat. l.Sylv. 1, v. 86. DIONYSIA, festivals in honour of Bacchus among the Greeks. Their form and solemnity were first introduced into Greece from Egypt by a certain Melampus, and ii we admit that Bacchus is the same as Isis, the Dionysia of the Greeks are the same as festivals celebrated by the Egyptians in honour of Isis. They were observed at Athens with more sp!endopot, who car- ried the \IKVOV or mystical van of Bacchus : without their attendance none of the festivals of Bacchus were celebrated with due solem- nity, and on that account the god is often called \IKVITTJS. The festivals of Bacchus were almost innumerable. The name of the most celebrated was the Dionysia apxtwrpa at limnae in Attica. The chief persons that officiated were fourteen women called yjpaipr-i venerable. They were appointed by one of the archons, and before their appointment they solemnly took an oath before the archon or his wife, that their body was free from all pol- lution. The greater Dionysia, sometimes called a odious in the eyes of his subjects, and he became so suspi- cious, that he never admitted his wife or chil- dren to his private apartments without a pre- vious examination of their garments. He never trusted his head to a barber, but always burnt his beard. He made a subterraneous cave in a rock, said to be still extant, in the form of a human ear, whidi measured 80 feet in height, -and 2.50 in length. It was called the ear of Dionysius. The sounds of this subter- raneous cave were all necessarily directed to one common tympanum, which had a commu- nication with an adjoining room, where Dio- nysius spent the greatest part of his time, to hear whatever was said by those whom his suspicion and cruelty had confined in the apart- ments above. The artists that had been em- ployed in making this cave were all put to death by order of the tyrant, for fear of their revealing to what purposes a work of such un- common construction was to he appropriated. His impiety and sacrilege were as conspicuous as his susnicious credulity. He took a golden mantle from the statue of Jupiter, observing that the son of Saturn had too warm a cover- ing for the summer, and too cold for the winter, and he placed one of wool instead. He also robbed A-'.sculapius of his golden beard, and plundered the temple of Proserpine. He died of an indigestion in the 63d year of his age, B. C. 368, after a reign of 38 years. Authors are divided about the manner of his death, and some are of opinion that he died a violent death. Some suppose that this tyrant invented the catapvlta, an engine which proved of infi- nite service for the discharging of 'showers of darts and stones in the time of a siege. Died. 13, 14, &c Justin. 20, c. 1, &i.c.XennpJ,. Hist. Grtec.C. Nep. Timol.Plut. in Dim. The second of that name, surnamed the younger, was son of Dionysius the 1st, by Doris. He succeeded his father as tyrant ef Sicily, and by the advice of Dion his brother- in-law, he invited the philosopher Plato to his court, under whom he studied for a while. The philosopher advised him to lay aside the supreme power; and in his admonitions he was warmly seconded by Dion. Dionysius refused to consent, and soon after Plato was seized, and Dion, on account of his great popularity, was severely abused, and his wife given in marriage to another. Such a violent behaviour was highly resented. Dion, who was ba- nished, collected some forces in Greece, and in three days rendered himself master of Sy- raci.se, and expelled the tyrant B. C. 357. [ Vid. Dn>n.~\ Dionysius retired to Locri, where lie behaved with the greatest oppression, and was ejected by the citizens. He recovered Sy- racuse ten years after his expulsion, hut his triumph was short; and the Corinthians, under {he conduct of Tiaioleon, obliged him to re- tire from the city. He fled to Corinth, where to support himself he kept a school, as Cicero observes, that he might still continue to be a tyrant ; and as he could not command over teen he might still exercise his power over 232 boys. It is said that he died from an excest of joy when he heard that a tragedy of his own composition had been rewarded with a poetical prize. Dionysius was as cruel as his father, but he did not, like him, possess the art of retaining his power. This was seen and re- marked by the old man, who, when he saw his son attempting to debauch the wives of some of his subjects asked him with the greatest indignation, whether he had ever heard of his having acted so brutal a part in his younger days'! No, answered the son, because you were not the son of a king. Well, my son, replied the old man, never shall thou be the father of a king. Justin. 21, c. 1, 2, &c Dwd. 15, &c. Mlian. V. H. 9, c. 8.Qni,,ti/. 8 c. 6. C. Nep. in Dim.Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 2. An historian of Halicamassits, who left his country, and came to reside at Rome, that he might carefully study all the Greek and Latin writers, whose compositions treated of the Roman history. He made acquaintance with all the learned of the age, and derived much information from their company and con- versation. After an unremitted application during 24 years, he gave to the world his Ro- man antiquities in 20 books, of which only the 11 first are now extant, nearly containing the account of 312 years. His composition has been greatly valued by the ancients as well as the moderns, for the easiness of his style, tlie fidelity of his chronology, and the judicious- ness of his remarks and criticisms. Like a faithful historian, he never mentioned any thing but what was authenticated, and totally disregarded the fabulous traditions which fiil and disgrace the pages of both his predecessors and followers. To the character of the elegant historian Dionysius also added that of the elo- quent orator, the critic, and the politician, as may be seen in his treatises. He lived during the Augustan age, and came to Rome about ;50 years before the Christian era. The best edi- tions of his works are that of Oxford, 2 vol. fol. 1704, and that of Reiske, 6 vols. 8vo. Lipg. 1774. A tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus in the age of Alexander the Great. After the death of the conqueror and of Perdiccas, he married Amestris, the niece of king Darin--, and assumed the title of king. He was of such an uncommon corpulence that he never exposed his person in public, and when he gave audience to foreign ambassadors he always plated himself in a chair which was conve- ently made to hide his face and person from the eyes of the spectators. When he was asleep, it was impossible to awake him with- out boring his flesh with pins. He died in the 55th year of his age. As his reign was re- markable for mildness and popularity, his death was severely lamented by his subject-. He left two sons and a daughter, and ap- pointed his widow queen regent. A sur- name of Bacchus. -A disciple of Chasremon. -A native of Chalcis, who wrote a book entitled KTiffeif, or the origins of cities. A commander of the Ionian fleet against the Per- sians, who went to plunder Phu'nicia. Heir* DI tat. 6, c. 17. A general of Ar.tiorhus Hie- rax. A philosopher of Heraclea, disciple to Zeno. He starved himself to death, B.C. 979, in the 81st year of his age. Diog. An epic poet of Mitylene. A sophist of Pergamus. Strab. 13. A writer in the Au- gustan age, called Peiiegetes. He wrote a geo- graphical treatise in Greek hexameters, still extant. The best edition of his treatise is that of Henry Stephens, 4to. 1577, with the Scho- lia, and that of Hill, 8vo. Lond. 1688. A Christian writer, A. D. 492, called Areopagi- tica. The best edition of his works is that of Antwerp, 2 vols. fol. 1634. The music- master of Epaminondas. C. Nep. A cele- brateu critic. [ Fid. Longimis.] A rhetori- cian of Magnesia. A Messenian madman, v\c. P/iit. in Alex. A native of Thrace, generally called the Rhodian, because he lived there. He wrote some grammatical treatises and commentaries, B. C. 64. Strab. 14. A painter of Colophon. DIOPHANES, a man who joined Peloponnesus to the Achaaaii league. Pans. 8, c. 30. A rhetorician intimate with Tib. Gracchus. Pint, in Gracch. DIOPHANTUS, an Athenian general of the Greek mercenary troops in the service of Nee- tanebus, king of Egypt. Diod. 16. A Greek orator of Mitylene, preceptor to Tib. Gracchus. Cic. in End. A native of Alex- andria in the fourth century. He wrote 13 books of arithmetical questions, of which six are still extant, the best edition of which is that in folio, Tolosae, 1670. DIOPOENUS, a noble sculptor of Crete. Plin. 36, c. 4. DIOPOLIS, a name given to Cabira, a town of Paphlagonia, by Pompey. Strab. 12. DidRES, a friend of .(Eneas, killed by Tur- nu?. He had engaged in the games exhibited l>y yEneas on his father's tomb in Sicily. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 297. 1. 12, v. 509. DIORYETUS, a place of Acarnania. Plin. 4, c. 1. DIOSCORIDES, a native of Cilicia, who was physician to Antony and Cleopatra, or lived, us some suppose, in the age of Nero. He was originally a soldier, but afterwards he applied himself to study, and wrote a book upon medi- cinal herbs, of which the best edition is that of Saracenus, fol. Frankof. 1598. A man who wrote an account of the republic of Lacedas- mon. A nephew of Antigonus. Diod. 19. A Cyprian, blind of one eye, in the age of Ptolemy Pliiladelphus. A disciple of Iso- crates. An astrologer, sent ambassador by J. Caesar to Achillas, &c. C. DIOTIMUS, an Athenian skilled in maritime affairs, &c. PolyaPrt* 5. A stoic who flou- rished 85 B. C. DIOTREPHES, an Athenian officer, &c. Thv.- cyd. 3, c. 75. DIOXIPPE, one of the Dauaides. Apollod. 2, c. 1. DIOXIPPUS, a soldier of Alexander, who killed one of his fellow-soldiers in a fury, &c. Milan. An Athenian boxer, &c. Diod. 17. A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 574. DIP**, a place of Peloponnesus, where a battle was fought between the Arcadians and Spartans. Herodot. 9, c. 35. DIPHILAS, a man sent to Rhodes by the Spartans to destroy the Athenian faction there. Diod. 14. A governor of Babylon in the interest of Antigonus. Id. 18. An histo- rian. DlPiiiLt' s, an Athenian general, A. U. C. 311. An architect so slow in finishing his works that Diphilo tardier became a proverb. Co. adfratr. 3. A tragic writer. DirHORiDAS, one of the Ephori at Sparta. Plut. in Ages. DIPOSNJE, a town of Arcadia, Paits. 8, c. 31. DIPOLIS, a name given toLemnos, as having two cities, Hephaestia and Myrina. DIPSAS, a river of Cilicia flowing from mount Taurus. Lucan. 8, v. 255. DIR;E, the daughter of Acheron and Nox, who persecuted the souls of the guilty. They are the same as the Furies, and some suppose that they are called Furies in hell, Harpies on earth, and Dirae in heaven. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 473. 1. 8, v. 701. DIRCE, a woman whom Lycus, king of Thebes, married after he had divorced An- tiope. When Antiope became pregnant by Jupiter, Dirce suspected her husband of infi- delity to her bed, and imprisoned Antiope, whom she tormented with the greatest cru- elty. Antiope escaped from her confinement, and brought forth Amphion and Zethus on mount Citheron. When these children were informed of the cruelties to which their mo- ther had been exposed, they besieged Thebes, put Lycus to death, and tied the cruel Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, who dragged her over rocks and precipices, and exposed her to the most poignant pains, till the gods pitied her fate, and changed her ii.to a fountain, in the neighbourhood of Thebes. According to some accounts, Antiope was mother to Am- phion and Zethus, before she was confined and exposed to the tyranny of Dirce. [Fid. Xi> phion, Antitrpt-] Propert. 3, el. 15, v. 3? <~- Paus. 9, c. e6. Xlian. V. K. 12, c. 57. D DIRCENVA, a cold fountain of Spain near BUbilis. Mart o/. 1, ep. 50. DIRPHIA, a surname of Juno. Dis, a god of the Gauls, the same as Plato the god of hell. The inhabitants of Gaul sup- posed themselves descended from that deity. CtES. bell. G. 6. Tacit. 4. Hist. c. 84. DISCORDIA, a malevolent deity, daughter of Nox, and sister to Nemesis, the Parcae, and Death. She was driven from heaven by Ju- piter, because she sowed dissensions among the gods, and was the cause of continual quar- rels. When the nuptials of Peleus and The- tis were celebrated, the goddess of discord was not invited, and this seeming neglect so irri- tated her that she threw an apple into the midst of the assembly of the gods with the in- scription of detur pulchruri. This apple was the cause of the ruin of Troy, and of infinite misfortunes to the Greeks. [Fid. Paris.] She is represented with a pale ghastly look, her garment is torn, her eyes sparkle with fire, and in her bosom she holds a dagger concealed. Her head is generally entwined with serpents, and she is attended by Bellona. She is sup- posed to be the cause cf all the dissensions which arise upon earth, public as well as pri- vate. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 7Q2.Hesiod. Theogn. 225. Petraniut. DITHYRAMBUS, a surname of Bacchus, whence the. hymns sung in his honour were called Dithyrambics. Herat. 4, od. 2. DITTANI, a people of Spain. Dm, a name chiefly appropriated to those who were made gods after death, such as he- roes and warriors, or the Lares and Penates, and other domestic gods. DIVITIACUS, one of the Jdui, intimate with Cffisar. Cic. 1 , de div. DIUM, a town pf Eubcea, where there are hot baths. P/irc. 31, c. 2. Divus FIDIUS, a god of the Sabines, wor- shipped also at Rome. Dionys. DIYLLUS, an Athenian historian. Diod. 16. A statuary. Paut. 10, c. 13 DOBERES, a people of Paeonia. Herodot. 5, c. 16. _ DoclLis, a gladiator at Rome, mentioned by Horat.l, ep. 18, v. 19. DOCIMUS, a man of Tarentum, deprived of his military dignity by Philip, son of Amyntas, for indulging himself with hot baths. Polycen. 4. An officer of Ar.tigonus. Diod. 19. An officer of Perdiccas, taken by Antigonus. Id. 18. D5DONA, a town of Thesprotia in Epirus, or, according to others, in Thessaly. There was in its neighbourhood a celebrated oracle of Jupiter. The town and temple of the god were first built bv Deucalion, after the uni- versal deluge. It was supposed to be the most ancient oracle of all Greece, and, accord- ing to the traditions of the Egyptians men- tioned by Henxiotus, it was founded by a dove Two black doves, as he relates, took their flight from the city of Thebes, in Egypt, one of whirh flew to the temple of Jupiter Am- Kon, and the other to Dodona, where with a *34 D O human voice they acquainted the inhabitants of the country, that Jupiter had consecrated the ground, which in future would give ora cles. The extensive grove which surrounded Ju piter's temple was endowed with the gift of pro- phecy, and oracles were frequently delivered by the sacred oaks, and the doves which in- habited the place. This fabulous tradition of the oracular power of the doves is explained by Herodotus, who observes that some Phoeni- cians carried away two priestesses from Egypt, one of which went to fix her residence at Do- dona, where the oracle was established. It may further be observed that the fable might have been founded upon the double meaning of the word irtXtiai, which signifies doves, in most parts of Greece, while in the dialect of the Epirots it implies old women. In ancient times the oracles were delivered by the mur- muring of a neighbouring fountain, but the custom was afterwards changed. Large ket- tles were suspended in the air near a brazen statue, which held a lash in his hand. When the wind blew strong, the statue was agitated, and struck against one of the kettles, which communicated the motion to all the rest, and raised that clattering and discordant din which continued for a while, and from which the artifice of the priests drew their predic- tions. Some suppose that the noise was occa- sioned by the shaking of the leaves and boughs of an old oak, which the superstition of the people frequently consulted, and from which they pretended to receive oracles. It may be observed with more probability that the oracles were delivered by the priests, who, by artfully concealing themselves behind the oaks, gave occasion to the superstitious multitude to be- lieve that the trees were endowed with the power of prophecy. As the ship Argo was built with some of the oaks of Dodona, there were some beams which gave oracles to the Argonauts, and warned them against the ap- proach of calamity. Within the forest of Do- doaa there was a stream and a fountain of cool water, which had the power of lighting a torch as soon as it touched it. This fountain was totally dry at noon day, and was restored to its full course at midnight, from which time till the following noon it began to decrease, and at the usual hour was again deprived of ill waters. The oracles of Dodona were gent- rally delivered by women. [Vid. Dod DomlNlcA, a daughter of Petronius. who married the emperor Valens. DOMITIA LEX de Religiime, was enacted hy Domitius Ahenobarbus, the tribune, A. U. C. 650. It transferred the right of electing priests from the college to the people. DOMITIA LONGINA, a Roman lady who boasted in her debaucheries. She was the wife of the emperor Domitian. DOMITIANUS, Titus Flavius, son of Vespa- sian and Flavia Domitilla, made himself em- peror of Rome, at the death of his brother Ti- tus, whom, according to some accounts, he destroyed by poison. The beginning of his reign promised tranquillity to the people, but their expectations were soon frustrated. Do- mitian became cruel, and gave way to inces- tuous and unnatural indulgences. He com- unanded himself to be called God r>d Lord in all the paper? which were presented to him. He passed the greatest part of the day in catching flies and killing them with a bodkin, so that it was wittily answered by Vibius to a person who asked him who was with the em- peror, Nobody, not even a fly. In the latter part of his reign Domitian became suspicious, and his anxieties were increased by the pre- dictions of astrologers, but still more poig- nantly by the stings of remorse. He was so distrustful, even when alone, that round the terrace where he usually walked, he built a wall with shining atones, that from them he ought perceive, as in a looking-glass, whether anybody followed him. All these precautions were unavailing ; he perished by the hand of an assassin the 18th of September, A. D. 96, in tie 45th year of his age, and the 15th of his reign. He was the last of the 12 Caesars. He distinguished himself for his love of learn- ing, and in a little treatise which he wrote, upon the great care which ought to be taken of the hair to prevent baldness, he displayed much taste and elegance, according to the ob- servations of his biographers. After his death he was publicly deprived by the senate of all the honours which had been profusely heaped upon him, and even his body was left in the open air, without the honours of a funeral. This disgrace might proceed from the resent- ment of the senators, whom he had exposed to terroi as well as to ridicule. He once assem- bled that august body to kuow in what vessel a turbot might be most conveniently dressed. At another time they received a formal invita- tion to a feast, and when they arrived at the palace, they were introduced into a large gloomy hall hung with black, and lighted with a few glimmering tapers. In the middle was placed a number of coffins, on each of which was inscribed ihe r.ame of some one of the in- vited senators. On a sudden a number of men burst into the room, clothed in black, with drawn swords and flaming torches ; and after they had for some time terrified the guests, they permitted them to retire. Such were the amusements and cruelties of a man. who in the first part of hia reign was looked DO upon a* the father of his people, and th> re- storer of learniug and liberty. Suet, in vita. Entrap. 7. DOMITIM.A, Flavia, a woman who married Vespasian, by whom she had Titus a year after her marriage, and 11 years after Domitian. A niece of the emperor Domitian, by whom she was banished. DOMITIUS DOMITIANUS, a general of Dio- cletian in Egypt. He assumed the imperial pur- ple at Alexandria, A. D. 288, and supported the dignity of emperor for about two years. He died a violent death. Lucius. [Vid. JEiwl>arbus.'] Cn. ^Enobarbus, a Roman consul, who conquered Bituitus the Gaul, and left 20,000 of the enemy on the field of battle, and took 3000 prisoners. A grammarian in the reign of Adrian. He was remarkable for his virtues, and his melancholy disposition. A Roman who revolted from Antony to Au- gustus. He was at the battle of Pharsalia, and forced Pompey to fight by the mere force of his ridicule. The father of Nero, fa- mous for his cruelties and debaucheries. Suet. in Net: A tribune of the people, who con- <]b< j red the Allobroges. Pint. A consul, during whose consulate, peace was concluded with Alexander king of Epirus. Liv. 8, c. 17. A consul under Caligula. He wrote some few things, now lost. A Latin poet, called also Marsus, in the age of Horace. He wrote epigrams. Ovid, de Pont. 4, el. 16, v. 5. Afer, an orator, who was preceptor to Quinti- lian. He disgraced his talents by his adula- tion, and by practising the arts of an informer, under Tiberius and his successors. He was made a consul by Nero and died A. D. 59. ^Ei.ius DONATUS, a grammarian who flou- rished A. D. 353. DONILAUS, a prince of Gallograecia, who assisted Pompey with 300 horsemen, against J. Caesar. DONUCA, a mountain of Thrace. Liv. 40, c. 57. DONYSA, an island in the jEgean sea, where green marble is found. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 125. DORACTE, an island in the Persian gulf. DORES, the inhabitants of Doris. Vid. Do- ris. DORI and DORICA, a part of Achaia near Athens. DOHICIJS, an epithet applied not only to Doris, but to all the Greeks in general. Virg. n. 2, v. 27. DORIENSES, a people of Crete, of Cyrene. DORIEUS, a son of Anaxandridas, who went with a colony into Sicily, because he could not bear to be under his brother at home. Herodot. 5, c. 42, &c. Patis. 3, c. 3 & 16, &c. A son of Diagoras of Rhodes. Pans. 6, c. 7. DOHILAB, a rich Libyan prince, killed in the court of Cepheus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 4. DORILA.IB, a general of the great Mithri- dates. DORION, a town of Peloponnesu, where Thamyras the musician challenged the Muses DO to a trial of skill. Slat. Theb. 4, v. 162. Pro- pert. 2, el. 22, v. 19. Lucan. 6, v. 352. DORIS, a country of Greece, between Phocis, Thessaly, and Acarnania. It received its name from Dorus the son of Deucalion, who made a settlement there. It was called Tetrapolis, from the four cities of Pindus, or Dryopis, Erineum, Cytineum, Borium, which it con- tained. To these four some add Lilfeum and Carphia, and therefore call it Hexapolis. The name of Doris has been common to many parts of Greece. The Dorians, in the age of Deu- calion, inhabited Phthiotis, which they ex- changed for Histiaeotis, in the age of Dorus. From thence they were driven by the Cad- means, and came to settle near the town of Pindus. From thence they passed into Dryopis, and afterwards into Peloponnesus. Hercules having re-established jEgimius king of Phthiotis or Doris, who had been driven from his country by the Lapitha3, the grateful king appointed Hyllus, the son of his patron, to be his suc- cessor, and the Heraclidae marched from that part of the country to go to recover Pelopon- nesus. The Dorians sent many colonies into different places, which bore the same name as their native country. The most famous of these is Doris in Asia Minor, of which Halicarnassus was once the capital. This part of Asia Minor was called Hexapolis, and afterwards Peutapo- !is, after the exclusion of Halicarnassus. Strab. 9, Stc.Apollod. 2. Herodot. 8, c. 31. A goddess of the sea, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She married her brother Nereus, by whom she had 50 daughters called Nereides. Her name is often used to express the sea itself. Propert. 1, el. 17, v. 25. Virg. Eel. W.Hesiod. Tlwg. A woman of Locri, whom Dionysius the elder, of Sicily, married the same day with Aristomache. Cic. Tutc. 5. DORISCUB, a place of Thrace near the sea, where Xerxes numbered his forces. Herodot. 7, c. 59. DORIUM, a town of Peloponnesus. Paus. 4, c. 33 One of the Danaides. Apollad. DORIUS, a mountain of Asia Minor. Paus. 6, c. 3. DonsENNus, a comic poet of great merit in the Augustan age. Plin. 14, c. 13. Herat. 2, ep. 10, 173. DORSO, C. Fabius, a Roman, who, when Rome was in the possession of the Gauls, is- sued from the capitol, which was then be- sieged, to go and offer a sacrifice, which was to be offered on mount Quirinalis. He dressed himself in sacerdotal robes, and carrying on his shoulders the statues of his country gods, passed through the guards of the enemy, without betraying the least signs of fear. When he had finished his sacrifice, he returned to the capi- tol unmolested by the enemy, who were as- tonished at his boldness, and did not obstruct his passage or molest his sacrifice. Liv. 5, c. 46. DORUS, a son of Hellen, or, according to others, of Deucalion, who left Phthiotis, where his father reigned, and went to make a settle- DR ment with tome of his companions near mount Ossa. The country wan called Doris, and the inhabitants Dorians. Herodot. 1, c. 56, &c. A city of Phoenicia, whose inhabitants are called Dorienses. Pans. 10, c. 24. DORY ASUS, a Spartan, father to Agesilaus. DORYCLUS, an illegitimate son of Priam, killed hy Ajax in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 1 1. A brother of Phineus king of Thrace, who married Beroe. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 620. DOR YLjtUM and DORYLJEUS, a city of Phry- gia. Plin. 5, c. 29. DORYI.AS, one of the centaurs killed by The- seus. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 180. DORYLAUS, a warlike person, intimate with Mithridates Evergetes, and general of the Cnossians, B. C. 125. Strah. 10. DORYSSUS, a king of Lacedaemon, killed in a tuir.ult. Pans. 3, c. 2. Dosci, a people near the Euxine. DOSIADES, a Greek, who wrote an history of Crete. DM. 5. DOSSENUS. Vid. Dorsennus. DOT&DAS, a king of Messenia, &c. Pout. 4, r. 3. DOTO, one of the Nereides. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 102. DOTUS, a general of the Paphlagonians, in the army of Xerxes. Herodot. 7, c. 72. DOXANDER, a man mentioned by Aritt. 5 Polit. DRACANUS, a mountain where Jupiter took Bacchus from his thigh. Theocrit. DRACO, a celebrated lawgiver of Athens. When he exercised the office of archon, he made a code of laws, B. C. 623, for the use of the citizens, which, on account of their severity, were said to be written in letters of blood. By them idleness was punished with as much severity as murder, and death was denounced against the one as well as the other. Such a code of rigorous laws gave occasion to a certain Athenian to ask of the legislator, why he was so severe in his punishments, and Draco gave for answer, that as the smallest transgression had appeared to him deserving death, he could not find any punishment more rigorous for more atrocious crimes. These laws were at first enforced, but they were 'often neglected on account of their extreme seventy, and Solon totally abolished them, except that one which punished a murderer with death. The popu- larity of Draco was uncommon, but the grati- tude of his admirers proved fatal to him. When once he appeared on the theatre, he was received with repeated applause, and the people, according to the custom of the Athe- nians, showed their respect to their lawgiver, by throwing garments upon him. This was done in such profusion, that Draco was soon hid under them, and smothered by the too great veneration of his citizens. Pint, in Sol. A man who instructed Plato in music. K. de Music. DRAOONTIDES, a wicked citizen of Athens. Plat, in Sirph. DBACUS, a general of the Achaeans, con-' ered by Mummius. A promontory D R DRANCBS, a friend of Latin hi, remarkabio for his weakness and eloquence. He showed himself an obstinate opponent to the violent measures which Turniu pursued against the Trojans, &c. Virg. JEn. 11, v. m. DRANGINA, a province of Persia. Diod. 17. DRAPES, a seditious Gaul, &c. C V by a colony from Corcyra B. C. 623. It was anciently called Epidamuus. Cic ero met with a favourable recep tion there during his exile. Mela, 2, c. 3.- P<"<*. 6, c. 10. Pint. DYSAULES, a brother of Celeus, who in. Btituted the mysteries of Ceres at Celse. Pans. 2. c. 14. Dvsci D Y 4 ETUI, an Athenian archou. P*. 4, c. 27. DYSORUM, a mountain of Thrare. Heicdut. 5,c. 22. DYSPONTH, a people of Elis. Pau*. 6, EC EANES, a man supposed to have killed Patroclus, and to Lav fled to Peleus in Thessaly. Strafe. 9. EANUS, the name of Janus among the an- cient Latins. EARINUS, a beautiful boy, eunuch to Do- mitian. Stat. 3. Silv. 4. EASIUM, a town of Achaiain Peloponnesus. Pans. 7, c. 6. EBDOME, a festival in honour of Apollo at Athens on the seventh day of every lunar month. It was usual to sing hymns in honour of the god and to carry about boughs of laurel. There was also another of the same name celebrated by private families, the seventh day after the birth of every child. EBON, a name given to Bacchus by the people of Neapolis. Macrob. 1, c. 18. EBORA, a town of Portugal, now Evora. EsonAcuM, York in England. EBURONES, a people of Belgium. EBUSUS, one of the Baleares, which pro- duces no hurtful animals. It is near the coast of Spain in the Mediterranean, and now bears the name of Yvjca. Plin. 3, c. 5. -A man engaged in the Rutulian war. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 299. ECBATANA, Corum) the capital of Media, and the palace of Deioces king of Media. It was surrounded with seven walls, which rose in gradual ascent, and were painted in seven different colours. The most distant was the lowest, and the innermost, which was the most celebrated, contained the royal palace. Parmenio was put to death there by Alex- ander's orders, and Hephajstion died there also. Herorlot. 1, c. 98. Strab. 11. Curt. 4, c. 5. I. 5, c. 8. 1. 7, c. 10. DM. 17. A town of Syria, where Cambyses gave him- self a mortal wound when mounting on horse- back. Herodot.3. ECECHIRIA, the wife of Iphitus. Pans. 5, c. 10. ECETRA, a town of the Volsci. L. 2, c. 25.1. 3, c. 4. ECHECRATES, a ThesBalian, who offered violence to Phojbas the priestess of Apollo's temp.'e of Delphi. From this circumstance a decree was made, by which no woman was E C admitted to the office of priestess before tht age of fifty. Diod. 4. ECHEDAMIA, a town of Phocis. Pans. 10, c. 3. ECHELATUS, a man who led a colony to Africa. Strab. 8. EcuEi-us, a Trojan chief, killed by Patio- clus. Another, son of Agenor, killed by Achilles. Homer. II. 16 & 20. ECHEMBROTUS, an Arcadian, who obtained the prize at the Pythiau games. Paw. 10, c. 7. ECHEMON, a son of Priam, killed by Dio- medes. Homer. 1L 5. ECHEMVS, an Arcadian, who conquered the Dorians when they endeavoured to recover Peloponnesus, under Hyllus. Pans. 8, c. 5. A king of Arcadia, who joined Aristo- menes against the Spartans. ECHBNEUS, a Thracian. Homer. Od. 7. ECHEPHRON, one of Nestor's sons. Apollod. 1, c. 9. A son of Priam. Id. A son of Hercules. Paus. 8, c. 24. ECHEPOLUS, a Trojan killed by Antilochus. Homer. II. 4. ECHESTRATUS, a son of Agis 1st, king of Sparta, who succeeded his father, B. C. 1058. Herodot. 7, c. 204. ECHELTA, a fortified town in Sicily. ECHEVETHENSES, a people of Tegea, in Ar- cadia. Paus. 8, c. 45. ECHIDNA, a celebrated monster sprung from the union of Chrysao with Callirhoe, the daughter of Oceanus. She is represented as a beautiful woman in the upper parts of the body, but as a serpent below the waist. She was mo- therof Typhon, of Orthos, Cerberus.the Hydra, &c. According to Herodotus, Hercules had three children by her, Agathyrsus, Geloiius, and Scytha. Herodot. 3, c. lOQ.Hesied. Theog. Apollod. 2, Paus. 8, c. 18. Ovid. Me?.' 9, v. 158. ECHIDORUS, a river of Thrace. Ptol. 3. ECHINADES, five small islands near Acar- naiiia, at the mouth of the river Achelous, 1 hey have been formed by the inundations of that river, and by the sand and mud which itn waters carry down, and now bear the name of Curzolavi. Vim, 2, c. Q$.Utrodol. 2 c. 10. BO ECHINON, a city of Thrace. Mem, 9, e. 3. ECHIVUS, aa island in the ..Egean sea. A town of Acarnania, of Phthiotis. ECHINUSSA, an island near Euboea, called afterwards Cimolus. Plin. 4, c. 12. ECHION, one of those men who sprang from the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus. He survived the fate of some of his brothers, and assisted Cadmus in building the City of Thebes. Cadmus rewarded his services by giving x him his daughter Agave in marriage. He was father of Pentheas, by Apave. He suc- ceeded his father-in-law on the throne of Thebes, as some have imagined, and from that circumstance Thebea has been called Echionis, and tha inhabitants Ecbio- nidas. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 311. Trist. 5. el. 5, v. 53 A son of Mercury and An- lianira, who was the herald of the Argonauts. Place. 1, v. 440. A man who often ob- tained a prize in running. Ovid. Met. 8. v. 292. A musician at Rome in Domitian's age. Jut). 6, v. 76. A statuary. A painter. ECHIONIDES, a patronymic given to Pen- theus as descended from Echion. Ovid. Met. 3. ECHIONIUS, an epithet applied to a person born in Thebes, founded with the assistance of Echion. Virg JEiu 12, v. 515. . ECHO, a daughter of the Air and Tellus, who chiefly resided in the vicinity of tne Cephisus. She was once one of Juno's at tendants, and became the confidant of Jupite's amours. Her loquacity however displeased Jupiter; and she was deprived of the power of speech by Juno, and only permitted to an- swer to the questions which were put to her. Pan had formerly been one of her admirers, but he never enjoyed her favours. Lcho, after she had been punished by Juno, fell in love with Narcissus. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 358. ECNOMOS, a mountain of Sicily, now Lieata. EUESSA, and EDESA, a town of Syria. EDISSA, and ODESSA, a town of Macedonia taken by Caranus, and called ^Egae, or ^Egeas. Vid. Odessa. EDON, a mountain of Thrace, called also Edonus. From this mountain Thrace is often called Edonia. Virg. JE.n. 12, v. 325. Plin. 4, c. 11. EDONI, a people of Thrace, near the Stry- mon. Apoltod. 3, c. 5. EDYLIUS, a mountain which Sylla seized to attack tte people of Cheronfea. Pint, in Syll. EETION, the father of Andromache, wa king of Thebes in Cilicia. Hence Eetioneus applied to his relations or descendants. Homer. II. 12. The commander of the Athenian fleet conquered by the Macedo- nians under Clitus, near the Echinades. Diod. 18. EGELIDUS, a river of Etruria. Vir . &n. 8, v.610. EGERIA, a nymph of Aricia in Italy where Diana was particularly worshipped. Egeria 341 E L **mtv\, and a-wwrding to Ovid, . she became his wife. This prince frequently visited her, and that he might introduce bis laws and new regulations into the state, he solemnly declared before the Roman people, that they were previously sanctified and ap - I proved by the nymph Egeria. Ovid says that Egeria was so disconsolate at the death of Numa, that she melted into tears, and was changed into a fountain by Diana. She is reckoned by many as a goddess who presided over the pregnancy of women, and some main- tain that she is the same as Lucina or Diana. IM. 1, c. 19. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 547. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 775. ECESARETUS, a Thessalian of Larissa, who favoured the interest of Pompey during the civil wars. Cas. 3. Civ. c. 35. EGESINIJS, a philosopher, pupil to Evander. Cic. Acad. 4, c. 6. EGESTA, a daughter of Hippotes the Trojan. Her father exposed her on the sea, for fear of being devoured by a marine monster which laid waste the country. She was carried safe to Sicily, where she was ravished by the river Crinisus. - A town of Sicily. Vid. ^Egesta. EGNATIA MAXIMTLLA, a woman who ac- companied her husband into banishment undo Nero, &c Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 71. P. EGNATIUS, a ciafty and perfidious Ro- man in the reign of Nero, who committed the greatest crimes for the sake of money. Tori* Hist. 4, c. ID. Eioi, a commercial placo at the mouth of the Strymon. Paws. 8> c 8. EIONES, a village of Peloponnesus. EIONEUS, a Greek killed by Hector in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 8. A Thracian, father to Rhesus. Id. 10. ELABONTAS, a river near Antioch. Strab. EL/EA, a town of ^Eolia. Pans. 9, c. 5. An island in the Propontis. ELJEUS, a part of Epirus. - A surname of Jupiter. ELAGABALUS, the surname of the sun at Emessa. ELAITES, a grove near Canopus in Egypt. ELAIUS, a mountain of Arcadia. 1'aus. 8, c. 41. ELAPHIJEA, a surname of Diana in Elia.. Id. 6, c. 22. EI.APHUS, a river of Arcadia. Id. 8, c. 36. EI.APHEBOLIA, a festival in honour of Diana the huntress. In the celebration a cake was made in the form cf a deer, tXa^oc and offered to the goddess. It owed its in- stitution to the following circumstance : when the Phocians had been severely beaten by the Thessalians, they resolved, by the persuasion of a certaic Deiphantus, to raise a pik of com- bustible materials, and burn their wives children, and effects, rather than submit to the enemy. This resolution was unanimously ap- proved by the women, who decreed Deiphan- tns a crown for his magnanimity. When, every thing was prepared, before they fired the pile, they engaged their enemies, and fought with such desperate fury, that thoy. E L routed them, and obtained a complete ?ctory. In commemoration of this unexpected success , this festival was instituted to IXana, and observed with the greatest solemnity. ELAPTONIUS, a youth who conspired against Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 6. ELARA, the mother of Tiphyus, hy Jupiter. Apollod. 1, c. 4. A daughter of Orcho- menus king of Arcadia. Strab. 9. ELATEA, the largest town of Phocis, near the Ceplnsus. Pan*. 10, c. 34. ELATUS, one of the first Ephori of Sparta, B. C. 760. Plut. in Lye. The father of Ceneus. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 497. A moun- tain of Asia. Of Zacynthus. The father of Polyphemus the Argonaut, by Hipseia. Apollod. 3, c. 9. The son of Areas king of Arcadia, who retired to Phocis. Id. ib. Pans. 8 f c. 4. A king in the army of Priam, killed by Agamemnon. Homer. II.. 6. One of Penelope's suitors, killed by Eumeus. Homer. Od. 22. ELAVER, a river in Gaul. ELBA, a town of Lucania, of JEo\i&. ELECTRA, one of the Oceanides, wife of Atlas, and mother of Dardanus, by Jupiter. Ouvl. Fast. 4, v. 31. A daughter of Atlas. and Pleione. She was changed into a con- stellation. Apollod. 3, c. 10 & 12. One of the Danaides. 7 K.iJpE of Mercury, and 6 tin fiotpy of the moon. There were besides these other inferior officers, who took particular care that every thing was per- formed according to custom. The first of these, called flaffiXtvQ, was one of the Ar- chons ; he offered prayers and sacrifices, and took care that there was no indecency or irregularity during the celebration. Besides him there were tour others called tTTifiiXtjrai, curators, elected by the people. One of them was chosen from tr a sacred family of the Eu- molpidiE, the other was one of the Ceryces, and the rest were from among the citizens. There were al.o ten persons who assisted at this and every other festival, called IspoiToioi, because they offered sacrifices. This festival was observed in the month Boe- dromion, or September, and continued ninu days, from the 15th till the 23d. During that time it was unlawful to arrest any man, ot present any petition, on pain of forfeiting a thousand drachmas, or, according to others, on pain of death. It was also unlawful for those who were initiated, to sit upon the cover of a well, to eat beans, mullets, r weazels. If any woman rode to Eleusis in a chariot, she was obliged by an edict of Lycurgus to pay 60UO drachmas. 1'he de- sign of this law was to destroy all dia- tinction between the richer and poorer sort of citizens. The first day of the celebration was called ayopjuoc, assembly, as it might be said that the worshippers first met together. The second day was called a\a Se pv^ai, to the sea, you that are initiated, because they were commanded to ourify themselves by bathing R 2 EL in the sea. On the third day sacrifices, and chiefly a mullet, were offered ; as also barley from a field of Eleusis. These oblations were called Qva, and held so sacred that the priests themselves were not, as in other sacrifices, per- mitted to partake of them. On the fourth day they made a solemn procession, in which the KaXaStov, Italy basket of Ceres, was carried aboiu in a consecrated cart, while on every sid* the people shouted, x al P A^Jjrtp, Hail Ceres! After these followed women, ca who carried baskets, in which were sesamum, carded wool, grains of salt, a serpent, pomegra- nates, reeds, ivy boughs, certain cakes, &c. The fifth was called "H ratv \ainruSutv 'riptpa, the tnrch day, because on the following night the people ran about with torches in their hands. It was usual to dedicate torches to Ceres, and contend which should offer the biggest, in com- memoration of the travels of the goddess, and of her lighting a torch in the flames of monnt ^tna. The sixth day was called las^oe, from lacchus, the son of Jupiter and Ceres, who accompanied his mother in her search after Proserpine with a torch in his hand. From that circumstance bis statue had a torch in its hand, and was carried in solemn procession from the Ceramicus to Eleusis. The statue, with those that accompanied it, called IO.K- Xaywyoi, were crowned with myrtle. In the way, nothing was heard but singing and thp noise of brazen kettles, as the votaries danced along. The way through which they issued from the city was called lepa oSog, the sacred wan ; the resting place, Itpa OVKTI from a Jig tree which grew in the neighbourhood. They also stopped on a bridge over the Cephisus, where they derided those that passed by. After they had passed this bridge, they entered Eleusis by a place called fivviicr) tiootioq, the mystical entrance. On the seventh day were sports, iu which the victors were rewarded with a measure of barley, as that grain had been first sown in Eleusis. The eighth day was called EmSavpiuiv 'riptpa, because once ^Esculapius, at his return from Epidaurus to Athens, was initiated by the repetition of the less mysteries. It became cus- tomary, therefore, to celebrate them a second time upon this, that such as had not hitherto been initiated, might be lawfully admitted. The ninth and last day of the festival was called IlXjj/xo %oai, earthen vessels, because it was usual to fill two such vessels with wine ; one of which be- ing placed towards the east, and the other towards the west, which, after the repetition of some mystical words, were both thrown ("own, and the wine being spilt on the ground, was offered as a libation. Such was the manner of celebrating the Eleusiuian mysteries, which l.ave been deemed the most sacred and solemn of all the festivals observed by the Greeks. Some have supposed them to be obscene and abominable, and that from thence proceeded all the mysterious secrecy. They were carried from E'leusis to Rome in the reign of Adrian, where they were observed with the same Cere- monies as before, though perhaps with more freedom and licentiousness. They lasted about 244 EL 1800 years, and were at last abolished by Theo- dosius the Great. JElian. V. H. 1 2, c. 24. CM. de Leg. 2, c. 14. Paus. 10, c. 31, &c. Plut. ELEUSIS, a town of Attica, equally distant from Megara and the Piraeus, celebrated for the festivals of Ceres. [Fid. Eleusini.'] Ovid. 4. Fast. v. 507. Pans. 9, c. 24. FLEUTHER, a son of Apollo. ELEUTHER*, a village of Bceotia, where Mar- donins was defeated with 300,000 men. ELEUTHERIA, a festival celebrated at Platsea in honour of Jupiter Eleutherius, or the assertor of liberty, by delegates from almost all the cities of Greece. Its institution originated in this : after the victory obtained by the Grecians under Pausanias over Mardonius the Persian general in the country of Plataia, an altar and statue were erected to Jupiter Eleutherius, who had freed the Greeks from the tyranny of the barbarians. It was further agreed upon in a general assem- bly, by the advice of Aristides the Athenian, that deputies should be sent every fifth year from the different cities of Greece to celebrate Eleutheria in festivals of liberty. The Platasans celebrated also an anniversary festival in memory of those who had lost their lives in that famous battle. The celebration was thus : At break of day a procession was made with a trumpeter at the head, sounding a signal for battle. After him followed chariots loaded with myrrh, gar- lands, and a black bull, and iftrtain free young men, as no signs of servility were to appear during the solemnity, because they in whose honour the festival was instituted had died in defence of their country. They carried libations of wine and milk in large-eared vessels, with jars of oil and precious ointments. Last of all appeared the chief magistrate, who, though not permitted at other times, to touch iron, or wear garments of any colour but white, yet appeared clad in purple ; and taking a water-pot out of the city chamber, proceeded, through the middle of the town with a sword in his hand towards the sepulchres. There he drew water from a neighbouring spring, and washed and anointed the monuments ; after which he sacrificed a bull upon a pile of wood, invoking Jupiter and infernal Mercury, and inviting to the entertain- ment the souls of those happy heroes who had perished in the defence of their country. After this he filled a bowl with wine, saying, I drink to those who lost their lives in the defence of the liberties of Greece. There was also a festival of the same name observed by the Samians in honour of the god of love. Slaves also, when they obtained their liberty, kept a holiday, which they called Eleutheria. Ei EUTHO, a surname of Juno Lucina. Pindar. EI.EUTHEBOCILICES, a people of Asia,. Cic. 15, ad.fam. ep. 4, I. 5, ad. Alt. 20. ELICIUS, a surname of Jupiter, worshipped on mount Aventine. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 328. ELIENSIS and EMACA, a sect of philosophers founded by Phasdon of Elis, who was origi- nally a slave. Diog.- -Strab. ELIMEA, a town of Macedonia. ELIS, a country of Peloponnesus at the west of Arcadia, and north of Messeaia. It runs E L along the cooet, and is watered by the river Alpbeufl. The capital of the country is called Eliu. It was originally governed by kings, and received its name from Eleus, one of its mo- narchs. Elis was famous for the horses it pro- duced, whose celerity was so often known and tried at the Olympic games. Virg. G. 5, v. 59. Strab. 8.Plin. 4, c. 5. Paus. l.OM. Met. 5, v. 494. ELISPHASII, a people of Peloponnesus. Polyb. 11. ELISSA, a queen of Tyre, more commonly known bv the name of Dido. Vid. Dido. ELISSUS, a river of Elis. ELLOPIA, a town of Eubcea. An ancient name of that island. ELORUS, a river of Sicily, on the eastern coasts, called after a king of the same name. Herodot. 7, c. 145. ELOS, a city of Achaia, called after a servant- maid of Athamas of the same name. ELOTJE. Vid. Helotae. ELPENOR, one pf the companions of Ulysses, changed into a hog by Circe's potions, and af- terwards restored to his former shape. He fell from the top of a house where he was sleeping, and was killed. Quid. Met. 14, v. 252. Homer. Od. 10. ELPINICE, a daughter of Miltiades, who mar- ried a man that promised to release from con- finement her brother and husband, whom the laws of Athens had made responsible for the fine imposed on his father. C. Nep. in Cim. ELUINA, a surname of Ceres. ELYCES, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 3. EI.YMAIS, a country of Persia, between the Persian gulf and Media. The capital of the country was called Elymaia, and was famous for a rich temple of Liana, which Antiochus Epiphanes attempted to plunder. The Ely- means assisted Antiochus the Great in his wars against the Romans. None of their kings ~je named in history. Strabo. ELYMI, a nation descended from the Trojans, in alliance with the people of Carthage. Paus. 10, c. 8. ELYMUS, a man at the court of Acestes in Sicily. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 73. ELYRUS, a town of Crete. Id. 10, c. 16. ELYSIUM and ELYSII CAMPI, a place or island in the infernal regions, where, according to the mythology of the ancients, the souls of the virtuous were placed after death. There happiness is complete, the pleasures are inno- cent and refined. Bowers for ever green, de- lightful meadows with pleasant streams, are the most striking objects. The air is wholesome, serene, and temperate ; the birds continually warble in the groves, and the inhabitants are blessed with another sun and other stars. The employment of the heroes who dwell in these regions of bliss is various ; the manes of Achilles are represented as waging war with the wild beasts, while the Trojan chiefs are innocently exercising themselves in managing horses, or in handling arms. To these innocent amuse- 845 EM ments some poets have added continual feasting and revelry, and they suppose that the Elyaua fields were filled with all the incontinence an.l voluptuousness which could gratify the low desires of the debauchee. The Elysian field were, according to .some, in the fortunate islands on the coast of Africa, in the Atlantic. Others place them in the island of Leuce ; and, ac- cording to the authority of Virgil, they were situate in Italy. According to Lucian, they were near the moon ; or in the centre of the earth if we believe Plutarch. Virg. &n. 6, v. 638. Earner. Od. 4. Pindar. Tibiill. 1, el. 3, v. 57. Lucian. Pint, de Consol. EMATHIA, a name given anciently, and par- ticularly by the poets, to the countries wbic'u formed the empires of Macedonia and Thessaly. Virg. G. 1, v. 492 Lucan. 1, v. 1. EMATHION, a son of Titan and Aurora, whe> reigned in Macedonia. The country was calk Emathia from his name. Some suppose that ho was a famous robber destroyed by Hercules Ovid. Met. 5, v. 313. Justin. 7, c. 1. A man killed at the nuptials of Perseus and Andro- meda. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 100. EMATHON, aman killed in the wars of Turnus. Virg. J.n. 9, v. 571. EMBATUM, a place of Asia, opposite Chios. EMBOUMA, a town of India. Curt. 8, c. 12 E.MERITA, a town of Spain. EMESSA and EMISSA, a town of Phoenicia. EMODA, a mountain of India. EMFEDOCLES, a philosopher, poet, and his- torian of Agrigentum in Sicily, who flourished 444 B. C. He was the disciple of Telauges the Pythagorean, and warmly adopted the doctrine of transmigration. He wrote a poem upon the opinions of Pythagoras, very much commended, 'n which he spoke of the various bodies which nature had given him. He was first a girl, af- terwards a boy, a shrub, a bird, a fish, and lastly Empedocles. His poetry was bold and animated, and his verses were so universally esteemed, that they were publicly recited at the Olympic games with those of Homer and Hesiod. He was no less remarkable for his humanity and social virtues than for his learning. He shewed himself an inveterate enemy to tyranny, and refused to become the sovereign of his country. He taught rhetoric in Sicily, and often allevi- ated the anxieties of his mind as well as the pains of his body with music. It is reported that his curiosity to visit the flames of the crater of ittna, proved fatal to him. Some maintain that he wished it to be believed that he was a god, and that his death might be unknown, he threw himself into the crater, and paished in the flames. His expectations, however, were frustrated ; and the volcano, by throwing up one of his sandals, discovered to the world that Empedocles had perished by fire. Others re- port that he lived to an extreme old age, and that he was drowned in the sea. Herat. 1, ep. 12, v. 20. Cic. de Oral. 1, c. 50, &c. Diog. in vita. EMPER AMVS, a Lacedaemonian general in the second Mess nian war. E N EMPOCLOB, an historian. RMPORIA PCN!CA, certain places near the S\ rtes. * MFORI, a town of Spain in Catalonia, now Ampurias. Liv. 34, c. 9. el. 16. 1. 26, c. 19. ENC-ELADUS, a son of Titan and Terra, the most powerful of all the giants who conspired against Jupiter. He was struck with Jupiter's thunders, and overwhelmed under mount .(Etna. Some suppose that he is the same as Typhon. According to the poets, the flames of JEtna. pro- ceeded from the breath of Enceladus ; and as often as he turned his weary side, the whole island of Sicily felt the motion, and shook from its very foundations. Virg. ULn. 3, v. 578, &c. A son of ^Egyptus. ENCHELEX, a town of Illyricum, where Cad- as was changed into a serpent. Lucan. 3, 189. UNDEIS, a nymph, daughter of Chiron. She married ^Eacus, king of ^Egina, by whom she nad Peleus and Telamon. Pans. 2, c. 29. Apollod. 3, c. 12. ENDERA, a place of --Ethiopia. ENDYMION, a shepherd, sor of ^Ethlius and Oalyce. It is said that he required of Jupiter to grant to him to be always young, and to sleep as much as he would ; whence came the pro- verb of Endymioiiis somnum dannire, to express a ong sleep. Diana saw him naked as he slept on mount Latmos, and was so struck with his oeauty, that she came down from heaven every night to enjoy his company. Endymion mar- ried Chromia, daughter of Itonus, by whom he had three sons, Paeon, Epeus, and JEolus, and a daughter called Eurydice. The fable of En- dymion's amours with Diana, or the moon, arises from his knowledge of astronomy ; and as he passed the night on some high mountain, to observe the heavenly bodies, it has been ie- ported that he was courted by the moon. Some suppose that there were two of that nume, the son of a king of Elis, and the shepherd or as- tronomer of Caria. The people of Heraclea maintained that Endymion died on mount Latmos, and the Eleans pretended to show his tomb at Olympia in Peloponnesus. Prnpert. 2, el. 15. Cic. TV*. 1. Juv. W.Theocrit. 3. "s. 5, c. 1, 1. 6, c. 20. ENETJ, a people near Paphlagonia. ENGYUM, a town of Sicily, freed from ty- anny by Timoleon. ltd. 14, v. 250. KNIENSES, a people of Greece. ENIOPEUS, a charioteer of Hector, killed by Uiomedes. Homer, II. 8, v. 140. ENIPEIIS, a river of Thessaly, flowing near Pbaraalia. Lucan. 6, v. 373. A river of Elis in Peloponnesus, of which Tyro the daughter of Salmoneus became enamoured. Neptune assumed the shape of the river god to enjoy the company of Tyro. Ovid. Am. 3, el. 5. Strub. ENISPE, a town of Arcadia. Pau$. 3, c. 25- ENNA, a town in the middle of Sicily, with a beautiful plain, where Proserpine was carriec way by Pluto. Mela, t, c. 7. Ovid. Fast. 4. i. 5*2. S46 E N ENNIA, a wife of Caligula, Sec. Tacit. Ann. Q, c. 45. Q. ENNIUS, an ancient poet born at Rudii in Calabria. He obtained the name and privi- leges of a Roman citizen by his genius and tfee brilliancy of his learning. His style is rough and unpolished, but bis defects, which are more particularly attributed to the age in which he lived, have been fully compensated by the energy of his expressions and the fire of his poetry. Quintilian warmly commends him, and Virgil has shown his merit by introducing many whole lines from the poetry of Enuius into his own compositions, which he called pearls gathered from the dunghill. Ennius wrote in heroic verse the annals of the Roman republic, and displayed much knowledge of the world in some dramatical and satirical compositions. He died of the gout, contracted by his frequent in- toxication, about 169 years before the Christian era, in the 70th year of his age. Ennius was intimate with the great men of his age ; he ac- companied Cato in his quaestorship in Sardinia, and was esteemed by him of greater value than the honours of a triumph ; and Scipio on his death bed ordered his body to be buried by the side of his poetical friend. This epitaph was said to be written upon him : Aspicite, o cives, senis Ennii imuginis formam ' Hie testrum pintit auaimafacta patrum. Nemo me tacrymis decaret, nequefunerajtetti Fcu.it : cur ? volito vivus per ora virum. Conscious of his merit as the first Epic poet of Rome, Ennius bestowed on himself the appel- lation of the Homer of Latium. Of the trage- dies, comedies, annals, and satires which h wrote, nothing remains but fragments happily collected from the quotations of ancient authors. The best edition of these is by Hesselius, 4to. Amst. 1707. Ovid. 2, Trist. v. 424. Cic. de Finib. 1, c.4, de Offic. 2, c. 18. Quintil. 10, c. 1. Lucret. 1, v. 117, &c. C. Nep. in Ca- tone. ENNOMUS, a Trojan prince killed by Achiilea. Homer. II. 2. ENNOSIGJEUS, a surname of Neptune, terra coiicnssnr. ENOPE, a town of Peloponnesus, near Pylos. Paws. 3, c. 26. ENOPS, a shepherd loved by the nymph Neis, by whom he had Satnius. Homer. II. 14. The father of Thestor. A Trujaa killed by Patroclus. II. 16. ENDS, a maritime town of Thrace. ExostcHTHON, a surname of Neptune. ENOI OCC?.TJE, a nation whose ears hang down to their heels. Strab. ENTELLA, a town of Sicily inhabited by Cam- panians. Ital. 14, v. 205. ENTELLUS, a famous athlete among the friends of ^Eneas. He was intimate with Eryx. and entered the lists against Dares in the fune- rai games of Anchises, in Sicily. Virg. n. 5, v. 387, &c, ENYLIUS, a surname of Mara. EP EKYO, a sister of Mars, called by the Latins Bellona. A daughter of Phoacis. EONE, a daughter of Thespius. Apollad. Eos, the name of Aurora among the Greeks, whence the eastern parts of the world are called Eoo. Ecus, one of the horses of the sun. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 153, &c. EPAGRI, one of the Cyclades, called by Aristotle Hydrussa. Plin. 4, c. 12. EPAMINONDAS, a famous Theban descended from the ancient kings of Bceotia. His father's name was Polymnus. He has been celebrated for his private virtues and military accomplish- ments. His love of truth was so great, that he never disgraced himself by a falsehood, He formed a most sacred and inviolable friendship with Pelopidas, whose life he saved in a battle. By his advice Pelopidas delivered Thebes from the power of Lacedaemon. This was the signal of war. Epaminondas was set at the head of the Theban armies, and defeated the Spartans, at the celebrated battle of Leuctra, about 571 years B. C. Epaminondas made a proper use of this victorious campaign, and entered the territories of Lacedaemon with 50,000 men. Here he gained many friends and partizans ; but at his return to Thebes he was seized as a traitor, for violating the laws of his country. While he was making the Theban arms victorious on every side, he ne- glected the law which forbad any citizen to retain in his hands the supreme power more than one month, and all his eminent services seemed unable to redeem him from death. He paid implicit obedience to the laws of his country, and only begged of his judges that it might be inscribed on his tomb that he had suffered death for saving n.a country from ruin. This animated reproach was felt: he was pardoned, and invested again with the so- vereign power. He was successful in a war in Thessaly, and assisted the Eleans against the Lacedemonians. The hostile armies met near Mantinea, and while Epaminondas was bravely fighting in the thickest of the enemy, he re- ceived a fatal wound in the breast, and ex- pired exclaiming, that he died unconquered, when he heard that the Boeotians obtained the victoiy, in the 48tn year of his age, 363 years before Christ. The Thebans severely la- mented his death ; in him their power was ex- tinguished, for only during his life they had enjoyed freedom and independence among the Grecian states. Epaminondas was frugal as well as virtuous ; he refused with indignation the rich presents which were offered to him by Artaxerxcs the king of Persia. He is repre- sented by his biographer as an elegant dancer and a skilful musician, accomplishments highly esteemed among his countrymen. Plut. in Pa- rall. C. Nep. in vita. Xenoph. Quest. Grac. Dwd. 15.Polyb. 1. EPANTELII, a people of Italy. EpApHRODlrrs, a freed man punished with death for assisting Nero to destroy himself Suet, in Ner. --A freed man of Augustus sent EP to epy Cleopatra. Plut. A name assumed by Sylla. EpAFHtTS, a son of Jupiter and lo, who founded a city in Egypt, which he called Memphis, in honour of his wife, who was the daughter of the Nile. He had a daughter called Libya. He was worshipped as a god at Memphis. Herod'it. 2, c. 153. Ovid. Met. 1 , v. 699, &c. EPASNACTUS a Gaul in alliance with Rome, &c. Cp. m Milt. 4. ERETUM, a town of the Sabines near the Tiber, whence came the adjective Eretinu*. Virg. n.7, v. 711. ERKUTHALION, a mnn killed by Nestor in a war between the Pvlians and Arcadians. Homer. II. ERGANE, a river whose waters intoxicate as wine. A surname of Minerva. Paus. 5, c. 14. EROENNA, a celebrated soothsayer of Etru- ria. Pert. 2, v. 26. ERGIAS, a Rhodian who wrote an history of his country. ERolNus, a king of Orchomenos, son of Clymenes. He obliged the Thebans to pay him a yearly tribute of 100 oxen, because his father had been killed by a Theban. Hercules attacked his servants, who came to raise the tribute, and mutilated them ; and he afterwards killed Erginus, who attempted to avenge their death by invading Bceotia with an army. Paus. 9, c. 17. A river of Thrace. Mela, 2, c. *. A son of Neptune. One of the four brothers who kept the Acrocorinth, by order of Antigonus. Polyten. 6. ERGINNUS, a man made master of Argos by the Argonauts, after the death of Typhis. ERIBOJA, a surname of Juno. Homer. II. 5. The mother of Ajax Telamon. SophocL ERIBOTES, a man skilled in medicine, &c. Orphem. ERICETES, a man of Lycaonia, killed by Messapus in Italy. Virg. JCn. 10, v. 749. ERICHTHO, a Thessalian woman famous for her knowledge of poisonous herbs and medi- cine. Lucan. 6, v. 507. One of the Furies. OvuLHesiod. 21, v. 151. ERICHTHONIUS, the fourth king of Athens, sprung from the seed of \ r ulcan which fell upon the ground when that god attempted to ofter violence to Minerva. He was very de- formed, and had the tails of serj>ents instead of legs. Miiierva plac d him in a bask. ER which she gave to the daughters ef Cecrope, with strict injunctions not to examine its con- tents. Aglauros, one of the siste.s, had the cariosity to open the basket, for which the god- dess punished her indiscretion by making her jealous of her sister Herse. [Fid. Herse.] Erichthon was young when he ascendt d the throne of Athens. He reigned 50 years, and died B. C. 1437. The invention of chariots is attributed to him, and the manner of harnessing horses to draw them. He was made a con- stellation after death under the name of Bootes. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 553. Hvgin. fab. 166. Apol- Icd. 3, c. 14. Pans. 4, c. 2. Virg. G. 3, v. 113. A sou of Dardanus, who reigned in Tioy, and died 1374 B. C. after a loug reign of about 75 years. Apolbd. 3, c. 10. ERICINIUM, a town of Macedonia. ERICUSA, one of the yEolides. ERIDANUS, one of the largest rivers of Italy, rising in the Alps and falling into the Adriatic by several mouths ; now called the Pn. It was in its neighbourhood that the Heliades, the sisters of Phaeton were changed into poplars; according to Ovid. Virgil calls it the king of all rivers. Ovid. Met. 2, fab. 3. Pans. 1, c. 3. Strab. 5. Lucan. 2, v. 409. Virg. G. 1, v. 482. ER.IGONE, a daughter of Icerius, who hang herself when she heard that her father had been killed by some shepherds whom he had intoxicated. She was made a constellation, now under the name of Virgo. Bacchus de- ceived her by changing himself into a beautiful grape. Quid. Met. 6, fab. 4. Stat. 11. Theb. Y. 644. Virg. G. 1, v. 33. Apollnd. 3, c. 14. Hygin. fab. 1 & 24. A daughter of ^gis- th'us and Clytemnestra, who had by her brother Orestes, Penthilus, who shared the regal power with Timasenus, the legitimate son of Orestes and Hermione. Pans. 2, c. 18. Paterc. 1, c. 1. ERIGONEIUS, a name applied to the dog-star, because looking towards Erigone, &c. Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 723. ERIGONUS, a river of Thrace. ERIGYUS, a Mitylenean, one of Alexander's officers. Curt. 6, c. 4. EHILLUS, a philosopher of Carthage, con- temporary with Zeno. Ding. ERINDES, a river of Asia, near Parthia. Tacit. Ann. 11, c. 16. EHINNA, a poetess intimate with Sappho. ERINNYS, one of the Eumenides. The word signifies the fury of the mind, Epic vov. [Vid. Eumenides.~\ Virg. /En. 2, v. 337. A surname of Ceres, on account of her amour with Nep- tune under the form of a horse. Pans. 8, c. 25. ERIPOPIS, a daughter of Medea. Paus. 2. c. 3. ERIPHANIS, a Greek woman famous for her poetical compositions. She was extremely fond of the hunter Melampus, and to enjoy liis com- pany she accustomed herself to live in the woods. ERIPHIDAS, a Lacedaemonian, who being sent to suppress a sedition at Heraclea, as- 852 ER sembled the people and beheaded 500 of the ringleaders. Dial. 14. ERIPHYLE, a sister of Adrastus, king of Argos, who marred Amphiaraus. She was daughter of Talaus and Lysimache. When her husband concealed himself, that he might not accompany the Argives in their expedition against Thebes, where lie knew he was to perish, Eriphyle suffered herself to be bribed by Polynices with a golden necklace, which had been formerly given to Hermione by the goddess Venus, and she discovered where Am- phiaraus was. This treachery of Eriphyle com- pelled him to go to the war ; but before he departed, he charged his son Alcmaeon to murder his mother as soon as he was informed of his death. Amphiaraus perished in the expedition, and his death was no sooner known than his injunctions were obeyed, and Eriphyle was murdered by the hands of her son. Virg. /. 6, v. 445. Homer. Od. 11. Cic. in Verr. 4. c. \8.Apollad. 1, c. 9. 1. 3, v. 6 & 7. Hy- gin. fab. 73. Paws. 5, c. 17. ERIS, the goddess of discord among the Greeks. She is the same as the Discordia of the Latins. Fid. Discordia. ERISICATHON, a Thessalian, son of Triops, who derided Ceres and cut down her groves. This impiety irritated the goddess, who afflicted him with continual hunger. He squandered all his possessions to gratify the cravings of his appetite, and at last he devoured his own limbs for want of food. His daughter had the power of transforming herself into whatever animal she pleased, and she made use of that artifice to maintain her father, who sold her ; after which she assumed another shape and be- came again his property. Ovid. Met. fab. 18. ERITHUS, a son of Actor, killed by Perseus. Ovid. Met. 5. ERIXO, a Roman knight condemned by the people for having whipped his son to death. Senec. 1, de Clem. 14. EROCHUS, a town of Phocis. Pans. 10, c. 3. EROCHUS and ^EROPAS, a king of Mace- donia, who when in the cradle succeeded his father Philip 1st, B. C. 602. He made war against the Illyrians, whom he conquered. Justin. 7, c. 2. EROS, a servant, of whom Antony demanded a sword to kill himself. Eros produced the instrument, but instead of giving it to his master he killed himself in his presence. Plut. in Anton. A comedian. Cic. pro Rose. A son of Chronos or Saturn, god of love. Vid. Cupido. EROSTRATUS. Vid. Eratostratus. EROTIA, a festival in honour of Eros the god of love. It was celebrated by the Thes- pians every fifth year with sports and games, when musicians and others contended. If any quarrels or seditions had arisen among the people, it was then usual to offer sacrifices and prayers to the god, that he would totally re- move them. ERRUCA, a town of the Volsci in Italy. ER EHSE. a Daughter of Cecrops. Vid. Herse. ERYMAS, a Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. Mn. 9, v. 702. ERXIAS, a man who wrote an history of Co- lophon. He is perhaps the same as he who wrote an history of Rhodes. ERYBIUM, a town oil mount Parnassus. ERYCINA, a surname of Venus, from mount' Eryx, where she had a temple. Horat 1, od I 2, v. 33. KRYMANTHIS, a surname of Callisto, as an inhabitant of Erymanthus. ERYMANTHUS, a mountain, river, and town of Arcadia, where Hercules killed a prodigious boar, which he carried on hi shoulder* to Eu- rystheus, who was so terrified at the sight that he hid himself in a brazen vessel. Paus. 8, c. 24. Virg. Mn. 6, v. 802. ERYMNJE, a town of Thessaly. Paut. 8, c. 24. Of Magnesia. ERYMNEUS, a Peripatetic philosophei who flourished B. C. 126. ERYMUS, a huntsman of Cyzicus. ERYTHEA, an island between Gades and Spain, where Geryon reigned. Plln. 4, c. 22. A daughter of Gerion. Pans. 10, c. 37. ERYTHINI, a town of Paphlagonia. ERYTHRJE, a town of Asia, opposite Chios, once the residence of a Sibyl. It was built by Neleus, the son of Codrus. Paus. 10, c. 12. A town of Boeotia. Id. 6, c. 21. One in Libya. Another in Locris. ERYTHRJEUM MARE, a part of the ocean on the coast of Arabia. As it communicated with the Persian gulf, and that of Arabia or the Red sea, it has often been mistaken by ancient writers, who by the word Erythrean understood indiscriminately either the Red sea or the Per- sian gulf. It received this name from Erythras, or from the redness (tpuSpoe, ruber) of its sand or waters. Curt. 8, c. 9. Plin. 6, c. 23. ERYTHRAS, a son of Hercules. Apollod. A son of Perseus and Andromeda, drowned in the Red sea, which from him was called Ery- thrseum. Arrian. Ind. 6, c. 19. Mela, 3, c. 7. ERYTHRION, a son of Athamas and The- mistone. Apollod. ERYTHROS, a place of Latium. ERYX, a son of Butes and Venus, who re- lying upon his strength, challenged all strangers to fight with him in the combat of the cestus. Hercules accepted his challenge after many had yielded to his superior dexterity, and Eryx was killed in the combat, and buried on the moun- tain, where he had built a temple to Venus. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 402. An Indian killed by his subjects for opposing Alexander, &c. Curt. 8, c. 11. A mountain of Sicily near Drepa- num, which received its name from Eryx, who was buried there. This mountain was so steep, that the houses which were built upon it seemed every moment ready to fall. Dsdalus enlarged the top, and enclosed it with a strong wall. He also consecrated there to Venus Erycina a golden heifer, which resembled life so much, that it seemed to exceed the power of art. Orid. Fast. 4, v. 478. Hygin. fab. ISI ET 16 & 260. L. 22, c. 9. Mela, 8, c- 7. Pans. 3, c. 16. ERYXO, the mother of Battus, who artfully killed the tyrant Learchus who courted her. Herodot. 4, c. 160. ESERNUS, a famous gladiator. Cic. ESQUILLJE and ESQUILINUS MONS, one of the seven hills of Rome, which was joined to the city by king Tullus. ESSEDOSES, a people of Asia, above the Palus Maoris, who eat the flesh of their pa- rents mixed with that of cattle. They gild the head and keep it as sacred. Me/a, 2, c. 1. Essui, a people of Gaul. ESULA, a town of Italy near Tibur. Horat. 3, od. 29, v. 6. ESTIAIA, solemn sacrifices to Vesta, of which it was unlawful to carry away any thing, or communicate it to any body. ETEARCHUS, a king of Oaxus in Crete. After the death of his wife, he married a wo- man who made herself odious for her tyranny over her step-daughter Phronima. Etearchus gave ear to all the accusations which were brought against his daughter, and ordered her to be thrown into the sea. She had a son called Battus, who led a colony k Cyrene. He-odot, 4, c. 154. ETEOCLES, a son of (Edipus and Jocasta. After his father's death, it was agreed between him and his brother Polynices, that they should both share the royalty, and reign alternately each a year. Eteocles, by right of seniority, first ascended the throne, but after the first year of his reign was expired he refused to give up the crown to his brother, according to their mutual agreement. Polynices, resolved to punish such an open violation of a solemn engagement, went to implore the assistance of Adrastus, king of Argos. He received that king's daughter in marriage, and was soon after as- sisted with a strong army, headed by seven famous generals. These hostile preparations were seen by Eteocles, who on his part did not remain inactive. He chose seven brave chiefs to oppose the seven leaders of the Argives, and stationed them at the seven gates of the city. He placed himself against his brother Polynices, and he opposed Menalippus to Ty- deus, Polyphonies to Capaneus, Megareus to Eteoclus, Hyperbius to Parthenopaeus, and Lasthenes to Amphiaraus. Much blood was shed in light and unavailing skirmishes, and it was at last agreed between the two brothers that the war should be decided oy single com- bat. They both fell in an engagement con- ducted with the most inveterate fury on either side, and it is even said that the ashes of these two brothers, who had been so inimical one to the other, separated themselves on the burning pile, as if sensible of resentment, and hostile to reconciliation. Stat. Theb. Apollod. 3, c. 5. &c. Mschyl. Sept. ante Theb.Eurip. in Pharos. Pans. 5, c. 9. 1. 9, c. 6. A Greek, the first who raised altars to the Graces. Patu. ETBOCLTTS, one of the seven chiefs of the army of Adrastus, in his expedition against E V Thebes. He was killed by Megareus, the sou of Creon, under the walls of Thebes. Eurip Apoltod. 3, c. 6. A son of Iphis. ETEOCEET^E, an ancient people of Crete. ETEONES, a town of Boeotia on the Asopus. Stat. Theb. 7, v. 266. ETEONKUS, an officer of Menelaus. Homer Od.*. ETEONICUS, a Lacedaemonian general, who upon hearing that Callicratidas was conquer at Arginusae, ordered the messengers of this news to be crowned, and to enter Milanese in triumph. This so terrified Conon, who besieged the town, that he concluded that the enemy had obtained some advantageous victory, and he raised the siege. Diorf. 13. Paiytm. 1. ErEsi*, northern winds of a gentle and mild nature, very common in the months of spring and autumn. Lucret. 5, v. 741. ETHALION, one of the Tyrrhene sailors changed into dolphins for carrying away Bac- chus. Ooid. Met. 3, v. 647. ETHELBUM, a river of Asia, the boundary o, Tioas and Mysia. Strub. ETHODA, a daughter of Amphion and Niobe. ET HEM ON, a person killed at the marriage of Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 163. ETIAS, a daughter of ^Eneas. Pans. 3, c. 22. ETIS. a town of Peloponnesus. Id. Ib. ETHURIA. Vid. Hetruria. ETYLUS, the father of Theocles. Id. 6, c. 19. EVADVE, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles of Argos, who slighted the addresses of Apollo, and married Capaneus, one of the seven chiefs who went against Thebes. When her husband had been struck with thunder by Jupiter for his blasphemies and impiety, and his ashes had bnun separated from those of the rest of the Argives, she threw herself on his burning pile and perished in the flames. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 447. Propert. 1, el. 15, v. 21. Stat. Theb. 12. v. 800. A daughter of the Strymon and Neseja. She married Argus, by whom she had four children. Ajmllod. 2. EVAGF.S, a poet famous for his genius, but rot for his learning. EvAGOnAS, a king of Cyprus who retook Salamis, which had been taken from his father oy the Persians. He made war against Arta- xerxes, the king of Persia, with the assistance of the Egyptians, Arabians, and Tynans, and obtained some advantages, over the fleet of his enemy. The Persians however soon repaired their losses, and Evagoras saw himself defeated by sea and land, and oMiged to be tributary to the power of Artaxerxes, and to be stripped of all his dominions except the town of Salamis. He was assassinated soon after this fatal change of fortune by an eunuch, 374 B. C. he left two sons, Nicholas, who succeeded him, Protago- ras, who deprived his nephew Evageras of his possessions. Evagoras deserves to be com- mended for his sobriety, moderation, and mag- nanimity ; and if he was guilty of any political error in the management of his kingdom, it 254 EU may be said, that his love of equity was a full compensation. His grandson bore the same name and succeeded his father Nicocles. He showed himself oppressive, and his uncle Pro- tagoras took advantage of his unpopularity to deprive him of his power. Evagoras fled to Artaxerxes Ochus, who gave him a government more extensive than that of Cyprus ; but his oppression rendered him odious, and he was accused before his benefactor, and by his orders put to death. C. Nep. 12, c. 2. Diod. i4. Paus. 1, c. 3. Justin- 5, c. 6. A man of Elis who obtained a prize at the Olympian games. Parts. 5, c. 8. A Spartan famous for his services to the people of Elis. Id. 6, c. 10. A son of Neleus and Chloris. Apnllod. 1, c. 9. A son of Priam. Id. 3, c. 12. A king of Rhodes. EVAGORE, one of the Nereides. Apollnd. EVAN, a surname of Bacchus, which he re- ceived from the ejaculation of Evan ! Evan ! by his priestesses. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 15. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 517. EVANDER, a son of the prophetess Garment*;, king of Arcadia. An accidental murder obliged him to leave his country, and he came to Italy, where he drove the Aborigines from their ancient possessions, and reigned in that part of the country where Rome was after- wards founded. He kindly received Hercules when he returned from the conquest of Ge- ryon ; and he was the first who raised him altars. He gave ./Eneas assistance against the Rutuli, and distinguished himself by his hos- pitality. It is said that he first brought the Greek alphabet into Italy, and introduced there the worship of the Greek deities. He was honoured as a God after death, and his sub- jects raised an altar on mount Aventine. Paus. 8, c.43. Lin. 1, c. 7.Ital. 7, c. IB. Dvmus. Hal. 1, c. 7. Ovid. Fast. \, v. 500. 1. 5, v. 91. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 100, &c. A philosopher of the second academy, who flourished B. C. 215. EVANGELCS, a Greek historian. A comic poet. EVANGORIDES, a man of Elis, who wrote an account of all those who had obtained a prize at Olympia, where he himself had been ictorious. Paus. 6, c. 8. EVANTHES, a man who planted a colony in Lucania. at the head of some Locrians. A celebrated Greek poet. An historian of Miletus. A philosopher of Samos. A writer of Cyzicus. A son of (Enopion of Crete, who migrated to live at Chios. Paut. 7, c. 4. EVARCHUS, a river of Asia Minor, flowing nto the Euxine on the confines of Cappa- docia. Place. 6, v. 102. EVAS a native of Phrygia, who accompanied rother to Agis 4th. He succeeded on the- Spartan throne, after his brother's death, B. C. 330. Pans. 3, c. 10. A son of Archidamus, ung of Sparta, who succeeded B. C. 268. "he commander of a garrison stationed at Troezene by Craterus. EUDAMUS, a son of Agesilaus of the Hera- lidae. He succeeded his father. A learned laturalist and philosopher. EUDEMUS, the physician of Livia, the wile f Drusus, &c. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 3. An rator of Megalopolis, preceptor to Philo- inemen. An historian of Naxos. EUDOCIA, the wife of the emperor Theo- .osius the younger, who gave the public some om positions. EUDOCIMUS, a man who appeased a mutiny mong some soldiers by telling them that an istile army was in sight. Polyten. EUDORA, one of the Nereides. One of le Atlantides. EUDORUS, a son of Mercury and Polimela who went to the Trojan war with Achilles rmer. II. 16. EUDOXI SPECULA, a place in Egypt. EUDOXIA, the wife of Arcadius, &c. A ughter of Theodosius the younger, who mar- ed the emperor Maximus, and invited Gense- c the Vandal over into Italy. EUDOXUS, a son of ^Eschinesof Cnidus, who istinguished himself by his knowledge of astro- , medicine, and geometiy. He was the first regulated the year among the Greeks, mong whom he first brought from Egypt the lestial sphere and regular astronomy. He ed in his 53d year, B. C. 352. Lucan. 10. v. 37. Diog. A native of Cyzicus, who sailed 1 round the coast of Africa from the Red sea. id entered the Mediterranean by the columns : Hercules. A Sicilian, a son of Agathoclea A physician. Diog. EVELTHON, a king of Salamis.in Cyprus. EuEMEnicAs, an historian of CniJ us. E V EVBmSace, an ancient historian of M essenia, intimate with Cassander. He travelled over Greece and Arabia, and wrote an history of the gods, in which he proved that they all had been upon earth, as mern mortal men. Ennius trans- ated it into Latin. It is now lost. EVENUS, an elegiac poet of Paros. A river of ^tolia, flowing into the Ionian sea. It receives its name from Evenus, son of Mars and Sterope, who being unable to overcome Idas, who had promised hii his daughter Marpessa in marriage, if he surpassed him in running, grew so desperate that he threw himself into the river, which afterwards bore his name. Ovid. Mel. 9, v. 104. Strab. 7. A son of Jason and Hypsipyle, queen of Lemnos. Ho- mer. II. ?._ EVEPHENUS, a Pythagorean philosopher, whom Diouysius condemned to death because he had alienated the people of Metapontum from his power. The philosopher begged leave of the tyrant to go and marry his sister, and promised to return in six months. Diony- sius consented by receiving Eucritus, who pledg- ed himself to die if Evephenus did not return in time. Evephenus returned at the appointed moment, to the astonishment of Dionysius, and delivered his friend Eucritus from the death which threatened him. The tyrant was so pleased with these two friends, that he pardoned Evephenus, and begged to share their friend- ship and confidence. Polya-n. 5. EVERES, a son of Peteralaus. " f Hercules and Parthenope. The father o. liresias. Apollnd. EVERGET^, a people of Scythia, called also Arimaspi. Curt. 7, c. 3. EVERGETES, a surname, signifying benefac given to Philip of Macedonia, and. to Antigonus Doson, and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was also com monly given to the kings of Syria and Pontus, and we often see among the former an Alexander Evergetes, and among the latter a Mithridates Evergetes. Some of the Roman emperors also claimed that epithet, so expressive of benevo lence and humanity. EVESPERIDES, a people of Africa. Herndot. 4, c. 171. EUGANEI, a people of Italy on the borders of the Adriatic, who, upon being expelled by the Trojans, seized upon a part of the Alps. Sit. 8, v. 604. Lit). 1, c. 1. EUGEON, an ancient historian before the Pe- loponnesian war. EtJGENius, an usurper of the impeiial titl( after the death of Valentinian the 2d, A. D 392. EUHEMURUS. Vid. Evemerus. EUHYDRUM, a town of Thessaly Liv. 32 C.13. EUHYUS and Evius, a surname of Bacchus, given him in the war of the giants against Jupi- ter. Herat. 2. Od. 11, v. 17. EVIPPE, one of the Danaides who married and murdered Imbras. Another. Apollod. g, c. 1 The mother of the Pierides, who were changed into magpies. Ovid. Met. 5, 256 E U EYIPPUB, a ton of Theetiua, king of Plenron, killed by his brother Iphiclus in the chace of the Calydonian boar. Apol/od. 1, c. 7. A Trojan killed by Patroclus. H*mer. II. 16. En LI M EN E, one of the Nereides. EUM ACHICS, a Campanian who wrote anbis- tory of Annibal. EUMJEUS, a herdsman and steward of Ulysses, who knew his master at his return home from the Trojan war after 20 years absence, and as- sisted him in removing Penelope's suitors. He was originally the son of the king of Scyros, and upon being carried away by pirates, he was sold as a slave to Laertes, who rewarded his fidelity and services. Homer. Od. 13, v. 403. 1. 14, v. 3. 1. 15, v. 288. 1. 16 & 17. EUMEDES, a Trojan, son of Dolon, who came to Italy with J2neas, where he was killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 346. Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 4, v. 27. EUMELIS, a famous augur. Stat. 4, Sylv.8, v. 49. EUMELUS, a son of Admetus, king of Pheraa in Thessaly. He went to the Trojan war, and had the fleetest horses in the Grecian army. He distinguished himself in the games made in honour of Patroclus. Homer. II. 2 & 23. -A man whose daughter was changed into a bird. Quid. Met. 7, c. 390. A man contem- porary with Triptolemus, of whom he learned the art of agriculture. Paus. 7, c. 18. One of the followers of ^Eneas, who first informed his friend that his fleet had been set on fire by the Trojan women. Virg. n.5,v. 665 One of the Bacchiads, who wrote among other things, a poetical history of Corinth, B, C. 750. Paus. 2, c. 1. EUMELUS, a king of the Cimmerian Bospho- rus, who died B. C. 304. EUMENES, a Greek] officer in the army of Alexander, son of a charioteer. He was the most worthy of all the officers of Alexander to succeed after the death of his master. He con- quered Paphlagoniaand Cappadocia, of which he obtained the government, till the power and jealousy of Antigonus obliged him to retire. He joined his forces to those of Perdiccas, and de- feated Craterus and Neoptolemus. Neoptole- mus perished by the hands of Eumenes. When Craterus had been killed during the war, his remains received an honourable funeral from the hand of the conqueror ; and Eumenes, after weeping over the ashes of a man who once was his dearest friend, sent his remains to his rela- tions in Macedonia. Eumenes fought against Antipater and conquered him, and after the death of Perdiccas, his ally ; his arms were di- rected against Antigonus, by whom he was con- quered, chiefly by the treacherous conduct of his officers. This fatal battle obliged him to dis- band the greatest part of his army to secure him- self a retreat, and he fled only with 700 faithful attendants to a fortified place on the confines o. Cappadocia, called Nora, where he was soon besieged by the conqueror. He supported the siege for a year with courage and resolution, but some disadvantageous skirmishes so reduced him, that his soldiers, grown desperate, and, E U bribed by the offers of the cnemj, ha.t the infi- delity to betray him into the hands of Antigo- nus. The conqueror, from shame or remorse, had not the courage to visit Eumenes ; but when he was asked by his officers, in what manner he wished him to be kept, he answered, Keep him as carefully as you would keep a lion. This severe command was obeyed ; but the asperity of Antigonus vanished in a few days, and Eu- menes, delivered from the weight of chains, was permitted to enjoy the company of his friends. Even Antigonus hesitated whether he should not restore to his liberty a man with whom he had lived iu the greatest intimacy while both were subservient to the command of Alexander, and these secret emotions of pity and humanity were not a little increased by the petitions of his son Demetrius for the release of Eumenes. But the calls of ambition prevailed ; and when An- tigonus recollected what an active energy he had in his power, he ordered Eumenes to be put to death in the prison (though some imagine he was murdered without the knowledge of his conqueror). His bloody commands were exe- cuted B. C. 315. Such was the end of a man who raised himself to power by merit alone. His skill in public exercises first recommended hira to the notice of Philip, and under Alexan- der his attachment and fidelity to the royal person, and particularly his military accom- plishments, promoted him to the rank of a ge- neral. Even his enemies revered him ; and Antigonus, by whose orders he perished,' ho- noured his remains with a splendid funeral, and conveyed hit ashes to his wife and family in Cappadocia. It has been observed, that Eu- menes had such an universal influence over the successors of Alexander, that none during his life-time dared to assume the title of king ; and it does not a little reflect to his honour to consi- der that the wars he carried on were not from private or interested motives, but for the good and welfare of his deceased benefactor's chil- dren. Pint. <5f C. Nep.in vita. Diod. 19. Jus- tin. 13. Curt. 10. Arrlan. A king of Per- gamus, who succeeded his uncle Philetsrus on the throne, B. C. 263. He made war against Antiochus the son of Seleucus, and enlarged his possess! :ns by seizing upon many of the ties of the kings of Syria. He lived in alli- ance with the Romans, and made war against Prus^s, king of Bithynia. He was a great pa- tron of learning, and given much to wine. He died of an excess in drinking, after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by Attains. Strab. 15. The second of that name succeeded his father Attalus on the throne of Asia and Perga- mus. His kingdom was small and poor, but he -endered it powerful and opulent, and his alliance tith the Romans did not a little contribute to Jhe increase of his dominions after the victories obtained over Antiochus the Great. He carried "uis arms against Prusias and Antigonus, and died B. C. 159, after a reign of 38 years, leav- ing the kingdom to his son Attalus 2d. He has been admired for his benevolence and mag- nanimity, and his love of learning greatly en- . riched the famous library of Pergamus, which ' 257 E U had bepn founded by las predecessors in imita- tion of the Alexandrian collection of the Pto- lemies. His brothers were so attached to him and devoted to his interest, that they enlisted among his body guards to show their fraternal fidelity. Strab. 13. Justin. 31 & 34. Polyb. - A celebrated orator of Atiiens about 'iie beginning of the fourth century. Some of his harangues and orations are extant. -- An historical writer in Alexander'* army. EUMENIA, a city of Phrygia, built by Atta lus in honour of his brother Eumenes. A city of Thrace, of Caria, of Hyrcania. and EUMENES, a man men- tioned Odd. 3, Ti-ist. el. 4, v. 27. EUMENIDES, a name given to the Furies by the ancients. They sprang from the drops of blood which flowed from the wound which Coelus received from his son Saturn. Accord- ing to others they were daughters of the earth, and conceived from the blood of Saturn. Some make them daughters of Acheron and Night, or Pluto and Proserpine. According to the mora received opinions, they were three in number, Tisiphone, Megara, and Alecto, to which some add Nemesis. Plutarch mentions only one, caJIed Adrasta, daughter of Jupiter and Neces- sity. They were supposed to be the ministers of the vengeance of the gods, and therefore appeared stern and inexorable; always em- ployed ii punishing the guilty upon earth, as well as in the infernal regions. They inflicted their vengeance upon earth by wars, pestilence, and dissentions, and by the secret stings of conscience ; and in hell they punished the guilty by continual flagellation and torments. They were also called Furiae and Erinnyes. Their worship was almost universal, and people dared not to mention their names or fix their eyes upon their temples. They were honoured with sacrifices and libations, and in Achaia they had a temple, which when entered by any one guilty of crime, suddenly rendered him fu. rious, and deprived him of the use of his reason. In the sacrifices, the votaries used branches of cedar and of alder, hawthorn, saffron, and juni- per, and the victims were generally turtle- doves and sheep, with libations of wine and honey. They were generally represented with a grim and frightful aspect, with a black and bloody garment, and serpents wreathing round their head instead of hair. They held a burning torch in one hand, and a whip of scorpions in the other, and were always attended by terror, rage, paleness, and death. In hell they were seated around Pluto's throne, as the ministers of his vengeance. jEschyl. in Eumen. Sophoct. in (Edip. Col. EOMENIDIA, festivals in honour of the Eu- menides, called by the Athenians (wjuvcu Stoe, venerable goddesses. They were celebrated once every year with sacrifices of pregnant ewes, with offerings of cakes made by the most eminent youths, and ibations of honey and wine. At A thens none but free-born citizens were admitted, such as had led a life the most virtuous and unsullied. Such only were ac- E U cepted by the goddesses, who punished all sorts of wickedness in a severe manner. EUMENIUS, a Trojan killed by Camilla in Italy. 1'irg. /En. 11, v. 666. EUMOLPE, one of the Nereides. Apollod. EuMOLPlo.E, the priests of Ceres, at the celebration of her festivals of Eleusis. They were descended from Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, who was made priest of Ceres by Erechtheus king of Athens. He became so powerful after his appointment to the priest- hood, that he maintained . 'var against Erech- theus. This war proved fatal to both ; Erech- theus and Eumolpus were both killed, and peace was re-established among their de- scendants, on condition that the priesthood ever remained in the family of Eumolpus, and the regal power in the house of Erechtheus. The priesthood remained in the family of Eu- molpus for 1200 years : and this is still more remarkable.because he who was once appointed to the holy office, was obliged to remain in perpetual celibacy. Paus. 2, c. 14. EUMOLPUS, a king of Thrace, son of Nep- tune and Chione. He was thrown into the sea by his mother, who wished to conceal her shame from her father. Neptune saved his life, and carried him into ./Ethiopia, where he was brought up by a woman, one of whose daughters he married. An act of violence to his sister-in law obliged him to leave ^Ethio- pia, and he fled to Thrace with his son Ismarus, where he married the daughter of Tegyrius the king of the country. This connexion to the royal family rendered him ambitious ; he conspired against his father-in-law, and fled when the conspiracy was discovered, to Attica, where he was initiated in the mysteries of Ceres of Eleusis, and made Hierophantes or high priest. He was afterwards reconciled to Tegyrius, and inherited his kingdom. He made war against Erechtheus, the king of Athens, who had appointed him to the office of high priest, and perished in battle. His de- scendants were also invested with the priest- liood, which remained for about 1200 years in that family. Fid. Eumolpidae. Apollod. 2, c. 5, &tc.Hygin. fab. 73. Diod. 5. Paus. 9, c. 14. EUMONIDES, a Thehan, &c. Pltit. EUNUS, a son of Jason by Hypsipyle, daughter of Thoas. Homer. II. 7. EUNAPIUS, a physician, sophist, and his- torian, born at Sardis. He flourished in the reign of Valentinian and his successors. He wrote an history of the Csesars, of which few 'ragments remain. His life of the philoso- phers of his age is still extant. It is com- posed with fidelity and elegance, precision and correctness. EUNOMIA, a daughter of Juno, one of the Horse. Apollod. EUNOMUS, a son of Prytanes, who succeeded Lis father on the throne of Sparta. Paus. 2, c. 36. A famous musician of Locris, rival to Ariston. Strab. 6. A man killed by Herrules. Apollod. A Thracian, who ad- vised Demosthenes net to be discouraged 258 I EU by Ins ill success in his first attempts to speak in public. Pint, in Dem. Ths fatuer of Lycurgus, killed by a kitchen knife. I'lut. in Lye. EUNUS, a Syrian slave who inflamed the minds of the servile multitude by pretended inspiration and enthusiasm. He filled a nut with sulphur in his mouth, and by artfully conveying fire to it, he breathed out flames to the astonishment of tht people, who believed him to be a god, or something more than human. Oppression and misery compelled 2000 slaves to join his cause, and he soon saw himself at the head of 50,000 men. Uiili such a force he defeated the Roman armies-, till Perpenna obliged him to surrender by famine, and exposed on a cross the greatest part of his followers ; B. C. 132. Ptut. in .%*. EUNYMOS, one of the yEolidet.. EUORAS, a grove of Laconia. Pans. 3, c. 20. EUPAGIUM, a town of Peloponnesus. EUPALAMON, one of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 360. EUPALAMUS, the father of Dadalus Apollcd. 3, c. 15. EUFATOR, a son of Antiochus. Th- surname of Eupator was given to many of the Asiatic princes, such as Mithridates, &c. Strab. 12. EUPATORJA, a town of Paphlagonia, built by Mithridates, and called afterwards Pom- peiopolis by Pompey. Plin. 6, c. 2. Another called Magnopolis in Pontus, now Tehenikeli. Strab. 12. EUPEITHES, a prince of Icatha, father to Antinous. He was one of the most im- portuning lovers of Penelope. Homer. Od. 16. EUPHAES, succeeded Androcles on the throne of Messenia, and in his reign began tlie first Messenian war. He died B. C. 730. Paus. 4, C. 5 and 6. EUFHANTUS, a poet and historiap of Olyn- thus, son to Eubulides, and preceptor to Antigonus king of Macedonia. -Dicg-. in Eucl. EUPHEME, a woman who was nurse to the Muses, and mother of Crocus by Pan. Paws. EUPHEMUR, a son of Neptune and Europa, who was among the Argonauts, and the hunters of the Calydonian hoar. He was so swift and light that he could run over the sea without scarce wetting his feet. Pindar. Pyth. 4. Apollod. 1, c. 9. Paiw. 5, c. 17.-- One of the Greek captains before Troy. Borne* 11.2. EUPHORBUS, a famous Trojan, son of Par.- thous. He was the first who wounded Pa- troclus, whom Hector killed. He perished by the hand of Menelaus, who hung his shield in the temple of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, the founder of the doctrine of the Metempsy- chosis, or transmigration of souls, affirmed that he had been once Euphorbus, and that hit soul recollected manv exploits which had been EU done while it animated that Trojan's body. .Asa farther proof of his assertion, he shewed at tirst eight the shield of Euphorbus in the temple to Juno. Ovid. Met. 15, v 160 Paus. 2, c. 17. Homer. 11. 16 and 17. A physician of Juba, king of Mauratania. EUPHORION, a Greek poet of Chalcis in Euboea in the age of Antiochus the Great. Tiberius took him for his model for correct writing, and was so fond of him that he hung his pictures in all the public libraries. His father's name was Polymnetus. He died in kis 56th year, B.C. 220. Cicero de Nat. D. 2, c. 64. calls him Obscurum. The father of iEschylus bore the same name. EUPHRANOR, a famous painter and sculptor of Corinth. Pli. 3-1, c. 8. This name was common to many Greeks. EUPHRATES, a disciple of Plato, who go- verned Macedonia with absolute authority in the reign of Perdiccas, and rendered himself odious by his cruelty and pedantry. After the death of Perdiccas, he was murdered by Par- menio. -A stoic phi'osopher in the age of Adrian who destroyed himself, with the em- erors jeave, to escape the miseries of old j age, A. D. 118. Dio. A huge and cele- brated river of Mesopotamia, rising from mount Taurus in Armenia, and discharging it- .' self with the Tigris into the Persian gulf. It is very rapid in its course, and passes I through the middle of the city of Babylon. It inundates the country of Mesopotamia at a certain sesison of the year, like the Nile in Egypt. Cyrus dried up its ancient channel, and changed the course of the waters when he oesieged Babylon. Strab. 11. Mela, 1, c. 2, I. 3, c. 8. Ptin. 5, c. 24. EUPHRON, an aspiring man of Sicyon, who enslaved his country by bribery. Diod. 15. EUPHROSYNA, one of the Graces, sister to Aglaia and Thalia. Paus. 9, c. 35. EUPI.JEA, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, near Neapolis. Stat. 3. Silv. 1, v. 149. EUPOHS, a comic pott of Athens, who flourished 435 years before the Christian sera. He severely lashed the vices and in moralities of his age. It is said that he had composed 17 dramatical pieces at the age of 17. He had a dog so attached to him, that at his death he refused all aliments, and starved himself on his tomb. Some suppose that Alcibiades put Eupolis to death because he had ridiculed him In his verses; but Suidas maintains that he perished in a sea-fight between the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians in the Hellespont, and that on that account his countrymen, pitying his fate, decreed that no poet should ever after go to war. Horat. 1, sot. 4. 1. 2, sat. 10. Cu:. ad Attic 6, ep. i.^Elian. EUPOMPUS, a geometrician of Macedo: ia. A painter. Plin. 34, c. 8. Et-RiANASsus, a town near Chios. Piin. 5. c.31. EVRIPIDES, a celebrated tragic poet born at Siiltmis the day on which the army of Xerxes was defeated by the Greens. He 259 EU studied eloquence under Prodicus, ethic* under Socrates, and philosophy under Anaxa goras. He applied himself to dramatical com- position, and his writings became so much the admiration of his countrymen, that the un fortunate Greeks, who had accompanied Nicias in his expedition against Syracusa. weie freed from slavery, only by repeating some verses from the pieces of Euripides. The poet often retired from the society of man- kind, and confined himself in a solitary cave, where he wrote and finished his most ex- cellent tragedies. The talents of Sophocles were looked upon by Euripides with jealousy ; and the great enmity which always reigned between the two poets, gave an opportunity to the comic muse of Aristophanes to ridicule them both on the stage with success and humour. During the represention of one of the tragedies of Euripides, the audience, dis- pleased with some lines in the composition, de- sired the writer to strike them oft'. Euripides heard this with indignation ; he advanced forward on the stage, and told the spectator that he came there to instruct them, and not to be taught by them. Another piece, in which he called riches the summum bonum and tiie admiration of gods and men, gave equal dissatisfaction, but the poet desired the audience to listen with silent attention, for the conclu- sion of the whole would shew them the punish- ment which attended the lovers of opulence, ""he ridicule and envy to which he wa con- tinually exposed, obliged him at last to remove from Athens. He retired to the court of Archelaus king of Macedonia, where he re- ceived the most conspicuous marks of royal munificence and friendship. His end was deplorable as it was uncommon. It is saiu that the dogs of Archelaus met him in his solitary walks and tore his body to pieces, 407 years before the Christian era, in the 78th year of his age. Euripides wrote 75 tragedies of which only 19 are extant ; the most approved of which are his PI ctuissse, Orestes, Medea Andromache, Electra, Hippolytus, Iphige- nia in Aulis, Iphigenia m Tauris, Hercules and the Troades. He is peculiarly happy in expressing the passion of love, especially the more tender and animated. To the pathos he has added sublimity, and the most common expressions have received a perfect polish from his pen. In his person, as it is reported, he was noble and majestic, and his deportment was always grave and serious. He was slow in composing, and laboured with difficulty .from which circumstance, a foolish and malevolent poet Ofcce observed, that he had written 100 verses in three days, while Euripides had written only three. True, says Euripides, but there is thii difference between your poetry and mine, y urs will expire in three days, but mint shall live for ages to come. Euripides was such an enemy to the fair sex that some have called him fuaoyvvtic, woman-hater, and perhaps from this aversion arise the impure and diabolical machinations which appear in his female characters, an observation, however, whicl- h S 2 BU refuted, by saying he had faithfully copiec nature. In spite of all this antipathy he was married twice, but his connexions were so i judicious, that he was compelled to divorce both his wives. The best editions of this great poet, are that of Musgrave, 4 vols. 4to, Oxon. 1778 ; that of Canter apud Commelin, 12mo. 2 vols. 1597; and that of Barnes, fol, Cantab. 1694. There are also several valuable editions of detached plays. Diod. 13. Val, Max. 3, c. T.Cic. In. 1, c. 50. Or. 3, c. "". Acad. 1, 4. Offic. 3. Finib. 2. Tusc. & 4, &c. EURIPUR, a narrow strait which separates the island of Euboea from the coast of Bceotia. Its flux and reflux, which continued regular during 18 or 19 days, and was uncommonly unsettled the rest of the month, was a matter of deep inquiry among the ancients, and it is said that Aristotle threw himself into it be- cause he was unable to find out the causes of that phenomenon. Liv. 28, c. 6. Mela, 2, c. 7 Plin. 2, c. 95. Strab. 9. EURISTHENES. Vid. Eurysthenes. EUROMUS, a city of Caria. EUROPA, one of three grand divisions of the earth, known among the ancients. It is su- perior to the others in the learning, power and abilities of its inhabitants. It is bounded on the east by the ^Egean sea, Hellespont, Euxine, Palus Maeotis, and the Tanais in a northern direction. The Mediteranean di- vides it from Africa on the south, and on the west and north it is washed by the Atlantic and northern oceans. It is supposed to re ceive its name from Europa, who was carried there by Jupiter. Mela, 2, c. 1. Plin. 3. c. &c. A daughter of Agenor king of Phoeni- cia, and Telaphassa. She was so beautiful that Jupiter became enamoured of her, and the better to seduce her he assumed the shape of 1 bull and mingled with the herds of Agenor, while Europa, with her female attendants, were gathering flowers in the meadows. Europa caressed the beautiful animal, and at last had the courage to sit upon his back. The god took advantage of her situation, and with pre- cipitate steps retired towards the shore and cross-d the sea with Europa on his back, and arived safe in Crete. Here he assumed his original shape and declared his Jove. The nymph consented, though she had once made vows of perpetual celibacy, and she became mother of Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadaman- thus. After this distinguished amour with Jupiter, she ' married Asterius king of Crete. This monarch seeing himself without children by Europa, adopted the fruit of her amouis with Jupiter, and always esteemed Minos, Sar- pedon, and Rhadamanthus, as his own children. Some suppose that Europa lived about 1552 years before the Christian era. Ovid. Met. 2, fab. 13. Moxh. Idyl. Apollod. 9, c. 5. 1. 13, c. 1. One of the Oceanides. A part of Thrace near mount Ilaemus. Juitin. 7, c. 1. EUROPXUS, a patronymic of Minos the SOB of Europa. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 3. 960 fi U EUROPS, a kugof Sicyon, son of who died B. C. 1998. fans. 2, c. 5, EUROPUS, a king of Macedonia, &c. Jtutu 7, c. 1. - A town of Macedonia on the Axius. Plin. 4, c. 10. Liv. 33, c. 41. EUROTAS, a son of Lelex, father to Sparta, who married Lacedsemon. He was one of the first kings of Laconia, and gave his name to the river which flows near Sparta. Apnllad. 3, c. 16. Pans. 3, c. 1. - A river of Laconia, flowing by Sparta. It was called, by way of eminence, Basilipotamos, the king of rivers, and worshipped by the Spartans as a powerful god. Laurels, reeds, myrtles, and olives grew on its hanks in great abundance. Strab. 8. Pans. 3, c. 1. Virg. Eel. 6, v. 82. Ptol. 4. - A river in Thessaly near mount Olympus. Strafe. 6. Plin, 4, c. 8. EUROTO, a daughter of Danaus byPolyxo. Apollod. EURUS, a wind blowing from the eastern parts of the world. The Latins sometimes called it Vulturous. Ovid. Trist. \, el. 2. Met.ll,&c. EURYALE, a queen of the Amazons, who as- sisted ^Eltes, &c. "Place. 4. - A daughter of Minos, mother of Orion by Neptune. - A daughter of Prostus, king of Argos. - One of the Gorgons, who was immortal. Hesiod, Theogn. v. 207. EURYALUS, one of the Peloponnesian chiefs who went to the Trojan war with 80 ships. Homer. II. 2. - An illegitimate son of Ulysses and Evippe. Sophocl. - A son of Melas, taken prisoner by Hercules, &c. Apollod. 1, c. 8. -- A Trojan who came with vEneas into Italy. He rendered himself famous for his immortal friendship with Nisus. Vid. Nisus. Virg. jn. 9, v. 179. - A pleasant place of Sicily, near Syracuse. Liv. 25, c. 25. - A Lacedaemonian general in the second Messenian war. EURYBATES, a herald in the Trojan war who took Briseis from Achilles by order of Aga- memnon. Homer. II. 1, v. 32. Ovid. Heroid. 3. - A warrior of Argos, often victorious at the Nemean games, &c. Paus. 1, c. 29. - One of the Argonauts. EURYBIA, the mother of Lucifer and all the stars. Hesiod. - A daughter of Pontus and Terra, mother of Astraeus, Pallas, and Perses, by Crius. - A daughter of Thespius. Apollod. EURYBIADES, a Spartan general of the Grecian fleet at the battles of Artemisium and Salamis against Xerxes. He has been charged with want of courage and with ambition. He offered to strike Themistocles when he wished to speak about the matter of attacking the Persians ; upon which the Athenian said, Strike me, but hear me. Herodot. 8, c. 2, 74, &c. Plut. in Them. C. Nep. in Them. EURYBIUS, a son of Eurytus king of Argos, illed in a war between his countrymen and the Athenians. Apollod. 2, c. 8. - A son of Nereus and Chloris. Id. 1, c. 9. EURYCLEA, a beautiful daughter of Ops of thaca. Laertes bought her for SO oxen, and EU gave her his sou Ulysses to nurse, and treated her with much tenderness and attention. Ho- mer. Od. 19. EcmcLis, an orator of Syracuse, who pro- posed to put Nicias and Demosthenes to death, and to confine to hard labour all the Athenian soldiers in the quarries. Pint. A. Lacede- monian at the battle of Actium on the side of Augustus. Id. in Anton. A soothsayer of Athens. EIJRYCRATES, a king of Sparta, descended from Hercules. Herodot. 7, c. 204. EuRicR.vriDAs, a son of Anaxander, &c. Herodot. 7, c. 204. EURIDAMAS, a Trojan skilled in the inter- pretation of dreams. His two sons were killed by Diomedes during the Trojan war. Homer. II. 5. One of Penelope's suitors. Od. 22. A wrestler of Cyrene, who, in a combat, had his teeth dashed to pieces by his antago- nist, which he swallowed without showing any signs of pain, or discontinuing the fight. Milan. v . H. 10, c. 19. A son of /Egyptus. Apol- IM. EURYDAME, the wife of Leotychides, king of Sparta. Herodot. EURYDAMIDA, a king of Lacedaemon, of the family of the Proclidae. Paiw. 3, c. 10. EURYDICE, the wife of Amyntas, king of Macedonia. She had by her husband, Alex- ander, Perdiccas, and Philip, and one daughter called Euryone. A criminal partiality for her daughter's husband, to whom she offered her hand and the kingdom, made her conspire against Amyntas, who must have fallen a vic- tim to her infidelity, had not Euryone disco- vered it. Amyntas forgave her. Alexander ascended the throne after his father's death, and perished by the ambition of his mother. Perdiccas, who succeeded him, shared his fate; but Philip, who was the next in suc- cession, secured himself against all attempts from his mother, and ascended the throne with peace and universal satisfaction. Eurydice fled to Iphicrates, the Athenian general, for protection. The manner of his death is un- known. C. Nep. in Jphic. 3. A daughter of Amyntas, who married her uncle Aridaeus, the illegitimate son of Philip. After the death of Alexander the Great, Aridaeus ascended the throne of Macedonia, but he was totally go- verned by the intrigues of his wife, who called back Cassander, and joined her forces with his to march against Polyperchon and Olym- pias. Eurydice was forsaken by her troops, Aridaeus was pierced through with arrows by order of Olympias, who commanded Eurydice to destroy herself either by poison, the sword, or the halter. She chose the latter. The wife of the poet Orpheus. As she fled before Aristaeus, who wished to offer her violence, she was bit by a serpent in the grass, and died of the wound. Orpheus was so disconsolate that he ventured to go to hell, where, by the melody of his lyre, he obtained from Pluto the restoration of his wife to life, provided he did not )ook behind before he came upon earth. He violated the conditions; his eagerness to 261 EU ee his wife rendered him forgetful. Ha looked behind, and Eurydice was for ever taken from him. [Fid. Orvheus.'] Virg. G. 4, v. 4.57, &c. POM*. 9, c. 30. Ovid. Met. 10 v 30, &c. A daughter of Adrastus. Apollod. 3, c. 12. One of the Danaides, who mar- ried Dyas. Id. 2, c. 1. The wife of Ly curgus, king of Nemaea in Peloponnesus. Id. 1, c. 9. A daughter of Actor. Id. A wife of ^Eneas. Pans. 10, c. 26. A daughter of Ampbiaraus. Id. 3, c. 17. A daughter of Antipater, who married one of the Ptolemies. Id. 1, c. 7. A daughter ot king Philip. Id. 5, c. 17. A daughter of Lacedsemon. Id. 3, c. 13. A daughter ot Clymenus, who married Nestor. Htmer. Od. A wife of Demetrius, descended from Miltiades. Plut. in Demetr. EUHYGANIA, a wife of CEdipus. Apollod. EURYLEON, a king of the Latins, called also Ascanius. EURYLOCHUS, one of the companions of Ulysses, the only one who did not taste the potions of Circe. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 23?. A man who broke a conduit which conveyed water into Cyrrhae, &c. Polyaen. 6. A man who discovered the conspiracy which was made against Alexander by Hermolaus and others. Curt. 8, c. 6. EURYMACHUS, a powerful Theban who seized Platsea by treachery, &c. One of Penelope's suitors. A son of Antenor. A lover of Hippodamia. Pans. EURYMEDE, the wife of Glaucus, king of Ephyra. Apollod. EURYMEDON, the father of Periboea, by whom Neptune had Nausithous. Homer. Od. 7. A river of Pamphylia, near which the Persians were defeated by the Athenians under Cimon, B. C. 470. A man who accused Aristotle of propagating profane doctrines in the LyceHm. EtTRYsiENEs, a son of Neleus and Chloris. Apollod. EURYNOME, one of the Oceanides, mother of the Graces. Hesiod. A daughter or Apollo, mother of Adrastus and Eriphyle. A woman of Lemnos, &c. F/acc. 2, v. 136. The wife of Ly curgus son of Aleus. Apol- lod. 3, c. 9. The mother of Asopus by Ju- piter. Id. 3, c. 12. One of Penelope's fe- 'male attendants. Homer. II. 17. An Athe- nian sent with a reinforcement to Nicias in Si- cily. Plut. in Nic. EURYNOMUS, one of the deities of hell. Paus. 10, c. 28. EURYONE, a daughter of Amyntas king of Macedonia, by Eurydice. EURYPON, a king of Sparta, son of Sous. His reign was so glorious that his descendant* were called Eurypontidae. Paus. 3, c. 7. EURYPYLE, a daughter cf Thespius. EURYPYLUS, a son of Telephus, killed in the Trojan war by Pyrrhua. He made his court to Cassandra. Homer. II. 11. A Grecian at the Trojar war. Homer. II. 2. A prince of Olenus, who went with Hercule* against Laomedon. Pant, 7, c. 19. A sn > KIT of Mecisteus who signalized himself in the war of the Epigoni against Thebes. Apollod. 3. A son of Temenus king of Messenia, who conspired against his father's life. Id. 3, c. 6. A son of Neptune killed by Hercules. Id. 2, c. 7. One of Penelope's suitors. Id. 3, c. 10. A Thessalian who became deli- rious for looking into a box which fell to his share after the plunder of Troy. Pans. 7, c. 19. Eurypylus, a soothsayer in the Gre- cian camp before Troy, sent to consult the oracle of Apollo, Low his countrymen could return safe home. The result of his inquiries was the injunction to offer an human sacri- fice. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 114. EURYSTHENES, a son of Aristodemus, who lived in perpetual dissention with his twin- brother Procles, while they both sat on the Spartan throne. It was unknown which of the two was born first, the mother, who wished to see both her sons raised on the throne, re- fused to declare it, and they were both ap- pointed kings of Sparta by order of the oracle of Delphi, B. C. 1102. After the death of the two brothers, the Lacedemonians, who knew not to what family the right of seniority and succession belonged, permitted two kings to sit on the throne, one of each family. The de- scendants of Eurysthenes were called Eurys- thenidae, and those of Procles, Proclidae. It was inconsistent with the laws of Sparta for two kings of the same family to ascend the throne together, yet that law has sometimes been violated by oppression and tyranny. Eu- rys'.henes had a son called Agis, who suc- ceeded him. His descendants were called Agidae. There sat on the throne of Sparta 31 kings of the family of the Eurysthenes, and only 24 of the Proclidae. Ihe former were the most illustrious. Herodot. 4, c. 147. 1. 6, c. 53. Pans. 3, c. 1. C. Nep. in Ages. EURYSTHEN!D*. [Vid. Eurythenes.] EURYSTHEUS, a king of Argos and Mycenae, son of Sthenelus, and Nicippe the daughter of Pelops. Juno hastened his birth by two months, that he might come into the world before Hercules the son of Alcmena, as the younger of the two was doomed by order of Jupiter to be subservient to the will of the other. [Vid. Alanena.'] This natural right was cruelly exercised by Eurystheus, who was jealous of the fame of Hercules, and who, to destroy so powerful a relation, imposed upon him the most dangerous and uncommon enter- prizes, well known by the name of the twelve labours of Hercules. The success of Hercules iu achieving those perilous labours alarmed Eurystheus in a greater degree, and he furnished himself with a brazen vessel, where he might secure himself a safe retreat in case of danger. After the death of Hercules, Eu- lystheus renewed his cruelties against his thildren, and made war against Ceyx king of Trachinia because he had given them support, and treated them with hospitality. He was killed in the prosecution of this war by Hyllus the son of Hercules. His head was sent to Alcmena th mother of Hercules, who, raind- 26t EU ful of the cruelties which her son had Suffered, insulted it, and tore out the eyes with the most inveterate fury. Eurystheus was succeeded on the throne of Argos by Atreus his nephew. Hysin. fab. 30 & 32. Apollod. 2, c, 4, &c. Paus. 1, c. 33. 1. 3, c. 6. Ovid. Met. 9, fab. 6. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 292. EURYTE, a daughter 'of Hippodamus, who married Parthaon. Apollod. 'The mother of Halirrhotius, by Neptune. Id. EURYTE/E, a town of Achaia. Paus. 7, c. 18. EURYTET.E, a daughter of Thespius. A daughter of Leucippus. Apollod. EURYTHEMIS, the wife of Thestius. Apol- lod. EURYTHION and EURYTION, a Centaur whose insolence to Hippodamia was the cause of the quarrel between the Lapithae and Cen- taurs, at the nuptials of Pirithous. 0id. Met. 12. Paus. 5, c. 10. Heswd. Theog. A herdsman of Geryon killed by Hercules. Apol- lod. 2. A king of Sparta who seized upon Mantinea by stratagem. Polyxn. 2. One of the Argonauts. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 311. -A son of Lycaon, who signalized himself during the funeral games exhibited in Sicily by .^Eneas. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 49.5. A silversmith. Id. 10, v. 499. - A man of Heraclea convicted of adultery. His punishment was the cause of the abolition of the oligarchical power there. Aristot. 5. Polit. EURYTUS, a son of Mercury, among the Ar- gonauts. Place. 1, v. 439. A king of CEchalia, father to lole. He offered his daughter to him who shot a bow better than himself. Hercules conquered him, and put him to death because he refused him his daughter as the prize of his victory. Apollod. 2, c. 4 & 7. A son of Actor, concerned in tbe wars oetween Augias and Hercules.^ A son of Augias killed by Hercules as he was going to Corinth to celebrate the Isthmian games. Apollvd. A person killed in hunt- ing the Calydonian boar. -A son of Hippo- coon. Id. 3, c. 10. A giant killed by Her- cules or Bacchus for making war against the gods. EURYTIS, (idos) a patronymic of lole daughter of Eurytus. Ovid. Met. 9, fab. 11. EUSEBIA, an empress, wife to Constantius, &c. EusEBtus, a bishop of Caesarea in great fa- vour with the emperor Constantine. He was concerned in the theological disputes of Arms and Athanasius, and distinguished himself by his writings, which consisted of an ecclesias tical history, the life of Constantine, Chroni- con, evangelical preparations, and numerous other treatises, most of which are now lost. The best edition of his Preparatio & Demon- stratio Evangelica, is by Vigerus, two vols. folio; Rothomatn, 1628; and of his ecclesias- tical history by Reading, folio, Cantab. 1720. EUSEBIIIS, a surname of Bacchus. EusEPL'S and PEDASCS, the two sons of Bu- colion killea iu the Trojan war. Homer. II. 6. F.IJSTATHIUS, a Greek commentator on the EU ,orks of Homer. The best edition of this ery valuable author, is that published at Ba- sil, 3 vols. fol. 1530. It is to be lamented the design of Alexander Politus, begun at Flo- ence, 1735, and published in the first five books of the Iliad, is not executed, a a Latin translation of these excellent commentaries is among the desiderata of the present day. A man who wrote a very foolish romance in Greek, entitled de hmenia: et Ismenes amoribus, edited by Gaulminus, 8vo. Paris, 1617. EVTX.A, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 27. EUTELIDAS, a famous statuary of Argos. Id. 6, c. 10. EIITERPE, one of the Muses, daughter of JupiteY and Mnemosyne. She presided over music, and was looked upon as the inventress of the flute. She is represented as crowned with flowers and holding a flute in her hands. Some mytliologists attributed to her the inven- tion of tragedy, more commonly supposed to be the production of Melpomene. The name of the mother of Themistocles, according to some. EUTHYCRATES, a sculptor of Sicyon, son of Lysippus. He was peculiarly happy in the proportions of his statues. Those of Hercules and Alexander were in general esteem, and particularly that of Medea, which was carried on a chariot, by four horses. Plin. 34, c. 8. A man who betrayed Olynthus to Philip. EUTHYDEMUS. an orator and rhetorician who greatly distinguished himself by his eloquence, &c. &c. _ Strab. 14. EUTHYMUS, a celebrated boxer of Locri in jtaly, &c. Paus. 6, c. 6. EUTRAPELUS, a man described as artful and *illacious by Horat. 1, ep. 18, v. 31. A hair- dresser. Martial, 7, ep. 82. EtiTRApEnjs, (Volumn.) a friend of M. An- lony, &c. EUTROPIUS, a Latin historian in the age of Ju- lian, under whom he carried arms in the fatal expedition against the Persians. His origin as well as his dignity are unknown ; yet some sup- pose from the epithet of Ctarissimus prefixed to his history, that he was a Roman senator. He wrote an epitome of the history of Rome, from die age of Romulus to the reign of the ern- p-jror V'alens, to whom the work was dedi- EX cated. He wrote a treatise on medicine, without being acquainted with the art. Of all his works the Roman history alone is extant. It is composed with conciseness and precision, but without elegance. The best edition of Eutropius is that of Havercamp, cum noiit va- riorum, 8vo. L. Bat. 1729 & 1762. A fa- mous eunuch at the court of Arcadius, the son of Theodosius the Great, &c. EuxYCHlDE, a woman who was thirty times brought to bed, and carried to the grave by twenty of her children. Plin. 7, c. 3. EuTYCHlDES, a learned servant of Atticus, &c. Ctc. 15. ad Attic. A sculptor. EUXANTHIUS, a daughter of Minos and Dexithea. Apollod. EUXENUS, a man who wrote a poetical his- tory of the poetical ages of Italy. Dimiys. Hal 1. EUXENIDAS, a painter, &c. Plin. 35. Euxifjus PONTUS, a sea between Asia and Europe, partly at the north of Asia Minor and at the west of Colchis. It was anciently called aZtivog, inhospitable, on account of the savage manners of the inhabitants on it* coasts. Commerce with foreign nations, and the plantation of colonies in their neighbour- hood, gradually softened their roughness, and the sea was no longer called Axenus, but Euxe- nus, hospitable. Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 13. 1. 4, el. 4, v. 54. Strab. 2, &c. Mela, 1, c. 1. Plin. 9. EUXIPPE, a woman who killed herself be- cause the ambassadors of Sparta had offered violence to her virtue, &c. EXADIUS, one of the Lapitbre at the nuptials of Pirithous. Homer. II. 1, v. 264. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 266. EX.KTHES, a Parthian who cut off the head of Crassus, &c. Polyen. 7. EXAQONUS, the ambassador of a nation in Cyprus, who came to Rome, and talked so much of the power of herbs, serpents, &.c. that the consuls ordered him to be thrown into a vessel full of serpents. Tbese venomous crea- tures, far from hurting him, caressed him, and harmlessly licked him with their tongues. Ptin. 28, c. 3. EXOMATR*, a people of Asiatic Sarraatia. Place. 6, c. 144. FA FA IVABARIA, festivals at Rome in honour of i FABIA. Vid. Fabius Fabiicianus. Carna wite of Janus, when beans (faba:) \ FABIA LEX, de ambitu, was to circumscribe were presented as an oblation. the number of Sectataret, or attendants, which FABABIS, a river of Italy in the territories of | were allowed to candidates in canvassing for the Sabines. It was also called Farfarus. Virg. I some high office. It was proposed, but did A'/i. 7, v. 715. not pass. 263 FA FAsiA, a tribe at Rome. Herat. 1, ep. 7, T 62. A vestal virgin, sister to Terentia, Ci- cero's wife. FABIANI, some of the Luperci at Rome, in- stituted in honour of the Fabian family. FABII, a noble and powerful family at Rome, who derived their name from f aba, a bean, be- cause some of their ancestors cultivated this pulse. They were once so numerous that they took upon themselves to wage a war against the Veientes. They came to a general en- gagement near the Crcmera, in which all the family, consisting of 306 men, were totally slain, B. C. 477. There only remained one, whose tender age had detaine'd him at Rome, and from him arose the noble Fabii in the fol- lowing ages. Diony*. 9. Lie. 2, c. 46, &c Flar. 1, c. 2. Ovid. Trist. 2, v. 135. Virg. jn. 6, v. 845. FABIUS MAXIMUS RUI.I.IANUS, was the first of the Fabii who obtained the surname of ATori- mus, for lessening the power of the populace at elections. He was master of horse, and his victory over the Samnites in that capacity, nearly cost him his life, because he engaged die enemy without the command of the dic- tator. He was five times consul, twice dic- tator, and once censor. He triumphed over seven different nations in the neighbourhood of Rome, and rendered himself illustrious by his patriotism. Rusticus, an historian in the age of Claudius and Nero. He was inti- mate with Seneca, and the encomiums which Tacitus passes upon his style, make us regret the loss of his compositions. Marcellinus, an historian in the second century. A Ro- man lawyer, whom Harat. 1, sat. 2, v, 134, ridicules as having been caught in adultery. Q. Maximus, a celebrated Roman, who from a dull and inactive childhood was raised to tlie highest offices of the state. In his first consulship, he obtained a victory over Liguria, and the fatal battle of Thrasymenus occa- sioned his election to the dictatorship. In tliis important office he began to oppose An- nibal, not by fighting him in the open field, like liis piedecessors, but he continually ha- rassed his army by countermarches and ambus- cades, from which he received the surname of Cunctator, or Delayer. Such operations, for the commander of the Roman armies, gave of- fence to some, and Fabius was even accused of cowardice. lie, however, patiently bore to see his master of horse raised to share the dic- tatorial dignity with himself, by means of his enemies at home. When he had laid down his office of dictator, his successors, for a while, followed his plan, but the rashness of Varro, and his contempt for the operations of v abius, occasioned the fatal battle of Cannae. Tarentum was obliged to surrender to his arms after the battle of Cannas, and on that occa- sion the Carthaginian enemy observed that Fa- bius was the Annibal of "Rome. When he had made an agreement with Annibal for the ransom of thr'>>a/& t were observed only in families in com- memoration of birth days, marriages, funerals, and the like. The days on which the ferite were observed were called by the Romans/esti dies, because dedicated to mirth, relaxation, and festivity. FESCENNIA, a town of Etruria, where the Fescennine verses were first invented. These erses were a sort of rustic dialogue spoken extempore, in which the actors exposed before their audience the failings and vices of their adversaries, and by a satirical humour and mer- riment, endeavoured to raise the laughter of the company. They were often repeated at nup- tials, and many lascivious expressions were used for the general diversion, as also at harvest- home, when gestures were made, adapted to the sense of the unpolished verses that were used. They were proscribed by Augustus as of immoral tendency. Ptin. 3, c. 5. Virg. JEn. 7, '. 695. Herat. 2, ep. 1, v. 145. FESULS, or FJESUL*, a town of Etruria, where Sylla settled a colony. Cic. Cat. 3, c. 6. FESTUS, a friend of Domitian who killed him- self in an illness. Martial.. 1, ep. 79. FIBRENUS, a river of Italy. Sit. 8, v. 400. FICA.VA, a town of Latium, at the south of Rome, near Tiber. Liv. 1, c. 33. FICARIA, a small island on the east of Sar- dinia, now Serpentera. Plin. 3, c. 7. FICULEA, or FICUI.NEA, a town of Latium beyond mount Sacer, at the north of Rome. Cicero had a villa there, and the road that led to the town was called 'Ficulnensis, afterwards Namentana Via. Cic. 12, Att. 34. Lin. 1, c.38. 1. 3, c. 52. FIDENA, an inland town of Latium, whose inhabitants are called Fidenates. The place was conquered by the Romans B. C. 435. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 773 Juv. 1, v. 44. Liv. 1, c. 14, 15, & 27. 1. 2, c. 19. 1. 4, c. 17 & 21 . FIDENTIA, a town of Italy. Cic. 7/i. 2, c. 54. FIDES, the goddess of faith and honesty, wor- shipped by the Romans. Numa was the first who paid her divine houours. FIDICUL, a place of Italy. Val. Mar. 7, c. 6. FtDius Dius, a divinity by whom the Ro- mans generally swore. He was also called Sancus or Sanctus and Semipater, and he was solemnly addressed in prayers the :>th of June, which was yearly consecrated to his service. Ooid. Fast. 6. Varro de L. L. 4, c. 10. Dionyt. Hal. t & 9. FIHBKIA, a Roman officer who besieged Mi- thridates in Prytane, and failed in his attempts to take him prisoner. He was deserted by his troops for his cruelty, upon which he killed himself. Pint, in Lucitll. FIRMUM, now FEHMO, a town of Picenum on the Adriatic, the port of which was called Cas- tellum Firmanum. Cic. 8. Att. 12. Plin. 7, c. 8. Velleius I.e. 14. M. Fin MI its, a powerful native of Seleusia, who proclaimed himself empero", and was at last conquered by Aurelian. 267 FL FISCELLUS, a part of the Apennine mountains in Umbria. Ital. 8, v. 518. Fi ACELLIA, a Roman matron in Nero's age, &c. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 7. FLACCUS, a consul who marched against Sylla, and was assassinated by Fimbria. Plut. Vid. Valerias. A governor of Egypt who died A. D. 39. Verrius, a grammarian, tutor to the two grandsons of Augustus, and supposed author of the Capitoline mar- bles. J-'LIA FI.ACILLA, the mother of Arcadius and Honorius, was daughter of Antonius, a prefect of Gaul. FLAMINI A LEI agraria, by C. Flaminius, the tribune, A.TJ.C. 525. It required that the lands of Picenum, from which the Gauls Se- nones had been expelled, should be divided among the Roman people. FLAMINIA VIA, a celebrated road which led from Rome to Anminum and Aquileia. It re- ceived its name from Flaminius, who built it, and was killed at the battle of Thrasy menus against Anuibal. C. Fi,AMlNius, a Roman consul of a turbu- lent disposition, who was drawn into a battle near the lake of Thrasymenus, by the artifice of Annibal. He was killed in the engagement, with an immense number of Romans, B. C. 217. The conqueror wished to give a burial to his body, but it was not found in the heaps of slain. While tribune of the people, he propos- ed an Agrarian law against the advice of his friends, of the senate, and of his own father. Liv. 22, c. 3, %c.Polyb.Ftor. 2, c. 6. Val. Mai. 1 , c. 6. T.Q FI.AM!NIUS or FI.AMININUS, a cele- brated Roman raised to the consulship, A. U.C. 554. He was trained in the art of war against Annibal, and he shewed himself capable in every respect to discharge with honour the great office with which he was entrusted. He was sent at the head of the Roman troops against Philip, king of Macedonia, and in his expedition he met with uncommon success. The Greeks gradually declared themselves his firm- est supporters, and he totally defeated Philip on the confines of Epirus, and made all Locns, Phocis, and Thessaly, tributary to the Roman power. He granted peace to the conquered monarch, and proclaimed all Greece free and independent at the Isthmian games. This ce lebrated action procured the name of patrons of Greece to the Romans, and insensibly paved their way to universal dominion. Flaminius behaved among them with the greatest policy and by his ready compliance with their national customs and prejudices, he gained uncommon popularity, and received the name of father and deliverer of Greece. He was afterwards sent ambassador to king Prusias, who had given refuge to Annibal and there his prudence and artifice hastened out of the world a man whc had long been the terror of the Romans. Ha- minius was found dead in his bed, after a life spent in the greatest glory, in which he had imitated with success the virtues of his modi . F L Scipio. PJut. in vita. Fior. Lucius, the brother of the preceding, signalised himself in the wars of Greece. He was expelled from the senate for killing a Gaul, by Cato, his brother's colleague in the censorship, an action which was highly resented by Titus. Pint, in Flam. Calp. Flamma, a tribune, who at the head ef 300 men saved the Roman army in Sicily, B. C.258, by engaging the Carthaginians and cutting them to pieces. FLANATICUS SINUS, a hay of the Flanates in Libumia on the Adriatic, now the gulf of Car- iiero. Plin. 3, c. 19 & 21. FLAVIA LEX agraria, by L. Flayius, A. U. C. 693, for the distribution of a certain quantity of lands among Pompey's soldiers, and the com- mons. FLAVIANUM, a town of Etruria, on the Tiber, called also Flavinium. Virg. &n. 7, v. 696. FLAVINIA, a town of Latium, which assisted Turnus against jEneas. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 696. FLAVIUS, a senator who conspired with Piso against Nero, &c. Tacit. A tribune of the peop.'e deposed by ' J. Cassar. A Roman who informed Gracchus of the violent mea- sures of the senate against him. : A brother of Vespasian, &c. A tribune who wounded one of Annibal's elephants in an engagement. A schoolmaster at Rome in the age of Horace. 1 Sat. 6, v. 72. One of the names of the emperor Domitian. Inv. 4, v. 37. FLORA, the goddess of flowers and gardens among the Romans. She is the same as the Chloris of the Greeks. Some suppose that she was originally a common courtesan, who left to the Romans the immense riches which she had acquired by prostitution and lasciviousness, in remembrance of which a yearly festival was in- stituted in her honour. She was worshipped even among the Sabines, long before the foun- dation of Rome, and Tatius was the first who raised her a temple in the city of Rome. It is said that she married Zephyrus, and that she re- ceived from him the privileges of presiding over flowers, and of enjoying perpetual youth. [Vid. Flaralia.~\ She was represented as crowned with flowers, and holding in her hand the horn of plenty. Odd. Fast. 5, v. 19.5, $c. Vatro de R. R. 1. Lactant. 1. A celebrated courte- san, passionately loved by Pompey the Great. She was so beautiful, that when the temple of Castor am. rollu.t at Rome was adorned with paintings, her picture was drawn, and placed among the rest. Another courtesan, &c. Juv. 2, v. 49. FLORALIA, games in honour of Flora at Rome. Tbey were instituted about the age of Romulus, but they were not celebrated with re- gularity and proper attention till the year U. C. 580. They were observed yearly, and exhi- bited a scene of the most unbounded licentious- ness. It is reported that Cato wished once to be present at the celebration, and when he saw that the deference for his presence interrupted the feast, he retired, not choosing to be the pectator of the prostitution of naked women in a public theatre. This behaviour so captivated the Romans that the venerable senator was 268 F O treated with the most uncommon applause as ha retired. Val. Mai. 2, c. 10. Vurrode L. L. 1. Pateic. c. 1. Plin. 8. FLSRENTIA, a town of Italy, on the Arnus, now Florence, the capital of Tuscany. Tacit. Ami. 1, c.79. Flor. 3, c. 21. Plin. 3, c. 5. FI.ORIANUS, a man who wore the imperial porple at Rome only for two months, A. D. 276. FLORUS, L. Annaeus Julius, a Latin histo- rian of the same family which produced Seneca and Lucan, A. D. 116. He wrote an abridg- ment of Roman annals in four books, composed in a florid and poetical style, and rather a pane- gyric on many of the great actions of the Ro- mans, thnn a faithful and correct recital oi their history. He also wrote poetry, and entered the lists against the emperor Adrian, who sati- rically reproached him with frequenting taverns and places of dissipation. The best editions of Florus are Duker's, 2 vols. 8vo. L. Bat. 1722 & 1744 ; and that of J. Frid. Fischer, . 8vo. Lips. 1760. Julius, a friend of Horace, who accompanied Claudius Nero in his military ex- peditions. The poet has addressed two epistles to him. FLUONIA, a surname of Juno Lucina, who, under that appellation, was invoked by the Roman matrons to stop excessive dis- charges of blood. FOLIA, a woman of Ariminum, famous for her knowledge of poisonous herbs, and for her petu- lance. Horat. ep. 5, v. 42. FONS SOLIS, a fountain in the province of Cyrene, cool at mid- day, and warm at the rising and setting of the sun. Herodot. 4, c. 181. FONTANUS, a poet mentioned by Ovid. Pont, 4, el. 16. FONTEIA, a vestal virgin. Cic. FONTEIUS CAPITO, an intimate friend of Horace. 1 Sat. 5, v. 32. A Roman who raised commotions in Germany after the death of Nero. Tacit, Hist. 1, c. 7. A man who conducted Cleopatra into Syria by order of An- tony. Pint, in Ant. FORMIC, a maritime town of Campania, near Caieta. It was anciently the abode of the Lses- trygones, and it became known for its excellent wines, and was called Mamurrarum Urbs, from a family of consequence and opulence who lived there. Liv. 8, c. 14. 1. 58, c. 36. Harat. 1, od. 20, c. 11. 1. 3, od. 17. Sat. 1, 5, v. 37. Plin. 36, c. 9. FORMIANUM, a villa of Cicero near Formiae. Tacit. Ann. 16, c. 10. FORMIO, now Risano, a river of Istria, the an- cient boundary of Italy eastward, afterwards extended to the Arsia. Plin. 3, c. 18 & 19. FORNAX, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the baking of bread. Her festivals, called Fornacalia, were first instituted by Numa. Ovid, Fast. 2, v. 525. FORO APPI i, a people of Italy. Plin.3, c.5. FORTUNA, a powerful deity among the an- cients, daughter of Oceanus according to Ho- mer, or one of the Parcae according to Pindar. She was the goddess of fortune, and from her hand were derived riches and poverty, pleasures -md misfortunes, blessings and pains. She wa F O worshipped in different parts of Greece, and in Achaia her statue held die horn of plenty in one hand, and hat! a winged Cupid at its feet. lu Boeotia she had a statue which represented her as holding Plutus, the god of riches, in her arms to intimate that fortune is the source whence wealth and honours flow. Bupalus was the first who made a statue of Fortune for the people of Smyrna, and he represented her with the polar star upon her head, and the horn of plenty in her hand. The Romans paid parti- cular attention to the goddess of Fortune, and had no less than eight different temples erected to her honour in their city. Tullus Hostilius was the first who built her a temple, and from that circumstance it is easily known when her worship was first introduced among the Ro- mans. Her most famous temple in Italy was at Antium, in Latium, where presents and offer- ings were regularly sent from every part of the country. Fortune has been called Pherepolis, the protectress of cities, Acrea from her temple at Corinth on an eminence, aKjOOf. She was called Prjenestine at Praeneste inltaly, where she had also a temple. Besides, she was worshipped among the Romans under different names, such as Female Fortune, Virile Fortune, Equestrian, Peaceful, Virgin, &c. On the first of April, which was consecrated to Venus among the Romans, the Italian widows and marriageable yirgins assembled in the temple of Virile For- tune, and after burning incense and offering their garments, they entreated the goddess to hide from the eyes of their husbands whatever defects there might be on their bodies. The goddess of Fortune is represented on ancient monuments with a horn of plenty, and some- times two, in her hands. She is blindfolded, and generally holds a wheel in her hand, as an emblem of her inconstancy. Sometimes she ap- pears with wings, and treads upon the prow of a ship, and hold" a rudder in her hands. Dionys. Hal. 4. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 569. Pint, de fnrt. Rom. $ in Cor. Cic. de Div. 2. Liv. 10. Au- r'n de Cic. D. 4.Flor.l. Val. Mai. 1, c. LtUcmi. 2, ofc. FORT UN AT JE INSUI,JE, islands at the west of Mauritania in the Atlantic sea. They are sup- posed to be the Canary isles of the moderns, thought to be only two in number, at a little dis- tance one from the other, and 10,000 stadia from the shores of Lybia. They are represented as the seats of the blessed, where the souls of the virtuous were placed after death. The air was wholesome and temperate, the earth pro- duced an immense number of various fruits without the labours of men. When they had been described to Sertorius in the most en- chanting colours, that celebrated general ex- pressed a wish to retire thither, and to remove himself from the noise of the world, and the dangers of war. Strab.i. Pint, in Sertor. Uorat. 4, od. 8, v. 27. E/xxi. 16. FORULT, a town of the Sabines, built on a tony place. Strab. 5. Vlrg. JEn. 7, v. 7 14. FORUM \PPII, a town of Latium, on the Appia via. Cic. 1, Att. W.Horat. 1, sat. 3, ?. 3. Augustum, a place at Rome. Ovid. tts F R Fait. 5, v. 5J2. Alieni, a town of Italy, now Ferrari. Tacit. H. 3, c. 6. Aurelia, a town of Etruria, now Montalto. Cis. Cat. 1, c. 9. Claudii, another in Etruria, now Oriolo. Cor- nelii, another, now Imola, in the Pope's domi- nions. Plin. 3, c. 16. Cic. Fam. 12, ep. 5. Domitii, a town of Gaul, now Frontignan, in Languedoc. Voconii, a town of Gaul, now Gonsaron, between Antibes and Marseilles. Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 17. Lepidi, a town of ancient Gaul, south of the Po. -Popilii, another at the south of Ravenna, on the Adriatic. Fla- minii, a town of Umbria, now San Giavane. Plin. 3, c. 14. Gallorum, a town of Gaul Togata, now Castel Franco, in the Bolog- nese. Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 30. Also a town of Venice called Fnrojuliensis urbs, now Friuli. Cie. Fam. 12. ep. 26. Julium, a town of Gaul Narbonenses, now Frejiis, in Provence. Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 17. Strab. 4. Lebnorum, a town of Insubria. Polyb. Sempronii, a town of Umbria. FOSSA, the Straits of Bonifacio, between Cor- sica and Sardinia, called also Taphros. Plin. 3, c. 6. Drusi, or Drusiana, a canal eight muc in length, opened by Drusus from the Rhine to the Issel, below the separation of the Waal. Suet. Claud. 1. Tacit. Hist. 5, c. 23. Mari- ana, a canal cut by Marius from the Rhone to Marseilles during the Cimbrian war. Strab. 4. Mela, 2, c. 5. Foss* PHILISTINE, one of the mouths of the Po. Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 9. FRANCI, a people of Germany and Gaul, whose country was called Francia. Claudian. FRAUS, a divinity worshipped among the Ro- mans, daughter of Orcus and Night. She pre- sided over treachery, &c. FREGELLA, a famous town of Italy, de- stroyed for revolting from the Romans. Ital, 5, v. 452. FREGEN*., a town of Etruria. Plin. 3, v. 5. FRENTAXI, a people of Italy, near Apulia, who received their name from the river Frento, now Fortore, which runs through the eastern part of their country, and falls into the Adriatic, opposite the island of Diomede. P/i. 3, c. 11. Lin. 9. c. 45. Si/. 8, v. 520. FRKTUM (the sea), is sometimes applied by eminence to the Sicilian sea, or the straits of Messina. FRIGIDUS, a river of Tuscany. FRISII, a people of Germany, near the Rhine. FRONTO, a preceptor of M. Antoninus, by whom lie was greatly esteemed. Julius, a learned Roman, who was so partial to the com- pany of poets, that he lent them his house and gardens, which continually re-echoed the com- positions of his numerous visitors. Juv. 1. Sat. v. 12. SEX. JUL. FRONTINUS, a celebrated geome- trician, who made himself known by the books he wrote on aqueducts, and stratagems, dedi- cated to Trajan. He ordered at his death that no monument should be raised to his memory, saying, Memaria nostri dwabit, si vitam mervianu. The best edition of Frontinus is that of Oudeu- dorp, 8vo. L. Bat. 17T9. F U FRUC!MO a email town of Campania. Sil. 8, .S99. Fijclxus, a lake of Italy in the country of the Marsi, at the north of the Liris, attempted to be drained by }. Caesar, and afterwards by Claudius, by whom thirty thousand men were employed for eleven years to perforate a mountain to convey water into the Liris, but wi*l>. no permanent success. The lake, sur- rounded by a ridge of high mountains, is now- called Celano, and is supposed to be 47 miles in circumference, and not more than twelve feet deep on an average. Piin. 36, c. 15. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 56. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 759. FUFIDIUS, a wretched usurer, &c. Hnrat. \, Sat. 2. FUFIUS GEMINUS, a man greatly promoted by the interest of Livia, &c. Tacit. Ann. 5, c. 1&2. FULGINATES, a people of Umhna, whose chief town was Fulginum, now Foligiu>. Sil. It. 8, v. 462. Piin. 1, c. 4. 1. 3, c. 14. Q. FULGINUS, a brave officer in Caesar's le- gions, &c. Cas. Bell. Civ. FUI.GOHA, a goddess at Rome who presided over lightning. She was addressed to save her votaries from the effects of violent storms of thunder. Aug. de Civ. D. 6, c. 10. FULLINUM and FULGINUM, a small town of I'mbna. FULVIA I.EX, was proposed but rejected A. U. C. 628, by Flaccus Fulvius, It tended to make all the people of Italy citizens of Rome. FULVIA, a bold and ambitious woman, who married the tribune Clodius, and afterwaids Cu- rio, and at last M. Antony. She took a part in all the intrigues of her husband's triumvirate, nnd shewed herself cruel as well as revengeful. AY hen Cicero's head had been cut off by order of Antony, Fulvia ordered it to be brought to ner, and with all the insolence of barbarity, she bored the orator's tongue with her golden bod- kin. Antony divorced her to marry Cleopatra, upon which she attempted to avenge her wrongs, by persuading Augustus to take up arms against her husband. When this scheme, did not succeed, she raised a faction against Augustus, in which she engaged L. Antonius, her brother-in-law ; and when all her attempts proved fruitless, she retired into the east, where her husband received her with great coldness and indifference. This unkindness to- tally broke her heart, and she soon after died, about forty years before the Christian era. Plut. i?i Cic. i$f Anton. A woman who discovered toCiceiothe designs of Cataline upon his life. Pint, in Cic. FULVIUS, a Roman senator, intimate with Augustus. He disclosed the emperor's secrets to his wife, who made it public to all the Ro- man matrons, for which lie received so severe a reprimand from Augustus, that he and his wife hanged themselves in despair. A friend of C. Gracchus, who was killed in a sedition with his son. His body was thrown into the river, and bis widow was forbidden to put on mourn- ing for bis death. Plut. in Gracch. FULVIUS FLACCUS CF.NSOR, a Roman who 70 F 17 plundered a marble temple to Juno, to finish the building of one which he had erected to For- tune. He was always unhappy after this sacri lege. Liv. 25, c. 2. SER. FULVIUS NOBILIOR, a Roman consul who went to Africa after the defeat of Regulus. After he had acquired much glory against the Carthaginians, he was shipwrecked at his re- turn with 200 Roman ships. His grandson Marcus was sent to Spain, where he greatly signalized himself. He was afterwards re- warded with the consulship. FUNDANUS, a lake near Fundiin Italy, which discharges itself into the Mediterranean. Tacit. Hist. S, c. 69. FUNDI, a town of Italy near Caieta, on the Appian road, at the bottom of a small deep bay called Lacus Fundanus. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 34. Liv. 8,c. 148; 19- ' 38, c. 36. Piin. 3, 5. Cic. Rail. 2, c. 25. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 59 Strah. 5. FURI*-,, the three daughters of Nox and Acheron, or of Pluto and Proserpine, according to some. Vid. Eumenides. FURII, a family which migrated from Me- dullia in Latium, and came to settle at Rome under Romulus, and was admitted among the patricians. Camillus was of this family, and it was he who first raised it to distinction. Plut. in Camill. FURIA I.EX de Testamentis, by C. Furius the tribune. It. forbad any person to leave as a le- gacy more than a thousand asses, except to the relations of the master who manumitted, with a few more exceptions. Cic. 1. Ver. 42. Liv. 35. FURINA, the goddess of robbers, worshipped at Rome. Some say that she is the same as the Furies. Her festivals were called Furmeia. Cic. tie Nat. 3, c. 8- Farm de L. L. 5, c. 3. FUHINJE LACUS, a lake near which C. Grac- chus was slain. FURIUS, a military tribune with Camillus. He was sent against the Tuscans by his col league. A Roman slave who obtained hia freedom and applied himself with unremitted attention to cultivate a small portion of land which he had purchased. The uncommon fruits which lie reaped from his labours, rendered hia neighbours jealous of his prosperity. He waa accused before a Roman tribunal of witchcraft, but honourably acquitted. M. FURIUS BIBACULUP, a Latin poet of Cre- mona, who wrote annals in Iambic verse, and was universally celebrated for the wit and hu- mour of his expressions. It is said that Virgil imitated his poetry, and even borrowed some of his lines. Horace however has not failed to ri- dicule his verses. Quintil. 8, c. 6, &c. Horat. 2, Sat. 5, v. 40. FURNIUS, a man accused of adultery with Claudia Pulchra, and condemned, &c. Tacit. Hist. 4, v. 52. A friend of Horace, who was consul, and distinguished himself by hi? elegant historical writings. 1 Sat. 10, v. 36. ARIST. Fuscus, a friend of Horace, as con- spicuous for the integrity and propriety of his manners, as for his learning and abilities. The FU poet addressed his n Od. Lib. \ t and 1 /->. 10, to him. Corn, a praetor, sent by Domitian nguiust the Daci, where he perished. Juv. 4, v. 112. FUSIA LEX de Comitiis, A. U. C. 527, forbad any business to be transacted at the public as- semblies on certain days, though among the fasti. Another, A. U. C. 690, which or- "dained that the votes in a public assembly, hould be given separately. PU Ft sii , a Roman orator. Cic. i. de Oral. c . 22. A Roman, killed in Gaul while ho presided there over one of the provinces. Cat. bell. G. 7, c. 3. A Roman actor, whom Ho race ridicules. 2 Sat. 3, v. 60. He intoxicated himself ; and when on the stage he fell asleep whilst he personated Ilione, where he ought to have been roused and moved by the cries of a ghost ; but in vain. GA /-^ABALES, a people of Aquitain. Plin. 4, VI c. 19. GABAZA, a country of Asia, near Sogdiana. Curt. 8, c. 4. GABELLUS, now La Seccfca, a river falling in a northern direction into the Po, opposite the Mincius. Plin. 3, c. 16. GABENE and GABIENE, a country of Prrsia. Diod. 19. GABIENUS, a friend of Augustus, beheaded by order of Pompey. It is maintained that he poke after death. GABII, a ciiy of the Volsci, taken by the artifice of Sextus, the sou of Tarquin, who gained the confidence of the inhabitants, by deserting to them, and pretending that his father had ill-treated him. Romulus and Re- mus were educated there, as it was the custom at that time to send there the young nobility, and Juno was the chief deity of the place. The inhabitants had a peculiar mode of tuck- ing up their dress, whence Gabintis iinctut. Virg. Jn. 6, v. 773. 1. 7, v. 612 s than 300 volumes, the greatest part of which were burnt in the temple of Peace at Rotn e OA where they had been deposited. Galenus con- fessed himself greatly indebted to the writings of Hippocrates, for his medical knowledge, and bestowed great encomiums upou him. To the diligescs, application, and experiments of those two celebrated physicians, the modems are indebted for many useful discoveries ; yet., often their opinions are ill-grounded, their conclusions hasty, and their reasoning false. What remains of the works of Galen, has been published, without a Latin translation, in 5 vols. fol. Basil, 1538. Galen was like- wise edited, together with Hippocrates, by Charterius, 13 vols. fol. Paris 1679, but very incorrect. GALEOL*, certain prophets in Sicily. Cic. GALERIA, one of the Roman tribes. The wife of Vitellius. Cesar. Tacit . Hist, f, c. 60. Faustina, the wife of the emperor Anto- ninus Pius. GAI.EIUUS, a native of Dacia, made empe- ror of Rome, by Diocletian. Vid. Marimianus. GALESUS, a river of Calabri;i, flowing into the bay of Tareutum. The poets have cele- brated it for the shady groves in its neighbour- hood, and the fine sheep which feed on its fer- tile banks. Virg. G. 4, v. 12rt. Hsrat. 2, od. 6, v. 10. A rich person of Latiuin, killed as he attempted to make a reconciliation between the Trojans and Rutulians, when Ascauias had killed the favourite stag of Tyrrheus; which was the preiude of all the enmiiies between i.he hostile nations. Virg. .. 7, v. 535. GALILSA, a celebrated country of Syria. GALINTHIADIA, a festival at Thebes, in honour of Galinthias, a daughter of Pruetus. It was celebrated before the festival of Her- ules, by whose orders it was first instituted. GALLI, a nation of Europe, naturally tierce, And inclined to war. They were very super- stitious ; and in their sacrifices they often im- molated human victims. In some places, they had large statues made with twigs, which they filled with men, and reduced to ashes. They believed themselves descended from Pluto; and from that circumstance they always reckoned their time, not by the days, as other nations, but by the nights. Their ousequies were splen- did ; and not only the most precious things, but even slaves and oxen, were burnt on the funeral piles. Children, among them, never appeared in the presence of their fathers, before they were able to bear arms in the defence of their country. CVs. ML G. Strab. Tacit. Vtd, Gallia. The priests of Cybele, who received that name from the river Gallus, in Phrygia, where they celebrated the festivals. They mutilated themselves, before they were admitted to the priesthood, in imitation of Atvs, tte fa- vourite of Cybele. [Vid. Atys.~\ "The chief among them was called Archigallus. Vid. Co- ryliaHtes, Dactyli, $c. Diod. 4. Odd. Fast. 4, v 36. Lucan. 1, v. 466. -Lucian. <cs.beil. GalL Pans. 7, c. 6. Strab. 5, &c. GALLICANUS MONS, a mountain of Cam- pania. GALLIC us ACER, was appUed to die country between Picenum and Auminum, when it was divided among the Roman citizens. Liv. 23, c. 14. 1. 39, c. 44- Cic. Cat. 2. Cfs. Civ. 1. c. 29. Sinus, a part of the Mediterranean on the coast of Gaul, no-v called the gulf of Lyons. GALLIENUS, Publ. Lucinius, a son of th emperor Valerian. He reigned conjointly with his father for seven years, ascended die throne as sole emperor. A. D. 260. In his youth, he showed his activity and military character G A in an expedition against the Germans and Sarmatae ; but when he came to the purple, he delivered himself up to pleasure and in- dolence. His time was spent in the greatest debauchery : and he indulged himself in the grossest and most lascivious manner, and his palace displayed a scene, at once of ef- feminacy and shame, voluptuousness and im- morality. Ho often appeared with his hair powdered with golden dust: and enjoyed tranquillity at home, whi'e his provinces abroad were torn by civil quarrels and se- ditions. He heard o<" the loss of a rich pro- vince, and of the exe:ution of a malefactor, with the same indifference ; and when he was apprized that Egypt had revolted, he only ob- served, that he could live without the pro- duce of Egypt. He was of a disposition naturally inclined to raillery and the ridicule of others. When his wife had been deceived by a jeweller, Gallienus ordered the malefactor to be placed in the circus, in expectation of being exposed to the ferocity of a lion. While the wretch trembled at the expectation of in- stant death, the executioner, by order of the emperor, let loose a capon upon him. An un- common laugh was raised upon tliis, and the emperor observed, that he who deceived others, should expect to be deceived himself. In the midst of these ridiculous diversions, Gallienus was alarmed by the revolt of two of his officers, who had assumed the imperial purple. This intelligence roused him from his lethargy ; he marched against his antagonists, and put all the rebels to the sword, without showing the least favour either to rank, sex, or age. These cruelties irritated the people and the army ; emperors were elected, and no less than thirty tyrants aspired to the imperial purple. Gallienus resolved boldly to oppose his adversaries ; but in the midst of his pre- parations, he was assassinated at Milan by some of his officers, in the 50th year of his age, A. D. 268. GALLINARIA SYLVA, a wood near Cumae in Italy, famous as being the retreat of robbers. Juv. 3, v. 307. GALLIPOLIS, a fortified town of the Salen- tines, on the Ionian sea. GALLOGRSCIA, a country of Asia Minor, near Bithynia and Cappadocia. It was in- habited by a colony of Gauls, who assumed the name of Gallograeci, because a number of Greeks had accompanied them in their emigra- tion.' Strab. 2. C. GALLONIUS, a Roman knight appoiuted overGades, &c. P. GALLONIUS, a luxurious Roman, who. as was observed, never dined well, because he was never hungry. Cic. de Fin. 2, c. 8 &28. GALLUS. Vid. Alectryon. A general of Otho, &c. Plat. A lieutenant of Sylla. -An officer of M. Antony, &c. Caius, a friend of tiie >. at Africauiu, famous for Lis knowledge of astr< nomy, and his exact calcu- lations of eclipses. Cic. de Senect. -'Elius, the third governor of Egypt in Ae age of 274 G A Augustus. -Cornelius, a Roman knight, who rendered himself famous by his poetical as well as military talents. He was passion- ately fond of the slave Lycoris or Cytheris, and celebrated her beauty in his poetry. She proved ungrateful, and forsook him to follow M. Antony, which gave occasion to Virgil to write his tenth eclogue. Gallus, as well as other poets of his age, was in the- favour of Augustus, by whom he was appointed over Egypt. He became forgetful of the favours he received ; he pillaged the province, and eveu conspired against his benefactor, according to some accounts, for which he was banished by the emperor. This disgrace operated so powerfully upon him, that he killed himself in despair, A. D. 26. Some few fragments re- main of his poetry, and it seems that he par- ticularly excelled in elegiac composition. It is said, that Virgil wrote an eulogium on his poetical friend, and inserted it at the end of his Georgics ; but that he totally suppressed it, for fear of offending his imperial patron, of whose favours Gallus had shown himself so undeserving, and instead of that he substituted the beautiful episode about Aristaeus and Eurydice. This eulogium, according to some, was suppressed at the particular desire of Augustus. Qiuntil. 10, c. l. Virg. Eel. 6 & 10. Ovid. Amat. 3, el. 15, v. 29. Vibius Gallus, a celebrated orator of Gaul, in the age of Augustus, of whose orations Seneca has preserved some fragments. A Roman, who assassinated Decius, the emperor, and raised himself to the throne. He showed himself indolent and cruel, and beheld with the greatest indifference the revolt of his pro- vinces, and the invasion of his empire by the barbarians. He was at last assassinated by his soldiers, A. D. 253. Flavius Claudius Constandnus, a brother of the emperor Julian, raised to the imperial throne under the title of Caesar, by Constantiuc his relation. He con- spired against his benefactor, and was publicly condemned to be beheaded, A. D. 354. A small river ot Phry^ia. GAMAXIJS, an Indian prince, brought in chains before Alexander for revolting. GAMBLIA, a surname of Juno, as Gamelius was of Jupiter, on account of their presiding over marriages. A festival privately ob- served at three different times. The first was the celebration of a marriage, the second was in commemoration of a birth-day, and the third was an anniversary of the death of a person. GANDARIT*, an Indian nation. GANGAMA, a place near the Palus Maeotis. GANGARID*, a people near the mouths of the Ganges. They were so powerful that Alexander did not dare to attack them. Some attributed this to the weariness and indolence of bis troops. Justin. 12, c. 8. Curt. 9, c. 2. Virg. n.3,\. 27. GANGES, a large river of India, falling into the Indian ocean. It inundates the adjacent country in the summer. Like other rivers it was held in the greatest veneration by th G A inhabitants, and this superstition may be said to exist still in some particular instances. !strab, 5. Plin. 6, c. 87. Curt. 8, c. 9 Mela, 3, c. 7.Virg. JEn. 9, v. 51. GANNASCUS, an ally of Rome, put to death by Corbulo, the Roman general, &c. Tacit. Ann. 11, c. 18. GANYMEDE, a goddess, better known by the name of Hebe. Pans. 2, c. 13. GANYMEDES, a beautiful youth of Phry- gia, son of Tros, and brother to Ilus and Assacarus. According to Lucian, he was son of Dardanus. He was taken up to heaven by Jupiter, as he was hunting, or rather tending his father's flocks on mount Ida, and he be- came the cup-bearer of the gods in the place of Hebe. Some say that he was carried away by an eagle, to satisfy the shameful and un- natural desires of Jupiter. He is generally re- presented sitting on the back of a flying eagle in the air. Pans. 5, c. 24. Homer. II. 20. firg. JEn. 5, v. 2.52. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 155. Horat. 4, od. 4. GAR/trlcuM, a town of Africa. GARAMANTES, a people in die interior parts of Africa, now called the dosnrts of Zuara. They lived in common, and scarce clothed themselves, on account of the warmth of their climate. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 198. 1. 6, v. 795. Lncan. 4, v. 334 St-ab. 2. Plin. 5, c.JB.^ GARAMANTIS, a nymph who became mother o/ larbas, Phileus, and Pilumpus, by Jupiter. I'irg. JEn, 4, v. 198. GARAMAS, a king of Libya, whose daugh- ter was mother of Ammon by Jupiter. GARATAS, a river of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 4-i. G AREAT*, a people of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 45. GARKATHYRA, a town of Cappadocia. Str&b. 12. GARGANUS, a lofty mountain of Apulia, which advances in the form of a promontory into the Adriatic sea. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 257". Lncan. 5, v. 880. GARGAPHIA, a valley near Platasa, with a fountain of the same name, where Actaeon was- torn to pieces by his dogs. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 156. GARGARA, a town of Troas, near mount Ida, famous for its fertility. Vtrg. G. 1, v. 103. GARGARIS, a king of the Curetes, who first found the manner of collecting honey. He had a son by his daughter, whom he at- tempted in vain to destroy. He made him his t accessor. Js tin. 44, c. 44. GARGETTUS, a village of Attica, the birth- 1 lace of Epicurus. Cic. Fam. 15, ep. 16. GARILIUS MARTIALIS, an historian. A celebrated hunter. Horat. 1, ep. 6, v. 57. GARGITTIUS, a dog which kept Ge.ryon's docks. He was killed by Hercules. GARITES, a people of Aquitain, in Gaul. GARUMNAS, a river of Gaul, now called Garonne, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, an> separating Gallia Celtica from Aquiiania. 275 GE It falls into the hay of Biscay, and haa com- munication with the Mediterranean by tiia canal of Languedoc. Mela, 3, c. 2. GASTRON, a general of Lacedaemor, &c. Potyen. 2. GATHEJE, a town of Arcadia. Paiu. 8, c. 34. GATHEATAS, a river of Arcadia. Id. ib. GAUGAMELA, a village near Arbela, be- yond the Tigris where Alexander obtained his third victory over Darius. Curt. 4, c. 9. Strab. 2 Sc 16. GAULUS and GAULBON, an island ia the Mediterranean sea opposite Libya. It pro- duces no venomous creatures. Plin. 3, c.'8. GAURUS, a mountain of Campania, famous for its wines. Lucan. 2, v. 667. GAOS and GAOS, a man who followed the interest of Artaxerxes, from whom he re- volted, and by whom he was put to death. Diad. 15 GAZA, a famous town of Palestine, which Alexander took after a siege of two months. Diad. 17. GEBKNNA, a town and mountain of Gaul. Lncan. 1 , v. 435. GEORUSIA, a barren province of Persia. Strab. 2. GEGANTI, a family of Alba, part of which migrated to Rome, under Romulus. One of the daughters called Gegania was the first of the vestals created by Numa. Plut. in Num. GL>, a town on the southern parts of Sicily, about ten miles from the sea, according to Ptolemy, which received its name from a small river in the neighbourhood, called Gelas. It was built by a Rhodian and Cretan colony, 713 years before the Christian era. After it had continued in existence 404 years, Phin- tias, tyrant of Agrigentum, carried the in- habitants to Phintias, a town in the neighbour- hood, which he had founded, and he em- ployed the stones of Gela to beautify his own city. Phintias was also calle.i Gela. The in- habitants were called Gelenses, Geloi, and Gelaui. Virg. JEn. ?-, v. 702. Pans. 8, c. 46. GEI.ANOR, a king cf Argos, who succeeded his father, and was deprived of his kingdom by Danaus the Egyptian. Pans. 2, c. 16. Vid. Danaus. GELLIA CQRNELIA LEX, de Civitate, by L. Gellius and Cn. Cornel. Lentulus, A. U. C. 681. It enacted that all those who had been presented with the privilege cf citizens of Rome by Pompey, should remain in the possession of that liberty. GELLIAS, a native of Agrientum, famous for his munificence and his hospitality. Diad 13. Val. Mai. 4, c. 8. GELLIUS, a censor, &c. Plui. in Pomp. A consul who defeated a party of Germans, in the interest of Spartacus. P/ut. AULUS GELLIUS, a Roman grammarian in the age of M. Antonius, about 130 A. D. He published a work which he called Nodes Attica., because he composed it at Athens during the long nights of the winter. It ia a T2 GE collection of incongruous matter, which con- tains many fragment* from the antient wri- ters, and often serves to explain antique monu- menta. It was originally composed for the im- provement of his children, aiid abounds with many grammatical remarks. The best edi- tions of A. Gellius are, that of Gronovius, 4to. L. Bat. 1706, and that of Coniad. 2 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1762. GELO and GELON, a son of Diomenes, who made himself absolute at Syracuse, 491 years before the Christian era. "He conquered the Carthaginians at Himera, and made his op- pression popular by his great equity and moderation. He reigned seven years and his death was universally lamented at Syracuse. He was called the father of his people, and the patron of liberty, and honoured as a demi-god. His brother Hiero succeeded Lim. Puiw. 8, c. 42. Herodot.7, c. 1.53, &c. Dial. 11. A man who attempted to poison Pyrrhus. A governor of Boeotia. A son of Hiero the younger. POIAS. 6, c. 9. A general of Pho- cis, destroyed with his troops by the Thes- salians. Pans. 10, c. 1. GELOI, the inhabitants of Gela. Virg. JZn. 3, T. 701. GELONES and GELONI, a people of Scythia, inured from their youth to labour and fa- tigue. They paint themselves to appear more terrible in battle. They were descended from Gelonus, a son of Hercules. Virg. G. 2, v. 15. n. 8, v. 72.5. Mela, 1, c. 1. -GELOS, a port of Caria. Mela, 1, c. 16. GBM!NIUS, a Roman, who acquainted M. Antony with the situation of his affairs ac Rome, &c. An inveterate enemy of Ma- rius. He seized the person of Marius, and carried him to Minturnae. Pint, in Mori'. A friend of Pompey, from whom he re- ceived a favourite mistress called Flora. Pllit. GEMINUS, an astronomer and mathema- tician of Rhodes, B. C. 77. GENABUM, a town of Gaul now Orleans, on the Loire. Ctes. B. C. 7, c. 3.Lucan. \, v. 440. GE.VAUNI, a people of Vindelicia. Herat. 4, cd. 14, v. 10. GENNA, an ancient, populous, and well fortified city in the country of the Allo- broges. GENETS, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the Argonauts, &c. Flare. 3, v. 45. GENIUS, a spirit or daemon, which according .o the ancients, presided over the birth and Ife of every man. Vid. Daemon. GBNSERIC, a famous Vandal prince, who passed from Spain to Africa, where he took Carthage. He laid the foundation of the Vandal kingdom in Africa, and in tl:e course of his military expeditions invaded Italy, and sacked Rome in July 455. GBNTIUS, a king of Illyricum, who im- prisoned the Roman ambassadors at the re- quest of Pereeua king of Macedonia. This 275 r, E offence was highly resented by the Romans, and Gentius was conquered by Aiiicius, and led in triumph with his family, B. C. 169. Lia. 43, c. 19, &c. GENUA, a celebrated town of Liguria, which Annibal destroyed. It was rebuilt by the Ro- mans. Lin. 21, c. 32. GENUCIUS, a tribune of the people. A consul. GENUSUS, a river of Macedonia, falling into the Ionian sea, near Apollonia. Lucan. 5, v. 462. GENUTIA LKX, de magistratibits, by L. Genu- tius the tribune, A. U. C. 411. It ordained that no person should exercise the same magistracy within ten years, or be invested with two offices in one year. GEOHGICA, a poem of Virgil in four books. The first treats of ploughing the ground ; the second of sowing it ; the third speaks of the management of cattle, &c. ; and in the fourth, the poet gives an account of bees, and of the manner of keeping them among the Romans. The word is derived from yta, terra, and tpyov, opus, because it par- ticularly treats of husbandry. The work is dedicated to Maecenas, the great patron of poetry, in the age of Virgil. The author was seven years in writing and polishing it, and in that composition he showed low much he ex- celled all other writers He imitated HcsioJ who wrote a poem nearly on the same subject, called Opera ct Oies. GEORGIUS, Pisida. Fid. Pisida. GEPHYRA, one of the cities of the Seleucid* in Syria. Strab. 9. GEPH YR^I, a people of Phoenicia, who passed with Cadmus into Boeotia, and from thence into Attica. Herodot. 5, v. 57. GERANIA, a mountain between Megara and Corinth. GERA.NTHR.C, a town of Laconia. Pau*. 3, c. 2. GERESTICUS, a harbour of Teios, in Ionia. Liv. 37, c. 27. GERGITHUM, a town near Cuma?, in ^Ex>lia, Plin. 5. c. 30. GERo5BiA, a town of Gaul. GERION, an ancient augur. GBRMANIA, an extensive country of Europe, at the east of Gaul. Its inhabitants were war- like, fierce, and uncivilized, and always proved a watchful enemy against the Romans! Cssar first entered their country, but he rather checked their fury than conquered them. His example was followed by bis imperial successors or their generals, who sometimes entered the country to chastise the insolence of the inhabitants. The ancient Germans were very superstitious, and, in many instances, their religion was the same as that of their neighbours, the Gauls ; whence some have concluded that these two nations were of the same origin. They paid uncommon respect to their women, who, as they believed, were euduweu with something more than human. They built no temples to their GE gods, and paid great attention to the heroes and warriors which their country had produced. Their rude institutions gradually gave rise to the laws and manners which still prevail in the countries of Europe, which their arms invaded or conquered. Tacitus, in whose age even letters were unknown among them, observed their customs with nicety, and has delineated them with the genius of an historian, and the reflection of a philosopher. Tacit, de Morib. Germ.Meia, 1, c. 3> I. 3, c. 3. Os. Bell. G. GERMAMCUS CJESAR, a son of Drusus and Antonia, the niece of Augustus. He was adopted by his uncle Tiberius, and raised to the most important offices of the state. When his grandfather Augustus died, he was employed in a war in Germany, and the affection of the soldiers unanimously saluted him emperor. He refused the unseasonable honour, and ap- peased the tumult which his indifference had occasioned. He continued his wars in Ger- many, and defeated the celebrated Arminius, and was rewarded with a triumph at his return to Rome. Tiberius declared him emperor of the east, and sent him to appease the seditions of the Armenians, But the success of Ger- manicus in the east, was soon looked upon with an envious eye by Tiberius, and his death was meditated. He was secretly poisoned at Daphne, near Antioch, by Piso, A.D. 19, in the ,34th year of his age. The news of his death was received with the greatest erief, and the most bitter lamentations, and Tiberius seemed to be the only one who rejoiced in the fall of Germanicus. He had married Agrippina, oy whom he had nine children ; one of whom, Caligula, disgraced the name of his illustrious father. Germanicus has been commended, not only for his military accomplishments, but also for his learning, humanity, and extensive bene- volence. In the midst of war, he devoted some moments to study ; and he favoured the world with two Greek comedies, some epigrams, and a translation of Aratus, in Latin verse. Siietan. This name was common in the age of the emperors, not only to those who had ob- tained victories over the Germans, but even to those who had entered the borders of their country at the head of an army. GBRMANII, a people of Persia. Ferodot. 1, c. 125. GEHUH*. a people of Scythia, in whose country the Borysthenes rises. The kings of Scythia were generally buried in their territo- ries. Id. 4, c. 71. GERUS and GERRHUS, a river of Scythia. Id. 4, c. 56. GEHONTHR.E, a town of Laconia, where a yearly festival, called Geroutheea, was observed in honour of Mars. The god had there a tem- plf , with a grove, into which no woman was permitted to enter during the time of the so- >emnity. Pans. Lacan. GERYON and GERYONES, a celebrated mon- ster, born from the union of Chrysaor with Cal- lirhoe, and represented by the poets as having three bodies and three heads. He lived in the island of Gades, where he kept numerous flocks, "277 GI which were guarded by a two-headed dog, called Orthos, and by Eurythion. Hercules, by order of Eurystheus went to Gades, and destroyed Geryon, Orthos, and Eurythion, and carried away all his flocks and herds to Tirynthus. Hesiod. Theog. 187. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 661. 1. 8, v. 202. Ital. 1, v. 277. GESSORIACI'M, a town of Gaul, now Boulogne, in Picardy. GESSUS, a river of Ionia. GESSATX, a people of Gallia Togata. Pint, in Marcell. GET A, a man who raised seditions at Homo in Nero's reign, &c. Tacit. Hist 2, c. 72. Septimius, a son of the emperor Severus, brother to Caracalla. In the eighth year of his age, he was moved with compassion at the fate of some of the partisans of Niger and Albinus, who had been ordered to be executed ; and his father, struck with Ids humanity, retracted his sen- tence. After his father's death he reigned at Rome, conjointly with his brother ; but Cara- calla, who envied his virtues, and was jealous of his popularity, ordered him to be poisoned ; and when this could not be effected, he mur- dered him in the arms of hLs mother Julia, who in the attempt of defending the fatal blows from his body, received a wound in her arm, from the hand of her son, the 28th of March, A.D. 212. Geta had not reached the 23d year of his age, and the Romans had reason to la- ment the death of so virtuous a prince, while they groaned under the cruelties and oppression of Caracalla. GET*, a people of European Scythia, near the Daci. Ovid, who was banished in their country, describes them as a savage and warlike nation. Ovid- de Pont. Trist. 5, el. 7, v. 111. Strab. 7. . GETULIA. Vid. Gaetulia. GIGANTES, the sons of Ccelus and Terra, who, according to Hesiod, sprang from the blood of the wound which Ccelus received from his son Saturn ; whilst Hyginus calls them sons of Tar tarus and Terra. They are represented as mea of uncommon stature, with strength propor- tioned to their gigantic size. Some of them, as Cotms, Briarcus, and Gy^es, had 50 heads and 100 arms, and serpents instead of legs. They were of a terrible aspect, their hair hung loose about their shoulders, and their beard was suffered to grow untouched. Pallene, and ita neighbourhood, was the place of their residence. The defeat of the Titans, to whom they were nearly related, incensed them against Jupiter, and they ail conspired to dethrone him. The god was alarmed, and called all the deities to assist him against a powerful enemy, who made use of rocks, oaks, and burning wcods for their weapons, and who had already heaped mount Ossa upon Pelion, to scale with more facility the walls of heaven. At the sight of such dreadful adversaries, the gods fled with the greatest consignation into Egypt, where they assumed the shape of different animals, to screen themselves from their pursuers. Jupiter, however, remembered that they were not invin- cible, provided he called a mortal to his atus- G L ance ; and by the advice of Pallas, he armed liis son Hercules in his cause. With the aid of this celebrated hero, the giants were soon put to flight and defeated. Some were crushed to pieces under mountains, or buried in the sea ; and others were flayed alive, or beaten to death with clubs. (Vid.Enceladus,Aloides, Por- phyrion, Typhon, Qtus, Titanes, &c.) The exist- ence of giants has been supported by all the writers of antiquity, aud received as an undeni- able truth. Homer tells us, that Tityus, when extended on the ground, covered nine acres ; and that Polyphemus ate two of the compa- nions of Ulysses at once, and walked along the shores of Sicily, leaning on a staff, which might h"e served for the mast of a ship. The Grecian heroes, during the Trojan war, and Turaus in Italy, attacked their enemies by throwing stones, which four men of the succeed- ing ages would be unable to move. Plutarch also mentions, in support of the gigantic sta- ture, that Sertorius opened the grave of Antaeus in Africa, and found a skeleton, which mea- sured sixty cubits in length. Apollod. 1, c. 6. Pans. 8, c.2, &c. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 151. F/ut. in Sertor.Hijgin. fab. 28, &c. Homer. Od. 7 &i IQ. Virg.'G. 1, v. 280, &c. GlGAHTUM, a town of Phoenicia. GIG is, one of the female attendants of Pary- satis, who was privy to the poisoning of Statira. Pint, in Artax. GILDO, a governor of Africa, in the reign of Arcadius. He died A. D. 398. GILLO, an infamous adulterer, in. Juvenal's age. Juv. 1, v. 40. ' GINDANES, a people of Lybia, who feed on the leaves of the lotus. Herod. 4, c. 176. GINDES, a river of Albania, flowing into the Cyrus. Another of Mesopotamia. Tibull. 4, eLl, v. 141. GINGE. Vid. Gigis. GINGUNUM, a mountain of Umbria. GIPPIUS, a Roman, who pretended to sleep, that his wife might indulge her adulterous pro- pensities, &c. Gisco, son of Hamilcon the Carthaginian general, was banished from Carthage, by the influence of his enemies. He was afterwards recalled, and empowered by the Carthaginians to punish, in what manner he pleased, those who had occasioned his banishment. He was satisfied to see them prostrate on the ground, and to place his foot on their neck, shewing that independence and forgiveness are two of the most brilliant virtues of a great mind. He was made a general soon after, in Sicily, against the Corinthians, about 309 years before the Christian era ; and by his success and intre- pidity, he obliged the enemits of his country to sue for peace. GLADIATORII LUDI, combats originally ex- hibited on the grave of deceased persons at Rome. They were first introduced at Rome, j by the Bruti, upon the death of their father. A.TJ.C. 488. It was supposed that the ghosts of the dead were rendered propitious by human blood, therefore at funerals it was usual to | . rdtr slave* in cool blood. IM succeeding [ S78 GL ages, it was reckoned less cruel to oblige them to kill one another like men, than to slaughter them like brutes ; therefore the barbarity WM covered by the specious show of pleasure and voluntary combat. Originally captives, crimi- nals, or disobedient slaves, were trained up for combat ; but when the diversion became more frequent, and was exhibited on the smallest occasion, 10 procure esteem and popularity, many of the Roman citizens enlisted themselves among the gladiators ; and Nero, at one show, exhibited no less than 400 senators and 600 knights. The people were treated with these combats, not only by the great and opulent, but the very priests had their Ludi pmtijicates, and Ludi sacerdotales. tt is supposed that there were no more than three pair of gladiators ex- hibited by the Bruti. Their numbers, however, increased with the luxury and power of the city; and the gladiators became so formid- able, that Spartacus, one of their body, had the courage to take up arms, and the success to defeat the Roman armies, only with a train of his fellow-sufferers. The more prudent of the Romans were sensible of the dangers which threatened the state, by keeping such a number of desperate men in arms ; and therefore many salutary laws were proposed to limit their number, as well as to settle the time in whicb the show could be exhibited with safety and convenience. Under the emperors, not only senators and knights, but even women engaged among the gladiators, and seemed to forget the inferiority of their sex. When there were to be any shows, hand-bills were circulated to give notice to the people, and to mention the placo, number, time, and every circumstance requisite to be known. Wlun they were first brought upon the arena, they walked round the place with great pomp and solemnity, and after that they were matched in equal pairs with great nicety. They first had a skirmish with wooden foils, called mdes, or anna lusorio. After this, the effective weapons, such as swords, daggers, &c. called artna. decretorin, were given them, and the signal for the engagement was given by the sound of a trumpet. As they had all previously sworn to fight till death, or suffer death in the most excruciating torments, the fight was bloody and obstinate, and when or a signified his submission by surrendering his arms, the victor was not permitted to grant him his life, without the leave and approbation of the multitude. This was done by clenching the fingers of both hands between each other, and holding the thumbs upright close together, or by bending back their thumbs. The first of these was called pollicem premere, aud signified the wish of the people to spare the life of the conquered. The other sign, called pollicem ver- tere, signified their disapprobation, and ordered the victor to put his antagonist to death. The victor was generally rewarded with a palm, and other expressive marks of the people's favour. He >vas most commonly presented with a pileus and rudis. When one of the combatants received a remark-able wound, the people ex- claimed hubet, and expressed their concern by GL shouts. The combats of gladiators were some times different, either in weapons or dress, whence they were generally distinguished into the following orders : The secutores were armed with a sword and buckler, to keep off the net of their antagonists, the retiarii. These last en- deavoured to throw their net over the head < f their antagonist, and in that manner to entangle him, and prevent him from striking. If this did not succeed, they betook themselves to flight. Their dress was a short coat, with a hat tied under the chin with broad ribbon. They bore a trident in their left hand. The Threces, origi- nally Thracians, were armed with a faulchion, and small xound shield. Th Murmilloiies, called also Galli, from their Gallic dress, were much the same as the seciitores. They were, like them, armed with a sword, and on 'the top of their head-piece they wore the figure of a fish embossed, called ^op/*upo, whence their name. The Hoplomachi were completely armed from head to foot, as their name implies. The Samnites, armed after the manner of the Sam- nites, wore a large shield, broad at the top, and growing more narrow at the bottom, more conveniently to defend the upper parts of the body. The Essedarii, generally fought from the essednm, or chariot used by the ancient Gauls and Britons. The Andabata , ava.f3a.Tai, fought on horseback, with a helmet that covered and defended their faces and eyes. Hence anJala- tarurn mare pugnure, is to fight blind-folded. The meridiani, engaged in the afternoon. The postulatitii, were men of great skill and expe- rience, and such as were generally produced by the emperors. 1'hejiscules were maintained out of the emperor's treasury, jiscus. The dimachtfri fought with two swords in their hands, whence their name. After these cruel exhibitions had been continned for the amusement of the Roman populace, they were abolished by Constantine the Great, near 600 years after their first insti- tution. They were, however, revived under the reign of Constautius and his two successors, but Honorius for ever put an end to these cruel barbarities. GLANIS, a river of Cums. Of Iberia. Of Italy. Itat. 8, v. 4:54. GLAFHYRK and GLAPHYRA, a daughter of Archelaus, the high priest of Bellona, in Cap- padocia, celebrated for her beauty and intrigues. She obtained the kingdom of Cappadocia for her two sons from M. Antony, whom she cor- rupted by defiling the bed of l.er husband. Tliis amour of Antony with Glaphyra, highly displeased his wife Fulvia, who wished Au- gustus to avenge his infidelity, by receiving from her the same favours which Glaphyra re- ceived from Antony. Her grand-daughter bore the same name. She was a daughter of Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, and married Alexander, a son of Herod, by whom she had two sons. After the death of Alexandei, she married her brother-in-law Archelaus. Gi.APHYRus, a famous adulterer. Juv. 6, v. 77. GLAUCK, the wife of Actwus, daughter of Cychrajus. Apollad. A daughter of Creon, 2T9 GL who married Jason. [Fid. Cr*.~] On of the Danaides. Ajjolloel. GI.AUCIPPE, one of the Danaides. Apcll^L GLAUCJPPUS, a Greek, who wrote a trea- tise concerning the sacred rites observed at Athens. GLAUCON, a writer of dialogues at Athens. Ding, in vita. GLAUCONOME, one of the Nereides. GI.AUCOPIS, a surname of Minerva, from the blue-ness of her eyes. GT.AUCUS, a son of Hippolochus, the son of Bellerophon. He assisted Priam in the Tro- jan war, and had the simplicity to exchange his golden suit of armour with Diomedes for an iron one, whence came the proverb of ' Gl-.uci et Dicmedis pennvtatio, to express a fool- ish purchase. He behaved with much cou- rage, and was killed by Ajax. Vlrg. Mu. 6, v. 483. Martial. 9, ep. 96. Homer. 11. 6. A fisherman of Anthedon in Bceotia, son of Nep- tune and Nais, or, according to others, of Po- lybius, the son of Mercury. As be was fish- ing, lie observed that all the fishes which he laid on the grass received fresh vigour as they touched the ground, and immediately escaped from him by leaping into the sea. He attri- buted the cause of it to the grass ; and by tasting it he found himself suddenly moved with a desire of living in the sea. Upon this he leaped into the water, and was made a sea deity fy Oceanus and Tethys, at the request of the gods. After this transformation, he be- came enamoured of the Nereid Scylla, whose ingratitude was severely punished by Circe. [fid. Scylla.] He is represented, like the other sea deities, with a long beard, dishe- velled hair, and shaggy eyebrows, and with the tail of a fish. He received the gift of pro- phecy from Apollo, and, according to some accounts, he was the inteipreter of Nereus. He assisted the Argonauts in their expedi'ion, and foretold them that Hercules and the two sons of Leda,' would one day receive immortal honours. The fable of his metamosphosis has been explained by some authors, who observe that he was an excellent diver, who was de- voured by fishes as he was swimming in the sea. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 905, bc.Hygin. fab. 199. Athen.7. Apolton. 1. Dwd. 4. Aristc.t. de Pep. Del. Pans. 9, c. 22. A son of Sisy- phus, king of Corinth, by Merope the daughter of Atlas, born atPotnia a village of Borotia. He prevented his mares from having tiny com- merce with the stallions, in the expectation that they would become swifter in running; upon which Venus inspired the mares with such fury, that they tore his body to pieces, as he returned from the games which Adrastus had celebrated in honour of his father. He was buried near Potnia. Hygin. fab. 250. Virg. G. 3, v. 367. Apollod.~ I & "2. A son of Minos the 2d and Pasiphae, who was smothered in a cask of honey. His father, ignorant of his fate, consulted the oracle to know where he was ; and received for answer, that the soothsayer who best described him an ox, which was of three different colours among hu OL flocks, would best give him intelligence of his arm's situation. Polyidus was found superior to all the other soothsayers, and was com- manded by the king to find the young prince. When he had found him, Minos confined him with the dead body, and told him that he never would recover his liberty, if he did not restore him to life. Polyidus was struck with the king's severity , hut while he stood in astonishment, a serpent suddenly came to- wards the body and touched it. Polyidus killed the serpent, and immediately a second came, who, seeing the other without motion or signs of life, disappeared, and soon after re- turned with a cert tin herb in his mouth. This , herb he laid on the body of the dead serpent, who was immediately restored to life. Poly- idus, who bad attentively considered what passed, seized the herb, and with it he rubbed the body of the dead prince, who was instantly raised to life. Minos received Glaucus with gratitude, but he refused to restore Polyidus to liberty, before he taught his son the art of di- vination and prophecy. He consented with great reluctance, and when he was at last per- mitted to return to Argolis, his native country, he desired his pupil to spit in his mouth. Glaucus willingly consented, and from that moment he forgot all the knowledge of divina- tion and healing which he had received from the instructions of Polyidus. Hyginus as- cribes the recovery of Glaucus to jEsculapius. ApoWxl. 2, c. 3.Hygin. 136 & 251, &c. A son of Epytus, who succeeded his father on the throne of Messepia, about ten centuries before the Augustan age. He introduced the worship of Jupiter among the Dorians, and was the first who offered sacrifices to Machaon, the son of ^Esculapius. Paws. 4, c. 3. A son of Antenor, killed by Agamemnon. Dictys. Cret. 4. An Argonaut. A son of Im- brasus, killed by Turn us. Virg. n. 12, v. 343. A son of Hippolytus. An athlete of Euboea. Paus. 6, c. 9. A son of Priam. Apollod. 3. A physician of Cleopatra. Ptut. in Anton. A warrior, in the age of Phocion. Id. in r\vc A physician exposed on a cross, because Hephajstion died while under his care. Id. in A lei: An artist of Chios. Paus. A Spartan. Id. A grove of Boeotia. Id. A river, &c. Id. An his- torian of Rhegium in Italy A bay and river of Libya. Of Peloponnesus. Of Col- chis. GLACTIUS, a king of Illyricum, who edu- cated Pyrrlius. GLICON, a physician of Pansa, accused of having poisoned the wound of his patron, &c. Suet, in Aug. 11. GI.ISSAS, a town of Boeotia, wi'h a small nver in t!" 'leighbourhood. Pans. 9, c. 19. GLYCER/*, a beautiful woman, celebrated by Horace, 1, od. 19, 30. A courtezan of Sicyon, so skilful in making garlands, that ome altribvited to her the invention of them. A famous courtezan, whom Ilarpalus wrought from Athens to Babylon. GLYCEKH-M, a harlot of Thespia, who prc- 280 GO sented her countrymen with the pointing r Cupid, which Praxiteles had given her. GLYCON, a man remarkable for bis strength. Horat. 1, ep. 1, v. 30. GLYMPES, a town on the borders of the Lacedaemonians and Messenians. Polyb. 4. GNATIA, a town of Apulia, about 30 miles irom Brundusium. Horat. 1, Sot. 5. GNIDUS. [Fid. Cnidus.J GNOSSIS and GNOSSIA, an epithet given to Ariadne, because she lived, or was born, at Gnossus. The crown which she received from Bacchus, and which was made a constella- tion, is called Gnossia Stella. Virg. G. 1, v. 222. GNOSSUS, a famous city of Crete, the resi- dence of king Minos. The name of Gn-.'snia tellns, is often applied to the whole island. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 23. Strab. W.Honer. Oil. GOBANITIO, a chief of the Arverni, uncle to Vercingetorix. Ctts. bell. G. 7, c. 4. GOBAR, a governor of Mesopotamia, who checked the course, of the Euphrates, that it might not run rapidly through Babylon. Ptvi. 6, c. 26. GOBAHES, a Persian governor, who surren- dered to Alexander, &c. Curt. 5, c. 31. GOBRYAS, a Persian, one of the seven no- blemen who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. Vid. Daiius. Herodot. 3, c. 70. GOLGI, (orum) a place of Cyprus, sacred to Venus and Cupid. Paus. 8, c. 5. GOMPHT, a town of Thessaly. GONATAS, one of the Antigoni. GONIADES, nymphs in the neighbourhood of the nver Cytherus. Strab. 8. GOMPPUS and PANOHMUS, two youths of Andania, who disturbed the Lacedaemonians, when celebrating the festivals of Pollux. Pans. 4, c. 27. GONNI and GONOCONDYLOS, a town of Thessaly. Lin. 36, c. 10. Strab. 4. GONOESSA, a town of Troas. .Senec. in Tread. GONUSSA, a town of Sicyon. Pans. GORDIANVS, M. ANTONIUS AFRICANUS, a son of Metius Marcellus, descended from Trajan by his mother's side. In the greatest affluence he cultivated learning, and was an example of piety and virtue. He applied him self to the study of poetry, and composed a poem in 30 books upon the virtues of Titus Antoninus, and M. Aurelius. He was such an advocate for good breeding and politeness, that he never sat down in the presence of his father-in-law, Annius Severus, who paid him daily visits, before he was promoted to the pretorship. He was some time after elected consul, and went to take the government of Africa, in the capacity of proconsul. After he had attained his 80th year, in the greatest splendour and domestic tranquillity, he was roused from his peaceful occupations bv the tyrannical reign of the Maximini, and ht was proclaimed emperor by the rebellious troops of his province. He long declined to accept the imperial purple, but the threats of immediate death gained his compliance. Maxiuuu GO marched against him with the greatest indig. nation; and Gordian sent his son, with whom he shared the imperial dignity, to oppose the enemj. Young Gordian was killed; and the father, worn out with age, and grown despe- rate on account of his misfortunes, strangled himself at Carthage, before he had been six *reeks at the head of the empire, A. D. 236. fie was universally lamented by the army and people. M. Antonius Africanus, son of Gordianus, was instructed by Serenus Samno- ticus, who left him his library, which con- sisted of 62,000 volumes. His enlightened un- derstanding, and his peaceful disposition, re- commended him to the favour of the emperor Heliogabalus. He was made prefect of Rome, and afterwards consul, by the emperor Alex- ander Severus. He passed into Africa, in the character of lieutenant to his father, who had obtained that province ; and seven years after he was elected emperor in conjunction with him. He marched against the partizans of Maximinus, his antagonist in Mauritania, and was killed in a bloody battle on the 25th of June, A. D. 236, after a reign of about six weeks. He was of an amiable disposition, but he has been justly blamed by his biographers, on account of his lascivious propensities, which reduced him to the weakness and infir- mities of old age, though he was but in the 46th year at the time of his death. M. An- tonius Pius, grandson of the first Gordian, was but 12 years old when he was honoured with the title of Cffisar. He was proclaimed em- peror in the 16th year of his age, and his elec- tion was attended with universal marks of ap- probation. In the 18th year of his age, he married Furia Sabina Tranquillina, daughter of Misitheus, a man celebrated for his elo- quence and public virtues. Misitheus was en- trusted with the most important offices of the state by his son-in-law, and his administration proved how deserving he was of the confi- dence and affection of his imperial master. He corrected the various abuses which pre- vailed in the state, and restored the ancient discipline among the soldiers. By his pru- dence and political sagacity, all the chief towns in the empire were stored with provi- sions, which could maintain the emperor and a large army during 15 days, upon any emer- gency. Gordian was not "less active than his lather-in-law; and when Sapor, the king o Persia, had invaded the Roman provinces in the east, he loldly marched to meet him, and in his way defeated a large body of Goths, in Mo3sia. He conquered Sapor, and took many flourishing cities in the east from his adver- sary. On this suc< ess the senate decreed him a triumph, aud saluted Misitheus as the guar- dian of the republic. Gordian was assassi- nated in the east, A. D. 244, by the means of Philip, who had succeeded to the virtuous Mi- sitheus, and who usurped the sovereign powei bv murdering a warlike and amiable prince The senate, sensible of his merit, honoured him witli a most splendid funeral on the con- fines of I'ersio, aud oruercd that the descend- GO ants of the Gordians should ever be free, at Rome, from all the heavy taxes and burdens (4 the state. During the reign of Gordianoi there was an uncommon eclipse of the sun, in hich the stars appeared in the middle of the day. GORDIUM, a town of Phrygia. GORDIUS, a Phrygian, who, though origi- ally a peasant, was raised to the' throne. During a sedition the Phrygians consulted the oracle, and were told that all their troubles ould cease as soon as they chose for their king the first man they met going to the tem- ple of Jupiter, mounted in a chariot. Gor- dias was the object of their choice, and he im- mediately consecrated his chariot in the temple of Jupiter. The knot which tied the yoke to the draught-tree, was made in such an artful manner, that the ends of the cord could not be perceived. From this circumstance a report was soon spread, that the empire of Asia was promised by the oracle to him who could untie the Gordian knot. Alexander, in his conquest of Asia, passed by Gordium; and, as he wished to leave nothing undone which might inspire his soldiers with courage, and make his enemies believe that he was born to conquer Asia, he cut the knot with his sword ; and from that circumstance asserted that the oracle was really fulfilled, aud that his claims to uni- versal empire were fully justified. Justin. 11, c. 7. Cun 5, c. 1. Arrian. 1. A tyrant of Corinth. Aristot. GCRGASUS. a man who received divine honours at Pherae in Messenia. Pans. 4, c. 30. GORGE, a daughter of (Eneus, king of Ca- lydon, by Althaea, daughter of Thestius. She married Andremon, by whom she had Oxilus, who headed the Heraclidae, when they made an attempt upon Peloponnesus. Paiu>. 10, c. 38. ApolM. 1 & 2. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 542. One of the Danaides. Apollod. 2, c. 1. GORGIA, a celebrated sophist and orator, surnamed Lemuinus, because born at Leon- tium in Sicily. He was sent by his country- men to solicit the assistance of the Athe- nians against the Syracusans, and was success- ful in his embassy. He lived to his 108th year, and died B. C. 400. Some fragments of his compositions are extant. Pans. 6, c. 17. Cic. in Orut. 22, &c. Senect. 15, in Brut. 15. Quintil. 3 & 12. An officer of Antiochus Epiphanps, An Athenian, who wrote an account of all the prostitutes of Athens. Athen. A Macedonian, forced to war with Amyu- tas, &c. C?t. 7, c. 1. GORGO, the wife of Leonidas, king of Sparta, &c. The name of the ship which can-it d Perseus, after he had conquered Me- dusa. GoiiGONES, three celebrated sisters, daugh- ters of Phorcys and Ceto, whose names were Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, all immortal , except Medusa. According to the mytholo- I gists, their hairs were entwined with serpents, I their hands worn >"-i*s. their body was covered GO with impenetrable scales, and their tepth were as long a^ the tusks of a wild boar, and they turned to stones all those on whom they fixed their eyes. Medusa alone had serpents in her hair, according to Ovid, and this proceeded from the resentment of Minerva, in whose temple Medusa had gratified the passions of Neptune, who was enamoured of the beautiful colour of her locks, which the goddess changed into serpents. /Eschylus says, that they had only one tooth and one eye between them, of which they had the use each in her turn ; and accordingly it was at the time that they were exchanging the eye, that Perseus attacked them, and cut off Medusa's head. According to some authors, Perseus, when lie went to the conquest of the Gorgons, was armed with an instrument like a srythe by Mercury, and provided with a looking-glass by Minerva, besides winged shoes, and a helmet ol Pluto, which rendered all objects clearly visible and open to the view, while the person who wore it remained totally invisible. With weapons like these, Perseus obtained an easy victory ; and after his conquest, returned his arms to the different deities, whose favours and assistance he had so recently experienced. The head of Medusa remained in his hands; and after he had finished all his laborious ex- peditions he gave it to Minerva, who placed it on lief fegis, with which she turned into stones all such as fixed their eyes upon it. It is said, that after the conquest of the Gorgons, Per- seus took his flight in the air towards Ethio- pia ; and that the drops of blood which fell to the ground from Medusa's head were changed into serpents, which have ever since infested the sandy deserts of Libya. I he horse Pega- sus also arose from the blood of Medusa, as well as Chrysaor with his golden sword. The residence of the Gorgons was beyond the ocean towards the west, according to Hesiod. .iEschylus makes them inhabit the eastern parts of Scythia; and Ovid, as the most re- ceived opinion, supports that they lived in the inland parts of Libya, near the lake of Triton, or the gardens of the Hesperides. Diodorus, and others, explain ti,e fable of the Gorgons, by supposing that they were a warlike race of women near the Amazons, whom Perseus, with the help of a large army, totally destroyed. Hesuxl. Theog. $ Scut.Apollon. l.Apollod. 2, c. 1 & 4, &c. Homer, II. 5 & 11. Virg. JEn. 6. &iC.Diod. 1 & 4. Pans. 2, c. 20, &c. &schyl. Prom. Act. ^.Pindar. Pyth. 7 & 12. Olymp. 3. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 618,' &c. Pala- phat. de Phnrcyii. GonoONiA, a surname of Pallas, because Perseus, armed with her shield, had conquered the Gorgon, who had polluted her temple with Neptune. GOROONIUS, a man ridiculed by Horace for his ill smell. Hirat. 1. Sat. 2, v. 27. GOROOPHONE, a daughter of Perseus and Andromeda, who married Perieres, king of Meseenia, by whom she had Aphareus and Leu- cippus. After the dea tli of Perieres, she mar- ried CEbalus, who made her mother of Icarus 28S O R and Tyndarue. She is the first whom the irry- thologists mention as having had a second hus- band. Pans. 4. c. 2. ApilM. 1, 2, & 3. One of the Uanaides. Apoliod. 2, c. 1. GORGOPHONUS, a son of Electryon and Auaxo. Apol.od "2, c. 4. GORGOPHORA, a surname of Minerva, from her aegis, on which was the head of the Gorgon Medusa. GORGUS, the son of Aristomenes the Messe- nian. He was married when young to a virgin by his father, who had experienced the greatest kindnesses from her humanity, and had been enabled to conquer seven Cretans, w!io had at- tempted his life, &c. Pans. 4, c. 19. A son of Theron, tyrant of Agrigentum. A man, wh ise knowledge of metals proved very ser- viceable to Alexander, &c. GORGYTHION, a son of Priam, killed by Teu- cer. Homer. II. 8. GORTU/E, a people of Euboea, who fought with the Medes at the battle of Arbi la. Curf. 4, c. 12. GORTYN, GORTYS, and GORTYNA, an inland town of Crete. It was on the inhabitants of this place, that Annibal, to save bis money, prac- tised an artifice recorded in C. Nep. in Ann. 9. Pirn. 4, c. 12. Lucan. 6, c. 214. GORTYNIA, a town of Arcadia in Peloponne- sus. Pans. 8, c. 28. GOTTHI, a celebrated nation of Germany, called also Gothones, Gutones, Gythones, and Guttones. They were warriors by profession, as well as all their savage neighbours. They extended their power over all parts of the world, and chiefly directed their arms against the Roman empire. Their first attempt against Rome, was on the provinces of Greece , whence they were driven by Constantine. They plun- dered Rome under Alaric, one of their most celebrated kings, A. D. 410. From becoming the enemies of the Romans, the Golhs gradu- ally became their mercenaries; and as they were powerful and united, they soon dictated to their imperial masters, and introduced disor- ders, anarchy, and revolutions in the west of Europe. Tacit. Ann. 2, el. 2, &c. GRACCHUS, T. Sempronius, father of Tibe- rius and Caius Gracchus, was twice consul and once censor. He made war in Gaul, and met with ranch success in Spain. He married Sem- pronia, of the family of the Scipios, a woman of great virtue, piety, and learning. Their child- ren, Tiberius and Caius, who had been edu- cated under the watchful eye of their mother, rendered themselves famous for their eloquence, seditions, and an obstinate attachment to the interests of the populace, which at last proved fatal to them. With a winning eloquence, af- lected moderation, and uncommon popularity, Tiberius began to renew the Agrarian law, which had already caused such dissensions at Rome. [Vid, Agraria.] By the means of vio- lence, his proposition passed into a law, and he was appointed commissioner with his father-in- law, Appius Claudius, and his brother Caius, to make an equal division of the lands among the people. The riches of Attalus, which were lef* GR to the Roman people by will, were distributed without opposition ; and Tiberius enjoyed the triumph of his successful enterprise, when he was assassinated in the midst of his adhe- rents by P. Nasica, while the populace were all unanimous to re-elect him to serve the office of tribune the following year. The death of Ti- berius checked for a while the friends of the people ; but Caius, spurred by ambition and furious zeal, attempted to remove every ob- stacle which stood in his way by force and vio- lence. He supported the cause of the people with more vehemence, but less' moderation, than Tiberius ; and his success served only to awaken his ambition, ana animate his resent- ment against the nobles. With the privileges of a tribune, he soon became the arbiter of the republic, and tieated the patricians with con- tempt. This behaviour hastened the ruin of Caius, and in the tumult he fled to the temple of Diana, where his friends prevented him from committing suicide. This increased the sedi- tion, and he was murdered by order of the con- sul Opimius, B. C. 121, about 13 years after the unfortunate end of Tiberius. His body was thrown into the Tiber, and his wife was forbid- den to put on mourning for his death. Caius has been accused with having stained his hands in the blood of Scipio Africanus the younger, who was found murdered in his bed. Pint, in vita. Cic. in Cat. I. Lucan. 6, v. 796. Flar. 2, c. 17. 1. 3, c. 14, &c. -Sempronius, a Roman, banished to the coast of Africa for his adulteries with Julia, the daughter of Au- gustus. He was assassinated by order of Tibe- rius, after he had been banished 14 years. Ju ha a?so shared his fate. Tacit. Ann. 1, c. />:>. A general of the Sabines, taken by O. Cincinnatus. A Roman consul defeated by Annibal, &c. C. Nep. in Ann. GRADIVUS, a surname of Mars among the Romans, perhaps from Kpadaivtiv, braml'Mn^ a spear. His residence was supposed to be among the fierce and savage Thraciansand Ge- tse, over whom he particularly presided. Virg. Jn. 3, v. 35. Homer. II. Liv.\, c. 20. GR*CI, the inhabitants of Greece. Vid. Grwcia. GRACIA, a celebrated country of Europe, bounded on the west by the Ionian sea, south by the Mediterranean sea, east by the yEgean, and north by Thrace and Dalmatia. It is ge- nerally divided into four large provinces : Ma- cedonia, Epirus, Achaia or Hellas, and Pelo- ponnesus. This country has been reckoned su- perior to every other part of the earth, on ac- count of the salubrity of the air, the tempera- ture of the climate, the fertility of the soil ; and above all, the fame, learning, and arts of its in- habitants. The Greeks have severally been called Achaeans, Argians, Danai, Dolopes, Hel- lenians, lonians, Myrmidons, and Pelasgians. The most celebrated of their cities were Athens, Sparta, Argos, Corinth, Thebes, Sicyon, My- cenae, Delphi, &c. The inhabitants, whose history is darkened in its primitive ages with fabulous accounta and traditions, supported that Uej were the original inhabitants of the coun- 283 G R try, and born from the earth where they dwelt ; and they heard with contempt the probable conjectures which traced their origin among the nrst inhabitants of Asia, and the colonies of Egypt. In the first ages, the Greeks were go- verned by monaichs ; and there were as many kings as there were cities. The monarchical power gradually decreased ; the love of liberty established the republican government ; and no part of Greece, except Macedonia, remained in the hands of an absolute sovereign. The expe- dition of the Argonauts first rendered the Greeks respectable among their neighbours ; and in the succeeding age, the wars of Thebes and of Troy, gave opportunity to their heroes and demi- gods to display their valour in the field of battle. The simplicity of the ancient Greeks rendered them virtuous ; and the establishment of the Olympic games in particular, where the noble reward of the conqueror was a laurel crown, contributed to their aggrandizement, and made them ambitious of fame, and not the slaves of riches. The austerity of their laws, and the education of their youth, particularly at Lat- da-mon, rendered them brave and active, insensi- ble to bodily pain, fearless and intrepid in the time of danger. The celebrated battles of Ma rathon, Thermopylje, Salamis, Plataea, and My- cale, sufficiently show what superiority the cou- rage of a little army can obtain over millions of undisciplined barbarians. After many signal victories over the Persians, they became elated with their success ; and when they found no one able to dispute with them abroad, they turned their arms one against the other, and leagued with foreign states to destroy the most flourishing of their cities. The Messenian and Feloponnesian wars, are examples of the dread- ful calamities which arise from civil discord, and long prosperity. The bold retreat of the ten thousand, who had assisted Cyrus against his brother Aitaxerxes, reminded the Greeks of their superiority over all other nations ; and taught Alexander, tliat the conquest of the east might be made with a handful of Grecian sol- diers. W hile the Greeks rendered themselves so illustrious by their military exploits, the arts and sciences were assisted by conquest, and re- ceived fresh lustre from the application and in- dustry of its professors. The labours of the learned were received with admiration, and the merit of a composition was determined by th applause or disapprobation of a multitude. Their generals were orators ; and eloquence seemed to be so nearly connected with the military pro- fession, that he was despised by his soltiiers, who could not address them upon any emer- gency with a spirited and well-delivered ora- tion The learning as well as the virtues of Socrates, procured him a name ; and the writ- ings of Aristotle have, perhaps, gained him a more lasting fame, than all the conquests and trophies of his royal pupil. Such were the oc- cupations and accomplishments of the Greeks ; their language bscame almost universal, and their country was the receptacle of the youths of the neighbouring states, where they imbibed the principles of liberty and moral virtue. The G R Greeki planted many colonies, and totally peo- pled the western coasts of Asia Minor. In the eastern parts of Italy, there were also many settlements made ; and the country received from its Greek inhabitants the name of Ma^na Grtpcia GRC7 Greek colonies. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 64. tUrab. &c. GR/ECINUS, a senator, put to death by Caligu- la, because he refused to accuse Sejanus, &c. Senec. de Benef. 2. GRSCUS, a man from whom some suppose that Greece received its name. Aristat. GRAIUS, an inhabitant of Greece. GRANICUS, a river of Bithynia, famous for a battle fought there between the armies of Alexander and Darius, 22d of May, B. C. 334, when 600,000 Persians were defeated by 30,000 Macedonians. Diod. 17. P/t. in Alei. Justin. GRANIUS PETRONIUS, an officer, who, being taken by Pompey's generals, refused the life which was tendered to him ; observing that Caesar's soldiers received not, but granted life. He killed himself. Pint, in CM. GRANIUS, aquestor, whom Sylla had ordered to be strangled only one day before he died a natural death. Pint. A sou of the wife of Marius by a former husband. GRATIS, three goddesses. Vid. Charites. GRATIANUS, a native of Pannonia, father to the emperor Valentinian 1st. He was raised to the throne though only eight years old ; and after he had reigned for some time conjointly with his father, he became sole emperor, in the 16th year of his aye. He soon after took, as his imperial colleague, Theodosius, whom he appointed over the eastern parts of the empire. His courage in the field is as remarkable as his love of learning, and fondness of philosophy. He slaughtered 30,000 Germans in a battle, and supported the tottering state by his prudence and intrepidity. His enmity to the Pagan su- perstition of his subjects, proved his ruin ; and Maximinus, who undertook the defence of the worship of Jupiter and of all the gods, was joined by an infinite number of discontented Romans, and met Gratian near Paris in Gaul. Gratian was forsaken by his troops in the field of battle, and was murdered by the rebels, A. D. 383, in the 24th year of his age. A Roman soldier, invested with the imperial purple by the rebel- lious army in Britain, in opposition to Hono- rius. He was assassinatedjbuf months after, by those very troops to whom he owed his ele- wtion, V. D. 407. GRATIDIA, a woman at Neapolis, called Ca- nidia by Horace. Epod. 3. GuATioy, a giant killed by Diana. U BATH'S F.vLisr.i'S, a Latin poet contempo- rary with Ovid. He wrote u poein ou coursing, GR called Cywgetkon, much commended for its elegance and perspicuity. It may be compared to the Georgics of Virgil, to which it is nearly equal in the number of verses. The latest edi- tion is of Amst. 4to. 1728. GRAVII, a people of Spain. Ital. 3, v. 366. GR&VISCJE, a maritime town of Etruria, which assisted JEneas against Turnus. The air was unwholesome, on account of the marshes and stagnant waters in its neighbourhood. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 184. GRAVIUS, a Roman knight of Puteoli, killed at Dyvrachium, &c. Cars. bell. Civ. GREGORIUS, Theod. Thaumaturgus, a dis- ciple of Origen, afterwards bishop of Neocae- sarea, the place of his birth. He died A. D. 266, and it is said he left only seventeen idola- ters in his diocese, where he had found only seventeen Christians. Of his works, are extant his gratulatory oration to Origen, a canonical epistle, and other treatises in Greek, the best edition of which is that of Paris, fol. 161"-'. Nazianzen, surnamed the Divine, was bishop of Constantinople, which resigned on its being dis- puted. His writings rival those of the cele- brated orators of Greece, in eloquence, subli- mity, and variety. His sermons are more for philosophers than common hearers, but replete with seriousness and devotion. Erasmus said, that he was afraid to translate his works, from the apprehension of not transfusing into ano- ther language the smartness and acumen of his style, and the stateliness and happy diction of the whole. He died, A. D. 389. The best edition is that of the Benedictins, the first volume of which, in fol. was published at Paris, 1778. A bishop of Nyssa, author of the Nicene creed. His style is represented as allegorical and affected; and he has been ac- cused of mixing philosophy too much with theology. His writings consist of commentaries on scripture, moral discourses, sermons on mysteries, dogmatical treatises, panegyrics on saints; the best edition of which is that of Morell, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1615. The bishop died A. D. 396. Another Christian writer, whose works were edited by the Benedictius, in 4 vols. fol. Paris 1705. GRINNKS, a people among the Dataviuns. Tacit. Hist. 5, c. 20. GROPHUS, a man distinguished as much for his probity as his riches, to whom Horace ad- dressed 2 Od. 16. GRUDII, a people tributary to the Nerrii, supposed to have inhabited the country near Tournay or Bruges in Flanders. Ctrs. G. 5, c. 38. GRUMENTUM, now Armenia, an inland town of Lucania on the river Aciris. Lit-. 25, c. 37. 1. 27, c. 41. GRYLLUS, a son of Xenophon, who killed Epaminondas, and was himself slain, at the battle of Mantiuea, B. C. 363. His father was offering a sacrifice when he received the news of his death, and he threw down the gar- land which was on his head ; but he replaced it when he heard that the rnemy'i general had frill u by his hands ; and he observed, that his G Y death ought to b *elebrated with every demjjn" stration of joy, rather than of lamentation Arittot. Pmu. 8, c. 11, &c. One of the com- panions of Ulysses, changed into a swine by Circe. GRYNUM and GRYNIUM, a town near Cla- zomenae, where Apollo had a temple with an oracl ?, on account of which he is called Grynayus. Strah. l3.Virg. Eel. 6, v. 72. Jn. 4, v. 345. GRYNEUS, one of the Centaurs, who fought against the Lapithse, &c. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 260. GYARUS and GYAROS, an island in the .gean sea, near Delos. The Romans were v/ont to send their culprits there. Ox'ui. 7. Met. v. 407. GYAS, one of the companions of .Eneas, who distinguished himself at the games exhibited after the death of Anchises in Sicily. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 118, &c. A part of the territories of Syracuse, in the possession of Dionysius. A Ilutulian, son of Melampus, killed by Ericas in Italy. Vjrg. &n. 10, v. 318. Gfoxvs, a lake of Lydia, 40 stadia from Sardis. Propett. 3, el. 11, v. 18. GYGE, a maid of Parysatis. GYGF.S or GYES, a son of Coelus and Terra, represented as having a hundred hands. He, with his brothers, made war against the gods, and was afterwards punished in Tartarus. Ovid. Trist. 4, el. 7, v. 18. A Lydian. to whom Candaules, king of the country, showed his wife naked. The queen was so incensed at this instance of imprudence and infirmity in her husband, that she ordered Gyges, either to prepare for death himself, or to murder Can- daules. He chose the latter, and married the queen, and ascended the vacant throne, about 718 years before the Christian era. He was the first of the Mermnada*, who reigned in Lydia. He reigned 38 years, and distinguished himself by the immense presents which he made to the oracle of Delphi. Herodot. 1, c. 8. Ac- cording to Plato, Gyges descended into a chasm of the earth, where he found a brazen horse, whose sides he opened, and saw within the body the carcase of a man of uncommon size, from whose finger he took a brazen ring. This ring, when put on his finger, rendered him invisible ; and by means of its virtue, he in- troduced himself to the queen, murdered her husband and married her, and usurped the crown of Lydia. Cic. Off. 3, 9. A man killed by Turnus, in his wars with ^neas. JEn. 9, v. 762. A beautiful boy of Cnidus, I in the age of Horace. Herat. 2. Od. .5, v. 30. GYLIPPUS, a Lacedaemonian, sent B. C. 414, by his countrymen to assist Syracuse, against the Athenians. He obtained a cele- brated victory over Nicias and Demosthenes, the enemy's generals, and obliged them to surrender. He accompanied Lysander, in his expedition against Athens, and was present at the taking of that celebrated town. After the fall of Athens, he was entrusted by the con- queror with the money, which had been taken in the plunder, which amounted to 1500 talents. As he conveyed it to Sparta, he had the mean- ness to unew th bottom 'f the bags which G\ . contained it, and secreted about three hundred I talents. His theft was discovered ; an;i to I avoiil the punishment which he deserved, he fled from his country, and by this act of mean- ness tarnished the glory of his victorious actions. Tibutl. 4, el. 1, v. 199. Plut.in Nieia. An Arcadian in the Rutulian war. Vrrg. n. 12, v. 272. GYMNASIA, a large city near Colchis. Diod. 14. GYMNASII'M, a plate among the Greeks, where all the public exercises were performed, and where not only wrestlers and dancers ex- hibited, but also philosophers, poets, and rhe- toricians repeated their compositions. The room was high and spacious, and could contain many thousands of spectators. The laborious exercises of the Gymnasium were running, leaping, throwing the quoit, wrestling, and boxing, which was called by the Greeks, TrevraSrXov, and by the Romans Quinquertia. In riding, the athlete led a horse, on which he sometimes was mounted, conducting another by the bridle, and jumping from thebne upon the other. Whoever came first to the goal, and jumped with the greatest agility, obtained the prize. In running a-foot, the athletes were sometimes armed, and he who came first was declared victo:ious. Leaping was an useful exercise : its primary object was to teach the soldiers to jump over ditches, and pass er eminences during a siege, or in the fie' of battle. In throwing the quoit, the prize v s adjudged to him who threw it farthest. The quoits were made either with wood, stone, or metal. The wrestlers employed all their dex- terity to bring their adversary to the ground, and the boxers had their hands armed with gauntlets, called also cestns. Their blows were dangerous, and often ended in the death of one of the combatants. In wrestling and boxing, the athletes were often naked, whence the word Gymnasium, yv/zvoc, nudus. They anointed themselves with oil to brace their limbs, and to render their bodies slippery, and more difl^ lilt to be grasped. GYMNESI*, two islands near the Jberus in the Mediterranean, called Baleares by the Greeks. Plin. 5, c. 8. Strab. 2. GYMN.E, a town of Colchis. Xeivrph. Anab. GYMNETES, a people of Ethiopia, who live almost naked. Plm. 5, c. 8. GYMNOSOPHIST*, a certain sect of philo- sophers in India, who, according to some, placed their summum bonum in pleasure, and their summum mulum in pain. They lived naked, as their name implies, and for 37 years they exposed themselves in the open air to the heat of the sun, the inclemency of the seasons, and the coldness of the night. They were often seen in the fields fixing their eyes full upon the disc of the sun from the time of its rising till the hour of its setting. Sometimes they stood whole days upon one foot in burning sand without moving, or shewing any concern for what surrounded them. Alexander was aston- ished at the sight of a sect of men whn seemed to despise bodily pain, and who inured G Y themselves to suffer the greatest tortures with out uttering a groan, or expressing any marks of fear. The conqueror condescended to visit them, and his astonishment was increased when he saw one of them ascend a burning pile with firmness and unconcern, to avoid the infirmities of old age, and stand upright on one leg and unmoved, while the flames surrounded him on every side. [Vid. Calanus.] The Brachmans were a branch of the sect of the Gymnosophistae. [Vid. Brach manes.] Strab. 15, kc.PHn. 6.Cic. Tux. $.Lucan. 3 Dion. GYNJECEAS, a woman said to have been the wife of Faunus, and the mother of Bacchus and of Midas. GYNJ.COTHCENAS, a name of Mars at Tegea, on account of a sacrifice offered by the women (> Y without the assistance of the men, who were not permitted to appear at this religious cere- mony. Pans. 8, c. 48. GYNDES, a river of Assyria, falling into the Tigris. When Cyrus marched against Baby- lon, his army was stopped by this river, in which one of his favourite horses was drowned. This so irritated the monarch that he ordered the river to be conveyed into 360 different channels by his army, so that after this divi- sion it hardly reached the knee. Herodot. 1, c. 189 & 202. GYTHEUM, a town of Laconia in Pelopon- nesus, built by Hercules and Apollo, who had there desisted from their quarrels. The inha- bitants were called Gytheatse. Cic. Offic. 3, c. 11. H HA ABIS, a king of Spain, who first taught his subjects agriculture, &c. Justin. 44 HADRIANOPOLIS, a town of Bithynia. HADRIANUS, a Roman empeion [Vid. Adrianus.] HADRIATICUM MARE. [Vid. Adriaticum.] H.SMON, a Theban youth, son of Creon, who was so captivated with the beauty of An- tigone, that he killed himself on her tomb, when he heard that she had been put to death by his father's orders. Prnpert. 2, el. 8, v. 21. A Rutulian engaged in the wars of Tur- nus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 685. A friend of ./Eneas against Turnus. He was a native of Lycia. Id. 10, v. 126. HSMONIA. [ Vid. ,6. IARMATET.IA, a town of the Brachmanes in India, taken by Alexander Died, >7. H.ARMATRIS, a town of ^Eolia. HARMQDIUS, a friend of Aristogiton, who delivered his country from the tyranny of the Pisistiatidas, B. C. 510. [Fid. Aristogitm.] The Athenians, to reward the patriotism of these illustrious citizens, made a law that no one should ever bear the name of Aristogiton and Harmodius. Herodot. 5, v. 55. HARMONIA, a daughter of Mars and Venus, who married Cadmus. It is said that Vulcan, to avenge the infidelity of her mother, made her a present of a vestment dyed in all sorts of crimes, which, in some measure, inspired all the children of Cadmus with wickedness and impiety. Pans. 9, c. 16, &c. HARMONIDES, a Trojan beloved by Minerva; he built the ships in which Paris carried away Helen. Homer. Jl. 5. HARPAGUS, a general of Cyrus. He con- quered Asia Minor after he had revolted from Astyages, who had cruelly forced him to eat the flesh of his son, because he had disobeyed his orders in not killing the infant Cyrus. Ht- rodot. 1, c. 108. Justin. 1, c. 5 & 6. A ri- ver near Colchis. Diod. 14. HARPALICE. [Vid. Harpalyce.] HARPALION, a son of Pylsemenes king of Papblagonia, who assisted Priam during the Trojan war, and was killed by Merion. Ho- mer. II. 13, v. 643. HARPALIUS, a man entrusted with the trea- sures of Babylon by Alexander. His hopes that Alexander would perish in his expedition, rendered him dissipate, negligent, and vicious. When he heard that the conqueror was re- turning with great resentment, he fled to Athens, where, with his money, he corrupted the orators, among whom was Demosthenes, when brought to justice. He escaped with impunity to Crete, where he was at last assas- sinated by Thimbro, B. C. 325. Pint, in Phoc. Diod. 17. A robber who scorned the gods. Cic. 3, de Nat. D. A celebrated as- tronomer of Greece, 480 years B. C. HARPAI.YCE, the daughter of Harpalycus, king of Thrace. Her mother died when she was but a child, and her father fed her with the milk of cows and mares, and inured hei early to sustain the fatigues of hunting. When her father's kingdom was invaded by Neopto- lemus, the son of Achilles, she repelled and defeated the enemy with manly courage. The death of her father, which happened soon aftei in a sedi'.ion, rendered her disconsolate, shfl fled the society of mankind, and lived in the forests upon plunder and rapine. Every at- tempt to secure her proved fruitless, till her great swiftness was overcome by intercepting j her with a net. After her death the people of the country disputed their respective right to the possessions she had acquired by rapines, and they soon after appeased her manes by proper oblations on her tomb. Yirg. JEn. 1, H A r. 321. Hygiti. fab. 193 & 2.->2. A beau- tiful virgin, daughter of Clymenus and Epi- caste of Argos. Her father became enamoured of her, and gained her confidence, and enjoyed her company by means of her nurse, who in- troduced him as a stranger. Some time after she married Alastor, but the father's passion became more violent and uncontrollable in his daughter's absence, and he murdered her hus- band to bring her back to Argos. Harpalyce, inconsolable for the death of her husband, and ashamed of her father's passion, which was then made public, resolved to revenge her wrongs. She killed her younger brother, or, according to some, the fruit of her incest, and served it before her father. She begged the gods to remove her from the world, and she was changed into an owl, and Clymenus killed himself. Hygln. fab. 253, &c. Parthen. in Erot. A mistress of Iphichis, son of Thes- tius. She died through despair on seeing her- self despised by her lover. This mournful story was composed in poetry, in th form of a dialogue called Harpalyce. Athen. 14. HARPAI.YCUS, one of the companions of jneas, killed by Camilla. Firg. X.n. 11, v. 675. The father of Harpalyce, king of the Amymneans, in Thrace. HARpAsA, a town of Caria. HARPASUS, a river of Caria. Liv. 38, c. 13. HARPOCRATES, a divinity supposed to be the same as Oris the son of Isis, among the Egyptians. He is represented as holding ont of his fingers on his mouth, and from thence he is called the god of silence, and intimates, that the mysteries of religion and philosophy ought never to be revealed to the people. The Romans placed his statues at the entrance of their temples. HARPOCRATION, a Platonic philosopher of Argos, from whom Stobaeus compiled his Eclogues, A sophist, called also ^Elius. Valerius, a rhetorician of Alexandria, author of a lexicon, on ten orators. Another, sur- named Caius. HARPYIX, winged monsters, who had the face of a woman, the body of a vulture, and had their feet and fingers armed with sharp claws. They were three in number, Aello, Ocypete, and Celeno, daughters of Neptune and Terra. They were sent by Juno to plun- der the tables of Phineus, whence they were driven to the islands called Strophades, by Zethes and Calais. They emitted an infec- tious smell, and spoiled whatever they touched by their filth and excrements. They plundered .m a clod of earth. [Fid. Tages.] They were originally three, but the Roman senate yearly sent six noble youths, or, according to others, twelve to Etruria, to be instructed in all the mysteries of the art. The office of the Harus- pices consisted in observing these lour parti- culars; the beast before it was sacrificed ; its entrails ; the flames which consumed the sa- crifice ; and the flour, frankincense, &c. which was used. If the beast was led up to the altar with difficulty, if it escaped from the con- ductor's hands, roared when it received the blow, or died in agonies, the omen was unfor- tunate. But, on the contrary, if it followed without compulsion, received the blow without resistance, and died without groaning, and after much effusion of blood, the haruspex foretold prosperity. When the body of the victim was opened, each part was scrupulous! v examined ; if any thing was wanting, if it had a double liver, or a lean heart, the omen was unfortunate. If the entrails fell from the hands cf the haruspex, or seemed besmeared with too much blood, or if 110 heart appeared, as for instance i'. happened in the two victims which J. Caesar offered a little before his death, the omen was equally unlucky. When the flame was quickly kindled, and when it vio- lently consumed the sacrifice, and arose pure and bright, and like a pyramid, without any paleness, smoke, sparkling, or crackling, the omen was favourable. But the contrary au- gury was drawn, when the fire was kindled with difficulty, and was extinguished before the sacrifice was totally consumed, or when it rolled in circles round the victim, with inter- mediate spaces between the flames. In regard to the frankincense, meal, water, and wine, if there was any deficiency in the quantity, if the colour was different, or the quality was changed, or if any thing was done with irregu- larity, it was deemed inauspicious. This cus- tom, of consulting the entrails of victims did not originate in Tuscany, but it was in use among the Chaldaeans, Greeks, Egyptians, &c. and the more enlightened part of mankind well knew how to render it subservient to their wishes or tyranny. Agesilaus, when in Egypt, raised the drooping spirit of his soldiers by a superstitious artifice. He secretly wrote on his hand the word veictj, victory, in large cha- racters, and holding the entrails of a victim in his hand till the impression was communicated to the flesh, he shewed it to his soldiers, and animated them by observing, that the gods signified their approaching victories evc>n by making it in the body of the sacrificed ani- mals. HASDRUBAL. [Firf. AsdrubaL Q. HATERIUS, a patrician and orator nf H E Rome under the first emperors. He died in the 90th year of his age. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 61. Agrippa. a senator in the age of Tiberius, hated by the tyrant for his independence. Ta- rit. Ann. 6, c. 4. Antoninus, a dissipated senate*, whose extravagance was supported by Nero. Id. 13, c. 34. HAUSTANES, a man who conspired with Bes- sa against Darius, &c. Curt. 8, c. 5. HEBDOLE. [Fid. Ebdome.] HEBE, a daughter of Jupiter and Juno. According to some, she was the daughter of Juno only, who conceived her after eating let- tuces. As she was fair, and always in the bloom of youth, she was called the goddess of youth, and made by her mother cup-bearer to nil the gods. She was dismissed from her of- fice by .1 upiter, because she fell down in an in- decent posture as she was pouring nectar to the gods at a grand festival, and Ganymede.s the favourite of Jupiter, succeeded her as cup - ftearer. She was employed by her mother to prepare her chariot, and to harness her pea- cocks whenever requisite. When Heicules was raised to the rank of a god, he was recon- ciled to Juno by marrying her daughter Hebe, by whom he had two sons, Alexiares and Ani- cetus. As Hebft had the power of restoring gods and men to the vigour of youth, she, at the instance of her husband, perfomed that kind office to Tolas his friend. Hebe was worshipped at Sicyon, under the name of Dia, and at Rome under the name of Juventas. She is represented as a young virgin crowned with flowers, and arrayed in a variegated garment. Pans. 1. c. 19. 1. 2, c. 12. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 400. AiMitod. 1, c. 3. 1. 2, c. 7. HEDESUS, a Rutulian, killed in the night by Euryalus. Virg. Mn. 9, v. 344. HERBCS, a river of Thrace, which was sup- posed to roll its waters upon golden sands. It falls into the yEgean sea. The head of Orpheus was thrown into it, after it had been cut off by the Cicoman women. Mela, 2, c. 2. Strab. 7. Vir. G. 4, T. 463. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 50. A youth of Lipara, beloved by Neobale. Herat. 3, od. 12. A man of Cyzicus, killed by- Pollux. Place. 3, v. 149. A friend of .-Eneas son of DolichaOD ; killed by Mezentius in the Rutulian war. Virg. n. 10, v. 696. HECAI.E, a poor old woman who Kindly re- ceived Theseus as he was going against the bull of Marathon, &c. Ptut. in Thes. A town of Attica. HECAI.ESIA, a festival in honour of Jupiter of Hecale, instituted by Theseus, or in comme- moration of the kindness of Hecale, which The- seus had experienced when he went against the bull of Marathon, &c. HECAMEDE, a daughter of Arsinous, who fell to the lot of Nestor after the plunder of Tene- dos by the Greeks. Homer. II. 11. HECATJE FANUM, a celebrated temple sacred to Hecate, at Stratonice in Caria. Strab. 14. HECATJEUS, an historian of Miletus, born 549 years before Christ, in the reign 01 Darius Hystaspes. Herodot. 2, c. 14S. A Mace- donian, intimate with Alexander. Diod. 17. 289 HE A Macedonian brought to the army against hit will by Amyntas, &c. Curt . 7, c. 1. HECATE, a daughter of Peres and Asteria, the same as Proserpine, or Diana. She was called Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Hecate or Proserpine in hell, whence her name of Diva trifnrmis, tergemina, triceps. She was supposed to preside over magic and enchant- ments, and was generally represented like a woman, with the head of a horse, a dog, or h boar, and sometimes she appeared with three different bodies, and three different faces, only with one neck. Dogs, lambs, and honey, were generally offered to her, especially in ways and cross roads, whence she obtained the name of Trivia. Her power was extended over heaven, the earth, sea, and hell, and to her kings and nations supposed themselves indebted for their prosperity. Ovid. 7, Met. v. 94. Hesiod. Theog. Horat. 3, od. 22 I'aus. 2, v. 22. Fir#. A.n. 4, v. 511. HECATESIA, a yearly festival observed by the Btratonicensians in honour of Hecate. The Athenians paid also particular worship to this goddess, who was deemed the patroness of fa- milies and of children. From this circumstance the statues of the goddess were erected before the doors of the houses, and upon erery new moonapublic supper was always provided at the expence of the richest people, and set in the Streets, where the poorest of the citizens were permitted to retire and feast upon it, while they reported that Hecate had devoured it. There were also expiatory offerings to 'supplicate the goddess to remove whatever evils might im- pend on the head of the public, &c. HKCATOMBOIA, a festival celebrated in ho- nour of Juno by the Argians and people of /Egina. It receives its name from IKO.TOV, and Bovc, a sacrifice of a hundred bulls, which were always offered to the goddess, and the flesh dis- tributed among the poorest citizens. There were also public games first institufed by Ar- chinus, a king of Argos 1 , in which the prize was a shield of brass with a crown of myrtle. HECATOMPHONIA, a solemn sacrifice offered by the Messenians to Jupiter when any of thenj had killed an hundred enemies. HECATOMPOLIS, an epithet given to Crete, from the hundred cities wliich it once contained. HECATOMPYLOS, an epithet applied to Thebes, in Fgypt, on account of its hundred gates. Ammian. 22, c. 16. Also the capital of Parthia, in the reign of the Arsacidae. Ptol. 6, c. 5 Strab. ll.--P/m. 6, c. 15 & 25 HECATOTwan. [Vid. Leda.] According to some au- ti'iors, Helen was daughter of Nemesis by Jupiter, and Leda was only her nurse, and to reconcile this variety of opinions some imagine that Nemesis and Leda are the same persons. Her beauty was so universally admired even in h er infancy, that The'seus, with his friend Piri- thous, carried her awav before she had attained h->r tenth year, and concealed her at Aphidnae, u jder the care of Uis mother /Ethra. Her bro- ners, Castor and Pollux, recovered her by force of arms, and she returned safe and un- polluted to Sparta, her native country. There existed, however, a tradition recorded by Pau- lanias, that Helen was of nubile years when carried away by Theseus, and that she had a daughter by her ravisher, who was entrusted to the care of Clytemnestra. This violence offered to her virtue did not in the least diminish, but rather augmented her fame, and her haud was eagerly solicited by the young princes of Greece. The most celebrated of her suitors were Ulysses son .of Laertes, Antilochus son of Nestor, Sthe- nelus son of Capaneus, Diomedes son of Tydeus, Imphiloclms sou of Cteatus, Meges son of Phi- leus, Agapenor <>on of Ancaeus, Thalpius son of Eurytus, Mnestheus son of Peteus, Schedius con of Epistrophus, Polyxenus son of Agas- thenes, Amphilochus son of Amphiaraus, Asca- laphus and lalmus, sons of the god Mars, Ajax on of Oileus, Eumelus son of Admetus, Poly- poetes son of Pirithous, Elphenor son of Chal- codon, Podalyrus and Machaon sons of yEscu- lapius, Leonteus son of Coronus, Philoctetes eon of Paean, Protesilaus son of Iphiclus, Eury- pilus son of Evemon, Ajax and Teucer sons of Telamon, Patroclus son of Menoetius, Menelaus on of Atreus, Thoas, Idomeneus, and Merion. Tyndarus was rather alarmed than pleased at the sight of such a number of illustrious princes who eagerly solicited each to become his son- in-law. He knew that he could not prefer one without displeasing all the rest, and from this perplexity he was at last drawn by the artifice of Ulysses, who began to be already known in Greece by his prudence and sagacity. This prince, who clearly saw that his pretensions to Helen would not probably meet with success in opposition to so many rivals, proposed to extri- cate Tyndarus from all his difficulties if he would promise him his niece Penelope in mar- raige. Tvndarus consented, and Ulysses ad- Hsed the king to bind, by a solemn oath, all 91 HB the suitors that they would approve or the an- influenced choice which Helen should make of one among them ; and engage to unite togethet to defend her person and character if ever any attempts were made to ravish her from the arnu of her husband. The advice of Ulysse* was followed, the princes consented, and Helen fixed her eyes upon Menelaus, and married him. Hermione was the early fruit of this union, which continued for three years with mutual happiness. After this, Paris, son of Priam king of Tioy, came to Lacedasmon ou pretence of sacrificing to Apollo. He was kindly received by Menelaus, but shamefully abused his favours, and in his absence in Crete, he corrupted the fidelity of his wife Helen, and persuaded her to follow him to Troy.B. C. 1193. At his return, Menelaus, highly sensible of Ui8 injury he had received, assembled the Grecian princes, and reminded them of their solemn promises. They resolved to make war agaiust the Trojans ; but they previously sent ambas- sadors to Priam to demand the restitution of Helen. The influence of Paris at his father's court prevented the restoration, and the Greeks returned home without receiving the satisfaction they required. Soon after their return their combined forces assembled and sailed for the coast of Asia. The behaviour of Helen during the Trojan war is not Known for certainty Some assert that she had willingly followed Paris, and that she warmly supported the cau of the Trojans; while others believe that she always sighed after her husband, and cursed the day in which she had proved faithless to his bed. Homer represents her as in the last instance, and some have added that she often betrayed the schemes and resolutions of the Trojans, and secretly favoured the cause of Greece. When Paris was killed in the nintn year of the war, she voluntarily married Dei- phobus, one of Priam's sons, and when Troy vas taken she made no scruple to betray him, and to introduce the Greeks into his chamber, to ingratiate herself with Menelaus. She re- turned to Sparta, and the loving Menelaus for- gave the errors which she had committed. Some say that she obtained her life even with difficulty from her husband, whose resentment she had kindled by her infidelity. After she had lived for some "years at Sparta, Menelaua died, and she was driven from Peloponnesus by Megapenthes and Nicostratus, the illegitimate sons of her husband, and she retired to Rhodes, where at thar time, Polyxo, a native of Argos, reigned over the country. Polyxo remembered that her widowhood originated in Helen, and that her husband Tlepolemus had been killed in the Trojan war, which had been caused by the debaucheries of Helen, therefore she medi- tated revenge. While Helen one day retired to bathe in the river, Polyxo disguised her at- tendants in the habit of furies, and sent thtnii with orders to murder her enemy. Helen -was tied to a tree and strangled, and her misfortunes were afterwards remembered, and tht crimes of Polyxo expiated bv the temple which th RLa- diins raised to Helen Dendritis, rr *>! to a I * K 6 tree. There is a tradition mentioned by Hero- dotus which t*ys that Paris was driven as he retur.ied from Sparta, upon the coast of Egypt, where Proteus, king of the country, expelled him from his dominions for his ingratitude to Menelaus, and confined Helen. From that cir- cumstance, therefore, Priam informed the Gre- cian ambassadors that neither Helen nor her possessions were in Troy, but in the hands of the king of Egypt. In spite of this assertion (he Greeks besieged the town, and took it after ten years' siege, and Menelaus by visiting Egypt, as he returned home, recovered Helen at the court of Proteus, and was convinced that the Trojan war had been undertaken upon very unjust and unpardonable grounds. Helen was honoured after death as a goddess, and the Spartans built her a temple at Therapne, which had power of giving beauty to all the deformed women that entered. Helen, according to some, was carried into the island of Leuce after death, where she married Achilles, who had been once one of her warmest admirers. The age of Helen lias been a matter of deep enquiry among the chronologists. If she was born of the same eggs as Castor and Pollux, who accompanied the Ar- gonauts in their expedition against Cokhis about 35 years before the Trojan war, according to some she was no less than 60 years old when Troy was reduced to ashes, supposing that her brothers were only 15 when they embarked with the Argonauts. But she is represented by Homer so incomparably beautiful during the eiege of Troy, that though seen at a distance she influenced the counsellors of Priam by the brightness of her charms ; therefore we must suppose with others, that her beauty remained Vrag undiminished, and was extinguished only at her death. Pam>. 3, c, 19, &iC.ApolU>d. 3, c. 10, kc.Hygin. fab. ?7.Herodot. 2, 112. Plut. in Thes. &c. Cic. de offic. 3.Harat. 3, od. 3. Dictys. Cret. 1, &c. Quint. Smvrn. 10, 13, inc. Homer. II. 2, and Od. 4 & 15. A young woman of Sparta, often confounded with the daughter of Leda. As she was going to be sacrificed, because the lot had fallen upon her, an eagle came and carried away the knife of the priest ; upon which she was released, and the barbarous custom of offering human victims was abolished. An island on the coast of Attica, where Helen came after the siege of Troy. Plin. 4, c. 12. A daughter of the emperor Constantino, who married Julian, The mother of Constantine. HELENA, a festival in. Laconia, in honour of Helen, who received there divine honours. It was celebrated by virgins riding upon mules, and in chariots made of reeds and bullrushes. HEJ.ENOR, a Lydian prince who accompanied ./Eneas to Italy, and was killed by the Rutu- hans. His mother's name was Lycimnia. Virg. Mn. 9, v. 444, &c. litLENUS, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Priam and Hecuba. Me was greatly respected by all the Trojans. When Deiphobus was given in marriage to Helen in preference to himself, he resolved to leave his country, and retired to H & the advice of Chalcas. As he was well ac- quainted with futurity, the Greeks made use of prayers, threats, and promises, to induce him to reveal the secrets of the Trojans ; and either the fear of death, or gratification of resentment, seduced him to disclose to the enemies of his country, that Troy could not be taken whilst it was in the possession of the Palladium, nor be- fore Polydectes came from his retreat at Lem- nos, and assisted to support the siege. After the ruin of his country, he fell to the share of Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, and saved his life by warning him to avoid a dangerous tempest, which in reality proved fatal to all those * ho set sail. This endeaied him to Pyrrhus, and he received from his hand Andromache, the widow of his brother Hector, by whom he had a son called Cestrinus. This marriage, according to some, was consummated after the death of Pyrr- hus, who lived with Andromache as with a wife. Helenus was the only one of Priam's sons who survived the ruin of his country. Af- ter the death of Pyrrhus, he reigned over part of Epirus, which he called Chaonia, in memory of his brother Chaon, whom he had inadver- tently killed. Helenus received ALnens as he voyaged towards Italy, and foretold him some of the calamities which attended his fleet. The manner in which he received the gift of proplw- cy is doubtful. Vid. Casandra. Virg. Jn. 3, v. 295, &c. Pans. 1, c. 11. 1. 2, c. 33. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 99 & 722, 1. 15. v. 437. A Ru- tulian killed by Pallas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 388. HELERNI Lucus, a place near Rome. Ovid. Fast._6, v. 105. HELiAdes, the daughters of the Sun and Cly- mene. They were three in number, Lampetia;, Phaetusa, and Lampethusa : or seven, accord- ing to Hygin, Merope, Helie, jEgle, Lampetie, Phoebe, Etheria, and Dioxippe. They were so afflicted at the death of their brother Phae- ton, [rid. Phaetmi] that they were changed by the gods into poplars, and their tear* into precious amber, on the banks of the ri-rer Po. Odd. Met. 2, v. 340. Hygin. fab. 154. The first inhabitants of Rhodes. This is- land being covered with mud when the world was first created, was warmed by the cherish- ing beams of the sun, and from thence sprung seven men, which were called Heliades, airo TOV i)\tov, from the snn. The eldest of these, railed Ochimus, married Hegetoria, one of tha nymphs of the island, and his brothers fled from the country for having put to death, through jealousy, "one of their number. Diod. 5. HELIASTS, a name given to the judges of the most numerous tribunal at Athens. They con- sisted of 1000, and sometimes of 1500 ; they were seldom assembled, and only upon matters of the greatest importance. Demusth. contr. Tim. Ding, in Sol. HELICAON, a Trojan prince, son of Antenor. He married Laodice, the daughter of Priam, &C. Homer. II. 2. HEUCE, a star near the north pole, generally called Ursa Major. It ii supposed to receive its name from the town of Helice, of which Ca- mount Ida, where Ulysses tooV; him prisoner by J listo, who was changed into the Great Bear. H E was an inhabitant. Lucan. 2, v. 237. A town of Achaia, on the bay of Corinth, over- whelmed by the inundation of the sea. Plin. 9, c. 92. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 293. A daugh- ter of Silenus, king of jEgiale. Paiis. 7, c. 24. A daughter of Lycaon, king of Arcadia. HEL!CON, a mountain of Bocotia, on the bor- ders of Phocis. It was sacred to the Muses, who had there a temple. The fountain Hippo- crene flowed from this mountain. Strab. 8. Paiu. 9, c. 28, &c. Virg. Mn.7, v. 641. A river of Macedonia, near Diuiu. Paus. 9, c. 30. HELlcONiADES, a name given to the Muses, because they lived upon mount Helicon, which was sacred to them. HELlc5Nis, a daughter of Thespius. Apolbd. HELIODORUS, one of the favourites of Seleu- cus Philopater, king of Syria. He attempted to plunder the temple of the Jews, about 176 years before Christ, by order of his master, &c. A Greek mathematician of Larissa. A famous sophist, the best editions of whose en- tertaining romance, called JEthiopica, are Com- melin, 8vo. 1596, and Bourdelot, 8vo. Paris, 1619. A learned Greek rhetorician in the age of Horace. A man who wrote a treatise on tombs. A poet. A geographer. A surgeon at Rome in Juvenal's age. Juv. 5, v. 372. HELIOGABALUS, a deity among tbe Phoeni- cians. M. Aurelius Antoninus, a Roman em- peror, son of Varius Marcellus, called Helioga- balus, because he had been priest of that divini- ty in Phoenicia. After the death of Macrinus, he was invested with the imperial purple, and the senate, however unwilling to submit to a youth only 14 years of age, approved of his election, and bestowed upon him the tide of Augustus. Heliogabalus made his grandmother Moesa, and his mother Soemias, his colleagues on the throne ; and to bestow more dignity upon the sex, he chose a senate of women, over which his mother presided, and prescribed all the modes and fashions which prevailed in the empire. Rome now displayed a scene of cruel- ty and debauchery ; the imperial palace was full of prostitution, and the most infamous of the po - pulace became the favourites of the prince. He raised his horse to the honours of the consul- hip, and obliged his subjects to pay adoration to the god Heliogabalus, which was no other than a large black stone, whose figure resem- bled that of a cone. To this ridiculous deity temples were raised at Rome, and the altars of the gods plundered to deck those of the new divinity. In the midst of his extravagances, Heliogabalus married four wives ; and not satis- fied with following the plain laws of nature, he professed himself to be a woman, and gave himself up to one of his officers, called Hieroc- les. In this ridiculous farce, he suffered the greatest indignities from his pretended husband without dissatisfactiou ; and Hierocles, by stooping to infamy, became the most powerful of tbe favourites, and enriched himself by sell ing favours and offices to the people. Such li- centiousness soon displeased the populace, and 293 H E Heliogabalus, unable to appease the seditions of the soldiers, whom his rapacity and debauch- eries had irritated, hid himself in the filth and excrements of the camp, where he was found in the arms of his mother. His head was se- vered from his body tbe 10th of March, A. D. 222, in the 18th year of his age, after a reign of three years nine months and four days. He was succeeded by Alexander Severus. His cru- elties were as conspicuous as his licentiousness. He burdened his subjects with the most oppres- sive taxes ; his halls were covered with carpets of gold and silver tissue, and his mats were made with the down of hares, and with the soft feathers which were found under the wings of partridges. He was fond of covering his shoes with precious stones, to draw the admiration of the people as he walked along the streets, and he was the first Roman who ever wore a dress of silk. He often invited the most common of the people to share his banquets, and made them sit down on large bellows full of wind, which, by sudden emptying themselves, threw the guests on the ground, and left them a prey :o wild beasts. He often tied some of his fa- vourites on a large wheel, and was particularly delighted to see them whirled round like Ixions, and sometimes suspended in the air, or sunk jeneath the water. HELIOPOLIS, a famous city of lower Egypt, n which was a temple sacred to the sun. The nhabitants worshipped a bull called Mnevis, with the same ceremonies as the Apis of Mem- phis. Apollo had an oracle tiiere. Strab. 17. Died. 1. There was a small village of the same name without the Delia, near Babylon. HELISSON, a town and river of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 29. HEI.IUS, a celebrated favourite of the empe- ror Nero, put to death by order of Galba for his cruelties. HELIXUS, a river of Cos. HELLANICE, asisterof Clitus, who was nurse to Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 1. HELLANICUS, a celebrated Greek historian, born at Mytelene. He wrote an history of the ancient kings of the earth, with an account of the founders of the most famous towns in every kingdom, and died B. C. 411, in the 85th year of his age. Paus. 2, c. 3. A brave officer rewarded by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 2. An historian of Miletus, who wrote a description of the earth. HELLANOCRATES, a man of Larissa. Aristrt. Polit. 5, c. 10. HELLAS, an ancient name of Thessaly, more generally applied to the territories of Acarna- nia, A ttica, ^Etolia, Doris, Locris, Boeotia, and Pho.is, and also to all Greece. It received its name from Deucalion, and now forms a part of Livadia. Strab. 8. Mela, 2, c. 3. Paus. 2, c. 20. A beautiful woman in the age of Ho- race, beloved of Marius ; the lover killed her in a fit of passion, and afterwards destroyed him- self. Horat. 2, sat. 3, v. 277. HELLB, a daughter of Athamus and Nephele, sister to Phryxus. She fled from her father's house with her brother, to avoid the cruel ofc- HE fTf-tna.cn of hel mother-in-law, Ino. According to Kane accounts, she was carried through the air on a golden ram, which her mother had re- ceived from Neptune, and iu her passage she became giddy, and fell from her seat into that part of the sea which from her received the name of Hellespont. Others say that she was carried on a cloud, or rather upon a ship, from which she fell into the sea, and was drowned. I'hryxus, after he had given his sister a burial on the neighbouring coasts, pursued his jour- ney, and arrived safe in Colchis. [Fid. Phryxus.] Ovid. Heroid. 13, &c. HELLEN, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, reign- ed in Phthiotis about 1495 years before the Christian era, and gave the name of Hellenians to his subjects- He had by his wife Orseis, three sons, yEolus, Dorus, and Xuthus, who gave their names to the three different nations known under the names of yEolians, Dorians, and lonians. These last derive their name from Ion, son of Xuthus ; and from the difference either of expression or pronunciation in their respective languages, arose the different dialects well known in the Greek language. Paus. 3, c. 20. 1. 7, c. 1. D'wd. 5. HELLENES, the inhabitants of Greece. Vid. Hellen. HELLESPONTUS, a narrow strait between Asia and Europe, near the Propontis, which received its name from Helle, who was drowned there in her voyage to Colchis. [Vol. Helle.] It is about 33 miles long, and in the broadest parts, the Asiatic coasts is about one mile and a half distant from the European, and only half a mite in the narrowest, according to modern investi- gation ; so that people can converse one with the other from the opposite shores. It is cele- brated for jjhe love and death of Leander, [ Vid. Hero.'] and for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built over it when he invaded Greece. The folly of this great prince is well known in beating and fettering the waves of the sea, whose im- petuosity destroyed his ships, and rendered all bis labours ineffectual. This strait is uow called the Dardanelles. Strab. 15. Plin. 8, c. 32. Herodot. 7, c. 34. Polyb. Mela, I.e. 1. Ptol. 5, c. 2. Ovid, Met. 13, v. 407. Liu. 31, c. 15, 1. 33, c. 33. The country along the Hellespont on the Asiatic coast, bears the same name. Cic. Verr. 1, c. 24. Fam. 13, ep. 53. Strab. 12. Plin. 5, c. 30. HELLOFIA, a small country of Euboea. The people were called Hellopes. The whole island bore the same name, according to Strabo. Plin. 4, c. 12. HELLOTIA, two festivals, one of which was observed in Crete, in honoui of Europa, whose bones were then carried in solemn procession, with a myrtle garland no less than twenty cubes in circumference, called iXXwrtf. The other fes- tival was celebiated at Corinth with games and races, where young men entered the lists, and generally ran with burning torches in their hands. It was instituted in honour of Minerva, nrnamed Elotis, a o TOV IXovg, from a certain poui of Marathon, where one of her statues was erected, or airo TOV tXiiv TOV iirwov TOV Ilfya- HE ffof, because by her assistance Bellerophoo took and managed the horse Pegasus, which was the original cause of the institution of the festival. Others derive the name from Helotis, a Corin- thian woman, from the following circumstance : When the Dorians and the Heraclidae invaded Peloponnesus, they took and burnt Corinth ; the inhabitants, and particularly the women, es- caped by flight, except Helotis and her sister Eurytione, who took shelter in Minerva's tem- ple, relying for safety upon the sanctity of the place. When this was known, the Dorians set fire to the temple, and the two sisters perished in the flames. This wanton cruelty was fol- lowed by a dreadful plague ; and the Dorians, to alleviate the misfortunes which they suffered, were directed by the oracle to appease the manes of the two sisters, and therefore they raised a new temple to the goddess Minerva, and estab- lished the festivals, which bore the name of one of the unfortunate women. HELNES, an ancient king of Arcadia, &c. Polyten. 1. HELORIS, a general of the people of Rhe- gium,seutto besiege Messana, which Dionysius the tyrant defended. He fell in battle, and his troops were defeated. Diod. 14. HELOUUM and HELOBUS, a town and river of Sicily, whose swollen waters generally inun- date the neighbouring country. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 698. Ital. 11, v. 270. A river of Magna Graecia. HELOS, a place f \rcadia. Paus. 8, c. 36. A town of Laconia, taken and destroyed by the Lacedfemonians, under Agis the third, ot the race of the Heraclids, because they refused to pay the tribute which was imposed upon them. The Lacedaemonians carried their re- sentment so far, that, not satisfied with the ruin of the city, they reduced the inhabitants to the lowest and most miserable slavery, and made a law which forbad their masters of either giving them their liberty, or selling them in any other country. And to complete their infamy, all the- slaves of the state and the prisoners of war, were called by the mean appellation of Helotce. Not only the servile offices in which they were employed denoted their misery and slavery, but they were obliged to wear peculiar garments, which exposed them to greater contempt and ridicule. They never were instructed in the li- beral arts, and their cruel masters often obliged them to drink to excess, to show the free born citizens of Sparta the beastliness and disgrace of intoxication. They once every year received a number of stripes, that by this wanton flagel- lation, they might recollect that they were born and died slaves. The Spartans even declared war against them ; but Plutarch, who, from in- terested motives, endeavours to palliate the guilt and cruelty of the people of Lacedamon, declares that it was because they had assisted the Messenians in their war against Sjiarta, after it had been overthrown by a violent earthquake. This earthquake was supposed by all theGreeka to be a punishment from heaven for the cmeJ- ties which, the Lacedaemonians had exercisej against the Helots. In the Peloponneaiaii war, HE these miserable slaves behaved with uncommon Bravery, and were rewarded with their liberty by the Lacedcemonians, and appeared in the temples, and at public shows, crowned with garlands, and with every mark of festivity and triumph. This exultation did not continue Jong ; and the sudden disappearance of the two thousand manumitted slaves, was attri- buted to the inhumanity of the Lacedemo- nians. Thiicyd, 4. Pollux. 3, c. 8. Strab. 8. ~-Plut. in Lye. #c. Aristct. Polit. 2. Pans. Larmi, fyc. HELOT* and HELOTES, the public slaves of Sparta, &c Vid. Helos. HELVETIA, a vestal virgin struck dead with lightning in Trajan's reign. HEI.VETII, an ancient nation of Gaul, con qucred by J. Caesar. Car at iMyceuas and perform the labours which H E by priority of birth he was impowered to im- pose upon him. Hercules refused, and Juno to punish his disobedience, rendered him so delirious that he killed his own children by Megara, supposing them to be the offspring of Eurystheus. [Fid. Megara.] When he re- covered the use of his senses, he was so struck with the misfortunes which had proceeded from his insanity, that he concealed himself, and retired from the society of men for some time. He afterwards consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was told that he must be sub- servient for twelve years to the will of Eurys- theus, in compliance with the commands of Jupiter ; and that after he had achieved the most celebrated labours lie should be reckoned in the number of the gods. So plain and ex- pressive an answer determined him to go to Mycena?, and to bear with fortitude what- ever gods or men imposed upon him. Eurys- theus seeing so great a man totally subjected to him, and apprehensive of so powerful an enemy, commanded him to achieve a number of enterprizes the most difficult and arduous ever known, generally called the 12 labours of Hercules. The favours of the gods had completely armed him when he undertook his labours. He had received a coat of arms and helmet from Minerva, a sword from Mercury, a horse from Neptune, a shield from Jupiter, a bow and arrows from Apollo, and from Vul- can a golden cuirass and brazen buskin, with a celebrated club of brass according to the opinion of some writers. The first labour imposed upon Hercules by Eurystheus, was to kill the lion of Nemjea, which ravaged the country near Mycense. The hero, unable to destroy him with his arrows, boldly attacked him with his club, pursued him to his den, and after a close and sharp engagement he choked him to death. He carried the beast dead on his shoulders to Mycenae, and ever after clothed himself with the skin. Eurystheus was so astonished at the sight of the beast, and at the courage of Heicules, that he or- dered him never to enter the gates of the city when he returned from his expeditions, but to wait for his orders without the walls. He even made himself a brazen vessel into which he retired whenever Hercules returned. The second labour of Hercules, was to destroy the Lernaean hydra, which had seven heads according to Apollodorus, fifty according to Simonides, and 100 according to Diodorus. This celebrated monster he attacked with his arrows, and soon after he came to a close en- gagement, and by means of his heavy club he destroyed the heads of bis enemy. But this was productive of no advantage, for as soon an one head was beaten to pieces by the club, immediately two sprang up, and the labour of Hercules would have remained unfinished, had not he commanded his friend lolas to burn, with a hot iron, the root of the head which he crushed to pieces. This succeeded, [Ha. Hydra.'] and Hercules became victorious, opened the belly of the monstct, and dipped his arrows in the gall to rendei the wound* H E which lie gave fatal and incurable. He was ordered in hi* third labour to bring alive and Unhurt into the presence of Eurystheus a stag, famous for its in ci edible swiftness, its golden noinH, and brazen feet. This celebrated animal frequented the neighbourhood of CEnoe, and Hercules was employed for a whole year in continually pursuing it, and at last he caught it in a trap, or when tired, or according to others, by elightly wounding it and lessening ita swiftness. As he returned victorious, Diana snatched the goat from him, and severely re- primanded him for molesting an animal which was sacred to her. Hercules pleaded neces- sity, and by representing the commands of Kurystheus, he appeased the goddess and ob- tained the beast. The fourth labour was to firing alive to Eurystheus a wild boar which ravaged the neighbourhood of Erymanthus. In this expedition he destroyed the centaur, [ Vid. Ceiitanri] and caught the boar by closely pursuing him through the deep snow. Eurys- theus was so fiightened at the sight of the boar, *.hat, according to Diodorus, he hid himself in iiis brazen vessel for some days. In his fifth labour Hercules was ordered to clean the stables of Augias, where 5000 oxen had been confined for many years. [Vid. Augias.'] For his sixth labour he was ordered to kill the cnruivorous birds which ravaged the country near the lake Styinphalis in Arcadia. [Vid. Stymphalis.~] In his seventh labour he brought alive into Peloponnesus a prodigious wild bull which laid waste the island of Crete. In his eight labour he was employed in obtaining the mares of Diomedes which fed upon human flesh. He killed Diomedes and gave him to be eat by his mares which he brought to Eurystheus. They were sent to mount Olympus by the king of Mycenae, where they were devoured by the wild beasts ; or, according to others, they were consecrated to Jupiter, and their breed still existed in the age of Alexander the great. For his ninth labour, he was commanded to obtain the girdle of the queen of the Amazons. [ Vid. Hippolyte.~\ In his tenth labour he killed the monster Geryon, king of Gades, and brought to Argos his numerous flocks which fed upon human flesh. [Fid. Gerym.] The eleventh labour was to obtain apples from the garden of the He.sperides. [Vid. Hespendes.'] The twelfth and last, and most dangerous of his labours, was to bring upon earth the three-headed dog Cerberus. This was cheer- fully undertaken by Hercules, and he descended into hell by a cave on mount Taenarus. He was permitted by Pluto to carry away his friends Theseus and Pirithous, who were condemned to punishment in hell, and Cerberus also was granted to his prayer?, provided he made use of no arms, but only force to drag him away. Hercules, as some report, carried him back to hell, after he had brought him be- fore Eurystheus. Besides these arduous la- bours, which the jealousy of Eurystheus im- posed upon him, he also achieved others of his own accord equally ^reat and celebrated. [Vid. 299 H E COCKS, Anttrtis, Busiris, Eris, &c.J He accom- panied the Argonauts to Colchis before he deli- vered himself op to the king of Mycenae. He assisted the gods in their wars against the giants, and it was through him alone that Jupi- ter obtained a victory. [Vid. Gigantes.'] He conquered Laomedon, and pillaged Troy. [Vid. Laomedmi.] When lole, the daughter of Eurytus, king of (Echalia, of whom he was deeply ena- moured, was refused to his entreaties, he be- came the prey of a second fit oi insanity, and he murdered Iphitus, the only one of the sons of Eurytus who favoured his addresses to lole. [Vid. Iphitiis.~] He was some time after puri- fied of the murder, and his insanity ceased, but the gods persecuted him more, and he was visit- ed by a disorder which obliged him to applv tO' the oracle of Delphi for relief. The coldness with which the Pythia received him irritated him, and he resolved to plunder Apollo's tem- ple, and carry away the sacred tripod. Apollo opposed him, and a severe contest was begun, which nothing but the interference of Jupiter with his thunderbolts could have prevented. He was upon this told by the oracle, that he must be sold as a slave, and remain three years in the most abject servitude, to recover from his disorder. He complied, and Mercury, by order of Jupiter, conducted him to Omphale, queen of Lydia, to whom he was sold as a slave. Here he cleared all the country from robbers ; and Omphale, who was astonished at the greatness of his exploits, restored him to liberty, and mar- ried him. Hercules had Agelaus, and Lamon, according tc others, by Omphale, from whom Croesus, king of Lydia, was descended. He be- came also enamoured of one of Omphale's fe- male servants, by whom he had Alceus. After he had completed the years of his slavery, he returned to Peloponnesus, where he re-estab- lished on e throne of Sparta Tindarus, who had been expelled bv Hippocoon. He became one of Dejauira's suitors, and married her after he had overcome all his rivals. [Vid. Achelaus.] He was obliged to leave Calydon, his father-in- law's kingdom, because he had inadvertently killed a man with a blow of his fist, and it was on account of this expulsion, that he was not present at the hunting of the Calydonian boar. From Calydon he retired to the court of Ceyx, king of Trachinia. In his way he was stopped by the swollen streams of the Evenus, where the centaur Nessus attempted to offer violence to Dejanira, under the perfidious pretence of con- veying heir over the river. Hercules perceived the distress of Dejanira, and killed the centaur, who as he expired gave her a tunic, which, as he observed, had the power of recalling a husband from unlawful love. [Vid. Dejanira.] Ceyx. king of Trachinia, received him and his wife with great marks of friendship, and purified him of the murder which he had committed at Caly- don. Hercules was still mindful that he had once been refused the hand of lole, he therefore made war against her father Eurytus, and killed him with three of his sons. lole fll into the hands of her father's murderer, and found tht? she was loved by Hercules w mucii as before. H E She accompanied him on mount (Eta, where he was going to raise an altar, and offer a solemn sacrifice to Jupiter. As he had not then the tunic in which he arrayed himself to offer a sacrifice, he sent Lichas to Dejanira in order to provide himself a proper dress. Dejanira, in- formed of her husband's tender attachment to Icle^ eent him a pliilter, or more probably the tunic which she had received from Nessus, and Hercnles, as soon as he had put it on, fell into a desperate distemper, and found the poison of the Lernaean hydra penetrate through his bones. He attempted to pull off the fatal dress, but it was too late, and in the midst of his pains and tortures, he inveighed in the most bitter impre- cations against the credulous Dejanira, the cru- elty of Eurystheus, and the jealousy and hatred of Juno. As the distemper was incurable, he implored the protection of Jupiter, and gave his how and arrows to Philoctetes, and erected a large burning pile on the top of mount (Eta. He spread on the pile the skin of the Nemaean lion, and laid himself down upon it as on a bed, lean- ing his head on his club. Philoctetes, or ac- cording to others, Paean or Hyllus, was ordered to set fire to the pile, and the hero saw himself I the celebrated mountains which were after- on a sudden surrounded with the flames, with- ! wards called the boundaries of his labours, out betraying any marks of fear or astonishment. ' Jupiter saw him from heaven, and told to the surrounding gods, that he would raise to the H E with the leaves of the poplar, and holding the aorn of plenty under his arm. At other timeg he is represented standing with Cupid, who in- solently breaks to pieces his arrows and bid club, to intimate the passion of love in the hero, who suffered himself to be beaten and ridiculed by Omphale, who dressed herself in his armour while he was sitting to spin with her female servants. The children of Hercules are as nu- merous as the labours and difficulties which he underwent ; and indeed tLey became so power- ful soon after his death, that they alone had the courage to invade all Peloponnesus. [ Vid. He- radid H B Orestes af*er iliis murder, ami received the kingdom of Sparta as a dowry. Homer. Od. 4Eurip. in Aiulr. et Orest.Ovitl. Heroid, 8. Propert. 1. - A town of Argolis where Ceres had a famous temple. Strab. S. Mela, 2. Paus. 2, c. 34. HERMIONI*, a city near the Riphaean moun- tains. Orph. in Arg. HERMIONICUS SINUS, a bay on the coast of rgolis near Hermione. Strab. 1 & 8. HERMIPPUS, a freed man, disciple of Philo, in the reign of Adrian, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He wrote five books upon dreams. - A man who accused Aspasia, the mistress if Periclea, of impiety and prostitution. Pint. - A peripatetic philosopher of Smyrna who flourished B. C. 710 HERMOCRATES, a general of Syracuse, against" Nicias the Athenian. His lenity to- wards the Athenian prisoners was looked upon as treacherous. He was 'janished from Sicily without even a trial, and he was murdered as lie attempted to return back to his country, 15. C. 408. Plat, in NIC. &;c. - A sophist celebrated for Jiis rising talents. He died in the 28th year of his age, in the reign of the emperor Severus. - The father-in-law of Dio- nysius, tyrant of Sicily. - A Rhodian em- ployed by Artaxerxes to corrupt the Grecian states, &c - A sophist, preceptor to Pau- eanias the murderer of Philip. Diod. 16. HERMODORUS, a Sicilian, pupi! to Plato. - A philosopher of Ephesus, who is said to have assisted, as interpreter, the Roman decemvirs in the composition of the 10 tables of laws, which had been collected in Greece. Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 36. Plin. 34, c. 5. - A native of Sala- mis, contemporary with Philo the Athenian architect. - A poet who wrote a book called HERMOGENES, an architect of Alabanda in Caria, employed in building the temple of Diana at Magnesia. He wrote a book upon his profession. - A rhetorician in the second century, the best editions of whose rlietorica are that of Sturmius, 3 vols. 12mo. Argent 1571, and Laurentius Genev. 1hus. Antipas, a son of Herod the Great, governor of Galilaea, &c. Agrippa, H E a Jew intimate with the emperor Caligula, &c. This name was common to many of die Jews. Josephus. HERODIANUS, a Greek historian who flou- rished A. D. 247. He was born at Alexan dria, and he was employed among the officer: of the Roman emperors. He wrote a Roman history in eight books, from the death of Alar- cus Auretius to Maximinus. His style is pe- culiarly elegant, but it wants precision, and the work too plainly betrays that the author was not a perfect master of geography. He is accused of being too partial to Maximinus, and too severe upon Alexander Severus. His book comprehends the history of 68 or 70 years, and he asserts that he has been aa eye- witness of whatever he has written. The best editions of his history is that of Politian, 4to, Dovan, 1525, who afterwards published a very valuable Latin translation, and that of Oxford, 8vo. 1708. HERODJCUS, a physician surnamed Gymnastic, who flourished B. C. 443. A grammarian eurnamed Crateleus, B. C. 123. HERODOTUS, a celebrated historian of Hali- carnassus, whose father's name was Lyxes, and that of his mother's Dryo. He fled to Samos wnen Ins country laboured under the oppressive tyranny of Lygdamis, and travelled over Egypt, Italy, and all Greece. He atterwards returned to Halicarnassus, and expelled the tyrant, which patriotic deed, far from gaining the esteem and admiration of the populace, displeased and irritated them, so that Herodotus was obliged to fly into Greece from the public resentment. To procure a lasting fame he publicly repeated at the Olympic games, the history which lie had composed in his 39th year, B. C. 445. It was received with such universal applause, that the name of the nine Muses were unani- mously given to the nine books into which it is divided. This celebrated composition, which lias procured its author the title of father of history, is written in the Ionic dialect. Hero- dotus is among the historians what Homer is among the poets, the Demosthenes among the orators. His style abounds with elf gance, ease, and sweetness, and if there is any of the fabu- lous or incredible, the author candidly informs the reader that it is introduced upon the nar- ration of others. The work is an history of the wars of the Persians against the Greeks, from the age of Cyrus to the battle of Mycale in the reign of Xerxes, and besides this it gives an account of the most celebrated nations in the world. Herodotus had written another history of Assyria and Arabia, which is not extant. The life of Homer, generally attri- buted to him, is supposed by some not to be the production of his pen. Plutarch has ac- cused him of malevolence towards the Greeks : an imputation which can easily be refuted. The two best editions of this great historian are tli at of Wesseling, fol. Amsterdam '~^3, and that of Glasgow, 9 vols. 12mo. 176i Jic. de leg. 1. dt: trrat. 2. Dimtys. Hal. 1. Qui til. 10, c. 1. Pint, de mal. Hard. A man who 303 H B wrote a trtause concerning Epicurus. Dlog.~ A Theban wrestler ol Megarm, in tlie uge of Demetrius, son of Antigonus. He waj six feet and a half in height, and he ate generally twenty pounds of flesh, with bread in propor- tion, at each of his meals. HEROES, a name which was given by the ancients to such as were born from a god, or to such as had signalized themselves b ' their actions, and seemed to deserve immortality by the service they had rendered their country. The heroes which Homer describes, such as Ajax, Achilles, were of such a prodigious strength, that they could lift up and throw stones which the united force of four or five men of his age could not have moved. The heroes were supposed to be interested in the affairs of mankind after death, and they were invoked with much solemnity. As the altars of the gods were crowded with sacrifices and libations, so the heroes were often honoured with a funeral solemnity, in which their great exploits were enumerated. The origin of he- roism might proceed from the opinions of some philosophers, who taught that the souls of great men were often raised to the stars, and introduced among the immortal gods. Ac- cording to the notions of the Stoics, the ancient heroes inhabited a pure and serene climate, situate above the moon. HEROIS, a festival, celebrated every 9th year by the Delphians, in honour of a heroine. T*>ere were in the celebration a great number of my o^erious rites, with a representation of some- thing like Semele's resurrection. HERON, two mathematicians, one of whom is called the ancient, and the other the younger. The former, who lived about 100 years before Christ, was disciple of Ctesibius, and wrote a curious book, translated into Latin, under the title of Spiritalium Liber, the only edition of which is that of Baldus. Aug. Vmd. 1616. HEROOPOLIS, a town of Egypt on the Arabic gulf. HEROPHILA, a Sibyl, who, as some suppose, came to Rome in the reign of Tarquin. [ Fid. Sibylla;.] Pans. 10, c. 12. HEROPHILUS, an impostor in the reign of J. Caesar, who pretended to be the grandson of Marios. He was banished from Rome by sssar, for his seditions, and was afterward* strangled in prison. A Greek physician, about 570 years before the Christian era. He ivas one of the first who dissected bodies. Pliny, Cicero, and Plutarch, Uave greatly com- mended him. HfirtosTKATus. Vid. Erostratus. HEHPA, a town of Cappadocia. HERSE, a daughter of Cecrops. king of Athens, beloved by Mercury. The god dis- closed his love to Aglauros, Herse's sister, u lopes of procuring an easy admission to Herso but Aglauros, through jealousy, discovered tha unour. Mercury was so offended at her be- laviour, that he struck her with his cadutfcun ind changed her into a stone. Herse become nother of Cephalus by Mercury, un:i, afte. H E death, she received divine honours at Athens. Orirf. Met. "2, v. 5.59, &c. A wife of Danus. Apollod. HF.RSII.IA, one of the Sabines canied away by the Romans at the celebration of the Con- sualia. She was given and married to Ro- mulus ; and, being presented with immortality by Juno, received divine honours under the name of Ora. Liu. 1, c. 11. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 832. HEHTHA and HERTA, a goddexs among the Germans, supposed to be the same as the earth. She had a temple and a chariot dedicated to her service in a remote island, and was supposed to visit the earth at stated times, when her coming was celebrated with the greatest re- joicings and festivity. Ttwit. de Germ. HERULI, a savage nation in the northern parts of Europe, who attacked the Roman power in its decline. HES.*NUS, a mountain near Paponia. HESIODUS, a celebrated poet, born at Ascra, in Bceotia. His father's name was Dius, and his mother's Pycimede. He lived in the age of Homer, and even obtained a poetical prize in competition with him, according to Varro and Plutarch. Quintilian, Philostratus, and others, maintain, that Hesiod lived before the age of Homer ; but Val. Paterculus, &c. support that lie flourished about 100 years after him. He- siod is the first who wrote a poem on agriculture. This composition is called, The Works and the Days; and, besides the instructions which are given to the cultivator of the field, the reader is pleased to find many moral reflections worthy of a refined Socrates or a Plato. His Theogony is a miscellaneous narration executed without art, precision, choice, judgment, or connection, yet it is the more valuable for the faithful ac count it gives of the gods of antiquity. His Shield of Hercules is but a fragment of a larger poem, in which it is supposed he gave an ac- count of the most celebrated heroines among the ancients. Hesiod, without being master of the fire and sublimity of Homer, is admired for the elegance of his diction, and the sweet- ness of his poetry. Besides these poems he wrote others, now lost. Pausanias says, that in his age, Hesiod's verses were still written on tablets in the temple of the Muses, of which the poet was a priest. If we believe Clem. ALerund. 6, Strom, the poet borrowed much from Miwffus. One of Lucan's dialogues bears the name of Hesiod, and in it, the poet is introduced as speaking of himself. Virgil, in his Georgics, has imitated the compositions of Hesiod, and taken his opera and dies for model, as he acknowledges. Cicero strongly commends him, and the Greeks were so partial to his poetry and moral instructions that they ordereit their children to learn all by heart. Hesiod was murdered by the sons of Ganyctor of Nau- pactum and his body was thrown into the sea. Some dolphins brought back the body to the shore, which was immediately known, and the murderers were discovered by the poet's dogs, and thrown into the sea. If Hesiod .'30* H flourished in the age of Homer, he lived P07 B. C. The best editions of this poet are that of Robinson, 4to. Oxon. 1737, that of Loesner, 8vo. Lips. 1 78, and that of Parma, 4to. 1785. Cir.. Fam. 6, ep. 18. f'aiis. 9, c. 3, &c. Quin- til. 10, c. \. Paterc. Varro. Pint, de?, Sep. % de_Aim. Sag. HESIONE, a daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy, by Strymo, the daughter of the Sca- mander It having fallen to her lot to be ex- posed to a sea-monster, to whom the Trojans yearly presented a marrigeable virgin, to ap- pease the resentment of Apollo and Neptune, whom Laomedon had offended, Hercules pro- mised to deliver her, provided he received as a reward six beautiful horses. Laomedon con- sented, and Hercules attacked the monster just as he was going to devour Hesione, and he killed him with his club. Laomedon, however, refused to reward the hero's services, and Her- cules, incensed at his treachery, besieged Troy, and put the king and all his family to the sword, except Podarces, or Priam, who had advised his father to give the promised horses to his sister's deliverer. The conqueror gave Hesione in marriage to his friend Telamon, who had assisted him during the war, and he established Priam upon his father's throne. The removal of Hesione to Greece proved at last fatal to tin Trojans, and Priam, who remembered with in- dignation that his sister bad been forcibly given to a foreigner, sent his son Paris to Greece to reclaim the possessions of Hesione, or more probably to revenge his injuries, upon the Greeks by carrying away Helen, which gave rise, soon after, so the Trojan war. Lycophron mentions, that Hercules threw himself armed from head to foot, into the mouth of the mon- ster to which Hesione was exposed, and that he tore his belly to pieces, and came out safe, only with the loss of his hair, after a confine- ment of three days. Homer. 11. 5. Ajwltod. 2, c. r>, &c.0vid. Met. 11, v. 212. - The wife of Nauphus. HESPERIA, a large island of Africa, once the residence of the Amazons. Diod. 3. - A name common both to Italy and Spain. It is derived from Hesper or Vesper, \he setting sun, or the evening, whence the Greeks called Italy, Hes- peria, because it was situate at the setting sun, or in the west. The same name for similar reasons, was applied to Spain by the Latins. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 634, &c. Hm--it. 1, od. 36. - A daughter of the Cebrenus. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 769. HESPERIDES, three celebrated nymphs, daughters of Hesperus. Apollodorus mentions four, A r .gle, Erythia, Vesta, ami Aretlwsa ; and Diodorus confounds them with the A dan tides, and supposes that they were the same number. They were appointed to guard the golden apples which Juno gave to Jupiter on the day of their nuptials, and the place of their resi- dence placed beyond the ocean by Hesiod, is more universally believed to be near mount Atlas in Africa, according to Apollodorus. This celebrated place or t;;ircifn abounded wiib HE fruits of ths most delicious kind, and was care- fully guarded by a dreadful dragon which never slept. It was one of the labours of Hercules to procure some of the golden apples of the Hesperides. The hero, ignorant of the situa- tion of this celebrated garden, applied to the nymphs in the neighbourhood of the Po for information, and was told that Nereus, the god of the sea, if properly managed, \Vid. Nereus.~] would direct him in his pursuits. Hercules seized Nereus as he was asleep, and the sea- god, unable to escape from his grasp, answered all the questions which he proposed. Some say that Nereus sent Hercules to Prometheus, and that from him he received all his informa- tion. When Hercules came into Africa, he repaired to Atlas, and demanded of him three of the golden apples. Atlas unloaded himself, and placed the burden of the heavens on the shoulders of Hercules, while he went in quest of the apples. At his return, Hercules ex- pressed his wish to ease his burden by putting something on his head, and, when Atlas assisted him to remove his \nconvenience, Hercules art- fully left the burden, and seized the apples, which Atlas had thrown on the ground. Ac- cording to other accounts, Hercules gathered the apples himself, without the assistance of Atlas, and he previously killed the watchful dragon which kept the tree. These apples were brought to Eurystheus, and afterwards carried hack by Minerva into the garden of the Hesperides, as they could he preserved in no other place. Hercules is sometimes repre- sented gathering the apples, and the dragon which guarded the tree appears bowing down liis head as having received a mortal wound. This monster, as it is supposed, was the off- spring: of Typhon, and it had a hundred heads and as many voices, This number, however, is reduced by some to only one head. Those that attempt to explain mythology, observe, that the Hesperides were certain persons who "had an immense number of flocks, and that the ambiguous word HT)\OV, which signifies an apple Mid a sheep, gave rise to the fable of the golden apples of the Hesperides. Diod. 4. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 637, &c. 1. 9, v. 90.Hygin. fab. 30. ApMod. 3, c. 5. Hesiod. Theog. v. 215, &c. HESPERIS. Vid. Hesperus. HESPERITIS, a country of Africa. Diod. 4. HESPERUS, a son of Japetus, urotherto Atlas. He came to Italy, and the country received the name of Hesperia from him, according to some accounts. He had a daughter called Hesperis, vho married Atlas, and became mother of seven daughters, called Atlantides or Hesperides. Diod. 4. The name of Hesperus was also applied to the planet Venus, when it appeared after the setting of the sun. It was called Phosphorus or Lucifer when it preceded the (Kin. Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 2. Senec. de Hippol. HESTIA, one of the Hesperides. A)ilL>d. HESTiA,a town of Euboea. HESUS, a deity among the Gauls, the same :s t/ie Mars of the Romans. Lucan. I, v. 445. 11 I H BS Y c ii i A , a daughter of Thbspiufl. ApoUod. H KS Y CHI us, the author of a Greek lexicon in the beginning of the 3d century ; a valuable work, which has been learnedly edited by Al- bert, 2 vols. fol. L. Bat. 1746. HETRICULUM, a town in the country of the Brutii. Liv. 30, c. 19. < HBTRURIA & ETRURIA, a celebrated country of Italy, at the west of the Tyber. It originally contained twelre different nations, which had each their respective monarch. Their names were Veientes, Clusini, Perusini, Cortonenses, Arretini, Vetuloni, Volaterrani, Rusellani, Vols- cinii, Tarquinii, Falisci, and Caeretani. The inhabitants were particularly famous for their superstition, and strict confidence in omens, dreams, auguries, &c. They all proved power- ful and resolute enemies to the rising empire of the Romans, and were conquered only after much effusion of blood. Plin. 3,'C. 5. Strab. 5. Pint, in Rom. Mela, 2, c. 4. HEURIPPA, a surname of Diana. HEXAFYLTJM, a certain eminence at Syracuse. Lit'. 24, c. 21. HIBERNIA & HYBERNIA, a large island at the west of Britain, now called Ireland. Some of the ancients have called it Ibernia, Juverna, &c. Jiiu. 2, v. 160. Strab. 4. Orpheut.- Aristnt. HIBRILDES, an Athenian general. Dionys. Hal. 7. IICETAON, a son of Laomedon, brother to Priam, &c. Homer. II. 3. The father of Thynioetes, who came to Italy with yEneas. Virg. fan. 10, v. 123. HICETAS, a philosopher of Syracuse, who be- lieved that the earth moved, and that all the heavenly bodies were stationary. Diog. in Phil. A tyrant of Syracuse. Vid. Icetas. HIEMPSAI,, a king of Numidia, &c. Pint. Hi ERA, a beautiful woman, who married Tele- phus, king of Mysia. The mother of Pandarua and Bitias, by Alcanor. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 673. One of the ^olian islands. Paus. 10, c. 11. HIERAPOLIS, a town of Sjria. Another of Phr3'gia. Another of Crete. HIERAX, a youth who awoke Argos to inform him that Mercury was stealing lo. Mercury killed him. and changed him into a bird of prey. ApoUod. 2, c. 1. Antiochus, king of Syria. and brother to Seleucus, received the surname of Hierax. Justiit 37, c. 3. An Egyptian philosopher in the third century. HIEIUCHUS, (untis) the name of Jericho in the holy land, called the city of palm-trees, from its abounding in dates. P/ii. 5, c. 14. Tacit. H. 5, c. 6. HIERO 1st, a king of Syracuse, after his brother Gelon, who rendered himself odious in the beginning of his reign by his cruelty and avarice. He made war against Theron the tjrant of Agrigentum, and took Himera. He obtained three different crowns at the Olympic games, two in horse-races, and one at a chariot, race. Piadar has celebrated him as being vic- torious at Olympia. In the latter part of hi. reio-n the conversation of Simonidea, Epichar- X HI ami, Pindar, &c. aoftrned in some measure the roughness of i is morals, and rendered him the patron of learning, genius, and merit. He died after a reign of 18 years, B. C. 467,- leaving the crown to his brother Thrasybulus, who dis- graced himself by his vices and tyranny. Diod. if. The second of that name, king of Sy- racuse, was descended from (jelon. He was unanimously elected king by all the states of the island of Sicily, and appointed to carry on the war against the Carthaginians. He joined his enemies in besieging Messana, which had surrendered to the Romans, but he was beaten by Appius Claudius, the Roman consul, and obliged to retire to Syracuse, where he was soon blocked up. Seeing all hopes of victory lost, he made peace with the Romans, and proved so faithful to his engagements during the fifty-nine years of his reign, that the Ro- mans never had a more firm, or more attached a/ly. He died in the 94th year of his age, about 225 years before the Christian era. He was universally regretted, and all the Sicilians showed, by their lamentations, that they had lost a common father and friend. He liberally patronized the learned, and employed the ta- Jents of Archimedes for the good of his country. He wrote a book on agriculture, now lost. He was succeeded by Hieronymus. JElian. V. H. 4, 8. histin. 23, c. 4. Flar. 2, c. 2. Liv. 16. An Athenian, intimate with Nicias the general. Pint, in Nic. A Parthian, &c, Tacit. HIEROCEPIA, an island near Paphos in Cyprus.^ HIEROCLES, a persecutor of the Christians under Dioclesian, who pretended to find incon- sistencies in Scripture, and preferred the mira- cles of Thyaneus to those of Christ. His writings were refuted by Lactantius and Eusebius. A platonic philosopher, who taugbt at Alexan- dria, and wrote a book on providence and fate, fragments of which are preserved by Photius ; a commentary on the golden verses of Pythago- ras ; and facetious moral verses. He flourished A. I). 485. The best edition is that of Asheton and Warren, 8vo. London, 1742. A general in the interest of Demetrius. Polyten. 5. A governor of Bithynia and Alexandria, under Dioclesian. An officer. Vid, Heliogaba- lus. HIERODULUM, a town of Libya. HIERONICA LEX, by Hiero, tyrant of Sicily, to settle the quantity of corn, the price and time of receiving it between the farmers of Sicily, and the collectors of the corn tax at Rome, This law, on account of its justice and candour, was continued by the Romans, when they became masters of Sicily. HIERONYMUS, a tyrant of Sicily, who suc- ceeded his father or grandfather Hiero, when only fifteen years old. He rendered himself odious by his cruelty, oppression, and de- bauchery. He abjured the alliance of Rome, which Hiero had enjoyed with so much honour and advantage. He was assassinated, and all his family was overwhelmed in his fall, and totally extirpated, B.C. 214. An historian 306 H I f Rhode*, who wrote an account of the action* of Demetrius PoliorcetPs, by whom he was ap- pointed over Boeotia, B.C. 254. Plut. in Dem. An Athenian pet over the fleet, while Co- non went to the king of Persia. A Chrisuin. writer, commouly called St. Jerome, born in Pannonia, and distinguished for his zeal against heretics. He wrote commentaries on the Pro- phets, St. Matthew's Gospel, &c. a Latin ver- sion, known by the name of Vulgate, polemical treatises, and an account of ecclesiastical writers before him. Of his works, which are replete with lively animation, sublimity, and erudition, the best edition is that of Vallarsius, fol. Verona, 1734 to 1740, 10 vols. Jerome died A. D. 420, in his 80th year. iERopHliA-s, a Greek physician. He in- structed his daughter Agnodice in the art of midwifery, &c. Vid. Agnodice. HIEROSOLYMA, a celebrated city of Palestine, Ihe capital of Judaea, taken by Pompey, who, on that account is surnamed Hierosolymariu*. Titus also took it and destroyed it the 8th of September, A. D. 70. Cic. ad Attic. 2. HIGNATIA VIA, a large road which led from the Ionian sea to the Hellespont, across Mace- donia, about 530 miles. Strab. 7. HILARIA, a daughter of Leucippus and Phi- lodice. As she and her sister Phoebe were going to marry their cousins Lynceus and Idas, they were carried away by Castor and Pollux, who married them. Hilaria had Anagon by Castor. Paus. 2, c. 22. 1. 3, c. 19. Festi- vals at Rome in honour of the mother of the gods. HILARIUS, a bishop of Poictiers, in France, who wrote several treatises, the most famous of which is on the Trinity, in twelve books The only edition is that of the Benedictine monks, fol. Paris, 1693. Hilary died A. D. 372, in his 80th year. HILLEVIONES, a people of Scandinavia. Pirn. 4, c.13. HIMELLA, now Aia, a small river in the country of the Sabines. Vvrg. Mn. 7, v. 714. HIM ERA, a city of Sicily, built by the people of Zancle, and destroyed by the Carthaginians 240 years after. Strab. 6. There were two rivers of Sicily of the same name. The ancient name of the Eurotas. Strab. 6 Mela, 2, c. 7. Polyb. HIMILCO, a Carthaginian sent to explore the western parts of Europe. Fest. Avien. A son of Amilcar, who succeeded his father in the command of the Carthaginian armies in Sicily. He died, with his army, by a plague, B. C. 398. Justin. 19, c. 2. HIPPAGORAS, a man who wrote an account of the republic of Carthage. HIPPALCIMUS, a son of Pelops and Hippo- damia, who was among the Argonauts. HIPPALUS, the first who sailed in open sea from Arabia to India. Ari-ian. in perip. HIPPARCHIA, a woman in Alexander's age, who became enamoured of Crates, the Cynic philosopher, because she had heard him dis- course. She married him, though he nt first detained her addresses, ami represented LU poverty and meanness. She was so attached to Mm that she was his constant companion, and was not as'.aned publicly to gratify his fanpurest desires. She wrote some things, now lost. VIA. Crates. HIPPARCHUS, a son of Pisistratus, who suc- ceeded his father as tyrant of Athens, with his orother Hippias. He patronized some of the learned men of the age, and distinguished him- self for his fondness for literature. The seduc- tion of a sister of Harmodius raised him many enemies, and he was at last assassinated by a desperate band of conspirators, with Harmodius ?.nd Aristogiton at their head, B.C. 513. One of Antony's freed men. The first per- son ivho was banished by ostracism at Athens. The father of Asclepiades. A mathe- matician and astronomer of Nicaea, who pub- lished different treatises and observations upon the stars, and was the first who, after Thales and Sulpicius Callus, found out the exact time of eclipses, of which he made a calculation for <>00 years. He published an account of the stars, to which he gave a name, and which he numbered and ably divided into different classes ; and died B.C. 125. Win. 2, c. 26, &c. An Athenian who conspired against Heraclides, who kept Athen for Demetrius, &c. Polyten. HirpARlsus, a son of Dionysius, who ejected Callipus from Syracuse, and seized the sovereign power for twenty-seven years. Polyxu. 5. The father of Dion. HippARioN.one of Dion's sons. HIPPASUS, a son of Ceyx, who assisted Her- cules against Eurytus. Apollod. 2, c. 7. A pupil of Pythagoras. Diog. A centaur, killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. Otnd. Met. 12, T. 352. An illegitimate son of Priam. Hygm. fab. 90. HIPPEUS, an illegitimate son of Hercules by daughter of Thestius. Apollod. 2, c. 7. HIPPI, four small islands near Erythras. HIPPIA, a lascivious woman, &c. Juv. 6, i. 82. HIPPIA, a philosopher of Elis, who main- tained that virtue consisted in not being in want of the ass ; stance of men. At the Olym- pic games he boasted that he was master of all the liberal and mechanical arts ; and he said that the ring upon his finger, the tunic, cloak, and shoes, which he then wore, were all the work of his own hands. Cic. de orat. 3. A son of Pisistratus, who became tyrant of Athens after the death of his Ifather, with his brother Hipparchus. He was willing to revenge the death of his brother, who had been assassi- nated, and for this violent measure he was driven from his country. He fled to king Da- rius in Persia, and was killed at the battle of Marathon, fighting against the Athenians, B.C. 490. He had five children by Myrrhine, the daughter of Callias. Herodot. 6.Thucyd. 7. HIPPIS, an historian and poet of Khegium, in the reign of Xorxes. JElian. 8. H. An. c. 33. Hlppiun, a surname of Neptune. HIPPO, a daughter of Scedasua* who, upon SOT a i beinjf ravished by the ambassadors of Sparta, kjUe-d herself, cursing the city that gave birth to sucb men. Paut. 9, c. 13.- A celebrated town of Africa, on the Mediterranean. Ital. 3, v. 252. Strabo, 17, says that there are two of the same name in Africa. HIPPOBOTES, a large meadow near the Cas- pian sea, where 50,000 horses could graze. HIPPOBOTUS, a Greek historian, who com- posed a treatise on philosophers. Diog. in Pyth. HIPPOCENTAUBI, a race of monsters who dwelt in Thessaly. Vid. Centauri. HIPPOCOON, a son of CEbalus, brother to Tyndarus. He was put to death by Hercules, because he had driven his brother from the kingdom of Lacedaemon. He was at the chaca of the Calydonian boar. Diod. 4. Apollod. 2, c. &c. 1. 3, c. 10. Pans. Lacon.Ovid. Met. 8, v. 314. A friend of ^Eneas, son of Hyrtacus, who distinguished himself in the funeral game* of Sicily. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 492, &c. HIPPOCORYSTES, a son of JEgyptus. Of Hippocoon. Apollod. HIPPOCRATES, a celebrated physician of Cos, one of the Cyclades. He studied physic, in which his grandfather Nebrus was so eminently distinguished ; and he improved himself by reading the tablets in the temples of the gods, where each individual had written down the diseases under which he had laboured, and the means by which he had recovered. He deli- vered Athens from a dreadful pestilence in the beginning of the Peloponuesian war, and he was publicly rewarded with a golden crown, the privileges of a citizen of Athens, and the initiation at the grand festivals. Skilful ana diligent in his profession, he openly declared the measures which he had taken "to cure a disease, and car;4idly confesses that of 42 pa- tients which were entrusted to bis care, only 17 had recovered, and the rest had fallen a prey to the distemper in spite of his medical applica- tions. He devoted all his time for the service of his country ; and when Artaxerxes invited him, even by force of arms to come to his court, Hippocrates firmly and modestly answered, that he was born to serve his countrymen, and not a foreigner. He enjoyed the rewards which hi* well directed labours claimed, and, while he- lived in the greatest popularity, he was care- fully employed in observing the symptoms and the growth of every disorder, and, from his ju- dicious remarks, succeeding physicians have re- ceived the most valuable advantages. The ex- periments which he had tried upon the human- frame increasing his knowledge, and, from hi* consummate observations, he knew how to mo- derate his own life as well as to prescribe to others. He died in the 99th year of his age, B.C. 361, free from all disorders of the mind and body ; and, after death, he received the same honours which were paid to Hercules. His writings, few of which remain, have pro- cured him the epithet of divine, and show that he was the Homer of his profession. Accord- ing to Galen, his opinion is as respectable a* the voice of an oracle. He wrote in the lonie diakct, at the advice of D.emocritn, though k X 2 H I was a Dorian. His memory is still venerated at Cos, and the present inhabitants of the island shew a small house, which Hippocrates, as they mention, once inhabited. The best editions of his works are that of Faesius, Genev. fol. 1657 ; of Linden, 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1665 ; and that of Mackius, 2 vols. fol. Vienna?, 1743. His treatises, especially the Aphorisms, have been published separately. Plin. 7, c. 37. Ctc. de orat. 3. An Athenian general in the Pelo- ponnesian war. Pint. A mathematician. An officer of Chalcedon, killed by A!ci- biades. Plut. in Ale. A Syracusan de- feated by Marcellus. The father of Pisis- tratus. A tyrant of Gela. HIPPOCRATIA, a festival in honour of Nep- tune in Arcadia. HIPPOCRENE, a fountain. of Boeotia, near mount Helicon, sacred to the muses. It first rose from the ground, when struck by the feet of the horse Pegasus, whence the name 'nrirov Kprjvr), the horse's fountain. Ovid. 5, Met. v. 256. HIPPODAMAS, a son of the Achelous, of Priam. Apollod. HIPPODAME and HIPPODAMIA, a daughter of CEnomaus, king of Pisa, in Elis, who mar- ried Pelops, son of Tantalus. Her father, who was either enamoured of her himself, or afraid lest he should perish by one of his daughter's children, according to an oracle, refused to marry her only to him who could overcome him in a chariot race. As the beauty of Hip- podamia was greatly celebrated, many courted her and accepted her father's conditions, though death attended a defeat. Thirteen had already been conquered, and laid down their lives when Pelops came to Lydia. Pelops previously bribed Myrtilus, the charioteer of CEnomaus, and ensured himself the victory. In the race, CEnomaus mounted on a broken chariot, which the corrupted Myrtilus had pur- posely provided for him, was easily overcome, and was killed in the course ; and Pelops mar- ried Hippodamia, and avenged the death of CEnomaus, by throwing into the sea the per- fidious Myrtilus. who claimed for the reward of his treachery, the favour which Hippodamia could grant only to her husband. Hippodamia became mother of Atreus and Thyestes, and it is said that she died of grief for the death of her father, which her guilty correspondence with Pelops and Myrtilus had occasioned. Virg. G. 3, v. 7.Hngin. fab. 84. Paus. 5, c. 14, &ic.Diod. 4. Ovid. Heroid. 8 & 17. A daughter of Adrastus, king of Argos. She married Pirithous, the king of the Lapithae. The festivity which prevailed on the day of her marriage, was interrupted by the attempts of Eurytus to offer her violence. [Fid. Pirithous.'] Olid. Met. 12. p ut. in The*. A daughter of Danaus. Apollod. A priestess of Achil- les, daughter of Brises. A daughter of An- chises, who married Alcathous. Homer. II. 13. HIPPODAMUB, a man of Miletus, who settled a republic without any previous knowledge of government. Aristot. t. Polit. E, one of the DanaideB. Apollod. 308 H HIPPODROMUS, a son of Hercules. Id. A Thessalian, who succeeded iu a school at Athens, in the age of M. Antony. Philostr. A place where horses were exhibited. Martial. 12, ep. 50. HIPFOI.A, a town of Peloponnesus. Fans. 2, c. 25. HIPPOLOCHUS, a?jn of Bellerophon, father to Glaucus. Homer. II. 6. A son of Anti- machus, slain in the Trojan war. Id. 11. HIPPOLYTE, a queen of the Amazons, given in marriage to Theseus by Hercules, who had conquered her and taken away her girdle, by order of Eurystheus. [ Vid Hercules.'] She had a son by Theseus, called Hippolytus. Plut. in Thes.Propert. 4, el. 3. The wife of Acas- tus, who fell in love with Peleus, who was in exile at her husband's court. She accused him of incontinence, and of attempts upon her vir- tue, before Acastus, only because he refused to gratify her desires. She is also called Asty- ochia. [Vid. Acastus.'] A daughter of Cre- theus. Apollod. HIPPOLYTUS, a son of Theseus and Hippo- lyte, famous for his virtues and his misfortunes. His step-mother Phsdra fell in love with him, and when he refused to pollute his father's bed, she accused him of offering violence to her person, before Theseus. Her accusation was readily believed, and Theseus entreated Neptune severely to punish the incontinence -i. his son. Hippolytus fled from the resentment of his father, and, as he pursued his way along the sea-shore, his horses were so frightened at the noise of sea-calves, which Neptune had purposely sent there, that they ran among the rocks till his chariot was broken and his body torn to pieces. Temples were raised to his memory, particularly at Troezene, where he re- ceived divine honours. According to some ac- counts, Diana restored* him to life. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 268. Met. 15, v. 469. Virg. n. 7, v. 761, &<:. A son of a king of Sicyon, greatly beloved by Apollo. Plut. in Num. A giant, killed by Mercury. A son of vEgyptus. Apollod. 1 & 2. A Christian writer in the third century, whose works have been edited by Fabricius, Hanib. fol. 1716. HIPPOM&CIIUS, a musician who severely re- buked one of his pupils, because he was praised by the multitude, and observed, that it was the greatest proof of his ignorance. sElian. 2, V, H. c. 6. HIPPOMEDON, a son of Nisimachus and My- thidice, who was one of the seven chiefs who went against Thebes. He was killed by Is- marus, son of Acastus. Apollod. 3, c. 6. Paus. 2, c. 36. HIPPOMENES, an Athenian archon who ex- posed his daughter Limone to be devoured by horses, because guilty of adultery. Ovid, in Ib. 459. A son of Macareus and Merope, who married Atalanta, [Fid. Atalanta,'] with the assistance of Venus. These two fond lo- vers were changed into lions by Cybele, whose temple they had profaned in their impatience to consummate their nuptials. Ovid. Mat, 10, v. 585, &c. The father of Megareus. H I HIPPOMOI.GI, a people of Scythia. Di,myi> Pereig. HIPPON and HIPPO, a town of Africa. HIPPONA, a goddess who presided over horses. Her statues were placed in horses' stables. _ Jin;. 8, v. 157. HIPPONAX, a Greek poet, born at Ephesus, 540 years before the Christian era. He culti- vated the same satirical poetry as Archilochus, and was not inferior to him in the beauty or vigour of his lines. His satirical raillery obliged him to fly from Ephesus. As he was naturally deformed, two brothers, Buphalus and An- thermus, made a statue of him, which, by the deformity of its features, exposed the poet to universal ridicule. Hipponax resolved to re- venge the injury, and he wrote such bitter in- vectives and satirical lampoons against them, that they hanged themselves in despair. Cic. ad f ami. 7, ep. 24. HIPPONIATES, a bay in the country of die Brutii. HIPPONIUM, a city in the country of the Brutii, where Agathocles built a dock. Strab. HIPPONOUS, the father of Peribcea and Ca- paneus. He was killed by the thunderbolts of Jupiter before the walls of Thebes. Apolbd. 1, c. 8. 1. 3, c. 1. The first name of Bellero- phon. A son of Priam. HIPPOPODKS, a people of Scythia, who have horses' feet. Dionys. Perieg. HIPPOSTATUS, a favourite of Lais. HIPPOTADES, a patronymic of ^Eolus, grandson of Hippotas, by Segesta, as also of Amastrus, his son, who was killed in the Rutu- lian war. Virg. jEn. 11, v. 674. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 431. HIPPOTAS or HIPPOTES, a Trojan prince, changed into a river. [Vid. Crinisus.] HIPPOTHOE, a daughter of Mestor and Lysi- dice, carried away to the islands called Echi- nades by Neptune, by whom she had a son named taphius. Apotkd. 2, c. 4. One of the Nereides. Id. 1, c. 2. A daughter of Pelias. Id. HIPPOTHOON, a son of Neptune and Alope, daughter of Cercyon, exposed in the woods by his mother, that her amours with the god might be concealed from her father. Her shame was discovered, and her father ordered her to be put to death. Neptune changed her into a fountain, and the child was preserved by mares, whence his name. Hygin. fab. 187. Pain. 1, c. 38. HIPPOTHOONTIS, one of the 12 Athenian tribes, which received its name from Hippo- thoon. Hippoxiiors, a son of Lethus, killed by Ajax in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2 & 17. A son of Priam. Apollod. 3, c. 12. A son of yEgyptus. Id. - One of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. Onid. Met. 1, v. 307. HIPPOTION, a prince who assisted the Trc jans, and was killed by Merion. Homer. II. \i flc 14. Ht?PUBis, one of the Cyclades. Mela, 2 c. 7 309 H I HIPPUS, a river falling into the Phasia. HIPSIDES, a Macedonian, &c. Curt. 7, c* HIRA, a maritime town of Peloponnesus. Homer. II. 12. HIRPIXI, a people of the Samnites. Q. HIRPINUS, a Roman, to whom Horace de- dicated his 2, od. 11, and also his 1, ep. 16. HIRTUS, a debauched fellow, &c. Juv. 10 . 222. HIRTIA LEX de magistratibus, by A. Hirtius. t required that none of Pompey's adherenta hould be raised to any office or dignity in the tate. HIRTIUS ACLUS, a consul with Pansa, who assisted Brutus when besieged at Mutina by Antony. They defeated Antony, but were >oth killed in battle. Suet, in Aug. 10. An ' istorian to whom the eighth book of Caesar'a istory of the Gallic wars, as also that of the Alexandrian and Spanish wars, is attributed. The style is inferior to that of Caesar's Coin- -nentaries. The author, who was Caesar's 'riend, and Cicero's pupil, is supposed to be no other than the consul of that name. HISBON, a Rutulian, killed by Pallas. Virg. n. 10, v. 384. HISPANIA or HISPANIJE, a large country of Europe, separated from Gaul by the Pyrenean mountains, and bounded on every other side by the sea, long subject to the power of Carthage. The Romans became sole masters of it at the end of the second Punic war, and divided at first into citerior and ulterior, which last was afterwards separated into Bittita and Lusitania, y Augustus. The Hispania citerior was also call d Tarracmietuis. The inhabitants were na- turally warlike, and they often destroyed a life Inch was become useless, and even burden- some, by its infirmities. Spain was famous for its rich mines of silver, which- employed 40,000 workmen, and daily yielded to the Romans no less than 20,000 drachms. It gave birth to Quintilian, Lucan, Seneca, &c. Justin. 44. Strab. 3. Mela, 2, c. 6. Plin. 3, c. 1 '& 20. HISPELLUM, a town of Umbria. HISPO, a noted debauchee, &c. Juv. 2, T. 50. HISPULLA, a lascivious woman. Juv. 6, T. 74. HISTASPES, a relation of Darius III, killed in a battle, &c. Curt. 4, c. 4. HISTER PACUVIUS, a man distinguished aa much by his vices as his immense riches. Juv. 2, v. 58. HISTISA, a city of Euboea, anciently called Talantia. It was near the promontory called Ceneunu HISTI.CA, a city of Euboea. Him. II. 2. HISTIJEOTIS, a country of Thessaly, situate below mount Olympus and mount Ossa, an- ciently called Doris, from Dorus the son of Deucalion, and inhabited by the Pelasgi. The Pelasgi were driven from the country by the Cadmeans, and these last were also dis- possessed by the Perrhajbeaas, who gave to II O Jieir newly acquired possessions the noire o* llistiajotis, or Estiotis, from Estiaa, or His. ham, a town of Eubsea, which they had tlien .ately destroyed, and whose inhabitants they carried to Thessaly with them. Strab. Hero- dot. 4. A small country of Euboea, of which Histiasa, or Estiaea was the capital. HlsTi*us, a tyrant of Miletus, who ex- the Greeks to take up arms against Per- sia. Herodot. 5, &c. An historian of Mi- letus. HISTRIA. f Vid. Istria.] HODIUS, a herald in the Trojan war. HOLOCRON, a mountain of Macedonia. HOMEHUS, a celebrated Greek poet, the most ancient of all the profane writers. The age in which he lived is not known, though pome suppose it to be about 168 years after the Trojan war, or, according to others, 160 years before the foundation of Rome. Ac- cording to Paterculus, he flourished 968 years before the Christian era, or 884, accord- ing to Herodotus, who supposes him to be con- temporary with Hesiod. The Arundelian mar- bles fix his era 907 years before Christ, and make him also contemporary with Hesiod. This diversity of opinions proves the antiquity of Homer; and the uncertainty prevails also concerning the place of his nativity ; no less than seven illustrious cities disputed the right of having given birth to the greatest of poets, as it is well expressed in these lines : Smyrna, Chios, Ctilophon, Salamis, Rhodos, Ar- gos, Athenie, Orbis de patria certat, Hnmere, tua. He was called Melesigenes, because supposed to be born on the borders of the river Meles. There prevailed a report that he had established a school at Chios in the latter part of his life ; and, indeed, this opinion is favoured by the present inhabitapts of the island, who still glory in showing to travellers the seats where the venerable mas er and his pupils sat in the hollow of a rock, at the distance of about four miles from the modern capital of the island. These diffi- culties and doubts have not been removed, though Aristotle, Herodotus, Plutarch, and Other* have emp'.oyed their pen in writing his life. In his two celebrated poems called the Iliad and Odyssey, Homer has displayed the most consummate knowledge of human na- ture, and rendered himself immortal by the sublimity, the fire, sweetness, and elegance of his poetry. He deserves a greater share of admiration when we consider that he wrote without a model, and that none of his poetical imitators have been able to surpass, or per- haps, to equal their great master. If there are any faults found in his poetry, they are to be attributed to the age in which lie lived, and not to him ; and we must observe, that the world is indebted to Honvr for his happy successor Virgil. In his Iliad, Homer has described the resentment of Achilles, and its fatal consequences in the Grecian army before the walls of Troy. In the Odyssey, the poet liaa for his subject ihe return of Ulysses into \fls country, with the many misfortunes which 310 HO attended his voyage after the fall of Troy. These two poems are divided into 24 books, the same number as the letters of the Greet: alphabet, and though the Iliad claims an un- contested superiority over the Odyssey, yet the same force, the same sublimity and elegance, prevail, though divested of its more powerful fire ; and Longinus, the most refined of critics, compares the Iliad to the mid-day, and the Odyssey to the setting sun, and observes, that the latter still preserves its original splendour and majesty, though deprived of its meridian heat. Ihe poetry of Homer was so universally admired that, in ancient times, every man of learning could repeat with facility any passage in the Iliad or Odyssey ; and, indeed, it was a sufficient authority to settle disputed boun- daries, or to support any argument. The poems of Homer are the compositions of a man who travelled and examined with the most critical accuracy whatever deserved notice and claimed attention. Modern travellers are as- tonished to see the different scenes which the pen of Homer described about 3000 years ago, still existing in the same unvaried form, and the sailor who steers his course along the ^Egean, sees all the promontories and rocks which appeared to Nestor and Menelaus, when they returned victorious from the Trojan war. The ancients had such veneration for Homer, that they not only raided temples and altars to him, but offered sacrifices, and wor- shipped him as a god. The inhabitants of Chios celebrated festivals every fifth year in his honour, and medals were struck, which re- presented him sitting on a throne, holding his Iliad and Odyssey. The inhabitants of Cos, one of the Sporades, boasted that Homer was buried in their island; and the Cyprians claimed the same honour, and said that he was born of Themisto, a female native of Cyprus. Alexander was so fond of Homer, that he generally placed his compositions uuder his pillow, with his sword ; and he carefully deposited the Iliad in one of the richest and most valuable caskets of Darius, observing, that the most perfect work of human genius ought to be preserved in a box the most valuable and precious in the world. It is said, that Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, was the first who collected and arranged the Iliad and Odyssey in the manner in which they now appear to us, and that it is to the well directed pursuits of Lycurgus that we are indebted for their preservation. Many of the ancients have written the life of Homer, yet their en- quiries and labours have not much contributed to prove the native place, the parentage, and connexions of a man whom some have re- presented as deprived of sight. Besides the Iliad and Odyssey, Homer wrote, according to the opinion of some authors, a poem upon Amphiarus' expedition against Thebes, be- sipes the Phocis, th Cercopes, the small Iliad, the Epicichilides and the Batrachoinyomachia and many hymns to some of the gods. The merit of originality is taken very improperly, perhaps, from Homer, by those, who suppose HO jcith Clemens Alex, 6 Strom, that he borrowed , from Orpheus, or that, according to SuiJas, f noce Carinnut] he took his plan of the Iliad from Corinnus, an epic poet, who wrote on the Trojan war, at the very time the Greeks, besieged that famed city. Agathon, an ancient punter according to jEIian, represented the merit of the poet in a manner as bold as it is indelicate. Homer was represented as vomiting, and all other poets as swallowing what he ejected. Of the numerous com- mentaries published on Homer, that of Eu- statlnus, bishop of Thessalonica, is by far the most extensive and erudite. The best edi- tions of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey may, per- haps, be found to be Barnes's, 2 vols. 4to. Cantab. 1711 ; that of Glasgow, 2 vols. fol. 1758; that of Berglerus, 2 vols. 12mo. Amst. 1707 ; that of Dr. Clarke ,tf the Iliad, 2 vols.4to. 1729, and of the Odyssey, 1740 ; and that of Oxford, 5 vols. 8vo. 1780, containing the scholia, hymns, and an index. Hersioi!S, and by the pleasing variety of his numbers. In his satires and epistles, Horace displays much wit, and much satirical humour, without much poetry, and his style, simple and unadorned, differs little fron prosaical composition. In bis art of poetry he lias shown much taste and judgment, and has rendered, in Latin hexameters, what Aristotle had, some ages before, delivered to his pupils in Greek prose. The poet gives judicious rules and useful precepts to the most powerful and opulent citizens of Rome, who, in the midst of peace and enjoyment, wished to cultivate poetry and court the muses. The best editions of Horace will be found to be that of Basil, fol. 1580, illustrated by eiyhty commentators ; that of Baxter, edited bv Gesner, 8vo. Lips. 1752; and that of Glas- gow, 12mo. 1744. Suet, in Aug. Ovid. Trist. 4, el. 10, v. 49. Three brave Romans, bom at the same birth, who fought against the three Curiatii, about 667 years before Christ. This celebrated fight was fought between the hostile camps of the people of Alba and Rome, ana on their success depended the victory. In the first attack two of the Horatii were killed, and the only surviving one, by joining artifice to valour, obtained an honourable trophy : by pretending to fly from the field of battle, he easily separated his antagonists, and, in attacking them one by one, he was enabled to conquer them all. As he returned victorious to Rome, his sister reproached him with the murder of one of the Curiatii, to whom she was promised in marriage. He was incensed at the rebuke, and killed his sister. This violence raised 'he indignation of the people ; he was tried and capitally condemned. His eminent services, however, pleaded in his favour ; the sentence of death was exchanged for a more moderate but more ignominious punishment, and he was only compelled to pass under the yoke. A trophy was raised in the Roman forum, on which he suspended the 'spoils of the conquered Curiatii. Liv. 1, c. 24, &c. Dionys. Hal. 3, c. 3. A Roman consul, who "defeated the Sabines. A consul, who dedicated the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. HORCIAS, the general of 3,000 Macedo nians, who revolted from Antigonus in Cap- pauocia. Palyan. 4. HORMISDAS, a name which some of the Persian kings bore in the reign of the Roman emperors HORESTI, a people of Britain, supposed to be the inhabitants of Eskdale now in Scotland. Tacit. Ag. 38. HORBATIS, a Macedonian eoldier, who 312 HO Fought with another private soldier in sight of the whole army of Alexander. Curt. 9, c. 7. HORTENSIA, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of the orator Hortensius, whose elo- quence she had inherited in the most eminent degree. When the triumvirs had obliged 4,000 women to give, upon oath, an account of their possessions, to defray the expenses of the state, Hortensia undertook to plead their cause, and was so successful in her attempt, that 1,000 of her female fellow -sufferers es- caped from the avarice of the triumvirate. Vol. Max. 8, c. 3. HORTENSIA LEX, by Q. Hortensius, the dictator, A. U. C. 867. It ordered the whole body of the Roman people to pay implicit obedience to whatever was enacted by the commons. The nobility, before this law WHS enacted, had claimed an absolute exemption. HORTA, or HORTINUM, a town of the &a- bines, on the confluence of the Par and the Tiber. Virg. /En. 7, v. 716. Q. HORTENSIUS, a celebrated orator, who be- gan to distinguish himself by his eloquence, in the Roman forum, at the age of nineteen. His friend and successor Cicero, speaks with great eulogium of his oratorical powers, and mentions the uncommon extent of his memory. The ali'ected actions of Hortensius at the bar, procured him the ridiculous surname of D'umy- sia, a celebrated stage-dancer at that time. He was praetor and consul, and died fifty years be- fore Christ, in his 63d year. His orations are not extant. Quintilian mentions them as un- deserving the great commendations which Ci- cero had so liberally bestowed upon them. Hor- tensius was very rich, and not less than 10,000 casks of Arvisian wine were found in his cellar after his death. He had written pieces of amorous poetry, and annals, all lost. Cic. in Bnit. ad Attic, de Orat.fyc. Varro de R. R. 3, c. 5. Corbio, a grandson of the orator of the same name, famous for his lasciviousness. A rich Roman, who asked the elder Cato his wife, to procreate children. Cato gave his wife to his friend, and took her again after his death. This behaviour of Cato was highly censured at Rome ; and it was observed, that Cato's wife had entered the house of Horten- sins very poor, but that she returned to the bed of Cato in the greatest opulence. Pint, in Cat. A Roman, slain by Antony on his brother & tomb. Id. A praetor, who gave up Macedo- nia to Brutus. Id. One of Sylla's lieute- nants. Id. A Roman, the first who intro- duced the eating of peacocks at Rome. This was at the feast he gave when he was created augur. HORTON A, a town of Italy, on the confines of the JEqui. Liv. 3, c. 30. HORUS, a son of Isis, one of the deities of the Egyptians. A king of Assyria. HOSTILIA LEX was enacted A. U. C. 583. By it, such as were among the enemies of the republic, or absent when the state required their assistance, were guilty of rapine. HOSTILIA, a large town on the Po. Tumi. Ann. 2, c. 4O. 11 Y HOSTUTS HOSTII.IUS, a warlike Roman, pre- cepted with a crown of boughs by Romulus, for his intrepid behaviour in a battle. Dion us. Hnl, A consul. A Latin poet in the age of \ Caesar. HYACINTHIA, an annual solemnity at Amy- cte, in Laconia, in honour of Hyacinthus and Apollo. It continued for three days, during which time the grief of the people was so great for the death of Hyacinthus, that they did not adorn their hair with garlands during their fes- tivals, nor eat Liad, but fed only upon sweet- meats. They did not even sing pa?ans in ho- nour of Apollo, or observe any of the solemni- ties which were usual at other sacrifices. On the second day of the festival, there were a number of different exhibitions. Youths, with their garments girt about them, entertained the spectators by playing sometimes upon the flute, or upon the harp, and by singing anapestic songs, in loud echoing voices in honour of Apollo. Others passed across the theatre mounted upon horses richly adorned, and at the same time, choirs of yo'.ng men came upon the stage singing their uncouth rustic songs, and accompanied by persons who danced at the sound of vocal and instrumental music, accord- ing to the ancient custom. Some virgins were also introduced in chariots of wood, covered at the top, and magnificently adorned. Others appeared in race-chariots. 1 he city began then to be filled with joy, and immense numbers of victims were offered on the altars of Apollo, and the votaries liberally entertained their friend* and slaves. During this latter part of the fes- tivity, all were eager to be present at the games, and the city was almost desolate, and v ithout inhabitants. Athen. 4. HYACINTHUS, a son of Amyclas and Dio- mede, greatly beloved by Apollo and Zephyrus. He returned the former's love, am: Zephyrus, incensed at his coldness and indifference, re- solved to punish his rival. As Apollo, who was entrusted with the education of Hyacinthus, once played at quoit with his pupil, Zephyrus blew the quoit, as soon as it was thrown by Apollo, upon the head of Hyacinthus, and he was killed with the blow. Apollo was so dis- consolate at the death of Hyacinthus, that he changed his blood into a flower, which bore his name, and placed his body among the constel- lations. The Spartans also established yearly festivals in honour of the nephew of their king. [ I id. HyacintMa.] Paus. 3, c. 19. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 185, &c. A-polM. 3, &c. HYADES, five daughters of Atlas, king of Mauritania, who were so disconsolate at the death of their brother Hyas, who had been killed by a wild boar, that they pined away and died. They became stars after death, and were placed near Taurus, one of the twelve signs of the Zo- diac. They received the name of Hyades from their brother Hyas. Their names are Phaola, Ambrosia, Eudora, Coronis, and Polyxo. To these some have added Thione and Prodice ; and they maintained that they were daughters *f Hyas and yEthra, one of the Oceanides. Eu- ripides calls- them danghters of Erectheus. 313 li Y .The ancients supposed that the rising and set- uiig of the Hyades was always attended with much rain. Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 165,Hygin. fab. 182. Eurip.inln. HYAGNJS, a Phrygian, father of Marsyas. He invented the flute. Pltit. de Music. HYALA, a city at the mouth of the Indus, where the government is the same as at Spar- ta. One of Diana's attendant nymphs. Ovid. HYAMPOLIS, a city of Phocis, on the Cepbi- sus. Heridi>t. 8. HYANTHES, the ancient name of the inhabi- tants of Bceotia, from king Hyas. Cadmus is sometimes called Hyanthius, because he is king of Bffiotia. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 147. HYANTIS, an ancient name of Bceotia. HYARBITA, a man who endeavoured to imi- tate Timogenes, &c. Horat. 1, ep. 19. v. 15. HYAS, a son of Atlas, of Mauritania, by .Ethra. His extreme fondness for shooting proved fatal to him ; and in his attempt to rob a lioness of her whelps, he was killed by the enraged animal. Some say that he died by the bite of a serpent, and others that he was killed by a wild boar. His sisters mourned his death with snch constant lamentations, that J upiter, in compassion of their sorrow, changed chem into stars. [Vid. Hyades.] Hygin. fab. 192 Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 170. HYBLA, a mountain in Sicily, wliere thyme and odoriferous flowers of all sorts grew in abun- danje. It is famous for its honey. There is, at the foot of the mountain, a town of the same name. There is also another near mount ^Et- na, and a third near Catana. Paus. 5, c. 23. Sti-ab. 6. Mela, 2, c. 7. Stat. 14, v. 201. A city of Attica bears also the name of Hybla. Hv BREAS, an orator of Caria, &c. Strab. 13. HYBRIANES, a people near Thrace. HYCCAHA, a town of Sicily, the native place of Lais. HYDA and HYDE, a town of Lydia, under mount Timolus, which some suppose to be the same as Sardes. HIDARA, a town of Armenia. Strab. 12. HYDARNES, one of the seven noble Persians who conspired to destroy the usurper Smerdis, ixc. Heradot. 3 & 6. Strab. 11. HYDASPES. a river of Asia, flowing by Susa. Another in India, the boundaries of Alex- ander's conquests in the east : it falls into the Indus. Curt. 5, c. 2. Lucan. 8, v. 227. Strub. 15. A friend of ^Eneas, killed in the Rutu- lian war. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 747. HYDRA, a celebrated monster which infested the neighbourhood of the lake Lerna, in Pelo- ponnesus. It was the fruit of Echidna's union with Tyjihon. It had an hundred heads, ac- cording to Diodorus ; fifty, according to Simon- ides ; and nine, according to the more received opinion of Apollodorus, Hyginus, &c. As soon as one of these heads was cut off, two immedi- ately grew up, if the wound was not stopped by fire. It was one of the labours of Hercules to destroy this dreadful monster, and this he easily effected with the assistance of lolas, who ap- H Y plied a burning iron to the wounds ae soon as cue head was cut off. While Hercules was de- stroying the hydra, Juno, jealous of his glory, sent a sea crab to bite his foof This new ene- my was soon dispatched ; and Juno, unable to succeed in her attempts to lessen the fame of Hercules, placed the rrab among the constella- tions, where it is now called the Cancer. The conqueror dipped his arrows in the gall of the hydra, and from that circumstance, all the xvounds which he gave proved incurable and mortal. Hesiud. Theog.Apdlod. 2, c. 5. Pans. 5, c. 17. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 69.Horat. 4, od. 4, v. 61. Virg. /E)t. 6, v. 276. 1. 7, v. 658. HYDRAOTES, a river of India, crossed by Alexander. HYDROPHORiA.afestival observed at Athens, called OTTO rov fyopttv 'vdwp,from carrying wa- ter. It was celebrated in commemoration of those who perished in the deluge. HYDRUNTUM and HYDRVS, a city of Cala- bria, fifty miles south of Brundusium. As the distance from thence to Greece was only sixty miles, Pyrrhus, and afterwards Varro, Pom- pey's lieutenant, meditated the building here a bridge across the Adriatic. Though so favour- ably situated, Hydras, now called Olranto, is but an insignificant town, scarce containing 3000 inhabitants. Plin.S, c. 11. Cic. 15. Att. 21, 1. 16, ep. 5. Litdan,5, v. 375. HYUUUSA, a town of Attica. Sirab. 9. HYELA, a town of Lucania. Strub. 6. HYEMPSAL, a son of Micipsa, brother to Ad- herbal, murdered by Jugurtha, after the death of his father Sa//&t. de Jug. Bell. HYETTUS, a town of Bceotia. Pans. 9, c. 24. HvoEiA.the goddess of health, daughter of ./Esculapius, held in great veneration among the ancients. Her statues represented her with a veil, and the matrons usually consecrated their locks to her. She was also represented on mo- numents, like a young woman holding a serpent in one hand, and in the other a cup, out of which the serpent sometimes drank. Accord- ing to some authors, Hygeia is the same as Mi- nerva, who received that name from Pericles, who erected her a statue, because in a dream she had told him the means of curing an archi- tect, whose assistance he wanted to build a temple. Plut. in Perid. Paus. 1, c. 23. HYGIANA, a town of Peloponnesus. C. JUL. HYG'INUS, a grammarian, one of the freedmen of Augustus. He was a native of Alexandria ; or, according to some, he was a Spaniard, very intimate with Ovid. He was ap- pointed librarian to the library of mount Pala- tine, and he was able to maintain himself by the liberality of C. Lidnius. He wrote a mytholo- gical history, which he called fables, and Po- eticon Astroiimnicon , besides treatises on the ci- ties of Italy, on 'such Roman families as were descended from the Trojans, a book on agricul- ture, commentaries on Virgil, the lives of great men, &c. now lost. The best edition of Hygi- nus is that of iMunkerus, 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1681. These compositions have been greatly mutilat- ed, and their incorrectness and their bad ',ati- 311 H Y nity, have induced some to suppose that they are spurious. Suett de Gram, HYLA and HYLAS, a river of Mysia, where Hylas was drowned. Virg. G. 3, v. 6. A colony of Phocis. HYI.ACTOR, one of Actaeon's dogs. HYL*US, a name given to some centaur^ killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. Virg. n. 8, v. 294. HYLAS, a son of Thiodamus, king of Mysia and Menodice, stolen away by Hercules, and carried on board the ship Argo to Colchis. On the Asiatic coast the Argonauts landed to take a supply of fresh water ; and Hylas, following the example of his companions, went to the fountain with a pitcher, and fell into the water, and was drowned. The poets have embellished this tragical story by saying, that the nymphs of the river, enamoured of the beautiful Hylas, carried him away ; and that Hercules, discon- solate at the loss of his favourite youth, filled the woods and mountains with his complaints, and at last abandoned the Argonautic expedi- tion to go and seek him. Apollod. 1, c. 9. Hygin. fab. 14, 271. Virg. Ed. 6.Propert. 1, el. 20. HYLAX, a dog mentioned in Virg. Eel. 8. HYL/E, a small town of Bosotia. HYI.IAS, a river of Magna Graecia. HYLLAICUS, a part of Peloponnesus near Messenia. HYLLUS, a son of Hercules and Dejanira, who, soon after his father's death, married lole. He, as well as his father, was persecuted by the envy of Eurystheus, and obliged to fly from the Peloponnesus. The Athenians gave a kind reception to Hyllus and the rest of the Heraclidae, and marched against Eurystheus. Hyllus obtained a victory over his enemies, and killed with his own hand Eurystheus, and sent his head to Alcmena, his grandmother. Some time after, he attempted to recover the Pelopon- nesus with the Heraclidae, and was killed in single combat, by Echemus, king of Arcadia. [ Vid. Heraclidae, Hercules.] Herodot. 7, v. 204, &ic.Strab. 9.DM. 4. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 279. A river of Lydia flowing into the Hermus. It is called also Phryx. Liv. 37, c. 38. He- rttdot. 1, c. 180. HYLO\OME. the wife of Cyllarus, who killed herself the moment her husband was murdered by the Lapithce. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 405. HYLOPHAGI, a people of ^Ethiopia. Diod. 3. HYMEN./EUS and HYMEN, the god of marriage among the Greeks, was son of Bacchus and Venus, or according to others, of Apollo and one of the muses. Hymenaeus, according tft the more received opinions, was a young Athe- nian of extraordinary beauty, but ignoble origin. He became enamoured of the daughter of on* of the richest and noblest of his countrymen and as the rank and elevation of his mistress re- moved him from her presence and conversa- tion, he contented himself to follow her where- ever she went. In a certain procession, in which all the matrons of Athens went to Eleu- sis, Hymenaeus, to accompany his mistress, dis- guis. j d himself in woman's clothes, and joined H Y the religious troop. His youth, and tin- fair- ness of liis features, favoured his disguise. A greHt Dart of the procession was seized by the sudden arrival of some pirates, and Hyme- nseus, who shared the captivity of his mis- tress, encouraged his female companions, and assassinated their ravishers while they were asleep. Immediately after this, Hymemeus re- paired to Athens, and promised to restore to liberty the matrons who had been enslaved, provided he was allowed to marry one among them who was the object of his passion. The Athenians consented, aud Hymeua?us experi- znced so much felicity iu his marriage state, that the people of Athens instituted festivals in his honour, and solemnly invoked him at their nuptials, as the Latins had their Thalassius. Hymen was generally represented as crowned with flowers, chiefly with marjoram or roses, and holding a burning torch in one hand, and in the other a vest of a purple colour. It was supposed that he always attended at nuptials ; for, if not, matrimonial connexions were fatal, and ended in the most dreadful calamities ; and hence people ran about calling aloud Hymen ! Hymen ! &c. Ovid. Medea. Met. 12, v. 215. Virg. J. \, &LC.Catutt. ep. 62. HYMETTUS, a mountain ofAitica, about 22 niles in circumference, and about two miles from Athens, still famous for its bees and ex- cellent honey. There was also a quarry of marble there. Jupiter had there a temple, wLence he is called Hymettiiu. Strab. 9. Ital. 14, v. 200. HYPJEPA, or Irr.px., a town of I.yclia, sacred to Venus, between mount Tmolus and the Cays- trus. Strab. 13. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 1.52. HYPJESIA, a country of Peloponnesus. HYPANIS, a river of European Scythia, now called Bog, which falls into the Borysthenes. Hendut. 4, c. 52, &c. Oiid. Met. 15, v. 285. A river of India. A Trojan who joined himself to ^Eneas, and was killed by his own people, who took him for one of the enemy, in the night that Troy was burned by the Greeks. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 428. HYPARINUS, a son of Dion, who reigned at Syracuse for two years after his father. The father of Dion. Hv PATES, a river of Sicily, near Camarina. Ital. 14, v. 231. HYPATHA, a town of Thessaly. HYPENOR, a Trojan, killed by Diomedesat Troy. H'mer. 11. .5. HYPERBIUS. a son of Egyptus. Apnllad. HYPERBOREI, a nation in the northern parts of Europe and Asia. The word signifies people who inhabit beyond the wind Boreas. Thrace was tne residence of Boreas, according to the an- cients. Whenever the Hyperboreans made of- ferings, they always sent them towards the vouth, and the people of Dodona were the first of the Greeks who received them. The word Hyperboreans is applied in general to all those who inhabit any cold climate. Virg. G. 3, v. 169. Herudot. 4, c. 13, &c. HYPEREA and HrrtaiA, a fountain of Thes- iwly, with a town of the same name. Strab. 9. Si 5 H y Another in Messenia, in Peloponne*u. F/.ICC. 1, v. 375. HYPERESIA, a town of Achaia. Stiab. 8. HYPERI'DES, an Athenian orator, disciple to Plato and Socrates, and long the rival of De- mosthenes. His father's name was Glaucippus. He distinguished himself by his eloquence, and the active part he took in the management of tl e Athenian republic. After the unfortunate battle of Cranon, he was taken alive ; and that he might not be compelled to betray the secrets of his country, he cut off his tongue. He waa put to death by order of Antipater, B. C. 322. Only one of his numerous orations remains, ad- mired for the sweetness and elegance of his style. It is said that Hyperides once de- fended the courtesan Phryne, who was ac- cused of impiety ; and that when he saw bis eloquence ineffectual, he unveiled the bosom of his client, upon which the judges, influenced by the sight of her beauty, acquitted her. Plut. in Demost.Cic. in Orat. 1, &x. Quiutit. 10, &c. HYPERION, a son of Coclus and Terra, who married Thea, by whom he had Aurora, the sun and moon. Hyperion is often taken by the poets for the sun itself. HenM. Theng. A\wl- lod. 1, c. 1 & 2. Homer. Hymn ad Ap. A son of Priam. Apollad. 1 , c. 2. HypERMNESTRA, one of the fifty daughter* of Danaus, who married Lynceus, son of Kgyp- tus. She disobeyed her father's bloody com- mands, who had ordered her to murder her hus- band the first night of her nuptials, and suffered Lynceus to escape unhurt from the bridal bed. Her father summoned her to appear before jus- tice for her disobedience, but the people acquit- ted her, and Danaus was reconciled to her and her husband, to whom he left his kingdom at his death. Some say that Lynceus returned to Argos with an army, and that he conquered and put to death his father-in-law, and usurped his crown. [Fid. Danaides.] Paus. 2, c. 19. Aptillod. 2, c. 1. Ovid. Hermd. 14. A daugh- ter of Thestius. Apollod. HYPERBATUS, a praetor of the Achaeans, B. C. 2*4. HYPER^CHUS, a man who wrote a poetics, history of Cuma. Paus. 10, c. 12. HYPH*US, a mountain of Campania. Plut, in Sttll. HYPS A, a river of Sicily. Ital. 14, v. 228. HYPSEA, a Roman matron of the family of the Plautii. She was blind, according to Ho- race ; or perhaps was partial to some lover, who was recommended neither by personal nor men- tal excellence. Horat. 1. Sat. 2, v. 91. HYPSENOR, a priest of the Scamander, killed during the Trojan war. Homer. IL 5. HYPSEUS, a son of the river Penens, HYPSICRATEA, the wife of Mithridates, who accompanied her husband in man's clothe* when lie fled before Pompey. Pint, in Pomp. HYPSH.RATES, a Phoeuic'ian, who wrote an history of his country in the Phcenician lan- guage. This history was saved from the flameg of Carthage when that city was taken by Sci- uio, and translated into Greek. H Y HYPSIPIDES, a Macedonian in Alexander's army, famous for his friendship for Menedamus, &c. Curt. 7, c. 7. HYPSIPYLE, a queen of Lemnos, daughter of Thoas. During her reign, Venus, whose altars had been universally Slighted, punished the Lemnian women, and rendered their mouths and breath so extremely offensive to the smell, that their husbands abandoned them, and gave themselves up to some female slaves, whom they had taken in a war against Thrace. This contempt was highly resented by all the women of Lemnos, and they resolved on revenge, and all unanimously put to death their male rela- tions, Hypsipyle alone excepted, who spared the life of her father Thoas. Soon after this cruel murder, the Argonauts landed at Lemnos, in their expedition to Colchis, and remained for some time in the island. During their stay, the Argonauts rendered the Lemnian women mo- thers, and Jason, the chief oi the Argonautic expedition, left Hypsipyle pregnant at his de- parture, and promised her eternal fidelity. Hyp- sipyle brought forth twins, Euneus and Nebro- phonus, whom some have called Deiphilus, or Thoas. Jason forgot his vows and promises to Hypsipyle, and the unfortunate queen was soon after forced to leave her kingdom by the Lem- nian women, who conspired against her life, etill mindful that Thoas had been preserved by means of his daughter. Hypsipyle, in her night, was seized by pirates, and sold to J.ycurgus, king of Nemaea. S'he was entrusted with the care of Archemorus, the son of Lycurgus ; and when the Argives marched against Thebes, they met Hypsipyle, and obliged her to shew them a fountain, where they might quench their thirst. To do tins more expeditiously, she laid down the child on the grass, and in her absence, he was killed by a serpent. Lycurgus attempted to revenge the death of his son, but Hypsipyle was screened from his resentment by A'drastus, the leader of the Argives. Ovid. Hertid. 6. Apollon. l.Stat. 5.Theb.Flacc. <2.Apollod. 1, c. 9. 1. 3, c. 6.Hygi)i. fab. 15, 74, &c. Fid. Archemorus. HYRCANIA, a larpe country of Asia, at the north of Parthia, and at the west of Media, abounding in serpents, wild beasts, &c. Il is very mountainous, and unfit for drawing a cavalry in order of battle. Virg. lEn. 4, v. 367. Strab. 2 & 11. A town of Asia, de- stroyed by a violent earthquake in the age of Tiberius. HYRCANUM MARE, a large sea. [Tid. Cas- pium mare.] HVRCANUS, a name common to some of the high priests of Judaea. Josephus. HYRTA, a country of Brcotia, near Aulis, with a lake, river, and town of the same name, It is more probably situate near Tempe. It re- cived its naiue from Ilyrie, a woman who 316 H Y wept so mucl' *or the loss of her son, that she was changed ~ito a fountain. Ovid. Met. 7. HertMi.it. 7, c 170. A town of Isauria, on the Calycadnus. HYRIKUS and HYREITS, a peasant, or, as some say, a prince of Tanagra, who kindly en- tertained Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury, when travelling over Bceotia. Being childless, he asked of the gods to give him a son with- out his marrying, as he had promised his wife, who was lately dead, and whom he tenderly loved, that he never would marry again. The gods, to reward the hospitality of Hyreus, made water in the hide of a bull, which had been sacrificed the day before to their divinity, and they ordered him to wrap it up and bury it in the ground for nine mouths. At the ex- piration of the nine months, Hyreus opened the earth, and found a beautiful child in the bull's hide, whom he called Orion. [Fid. Orion.] HYRMINA, a town of Elis, in Peloponnesus. Strab. 8. HYRNETO and HYRNETHO, a daughter of Temenus, king of Argos, who married Dey- phon, son of Celeus. She was the favourite of her father, who greatly enriched her husband. Apollotl. 2, c. 6.Paus. V, c. 19. HYRNITHIUM, a plain of Argos, fertile in olives. HYRTACUS, a Trojan of mount Ida, father to Nisus, one of the companions of .('Eneas. P'-f; jn. 9, v. 177 & 406. Hence the patronymic of Hyrtacides is applied to Nisus. It is also ap- plied to Hippocoon. Id. 5, v. 492. HYSIA, a town of Bneotia, built by Nycteus, Antiope's father. A village of Argos. A city of Arcadia. The royal residence of the king of Parthia. HYSPA, a river of Sicily. Ital. 14, v. 228. HYSSL-S and HYSSI, a port and river of Cap- padocia, on the Euxine sea. HYSTASPES, a noble Persian, of the family of the Achaemeuides. His father's nau.e ws Arsames. His son Darius reigned in Persia after the murder of the usurper Smerdis. It is said, by Ctesias, that he wished to be carried to see the royal monument which his son had built between two mountains. The priests who carried him, as reported, slipped the cord with which he was suspended in ascending the mountain, and he died of the fall. Ilvstaspes was the first who introduced the learning and mysteries of the Indian Brachmans into Per- sia, and to his researches in India the sciences were greatly indebted, particularly in Persia. Darius is called Hystaspes, or son of Hystas^es, to distinguish him from his royal successors of the same name. Heradot. 1, c. 209. 1. 5, c. 83. Ctesias Fragm. HYSTIEUS. IA 1A, the daughter of Midas, who married Atys, &c. IACCHUS, a surname of Bacchus, ab ia\fiv, from the noise and shouts which the Bacchanals raised at the festivals of this deity. Virg. Ed. 6, G. 1, v. 166. -Ovid. Met. 4, 15. Some suppose him to be a son of Ceres ; because, in the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries, the word lacchus, was frequently repeated. Hero- dot. 8, c. 65. Pans. 1, c. 2. IADF.R, a river of Dalmatia. IrtLEiius, a wretched singer, son of the muse Calliope. IAI.MENUS, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who went to the Trojan war, with 30 ships, with his brother Ascalaphus. Homer. II. 2. lAi.isus, a town of Rhodes, built by laly- sus, of whom Protogenes was making a beau- tiful painting when Demetrius Poliorcetes took Rhodes. The Tekhines were born there. Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 9 Plin. 35, c. 6. Cic. 2, ad Attic, ep. 21. Pint, in Dem. Titian. 12, c. 5. IAMBE, a servant maid of Metanira, wife of Celeus, king of Eleusis, who tried to exhilarate Ceres, when she travelled over Attica in quest of her daughter Proserpine. From the jokes and stories which she made use of, free and sa- tirical verses have, been called Iambics. Apollod. l,c.5. IAMBI.ICUS, a Greek author, who wrote the life of Pythagoras, and the history of his fol- lowers, an exhortation to philosophy, a treatise against Porphyry's letter on the mysteries of the Egyptians, &c. He was a great favourite with the emperor Julian, and died A. D. 363. IAMENUS, a Trojan, killed by the Greeks. Homer. IAMID.C, certain prophets among the Greeks, descended from lamus, a son of Apollo, who received the gift of prophecy from his father, which remained among his posterity. Pans. 6, c. 2. IA>'ICULUM and IANICULARIUS MONS, one of the seven hills at Rome, joined to the city by Aucus Martius, and made a kind of citadel to protect the place against an invasion. This hill, which was on the opposite shore of the Tiber, was joined to the city by the bridge Subiicius, the first ever built across that river, and perhaps in Italy. It was less inhabited than the other parts of the city, on account of the grossness of the air, though, from its top, the eye could have a commanding view of the whole city. It is famous for the burial of king Numa and the poet Italicus. Porsenna, king of Etruria, pitched his camp on mount lani- culum, and the senators took refuge there in the civil wars, to avoid the resentment of Oc- tavius. Liv. 1, c. S.i, &c. Dio. 47. Ovid. 1, Fast. v. 246. Virg. 8, v. 358. Mart. 4, ep. 64. 1. 7, ep. 16. IAN!RA, one of the Nereides. IANTHE, a girl of Crete, who married Iphis. [Fid. Iphis.] Ovid. Met. 9, v. 714, &c. lANTiiEA,one of the Oceanides. One of the Nereides. Paus. 4, c. 30. Homer. 11. 8. 317 J A JANUS, the most ancient king who reigned in Italy. He was a native of Thessaly, and son of Apollo, according to some. He came to Italy, where he planted a colony, and built a small town on the ri 'er Til er, which he called Janiculum. Some authors make him son of Coslus and Hecate ; and others make him a native of Athens. During his reign, Saturn, driven from heaven by his son Jupittr, came to I'aly, where \anus received him with much hospitality, and made him his colleague on the throne. Janus is represented w,th two faces, because he was acquainted with the past and the future ; or, according to others, because he was taken for the sun, who opens the day at his rising, and shuts it at his setting. Some statues represented Janus with four heads. He sometimes appeared with a beard, and sometimes without. In religious ceremonies, his name was always invoked the first, be- cause he presides over all gates and avenues, and it is through him only that prayers can reach the immortal gods. From that circum- stance, he often appears with a key in his right hand, and a rod in his left. Sometimes he holds the number 300 in one hand, and in the other 65, to shew that he presides over the year, of which the first month bears his name. Some suppose that he is the same as the world, or Ccelus ; and from that circum- stance they call him Eanus, ab eundo, because of the revolution of the heavens. He was called by different names, such as Consivins a Conserendo, because he presided over genera- tion ; Qjuirinus or Manialis, because lie pre- sided over war. He is also called Patidciiti and Clausius, because the gates of his temples were opened during the time of war, and shut in time of peace. He was chiefly worshipped among the Romans, where he had many tem- ples, some erected to Janus Bifrons, others to Janus Quadrifrons. The temples of Quadri- frons were built with four equal sides, with a door and three windows on each side. The four doors were the emblems of the four sea- sons in the year, and the three windows in each of the sides, the three months of each season, and, all together, the twelve months of the year. Janus was generally represented in statues as a young man. After death he was ranked among the gods, for his popularity, and the civilization which he had introduced among the wild inhabitants of Italy. His temple, which was always open in times of war, was shut only three times during above 700 years, under Numa, 234 B. C. and under Augustus, and during than; long period of time, the Ro- mans were continually employed in war. Ovid, Fast. 1, v. 65, &c. Virg. &n. 7, v. 607. Varro de L. L. 1. Macrob. Sat. 1. A street at Rome, near the temple of Janus. It was generally frequented by usurers. JAPETUS, a son of Ccelus or Titan, by Terra, who married Asia, or, according to others, Clymene, by whom he had Atlas, Mencetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus. The Greeks looked upon him as the Father of all mankind. J A. His sons received the patronymic of lapetionidet. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 631. Heiwd. Tlteog. Apollod. 1, c. 1. IAPIS, an .dEtolian, who founded a city upon the banks of the Timavus. Virg. G. 3, v. 475. A Trojan favourite of Apollo, from whom he received the knowledge of the power of medicinal herbs. Id. JEn. 12, v. 391. IAPYGIA, a country on the confines of Italy, in the form of the peninsula, between Taren- tum and Brundusium. It is called by some Messapia, Peucetia, and Salentinum. Plin. 3, c.ll.Strab.6. IAPYX, a son of Daedalus, who conquered a part of Italy, which he called lapygw. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 4:58. A wind which blows from Apulia, and is favourable to such as sailed from Italy towards Greece. It was nearly the same as the Caurus of the Greeks. Horat. 1, od. 3, v. 4. IARBAS, a son of Jupiter and Garamautis, king of Gaetulia, from whom Dido bought iaml to build Carthage. He courted Dido, but the rivalry of JEneas prevented his success, and the queen, rather than marry larbas, de- stroyed herself. [Vid. Dido.] Virg. JEn. 4, \. 36, &c. Justin. 18, c. 6. Ovid. Fa*(. 3, v. 552. IARCHAS and JARCHAS, a celebrated Indian philosopher. His seven rings are famous ; they could restore old men to the bloom and vigour of youth, according to the traditions of I'hiLsti. in Apoll. IARDANUS, a Lydian, father of Omphale, the mistress of Hercules. Herodnt. 1, c. 7. A river of Arcadia. Another in Crete. H >nw. U. 7. IAS!DES, a patronymic given to Palinurus, as descended from a person of the name cf Ja- sius. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 843. Also of Jasus. Id. 12, ^. 392. IASION and IASIUS, a son of Jupiter and Electra, one of the Allan tides, who reigned over part if Arcadia, where he diligently ap- plied himself to agriculture. He married the goddess Cybele or Ceres, and all the gods were present at th celebration of his nuptials. He had by Ceres two sons, Philomelus and Plutus, to whom some have added a third, Co- rybas, who introduced the worship and mys- teries of his mother in Phrygia. He had also a daughter, whom he exposed as soon as born, saying that he would raise only male children, The child, who was suckled by a she-bear, and preserved, rendered heself famous afterwards tinder the name of Atalanta. lasion was killed with a thunderbolt of Jupiter, and ranked among the gods after death by the inhabitants of Arcadia. Hesiod. Tkeog. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 168. Hygin. Poet. 2, c. 4. IASIUS, a son of Abas, king of Argos. A on of Jupiter. [Vid. lasion.] JASON, a celebrated hero, son of Alcirnedc's, daughter of Phylacus by JEsou the son of Cre- tlieus, by Tyro the daughter of Salmoneus. Tyro, before her connexion with Cretheus the 318 J A son of ^EoluJ, had two sons, Pelia* and Neleo* by Neptune, JEson was king of lolchos, and at his death the throne was usurped by Pelias, on account of the tender youth of Jason, the lawful successor. The education of young Jason was entrusted to the care of the Centaur Chiron, and he was removed from the presence of the usurper who had been informed by an oracle that one of the descendants of .diolus would de- throne him. After he had made the most rapid progress in every bianch of science, Jason left the Centaur, and by his advice went to consult the fracle. He was ordered to go to lolchos is aat country, covered with the spoils of a leopard, and dressed in the garments of a Mag- nesian. In his journey he was stopped by the inundation of the river Evenus or Enipeus, o^w.* which he was carried bj Juno, who had changecr herself into an old woman. In crossing the streams, he lost one of his sandals, and at his arrival at lolchos, 'the singularity of his dress, and the fairness of his complexion attracted the notice of the people, and drew a crowd around him in the market-place. Pelias came to see him with the rest, and as he had been warned by the oracle to ben-are of a man who should appear at lolchos with one foot bare, and the other shod, the appearance of Jason, who had lost one of his sandals alarmed him. His ter- rors were soon after augmented, Jason, accom- panied by his friends, repaired to the palace of Pelias, and boldly demanded the kingdom, which he had unjustly usurped. The boldness and popularity of Jason intimidated Pelias, he was unwilling to abdicate the crown, and yet e feared the resentment of his adversary. As Jason was young ar.d ambitious of glory PeJias, at once to remove his immediate claims to the crown, reminded him, that ^Eetes king of Col- chis had severely treated, and inhumanly mur- dered their common relation Phryxus. He ob- served that such a treatment called aloud for punishment, and that the undertaking would be accompanied with much glory *nd fame. He farther added, that his old age had prevented: him from avenging the death of Phryxus, and that if Jason would undertake the expedition, he would resign to him the crown of Iolcho when he returned victorious from Colchis. Ja- son readily accepted a proposal which seemed to promise such military fame. His intended expedition was made known in every part of Greece, and the youngest and bravest of the Greeks assembled to accompany him, a:.d share his toils and glory. They embarked on board a ship called Argo, and after a series of adven- tures they arrived atColchis. [ Vid. Argonautae.l ^Eetes promised to restore the golden fleece, which was the cause of the death of Phryxus, and of the voyage of the Argonauts, provided they submkted to his conditions. Jason was to tame bulls who breathed flames, and who had tLe feet and horns of brass, and to plough with them a field sacred to Mars. After this he wa, to sow in the ground the teeth of a serpent from which nrmed mm would arise, v:>oi* fury would be converted against him wL. J .\ ploughed the field. He was also to kill a mon- strous dragon who watched night and dav a' me foot of the tree, on which the golden fleece was suspended. All were concerned for the latfc of the Argonauts, but Juno, who watched with an anxious eye over the safety of Jason, extricated them from all these difficulties. Me- dea, the king's daughter, fell in love with Jason, and as her knowledge of herbs, enchantments, and incantations was uncommon, she pledged herself to deliver her lover from ill his dangers if he promised her eternal fidelity. Jason, not insensible to her charms and to her promises, vowed eternal fidelity in the temple of Hecate, and receivedfrom Medea whatever instruments and herbs could protect him against the ap- proaching dangers. He appeared in the field of Mars, he tamed the fury of the oxen, ploughed the plain, and sowed the dragon's teeth. Immediately an army of men sprang from the field, and ran towards Jason. He threw a stone among them, and they fell one upon the other till all were totally destroyed. The vigilance of the dragon was lulled to sleep by the power of herbs, and Jason took from the tree the celebrated golden fleece, which was the sole object of his voyage. These actions were all performed in the presence of ^etes and his people, who were all equally astonished at the boldness and success of Jason. After this celebrated conquest, Jason immediately set sail for Europe with Medea, who had been so instrumental in his preservation. Upon this, j^etes, desirous to revenge the perfidy of his daughter Medea, sent his son Absyrtus to pur- sue the fugitives. Medea killed her brother, and strewed his limbs in her father's way, that she might more easily escape, while he was employed in collecting the mangled members of his son. [Vid. Absyrtus.] The return of the Argonauts in Thessaly was celebrated with universal festivity, but JEson, Jason's father, was unable to attend on account of the infirmi- ties of old age. This obstruction was removed, and Medea, at the request of her husband, re- stored jlEson to the vigour and spvightliness of youth. [Vid. json.] Pelias the usurper of the crown of lolchos, wished also to see himself restored to the flower of youth, and his daugh- ters, persuaded by Medea, who wished to avenge her husband's wrongs, cut his body to pieces, and placed his limbs in a cauldron of boiling water' Their credulity was severely punished. Medea suffered the flesh to be consumed to the bones, and Pelins was never restored to life. This inhuman action drew the resentment of the populace upon Medea, and she fled to Co- rinth with her husband Jason, where they lived in perfect union and love during ten successive years. Jason's partiality for Glauce, the daughter of the king of the country, afterwards disturbed their matrimonial happiness, and Medea was divorced, that Jason might more freely indulge his amorous propensities. This infidelity was severely revenged by Medea, [ Vid. Glauce] who destroyed her children in the presence of their i'aiher. [Vid. Medea.] After his separation from Medea, Jasou Uvd 319 I C an unsettled and melancholy life. As he was one day reposing himself by the side of the ship which had carried him to Colchis, a beam fell upon his head, and he w ts crushed to death. This tragical event had b<.en predicted to him before by Medea, according to the relation of some authors. Some say that he afterwards returned to Colchis, where he seized the king- dom, and reigned in great security. Eurip. in Med.Oiid. Met. 7, fab. 2, 3, &c. Dind. 4. Paws. 2 & 3.Apollod. 1, c. 9. Cic. de Nut. 3. Ovid. Trist. S, el. 9. Strab. 7.Apoll.Flacc. Hygin.5, he. Pindar. 3 AW Justin. 42, c. 2, &c. Senec. in Med. Tzetz ad Locophr. 175, &c. Athen. 13. A native of Argos, who wrote an history of Greece in four books, which ended at the death of Alexander. He lived in the age of Adrian. A tyrant of Thessaly, who made an alliance with the Spartans, and cultivated the friendship of Timotheus. Trallianus, a man who wrote tragedies, and gained the esteem of the kings of Parthia. Polyien. 7. IASUS, a king of Argos, who succeeded his father Triopas. Pans. 2, c. 16. A son of Argus father of Agenor. A son of Argus and Ismena. A son of Lycurgus of Arcadia. IBERIA, a country of Asia, between Colchis on the west, and Albania on the east, governed by kings. Pompey invaded it, made great slaughter of the inhabitants, and obliged them to surrender by setting fire to the woods where they had fled for safety. It is now called Georgia. Pint, in Liw. Anton. &cc.Din. 36. Flor. 3, Appian. Parthic. An ancient name of Spain, derived from the river Iberus. I.ncun. 6, v. 258. Horat. 4, od. 14, r. 50. IBERUS, a river of Spain, now called Ebro, which formerly separated the Roman from the Carthaginian possessions in that country. Lucan. 4, v. 335. A river of Iberia in Asia, flowing from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus. Strab. 3. A fabulous king of Spain. IBI, an Indian nation. IBIS, a poem of the poet Callimachus, in which he bitterly satirizes the ingratitude of his pupil the poet Apollonius. Ovid has also written a poem which is of the same nature, and which bears the same name. IBYCUS, a lyric poet of Rhe^jium, about 540 years before Christ. He was murdered by rob- bers, and at the moment of death he implored the assistance of some cranes which at that moment flew over his head. Some time after as the murderers were in the market-place, one of them observed somt- cranes in the air, and said to his companions, at Ifivicov ticSiicoi ira- pftffiv, there are the birds that are coiuciotit of tht death of Ibycm. These words and the recent murder of Ibycus raised suspicions in the peo- ple ; the assassins were seized and tortured, and they confessed their guilt. sElian V. H. The husband of Chloris, whom Horace ri- dicules, 3, od. 15. ICARIA, a small island in the ./Egean sea, near Samos. Strab. 10 & 14. ICARIUM MA HE, a part of the .^genn sea near the islands of Mycone and Gyaros, rid. learn*. IcXtuus, an Athenian, father of Erigone. He gave wine to some peasants, who drank it with the greatest avidity, ignorant of its intoxi- cating nature. They were soon deprived of their reason, and die fury and resentment of their friends and neighbours were immediately turned upon Icarius, who perished by their hands. After death he was honoured with public festivals, and his daughter was led to discover the place of his burial by means of his faithful dog Mcera. Erigone hung herself in despair, and was changed" into a constellation called Virgo, Icarias was changed into the star Bootes, and the dog Moera into the star Canis. Hfigin. fab. 130. Apoilod. 3, c. 14. A soi; of (Ebalus of Lacedaemon. He gave his daugh- ter Penelope in marriage to Ulysses, king of Ithaca, but he was so tenderly attached to her, that he wished her husband to settle at Lace- damion. Ulysses refused, and when he saw the earnest petitions of Icarius, he told Pene- lope as they were going to smbark, that she might cLoose freely, either to follow him to Ithaca, or to remain with her father. Penelope blushed in the deepest silence, and covered her head with her veil. Icarius up:>n this per- mitted his daughter to go to Ithaca, and imme- diately erected a temple to the goddess of mo- desty, on the spot where Penelope had covered her blushes with her veil. Homer Od. IC&RUS, a son of Daedalus, who, with his father, fled with wings from Crete to escape the resentment of Minos. H ; s flight being too high proved fatal to him, and the sun melted the wax which cemented his wings, and he fell into that part of the ^Egean sea which wan called after his name. [Via. Daedalus.] Ow'u. Met. 8, v. 178, &c. A mountain of Attica. Iccirs, a lieutenant of Agrippa in Sicily. Horace writes to him, 1, od. 29, and ridicules him for abandoning the pursuits of philosophy and the muses, for military employments. IcEi.os, one of the sons of Somnus, who changed himself into all sorts of animals. Ovid. Atet.n, v. 640. ICENI, a people of Britain who submitted to the Roman power. IcEjAS, a man who obtained the supreme power at Syiacuse after the death of Dion. }le attempted to assassinate Timoleon, for which he was conquered, &c. B. C. 340. C. Nep. in Tinu ICHNJE, a town of Macedonia, whence Themis and Nemesis are called Ichnaea. ICHNUSA, an ancient name of Sardinia, which it received from its likeness to a human foot. Pans. 10, c. l7.ltal. 12, v. 358. IcHONUrms, a priest of Heliopolis, at whose Louse Eudoxus resided when he visited Egypt with Plato. Ding. ICHTHYOPHACI, a people of ^Ethiopia, who received tl.is name from their eating fishes. There was also an Indian nation of the same name who made their houses with the bones of fishes. DM. 3.Strab. 2, &c. ICFITHYS, a promontory of Elis in Achaia. Strab. 11. L. ICILIUB, a tribune of the people who made 320 i D a law A. U. C. 397, by which mount Aventine was given to the Roman people to build houses upon. Lit). 3, c. 54. A tribune who made a law A.U. C. 261, tha,. forbad any man to op- pose or interrupt a tribune while he was speak- ing in an assembly. Liv. 2, c. 58. A tribune who signalized himself by his inveterate enmity against the Roman senate. He took an active part in the management of affairs after the murder of Virginia, &c. Icius, a harbour in Gaul from which Ca?sar crossed into Britain. Icos, a small island near Euboea. Slrab. 9. IOTINUS a celebrated architect, 43 > before Christ. He built a famous tempfe to Minerva at Athens, &c. ICTUMUI.ORUM vicus, a place at the foot of the Alps abounding in gold mines. IDA, a nymph 'of Crete who went into Phry- gia, where she gave her name to a mountain ot that country. Virg. &n. 8, v. 177. The mother of Minog 2d. A celebrated moun- tain, or more properly a ridge of mountains in Troas, chiefly in the neighbourhood of Troy. The abundance of its waters became the source of many rivers, and particularly of the Simoia, Scamander, ^Esepus, Granicus, &c. It was on mount Ida that the shepherd Paris adjudged the prize of beauty to the goddess Venus. It was covered with green wood, and the elevation of its top opened a fine extensive view of the Hellespont and the adjacent countries, from which reason the poets say that it was frequent- ed by the gods during the Trojan war. Strub. 13. Mela, 1, c. 18. Homer. It. 14. Virg. Aln. 3, 5, &c. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 79. Horat. 3, od. 11. A mountain of Crete, the highest in the island, where it is reported that Jupiter wa educated by the Corybantes, who, on that ac- count, were called Idaji. Strab. 10. IDJEA, the surname of Cybele, because she was worshipped on mount Ida. Lucret. 2. v. 611. ID*US, a surname of Jupiter. An arm- b'-arer and charioteer of king Priam, killed during the Trojan war. Virg. JE.n. 6, v. 487. -One of the attendants of Ascauius. Id. 9, v. 500. IDAT.ITS, a mountain of Cyprus, at the foot of which is IdaHurn, a town sacred to Venus, who was called lda!a;a. Virg. ALn. I, v. 685. Ca- tull.37&i 62. Properf. 2, el. 13. IDANTHYRSUS, a powerful king of Scythia, who refused to give his daughter in marriage to Darius the 1st, king of Persia. This refusal was the cause of a war between the two na- tions, and Darius marched against Idanthyrsui at the head of 700,000 men. He was defeated, and retired to Persia after an inglorious cam- paign. Strab. 13. IDARNES, an officer of Darius, by whose neg- ligence the Macedonians took Miletus. Curt. 4, c. 5. IDAS, a son of Aphareus and Arane, famous for his valour and military srlory. He was among the Argonauts, and married Marpessa. the daughter of Evenus, king of ^Etolia. Harpe^a was carried away by Apollo ; and Idas purt-auil I D his wife's ravisher with bows and arrows, and obliged him to restore her. [Vid. Marpessa.] According to Apollodorus, Idas, with his bro- ther Lynceus, associated with Pollux and Cas- tor to carry away some flocks ; but when they had obtained a sufficient quantity of plunder, they refused to divide it into equal shares. This provoked the sons of Leda. Lynceus was killed by Castor, and Idas, to revenge his brother's death, immediately killed Castor, and in hi turn perished by the hand of Pollux. Accord- ing to Ovid and Pausanias, the quarrel between the sons of Leda and those of Aphareus, arose from a more tender cause : Idas and Lynceus, as they say, were going to celebrate their nup- tials with Phoebe and Hilaira, the two daugh- ters of Leucippus ; but Castor and Pollux, who had been invited to partake the common festi- vity, offered violence to the brides, and carried them away. Idas and Lynceus fell in the at- tempt to recover their wives. Homer. II. 9. Hygin. fab. 14, 100, &c.~ Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 700. Apollod. 1 & 3. Pans. 4, c. 2, & 1. 5, c. 18. A son of Egyptus. A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. /En. 9 v. 575. ID.SA, a daughter of Dardanus, who became ihe second wife of Phineus, king of Bithynia. The mother of Teucer by the Scamander. Apollod. IDESSA, a town of Iberia, on the confines of Colchis. IDITARISUS, a plain in Germany, &c. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 16. IDMON, son of Apollo and Asteria, was the prophet of the Argonauts. He was killed in hunting a wild boar in Bithynia, where his body received a magnificent funeral. He had pre- dicted the time and manner of his death. Apol- lod. I, c. 9. Orpheus. A dyer of Colophon, father to Arachne. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 8. A flame of Cyzicus, killed by Hercules, &c. Place. S A son of Egyptus, killed by his wife. Vid. Danaides. IDOMENE, a daughter of Pheres, who mar- ried Amythaon. Apollod. 1, c. 9. IDOMENEUS, succeeded his father Deucalion on the throne of Crete, and accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war with a fleet of ninety ships. During this celebrated war, he rendered himself famous by his valour, and slaughtered many of the enemy. At his return, he made a vow to Neptune in a dangerous tempest, that if he escaped from the fury of the seas and storms, he would offer to the god whatever living crea- ture first presented itself to his eye on the Cre- tan shore. This was no other than his son, who came to congratulate his father upon his safe return. Idomeneus performed his promise to the god ; and the inhumanity and rashness of this sacrifice, rendered him so odious in the eves of his subjects, that he left Crete, and migrated in quest of a settlement. He came to Italv, and founded a city on the coast of Cala- bria", which he called Salentum. He died in an extreme old age, after he had had the satisfac- tion of seeing his new kingdom flourish, and his subjects happy. According to the Greek choliast of Lvcophron, v. 1217, Idomeueus 321 1 L .luring his absence in the Trojan war, entrusted the management of liis kingdom to Leucus, to whom he promised his daughter Clisithere in marriage at his return. Leucos at first go- verned with moderation ; but he was persuaded | by Nauplius, king of Euboea, to put to deat v | Meda, the, wife of his master, with her daugb j ter Clisithere, and to seize the kingdom. Aft j these violent measures, he strengthened him self on the throne of Crete ; and Idomeneus, a his return, found it impossible to expel the usurper. Ovid. Met. 13, v. S5S.Hygin. 92. Homer. 11. 11, &c. Od. 19. Pans. 5, c. 25. Virg. Ma. 3, v. 122. A son of Priam. A Greek historian of Lampsacus, in the age of Epicurus* He wrote an lustory of Samothrace. IDOTHEA, a daughter of Prcetus, king of Ar- gos. She was restored to her senses, with her sisters, by Melampus. [Vid. PrsetideB/J Ho- mer. Od. 11. -A daughter of Protheus, the god who told Menelaus how he could return to his country in safety. Homer. Od. 4. On of the nymphs who educated Jupiter. IDRIEUS, the son of Euromus of Caria, bro- ther to Artemisia, who succeeded to Mau- j solus, and invaded Cyprus. Diod. 16. Po- I lycen. 7. IDUBEDA, a river and mountain of Spain. !!DUME and IDUMEA, a country of Syria. Ga- za is its capital, where Oambyses deposited hia riches as he was going to Egypt. Lucan.S, v. 216. IDYIA, one of the Oceanides, who married ^Eetes, king of Colchis, by whom she had Me- dea, &c. Hygin.Hesiod.-^-Cic. de Nat. D. 3. JENISUS, a town of Syria. Herodot. 3, c. 5 JEHA, one of the Nereides. Homer. II. 18. JERICHO, a city of Palestine, besieged and taken by the Romans, under Vespasian and Ti- tus. Plin. 5, c. 14. Strafe. JEROMUS and JERONYMUS, a Greek of Car* dia, who wrote an history of Alexander. A native of Rhodes, a disciple of Aristotle, of whose compositions some few historical frag- ments remain. Dionys. Hal. 1. JERUSALEM, the capital of Judea. IETE, a place of Sicily. Ital. 14, v. 272. IGENI, a people of Britain. Tacit. 12, & Ann. IGNATIUS, an officer of Crassus in his Par- thian expedition. A bishop of Autioch, torn to pieces in the amphitheatre at Rome by lions during a persecution, A. D. 107. His writings were letters to the Ephesians, Romans, &c. ,- and he supported the divinity of Christ, and the propriety of the episcopal order, as superior to priests and deacons. The best edition of his works is that of Oxon. in 8vo. 1708. IOCTIUM, a town of Umbria, on the Via Fl*- minia, now Gubia. Cic. ad Att. 7, ep. 13. Si/. 8, v. 460. ILAIAR, a daughter of Leucippus, carried away, with her sister Phoebe, by the sons ol Leda, as she was going to be married, &c. ILBA, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, two miles from the continent. Virg. JEn. 10. v. 173. y L II.XCAONIJ and ILECAONENBZS, a people ( Spain. Lit. c >i>, c. 21. Ii.tRDA, a town of Spain. Lucan. 4, r. 13. ILIA, or RHEA, a daughter of Nuimtor, king of Alba, const-crated by her uncle Amulius to the service of Vesla, which required perpetual chastity, that she mij;ht not become a mother to dispossess him of his crown. He was, how- ever, disappointed ; violence was offered to Ilia, and she brought forth Romulus and Remus, who drove the usurper from his throne, and re- stored the crown to their grandfather Nunator, its lawful possessor. Ilia was buried alive by Amulius, for violating the laws of Vesta ; and because her tomb was near the Tiber, some suppose that he married the god of that river. Horn'. 1, od. 2. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 277. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 598. A wife of Sylia. ILLACI LUDI, games instituted by Augustus, in commemoration of the victory "he had ob- tained over Antony and Cleopatra. They are supposed to be the same as the Trojani ludi and the Actia ; and Virgil says, they were celebrated by tineas, not only because they were institut- ed at the time when he wrote his poem, but because he wished to compliment Augustus, by making the founder of Lavinium solemnize games on the very spot which was, many centu- ries after, to be sacred by the trophies of his pa- tron. During these games were exhibited horse-races and gymnastic exercises. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 280. ILIACUS, an epithet applied to such as belong to Troy. I'irg. s.n. 1, v. 101. ILIADES, a surname given to Romulus, as son cf Ilia. Ovid. A name given to the Trojan women. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 484. ILIAS, a celebrated poem composed Ly Ho- mer, upon the Trojan war. It delineates the wrath of Achilles, and all the calamities which fell upon the Greeks, from the refusal of that nero to appear in the field of battle. It finishes at the death of Hector, whom Achilles had sa- crificed to the shades of his friend Patroclus. It is divided into 24 books. Vid. Homerus. A name given to Minerva. ILIENSES, a people of Sardinia. Lir. 43, c. 19. 1.41, c. 6 & 12. ILION. Vid. Ilium. ILIONE, the eldest daughter of Priam, who married Polymnestor, king of Thrace. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 657. ILION EUS, a Trojan, son of Phorbas. He came into Italy with ^Eneas. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 525. A son of Artabanus, made prisoner by Pannenio, near Damascus. Curt. ?, c. 13. One of Jsiobe's sons. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 6. ILIPA, a town of Bsetica. Lit). 35, c. 1. ILISSLS, a small river of Attica, falling into tte sea, near the Piraeus. '1 here was a temple on its banks sacred to the Muses. Stat. Theb. 4, v.^2. _ ILITHYIA, a goddess, called also Juno Luci- na. Some suppose her to be the same as Dia- na. She presided over the travails of women : and in her temple at Rome, it was usual to carry a small pierc of money as an offering. This custom was first established by Servius 3S2 I M Tullius, who, by enforcing it was enabled to know the exact number of the Roman people. Hesiod. Homer. If. 11, Od. W.Apollod. 1 & 2. Horat. carm. stfcid. Orid. Met. 9, v. 283. ILIUM, or ILION, a citadel of Troy, built by Ilus, one of the Trojan kings, from whom it re- ceived its name. It is generally taken for Troy itself : and some have supposed that the town was called Ilium, and the adjacent country Troja. [Vid. Troja.] Virg. JEn. 1, &c. Strab. 13. Ovid. Met. 13, v 505. Harat. 3, od. 3. Justin. 11, c. 5. 1. 31, c. 8. ILLIBERIS, a town of Gaul, through which Hannibal passed as he marched into Italy. ILLICE, now ELCHE, a town of Spain, with a harbour and bay, Sinus and Portus Illicitanus, now Allcant. Plin. 3, c. 3. ILLIPULA, two towns -A Spain, one of which is called Major, and the other Minor. ILLITURGIS, IUTTRGIS, or ILIRGIA, a city of Spain, on the river B;i-tis, destroyed by Sci- pio, for having revolted to the Carthaginians. Liv. 24, c. 49. JLLYRICUM, ILLYRIS, and II.I.YRIA, a coun- try bordering on the Adriatic sea, opposite Ita- ly, whose boundaries have been different at different times. It became a Roman pro- vince after Gentius, its king, Lad been con- quered by the praetor Anicius ; and it now forms part of Croatia, Bosnia, and Sclavonia. Strab. 2 & 7. Pans. 4, c. 35. Mela, 2, c 2, &c. Flm; 1, 2, &c. ILLYRICUS SINUS, that part of the Adriatic which is on the coast of Illyncum. ILLYRIUS, a son of Cadmus and Hermione, ron. whom Illyricum received its name. Apotlod. II.UA, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, cele- brated for its iron mines. The people are called Iluates. Liv.^0, c. 39. Virg. JEn. 10, r. 1*3. ILURO, now Olermi, a town of Gascony, in France. ILUS, the 4th king of Troy, was son of Tros ">y Caliirhoe. He married Eurydice, the daugh- ter of Adrastus by whom he had Themis, who married Capys, and Lanmedon. the father of Priam. He built, or rather embellished, the city of Ilium, called also Troy, from his father fros. Jupiter gave him the Palladium, a cele- rated statue of Minerva, and promised that, as ong as it remained in Troy, so long would the :own remain impregnable. \Vhen the temple )f Minerva was in flames, Ilus rushed into the middle of the fire to save the Palladium, for which action he was deprived of his sight by the goddess ; though he recovered it some time fter. Homer. II. Strab. 13. Apotlod. 3, c. 12. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 33. 1. 6, v. 419. A name of Ascamus, while he was at Troy. Vir%. JEn, 1, T. 272. A friend of Turnus, killed by Pal- las. I'irg. Mn. 10, v, 400. ILYRGIS a town of Hispania Baetica. Polyb. IMAM KM it's, a king of part of Britain, killed bv Cassm-launus &c. Ctts. Bet. G. 5. IMAUS, a large mountain of Scythia, which is ->art of mount Taurus. It divides Scythia, which i- -.-lii-r.niv < niieU aura Imuum, and extra /mourn* I N It extends, according to some, as far as the boundaries of the eastern ocean. Plin. 5, &c. Strab. 2. IMBAKUS, a part of Mount Taurus, in Ar menia. iMBRAcloEs, a patronymic given to Asius, as son of Imbracus. Virg. Jn. 10, v. 1 23. IMBRASIUES, a patronymic given to Glaucus and Lades, as sons of Imbrasus. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 343. IMBRASUS, or PAB.THENIUS, a river of Sa- mos, Juno, who was worshipped on the banks, received the surname of Imbrasia. Pans. 7, c. 4. The father of Pirus, the leader of the Thracians during the Trojan war. Virg. jn. 10 & 12. Hwner. II. 4. IMBHEVS, one of the Centaurs, killed by Dryas at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 18.V.310. IMDUIUS, aTrojaii, ti'led by Teucer, son of Mentor. He had married Medesicaste, Priam's daughter. Homer. 11. 13. IMBUIVIIIM, a place of Samnium. IMBROS, an island of the ^Egean sea, near Thrace, 32 miles from Samothrace, with a small river and town of the same name. Im- bros was governed for some time by its own laws, but afterwards subjected to the power of Persia, Athens, Macedonia, and the kings of Pergamus. It afterwards became a Roman province. Thnciid. 8. Ptin. 4, c. 12. Homer. 11. 13. Strab. 2. Mela, 1, c. 7. INACHI, a name given to the Greeks, par- ticularly the Argives, from king Inachus. INACHIA, a name given to Peloponnesus, from the river Inachus, A festival in Crete, in honour of Inachus ; or, according to others, of Ino's misfortunes. A courtezan in the aue of Horace. Epod. 12. , INACHID*, the name of the eight first successors of Inachus, on the throne of Arsos. iNAciiinES, a patronymic of Epaphus, as grandson of Inachus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 704. And of Perseus, descended from Inachus. Id. 4, fab. 11. INACHIUM, a town of Peloponnesus. INACHIVS, a son of Oceanus and Tethys, who founded the kingdom of Argos, and was succeeded by his son Phoroneus, B C. 1807, and gave his name to a river of Aigos, of which he became the tutelar deity. He reigned 60 years. Apollod. 2, c. 3. Paus. A river of Argos. Another in Epirus. INA.MAMES, a river in the east, as far as which Semiramis extended her empire. Polyan. 8. INAIUME, an island near Campania, with a mountain, under which Jupiter confined the giant Typhoeus. Virg. jn. 9, v. 716. IN Anus, a town of Egypt, in whose neigh- bourhood the town of Naucratis was built, by the Milesians. A tyrant of Egypt, who died B. C. 4.56. INCITATUS, a horse of the emperor Caligula, made high priest. INDATHYRSUS. Vid. Idanthyrsus. INDIA, the most celebrated and oulent of an all the countries of Asia, bounded on one side ; by the Indus, Ironi which it derives its name. It is situate at the south of the kingdoms of Persia, Parthia, &c. along the inaritbiM coasts. It has always been reckoned famous for the riches it contains : and so p>; r .-uded were the ancients of its wealth, that .r ./ sup- posed that its very sands were golil. ft con- tained 9000 different nations, and />/) re- markab.e cities, according to g' >g/.apaers. Bacchus was the first who conquered it. In more recent ages, part of it was tributary to the power of Persia. Alexander invaded it ; but his conquest was checked by the valour of Porus, one of the kings of the country, and the Macedonian warrior was unwilling or afraid to engage another. Semiramis also ex- tended her empire far in India. The Romans knew little of the country, yet their power was so universally dreaded, that the Indians paid homage by their ambassadors to the emperors Antoninus, Trajan, &c. India is divided into several provinces. There is an India eitra Gaiigem, an India intra Gangein, and an India propria ; but these divisions are not par- ticularly noticed by the andenta. Diod. 1. Strab. 1, &C. Mela, 3, c. 7. Plin. 5, c. 28. Curt. 8, c. 10 Justin. 1, c. g, 1. 12, c. 7. INDIBILIS, a princess of Spain, betrothed to Albutius. INDIGETES, a name given to those deities who were worshipped only in some particular places, or who were become gods from men as Hercules, Bacchus, &c. Some derive the word from inde and geniti, born at the same place where they received their worshio. Virg. G. 1, v. 498. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 608. IND!GTI, a people of Spain. INDUS, a large river of Asia, from which tbe adjacent country has received the name of India. It falls into the Indian oceaji by two mouths. According to Plato, it was larger than the Nile ; and Pliny says, that 19 rivers discharge themselves into it, before it falls into the sea. Strab. 13. Curt. 8, c. 9. Diod. 2. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 720. Plin. 6, c. 20. INDUTIOMARIIS, a Gaul conquered by Caesar, &c. Ges. B. G. INO, a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, who nursed Bacchus. She married Athamas, king of Thebes, after he had divorced Nephel*. by whom he had two children, Phryxus, and Helle. Ino became mother of Melicerta and Learchus, and soon conceived an implacable hatred against the children of Nephele, be- cause they were to ascend the throne in pre- ference to her own. Phryxus and Helle were informed of Ino's machinations, and they es- caped to Colchis on a golden ram. [Vid. Phryxus.] Juno, jealous of Ino's prosperity, resolved to disturb her peace ; and more par- ticularly, because hbe was of the descendants of her greatest enemy, Venus. Ti&iphone was sent, by order of the goddess, to the house of Athamas ; and she filled the whole palace with such fury, that Athamas, taking Ino to be a lioness, and her children whelps, pur- d and dashed her son Learchus against n y* I N wall. Ino escaped from the fury of her hus- band, and from a high rock she threw herself into the sea, with Melicerta in her arms. The gods pitied her fate, and Neptune made her a sea -deity, which was afterwards called Leu- cothoe. Melicerta became also a sea-god, known by the name of Palaemon. Homer. Od. 5. Cic. Tusc. de Nat. D. 3, c. 48. Pint. Symp. 5. Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 13, &c. Pas. l', 2, Sac.Apoltod. 2, c. 4:. Hygin. fab. 12, 14, & 15. INOA, festivals in memory of Ino, celebrated yearly with sports and sacrifices at Corinth. An anniversary sacrifice was also offered to Ino at Megara, where she was first worshipped under the name of Leucothoe. Another in Laconia, in honour of the same. It was usual, at the celebration, to throw cakes of flour into a pond, which, il they sunk, were presages of prosperity ; but if they swam on the surface of the waters, they were inauspicious and very unlucky. INOUS, a patronymic given to the god Palsmon as son of Ino. Virg, /En. 5, v. 823. INOPUS, a river of Delos, which the in- habitants suppose to be the Nile, coming from Egypt under the sea. It was near its banks that Apollo and Diana were born. Plin. 2, c. 103. Place. 5, v. 105. Strab. 6.Paus. 2, c. 4. INSUBRES, the inhabitants of Insubria, country near the Po, supposed to be of Gallic origin. They were conquered by the Romans and their country became a province. Strab. 5 INTAPHERNES, one of the seven Persian noblemen, who conspired against Smerd who usurped the crown of Persia. He was so disappointed for not obtaining the crown, tha he fomented seditions against Darius who had been raised to the throne after the death of the usurper. When the king had ordered him and all his family to be put to death, his wife, by frequently visiting the palace, excited the compassion of Darius, who pardoned her, and permitted her to redeem from death any one of her relations whom she pleased. She obtained her brother ; and when the king expressed his astonishment, because she preferred him to her husband and children, she replied, that she could procure another husband, and children likewise ; but that she could never have another brother, as her father and mother were dead. Intaphernes was put to death. Herodot. 3. INTEMELIUM, a town at the west of Ligu- ria, on the sea shore. Cic. Div. 8, c. 14, INTERAMNA, an ancient city of Umbria. 7 acit. Hist. 2, c. 64. A colony on the con- fines of Samnium. INTERCATIA, a town of Spain. INTERREX, a supreme magistrate at Rome, who was entrusted with the care of the govern- ment after the death of a king, till the election of another. This office was exercised by the senators alone, and one continued in power no longer than five days, or, according to Plutarch, only 12 hours. The first interrex mentioned in Roman history, is after the death of Romu- 324 J O lus, whflu the Romans quarrelled with the Sabines concerning the choice of a king, There was sometimes an interrex during the consular government; but this happened only to hold assemblies in the absence of the magistrates, or when the election of any of the acting officers was disputed. Lip. l,c. 17. Dionys. 2. INUI CASTRUM. Fid. Castrum Inui. It re- ceived its name from Inuus, a divinity sup- posed to be the same as the Faunus of the Latins, and worshipped in this city. INYCIJS, a city of Sicily. Herodot. lo, a daughter of Inachus, or, according tc others, of Jasus or Pirene, was priestess of Juno at Argos. Jupiter became enamoured of her; but Juno, jealous of his intrigues, dis- covered the object of his affections, and sur- prised him in the company of lo. Jupiter changed his mistress into a beautiful heifer ; and the goddess, who well knew the fraud obtained from her husband the animal, whose beauty she had condescended to commend. Juno commanded the hundred -eyed Argus to watch the heifer: but Jupiter, anxious for the situation of lo, sent Mercury to destroy Argus, and to restore her to liberty. [Fid. Argus.] lo, freed from che vigilance of Argus, was now persecuted by Juno ; who sent one of the furies, or rather a malicious insect, to torment her. She wandered over the greatest part of the earth, and crossed over the sea, till at last she stopped on the banks of the Nile, still ex- posed to the unceasing torments of Juno's in- sect. Here she intreated Jupiter to restore her to her ancient form ; and when the god had changed her from a heifer into a woman, she brought forth Epaphus. Afterwards she married Telegosusking of Egypt or Osiris, ac- cording to others, and she treated her subjects with such mildness and humanity, that, after death, she received divine honours, and was> the north by ^Eolia, on the west by the ./Egeai. and Icarian sea, on the south by Caria, and on the east by Lydia and part of Caria. It wad founded by colonies from Greece, and particu- larly Attica, by the lonians, or subjects of Ion. Ionia was divided into twelve small states, which formed a celebrated confederacy, often mentioned by the ancients. These twelve states were Prieno, Miletus, Colophon, Clazo- mense, Ephesus, Lebedos, Teos, Phocaea, Ery- thrae, Smyrna, and the capitals of Samos and Chios. The inhabitants of Ionia built a tem- ple, which they called Pan Ionium, from the concourse of people that flocktd there from every part of Ionia. After they had enjoyed for s'ome time their freedom and independence, they were inade tributary to the power of Ly- dia, by Croesus. The Athenians assisted them to shake off the slavery of the Asiatic mo- narchs ; but they soon forgot their duty and relation to their mother country, and joined Xerxes when he invaded Greece. They were delivered from the Persian yoke by Alexander, and restored to their original independence. They were reduced by the Romans under the dictator Sylla. Ionia has been always cele- brated for the salubrity of the climate, the fruitfulness of the ground, and the geniua of it* J O inhabitants. Htrodot. 1, &c. Strab. 14. Mela, 1, c. 2, &c. Pan*. 7, c. 1. An an- cient name given to Hellas, or Achaia, because it was for some time the residence of the lo- nians. IONIUM MARK, a part of the Mediteiranean sea, at the bottom of the Adriatic, lying be- tween Sicily and Greece. That part of the ^Egean sea which lies on the coast of Ionia, in Asia, is called the sea of Ionia, and not the Ionian sea. According to some authors, the Ionian sea receives its name from lo, who swam across there, after she had been meta- morphosed into a heifer. Strab. 7, &tc. Dio- nys._ I'erieg. IOPAS, a king of Africa, among the suitors of Dido. He was an excellent musician, poet, and philosopher. Virg. 11. 1, v. 744. IOPE and JOPPA, a famous town of Phoe- nicia, more ancient than the deluge, according to some traditions. It was about 40 miles from the capital of Judaea, and was remarkable for a sea-port much frequented, though very dangerous, on account of the great rocks that lie before it. Strah. 16, &c. Proyert. 2, el. 28, v. ol. A daughter of Iphicles, who married Theseus. Pint. I'.IPHRON, a son of Sophocles, who accused his father of imprudence in the management of his affairs, &c. A poet of Gnossus in Crete. Pans. 1, c. ,>4. JORDAN ES, a river of Judaea. Strab. 16. Jo RN ANDES, an historian, who wrote on the Goths. He died A. D. 552. los, an inland in the Myrtoan sea, cele- brated, as some say, for the tomb of Homer, nd the birth of his mother. Plin. 4, c. 12. JOSEPHUS FLAVIUS, a celebrated Jew, born in Jerusalem, who signalized his military abi- lities in supporting a siege of 47 days against Vespasian and Titus, in a small town of Judaea. When the city surrendered, there were found not less than 40,000 Jews slain, and the number of captives amounted to 1,200. Josephus saved his life by flying into a cave where 40 of his countrymen had also taken refuge. He dis- suaded them from committing suicide, and, when they had all drawn lots to kill one ano- ther, Josephus fortunately remained the last, and surrendered himself to Vespasian. He gained the conqueror's esteem, by foretelling that he would become one day the master of the Roman empire. Josephus was present at the siege of Jerusalem by Titus, and received all the sacred books which it contained from tha conqueror's hands. He came to Rome with Titus, where he was honoured with the name and privileges of a Roman citizen. Here he made himself esteemed by the emperors Vespasian and Titus, and dedicated his time to study. He wrote the history of the wars of the Jews, first in Syriac, and afterwards trans- lated it into Greek. This composition so pleased Titus, that he authenticated it by plac- ing bin signature upon it, and by pr. serving it in one of the public libraries. He finished another work, which he divided into 20 books, the history of the Jewish antiqui- I P ties, in some places subversive of the authority and miracles mentioned in the Scripture. He also wrote two books to defend the Jews against Apion, their greatest enemy; beside* an account of his own life, &c. Josephus has been admired for his lively and animated style, the bold propriety of his expressions, the ex- actness of his descriptions, and the persuasive eloquence of his orations. He has been called the Livy of the Greeks. Though, in some cases, inimical to the Christians, yet he hat commended our Saviour so warmly, that St. Jerome calls him a Christian writer. Josephus died A. D. 93, in the 56th year of his age. The best editions of his works are Hudson's, 2 vols. fol. Oxon. 1720, and Havercamp's 2 vols. fol. 1726. Sueton. in Vesp. fyc. JOVIANUS FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS, a native of Pannonia, elected emperor of Rome by the soldiers after the death of Julian. He at first refused to be invested with the imperial pur- ple, because his subjects followed the religious principles of the late emperor; but they re- moved his groundless apprehensions, and, when they assured him they were warm fot Christianity, he accepted the crown. He made a disadvantageous treaty with the Persians, against whom Julian was marching with a vic- torious army. Jovian died seven months and twenty days after his ascension, and was found in his bed suffocated by the vapours of char- coal, which had been lighted in his room, A.D. 364. Some attribute his death to intempe- rance, and say that he was the son of a baker. He burned a celebrated library at Anti^ch. Marcellin. IPHIANASSA, a daughter of Proetus, king of Argos, who, with her sisters Iphinoe and Ly- sippe, ridiculed Juno, &c. [Vid. Prcetides.] The wife of Endymion. IPHICLUS or IPHICLES, a son of Amphi- tryon and Alcmena, born at the same birth with Hercules. As these two children were together in the cradle, Juno, jealous of Her- cules, sent two large serpents to destroy him. At the sight of the serpents, Iphicles alarmed the house, but Hercules, though not a year Id, boldly seized them, one in each hand, and squeezed them to death Ajiollod. 2, c. 4. Theocrit. A king of Phylace in Phthiotis, son of Philacus and Clymeue. He had bulls famous for their bigness, and the monster which kept them. Melampus, at the request of his brother, [ Vid. Melampus.'] attempted to steal them away, but he was caught in the fact, and imprisoned. Iphiclus soon received some advantages from the prophetical knowledge of his prisoner, and nrt only restored him to li- berty, but also presented him with the oxen. Iphiclus, who was childless, learned from the soothsayer how to become a father He had married Automedusa, and afterwaitto a daugh- ter of Creon, king of Thebes. He was father to Podarce and Protesilaus. Homer. Od. 11. ft. 13.A)>olM. 1, c. 9. Pans. 4, c. 36. -A son of Thestius, king of Pleurou. Apollod. 9, c. 1. IPIUCRATES, a celebrated gereral of Athens IP hough son of a shoemaker, rose from the west station to the highest offices in the state. He made war against the Thracians obtained some victories over the Spartans, am assisted the Persian king against Egypt. H< changed the dress and arms of his soldiers and rendered them more alert and expedi- tious in using their weapons. He married a daughter of Cotys, king of Thrace, and diec 380 B. C. When he was once reproached o the meanness of his origin, he observed, tha he would be the first of his family, but that his detractor would be the last of his own. C. Nep. in Ijthic. A sculptor of Athens. An Athenian, sent to Darius the Third, king o Persia, &c. Curt. 3, c. 13. IPHIDAMITS, a son of Antenor, killed by Agamemnon. Homer. II. 11. IriiloEMlA, a Thessaliau woman, ravished by the Naxiaus, ccc. IPHIGENU, a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. When the Greeks going to the Trojan war were detained by contrary winds at Aulis, they were informed by one of the sooth- sayers, that, to appease the gods, they must sacrifice Iphigenia, Agamemnon's daughter, to Diana. [Fid. Agamemnon.] The father, who had provoked the goddess by killing her fa- Tourite stag, heard this with tlie greatest horror and indignation, and rather than to shed ths blood of his daughter, he commanded one of his heralds, as chief of the Grecian forces, to order all the assembly to depart each to his respective home. Ulysses and the other gene- rals interfered, and Agamemnon consented to immolate his daughter for the common cause of Greece. As Iphigenia was tenderly loved by hor mother, the Greeks sent for her on pre- ence of giving her in marriage to Achilles. Clytemnestra gladly permitted her departure, and Iphigenia came to Aulis: here she saw the bloody preparations for the sacrifice ; she implored the forgiveness and protection of her father, but tears and mtreaties were unavailing. Calchas took the knife in his hand, and, as he was going to strike the fatal hlow, Iphigenia suddenly disappeared, and a goat of uncommon size and beauty was found in her place for the sacrifice. This supernatural change animated the Greeks, the wind suddenly became fa- vourable, and the combined fieet set sail from Aulis. Iphigenia's innocence had raised the compassion of the goddess on whose altar she was going to be sacrificed, and she canied her to Taurica, where she entrusted her witli the care of her temple. In this sacred office Iphi- genia was obliged, by the command of Diana, to sacrifice all the strangew which came into that country. Many had already been offered as vicdir.i on the bloodj altar, when Orestes and Pylades came to Taurica. Their mutual and unparalleled friendship [Fid. PyLades and Orestes.} disclosed to Iphigenia, that one of the strangers whom she was going to sacrifice was her brother ; and upon this, she conspired wita the two friends to fly from the barbarous country, and carry away the statue of the god- lew. They successfully effected their enter- StT IP prise, and murdered Thoas, who enforced tha human sacrifices. According to some authors, the Iphigenia who was sacrificed at Aulis wa not a daughter of Agamemnon, but a daughter of Helen by Theseus. Homer does not speak of the sacrifice of Iphigenia, though very minute in his description of the Grecian forces, adventures, &c. Pans. 2, c. 22. 1 3, c. 16. Quid. Met. 12, v. 31. Firg. JEn. 2, v. 1 l6.xhyl.Euripid. IpHlMEolA, a daughter of Triopas, who married the giant Aloeus. She fled from her husband, and had iwo sons, Otus and Ephi- altes, by Neptune, her father's father. Homer Od. 11. Pans. .9, c. W. Apollod. 1, c. 7. IPHIMEDON, a son of Eurystheus, killed in a war against the Athenians and HeracliUae. Apollod. IpHlMEoUSA, one of the daughters of Da- naus, who married Euchenoi. Vid. Danaides. IPHINOE, one of the principal women of Lemuos, who conspired to destroy all the males of the island after their return from a Thracian expedition. Place. 2, v. 163. - One of the daughters of Proethus. She died of a disease while under the care of Melampus. Vid. Prcetides. IPHINOUS, one of the Centaurs. Quid. IPBIS, son of Alector, succeeded his father on the throne of Argos. He advised Polynices, who wished to engage Amphiaraus in the Theban war, to bribe his wife Eriphyle, by giving her the golden collar of Ilarmonia. This succeeded, and Eriphyle betrayed her husband. Apollad. 3. FLcc. 1, 3, & TV A beautiful youth of Salamis, of ignoble birth. He became ' enamoured of Anaxarete, and the coldness and contempt he met with rendered him so desperate that he hung himself. Anax- arete saw him carried to his grave without emotion, and was instantly changed into a stone. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 703. A daughter of Thespius. A/wHod. A mistress of Pa- troclus, given him by Achilles. Homer, ll. 9. A daughter of Ligdus and Telethusa, of Crete. When Telethusa was pregnant, Ligdus ordered her to destroy her child if it proved a daughter, because his poverty could not afford maintain an useless, charge. The severe orders of her husband alarmed Telethusa, and she would have obeyed, had not Isis com- manded her in a dream to spare the life of her child. Telethusa brought forth a daughter which was given to a nurse and passed for a boy, under the name of Iphis. Ligdus con- tinued ignorant of the deceit, and, when Iphu was come to the years of puberty, her father resolved to give her in marriage to lanthe, the aeautiful daughter of Yelestes. A day to cele- brate the nuptials was appointed, but Telethusa ind her daughter were equally anxious to put >tf the marriage, and, when all was unavailing, hey implored the assistance of Isis, by whose advice the life of Iphis had been preserved. The goddess was moved, she changed the sci of Iphis, and, on the morrow, the nnptiab were consummated wilh. the greatest rejoicings. Olid. Met. 9, v. 666, &c. IPHITION, an ally of the Trojans, killed Lv Achilles. Homer. 11. 20. I H ILHITUS, a BOH of Eurytus, king of CEcha- lia. Wfcen bis father had promised his daugh- ter We to kim who could overcome him or his sons in drawing the bow, Hercules accepted the challenge and came off' victorious. Eurytes refused his daughter to the conqueror, observing, that Hercules had killed one of his wives in a fury, and that lole might perhaps share the same fate. Some time after, Autolycus stole away the oxen of Eurytus, and Heicules was suspected of the theft. Iphitus was sent in quest of the oxen, and in his search he met with Hercules, whose good favours he had gained by advising Eurytus to give lole tq the conqueror. Hercules assisted Iphitus in seeking the lost animals; but when he recollected the ingra- titude of Eurytus, he killed Iphi'.us by throwing him down from the walls of Tyrinthus. Home)'. Od. 21.Apoltod. 2, c. 6. A Trojan, who survived the ruin of his country, and tied with ^Sneas to Italy. Virg. JEn. , v. 340, &c. A king of Elis, son of Praxonides, in the age ofLycurgus. He re-established the Olympic games 338 years after their institution by Her- cules, or about 884 years before the Christian era. This epoch is famous for chronological history, as every thing previous to it seems in- volved in fabulous obscuricy. Paterc. 1, c. 8. Pans. 5 c, 4. IPHTIIIME, a sister of Penelope, who married Eumelus. She appeared to her sister in a dream, to comfort her in the absence of ber son Telemachus. Horn. Od. 4. IPSEA, the mother of Medea. Ocid. Heroid. 17, v. 232. IPSUS, a place of Phrygia, celebrated for a battle which was fought there about 301 years before the Christian era, between Antigouus ' and his son, and Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lys- machus, and Cassander. The former led into the field an army of above 70,000 foot and 10,000 horse, with 75 elephants. The latter's forces consisted of 64,000 infantry, besides 10. 500 horse, 400 elephants, and 120 armed chariots. Antigonus and his son were defeat4 I. Pint, in Demeir. IHA, a city of Messenia, which Agamemnon promised to Achilles, if he would resume his arms to fight against the Trojans. This place is famous in history as having supported a siege of eleven years against the Lacedaemonians, and with its capture, B. C. 761, put an end to the second Messeuian war. Horn, II. 9. Strub. 7. IHEN E, a daughter of Cratinus the painter. flin. 35, c. 11. One of the seasons among the Greeks, called by the moderns Horae. Her two sisters were Dia and Eunomia, all daugh- ters of Jupiter and Themis. ApolloJ. 1, c. 3. IRENJEUS, a native of Greece, disciple of Polycarp and bishop of Lyons in France. He wrote on different subjects, but, as what re- mains is in Latin, some suppose he composed in that language, and not in Greek. Frag- ments of his works in Greek are however pre- errei, which prove that his style was simple, though clear and often animated. His opinions concerning the soul are curious. He suflfereA martyrdom A. D. 202. The best edition of hi* works is that of Grabe, Oxon. fol. 17C2. IHESUS, a delightful spot in Libya, near Cyrene, where Battus fixed his residence. The Egyptians were once beaten there by the inhabitants of Cyrene. Herodot. 4, c. 158, &c. IRIS, a daughter of Thaumas and Electra, one of the Oceanides, messenger of the gods, and more particularly of Juno. Her office was to cut the thread which seemed to detain the soul in the body of those that were expiring. She is the same as the rainbow, and from that circumstance, she" is represented with ail the variegated and beautiful colours of the lain- bow, and appears sitting behind Juno ready to execute her commands. She is likewise de- scribed as supplying the clouds with water to deluge the world, in Ovid. Met. 1, v. 271. Hesitxl. Theog. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 480. 1. 11, v. 585. Ft/g. JEn. 4, v. 694. A river of Asia Minor, rising in Cappadocia and falling into the Euxine sea. Place. 5, v. 121. A river of Pontus. IRUS, a beggar of Ithaca, who executed the commissions of Penelope's suitors. When Ulysses returned home, disguised in a beggar's dress, Irus hindered him from entering the gates, and even challenged him. Ulysses brought him to the ground with a blow, and dragged him out of the house. Horn. Od. 8. Ovid. Trist. S, el. 7, v. 42. A mountain of India. Is, a small river falling into the Euphrates. Its waters abound with bitumen. Herndot. 1 , c. "Q. A small town on i-s river of the same rwire. Id. ib ISADAS, a Spartan, who, upon seeing the Thebans entering the city, stripped himself naked, and, with a spear and sword, engaged the enemy. He was rewarded with a crown for his valour. Plut. ISJEA, one of the Nereides. ISJEUS, an orator of Chalcis, in Eubaea, who came to Athens, and became there the pupil of Lysias, and soon after the master of Demos- thenes. Some supposed that he reformed the dissipation and imprudence of his early years by frugality and temperance. Demosthenes imitated him in preference to Isocrates, because he studied force and energy of expression rather than floridness of style. Ten of Lu sixty-four orations are extant. Juv. 3, v. 74. Plut. de 10 Orat. Dem. Another Gieek orator, who came to Rome A. D. 17. He it greatly recommended by Pliny the younger, who observes that he always spoke extempore, and wrote with elegance, unlaboured ease, and great correctness. ISAMUS, a river of India. ISANDER, a son of Bellerophon, killed in the war which his father made against the Solymi. ' Homer. II. 6. IfAFis, a river of Umbria. Lticcn. 8, v. 406. ISA*; and ISARA, a river oi (>aul, wbere IS routed the Allobroges. Id. 1, v. ISAR and Is*us, a river of Vindelicia. Strafe. 4. ISAHCHUS, an Athenian archon, B. C. 424. ISAURIA, a country of Asia Minor, near mount Taurus, whose inhabitants were bold and warlike. The Roman emperors, particularly Probus and Callus, made war against them and conquered them. Flor. 3, c. 6. -Strafe. ISAURICUS, a surname of P. Servilius, from his conquests over the Isaurians. ISAURUS, a river of Umbria, falling into the Adriatic. - Another in Magna Graecia. Lu- can. 2, v. 406. ISCHENIA, an annual festival at Olympia, in honour of Ischenus, the grandson of Mercury and Hierea, who, in a time of famine, devoted himself to his country, and was honoured with a monument near Olympia. ISCHOLAUS, a brave and prudent general of Sparta, &c. Polycen. ISCHOMACHUS, a noble athlete of Crotona. ISCHOPOLIS, a town of Pontus. ISIA, certain festivals observed in honour of Isis, which continued nine days. It was usual to carry vessels full of wheat and barley, as the goddess was supposed to be the first who taught mankind the use of corn. These fes- tivals were adopted by the Romans, where they soon degenerated into licentiousness. They were abolished by a decree of the sfv*e, A. U. C. 696. They were introduced again, about 200 years after, by Commodus. ISICERDES, a king of Persia, appointed, by the will of Arcadus, guardian to Theodosius the Second. He died in his 3lst year, A. D. 408. ISIACORUM PORTUS, a harbour on the shore of the Euxine, near Dacia. ISIDORUS, a native of Charax, in the age of Ptolemy Lagus, who wrote some historical treatises, besides a description of Parthia. - A disciple of Chrysostom, called Pelusiata, from his living in Egypt. Of his epistles 2012 re- main, written in Greek, with conciseness and elegance. The best edition is that of Paris, fol. 1638. - A Christian Greek writer, who nourished in the 7th century. He is surnamed Hispalensis. His works have been edited, fol. de Breul. Paris, 1601. Isis, a celebrated deity of the Egyptians, daughter of Saturn and Rhea, according to Diodorus of Sicily. Some suppose her to be i'he same as Io, who was changed into a cow, and restored to her human form in Egypt, where she taught agriculture, and governed the people with mildness and equity, for which reasons she received divine honours after death. According to some traditions mentioned by Plutarch, Isis married her brother Osiris, and was pregnant by him even before she had left her mother's womb. These two ancient deities, as some authors observe, comprehended all nature and all the gods of the heathens. Isis was the Venus of Cyprus, the Minerva of Athens, the Cybele of tLe Phrygians, the Cere of Eleusis, the Proserpine of Sicily, the Diana of Crete, the Bellona of the Romans, &cc 329 13 Osiris and Isis reigned conjointly in Egypt; but the rebellion of Typhon, the brother of Osiris, proved fatal to this sovereign. [Fid. Osiris $f Tvphon."] The ox and cow were the symbols of Osiris and Isis, because these deities, while on earth, had diligently applied them- selves in cultivating the earth. [Vid. Apis.] As Isis was supposed to be the moon as Osiria the sun, she was represented as holding a globe in her hand, with a vessel full of ears of corn. The Egyptians believed that the yearly and regular inundations of the Nile proceeded from the abundant tears which Isis shed for the loss of Osiris, whom Typhon had basely mur- dered. The word Jsis, according to some, sig- nifies ancient, and on that account, the in- scriptions on the statues of the goddess were often in these words : I am all that has been, that shall be, and none among mortals has hitherto taken off my veil. The worship of Isis was universal in Egypt ; the priests were obliged to observe perpetual chastity, their head was closely shaved, and they always walked barefooted, and clothed themselves in linen garments. They never eat onions, they abstained from salt with their meat, and were forbidden to eat the flesh of sheep and of hogs. During the night they were employed in continual devotion near the statue of the goddess. Cleopatra, the beautiful queen of Egypt, was wont to dress herself like this goddess, and affected to be called a second Isis. Cic. de Div. l.Plut. de JsiV. # Osirid. Duxl. 1. Dionys. Hal. 1. Hero- dot. 2, c. 59. Lucan. 1, v. 831. ISMARUS and ISMARA, a rugged mountain of Thrace, covered with vines and olives, near the Hebrus. Its wines are excellent. Homer. Od. Virg. G. 2, v. 37. JEn. 10, v. 351. A I'heban, son of Astacus. A son of Eu- molpus. Apollod. A Lydian who accom- panied .tfineas to Italy, and fought with great vigour against the Rutuli. Virg. JEn. 10, T. 139. ISMENE, a daughter of CEdipus and Jocasta, who, when her sister Antigone had been con- demned to be buried alive by Creon, for giving >urial to her brother Polynices, against the ty- ant's positive orders, declared herself as guilty s her sister, and insisted upon being equally pu- nished with her. This instance of generosity was strongly opposed by Antijone, who wished not to see her sister involved ID her calamities. Sophoc. in Antig. Apollod. 3, c. 6. A daugh- ;er of the river Asopus, who married the hun- dred-eyed Argus, by whom she had Jasas. Apollod,. 2. c. 1. ISMENIAS, a celebrated musician of Thebes. When he was taken prisoner by the Scythians, Atheas, the king of the country, observed, that he liked the music of Ismenias better than the braying of an ass. P.ut. in Apnph. A The- ban, bribed by Timocrat.es of Rhodes, &c. Paw. 3, c. 9. A Theban general, sent to Persia with an embassy by his countrymen. As none were admitted into the king's presence without prostrating themselves at his feet, Ismenias had recourse to artifice to avoid doing an action which would prove disgraceful to hiii 1 S country. Wheii he was introduced he dropped his ring, and the motion he made to recover it from the ground was mistaken for the most submissive homage, and Ismeuias had a satis- factory audience of the monarch. A river of Boeotia, falling into the Euripus, where Apollo had a temple, from which he was called Is- menius. A youth was yearly chosen hy the Boeotians to be the priest of the god, an office to which Hercules was once appointed. Puus. 9, c. 10. Ovid. Met. Z.Strab. 9. IsMENlDEs, an epithet applied to the Thebar women, as being near the Ismenus, a river of Boeotia. Odd. Met. 4, v. 31. ISMENUS, a son of Apollo and Melia, one of the Nereides, who gave his name to a river of Boeotia. Pam. 9, c. 10. A son of Asopus and Metope. Ajwllod. 3, c. 12. A son of Amphion and Niobe, killed by Apollo. Id. 3, c. 5. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 6. ISOCRATES, a celebrated 'orator, son of a rich musical instrument- maker at Athens. He was taught in the schools of Gorgias and Pro- dicus, hut his oratorical abilities were never displayed in public; and Isocrates was pre- vented by an unconquerable timidity from speaking in the popular assemblies. He opened a school of eloquence at Athens, where he distinguished himself by the number, character, and fame, of his pupils, and by the immense riches which he amassed. He was intimate with Philip of Macedon, and regularly cor- responded with him ; and to his familiarity with that monarch the Athenians were indebted for the few peaceful years which .they passed. The aspiring ambition of Philip, however, dis- pleased Isocrates, and the defeat of the Athe- nians at Cheronrea had such an effect upon his spirits, that he did not survive the disgrace of his country, but died, after he had been four days without taking any aliment, in the 99ih year of his age, about 338 years before Christ, [socrates has always been much admired for the sweetness and graceful simplicity of his rtyle, for the harmony of his expressions, and the dignity of his language. The remains of liis orations extant inspire the world with the highest veneration for his abilities, as a mo- ralist, an orator, and, above all, as a man. His merit, however, is lessened by those who tccuse him of plagiarism from the works of Thucydides, Lysias, and others, seen particu- larly in his panegyric. He was so studious of correctness that his lines are sometimes poetry. The severe conduct of the Athenians against Socrates highly displeased him, and, in spite of all the undeserved unpopularity of that great philosopher, he put on mourning the day of his death. About 31 of his orations are extant. Isocrates was honoured after death with a brazen statue by Timotheus, one of his pupils, and .Hphareus, his adopted son. The best editions of Isocrates are that of Baltic, 2 vols. 8vo. Cantab. 1 729, and that of Auger, 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1782. Pint, de 10 Orar. &c. Cic. Orat. 20, de Inv. "2, c. 12, 6, in Brut. c. 15, de Orat. 2, c. 6. Quin- til. 2, &c. Pater*. 1, c. 16. One of tb' officers of the Peloponnesinn fleet, &c. Thucyd. jSO I S -One of the disciplws of [socrates A rheto- torician of Syria, ene ny to the Romans, &c. ISSA, an island in tho Adriatic sea, on the coast of Dalmatia. A town of Illyricum. Mela, 2, c. T.Strab. 1, &c. Marcel. 26, c. 25, ISSE, a daughter of Macareus, the son of Ly- caon. She was beloved by Apollo, who, to obtain her confidence, changed himself into the form of a sheperd to whom she was attached. This metamorphosis of Apollo was represented on the web of Arachr.e. Ovid. Met. 6, c. 124. Issus, a town of Sihcia, on the confines of yria, famous for a battle fought there between Alexander the Great, and the Persons under Darius their king in October, B.C. 333. In this battle the Persians lost, in the field of battle, 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, and the Ma- cedonians only 300 foot and 150 horse, accord- ing to Diodorus Siculus. The Persian army, according to Justin, consisted of 400,000 foot and 100,000 horse, and 61,000 of the former, and 10,000 of the latter, were left dead on the spot, and 40,000 were taken prisoners. The loss of the Macedonians, as he farther adds, was no more than 130 foot and 150 horse. Ac- cording to Curtius, the Persian slain amounted to 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse ; and those of Alexander to 32 foot, and 150 horse, killed, and 504 wounded. This spot is likewise famous for the defeat of Niger by Severus, A. D. 194. Pint, in Alei. Justin. 11, c. 9 Curt. 3.Arrian.Dwd.n. ISTEU and ISTRUS, an historian, disciple tc Callimachus. Uiog. A large river of Eu- rope, falling into the Euxine sea. [Vul. Da- nubius.] A son of Egyptus. Apollod. ISTHMIA, sacred games among the Greeks, which received their name from the isthmus of Corinth, where they were observed. They were celebrated in commemoration of Melicerta, who was changed into a sea deity, when his mother Ino had thrown herself into the sea with him in her arms. 'The body of JUelicerta, ac- cording to some traditions, when cast upon the sea-shore, received an honourable burial, in memory of which the Isthmian games were instituted, B. C. 1326. They were interrupted after they had been celebrated with great regu- larity during some years, and Theseus at last reinstituted them in honour of Neptune, whom he publicly called his father. These games were observed every third, or rather fifth year, and held so sacred and inviolable, that even a public calamity could not prevent the celebra- tion. When Corinth was destroyed by Mum- mius, the Roman general, they were observed with the usual solemnity, and the Sicyonians were entrusted with the superintendence, which had been before one of the privileges of the ruined Corinthians. Combats of every kind were exhibited, and the victors were rewarded with garlands of pine leaves. Some time after the custom was changed, and the victor re- ceived a crown of dry and withered parsley. The years were reckoned by the celebration of the Isthmian games, as among the Romans from the consular government. Pans. Corint. &-. -P/i/f. in Thet. TSTIIMIUS, a king of Messenia, &c. Paia 4, t. 5. ISTHMUS, a small neck of land which joins a country to another, and prevents the sea from making them separate, such as the isth- mus of Corinth, which joins Peloponnesus to Greece. Nero attempted to cut it across, and make a communication between the two seas, but in vain. Strab. 1. Mela, 2, c. 2. Plin. 4, c. 4. IsnxOTis, a country of Greece, near Ossa. t'id. Histiaotis. ISTHIA, a province at the west of Illyricum, at the top of the Adriatic sea, whose inhabi- tants were originally pirates, and lived on plunder. They were not subjected to Rome till six centuries after the foundation of that city. Strab. 1. Mela, 2, c. 3. Liu. 10, &c. P/in. 3, c. 19. ISTROPOLIS, a city of Thrace near the mouth of the Ister, founded by a Milesian colony. Plin. 4, c. 11. Isus and ANTIPHUS, sons of Priam, the latter by Hecuba, and the former by a concu- bine. They were seized by Achilles, as they fed their father's flocks on mount Ida: they w re redeemed by Priam, and fought against the Greeks. They were both killed by Aga- memnon. Homer. II. 11. A city of Boeotia. .Strafe. 9. ITALIA, a celebrated country of Europe, bounded on the east by the Adriatic and Tyr- rhene seas, and by the Alps. It has been com- pared, and with some similitude, to a man's leg. It has borne, at different periods, the different names of Saturnia, CEnotria, Hesperia, Ausonia, and Tyrrhenia, and it received the name of Italy either from Italus, a king of the country, or from Italos, a Greek word, which signifies an at, an animal very common in that part of Europe. The boundaries of Italy ap peared to have been formed by nature itself, which seems to have been particularly careful in supplying this country with whatever may contribute not only to the support, but also to the pleasures and luxuries of life. It has been called the garden of Europe; and the panegyric which Pliny bestows upon it seems not in any degree exaggerated. The ancient inhabitants called themselves Aborigines, off- spring of the soil, and the country was soon after peopled by colonies from Greece. The Pelasgi and the Arcadians made settlements there, and the whole country was divided into as many different governments as there were towns, till the rapid increase of the Roman power [Fid. Homo] changed the face of. Italy and united all its states in support of one com mon cause. Italy has been the mother of arts as well as of arms, and the immortal monu ments which remain of the eloquence ami poetical abilities of the inhabitants of Italy are well known. It was divided into eleven smal provinces or regions by Augustus. Ptol. 3, c. 1 Dwnys. Hal. DM. 4. Justin. 4, &c. C A'e/>. in Dion. A>.cib. c. Lie. 1, c. 2, &c. Varro de R. R. 2, c. 1 &5. Virg. JEn. 1, & 331 1 T -Palyb. 2. Flor. 2. JElian. V. H. 1, c. 16. -JMCUH. 2, v. 397, &c. Plin. 3, c- 5 & 8. ITALICA, a town of Italy, called also Cor- inium. ITAL!CUS, a poet. Vid. Silius. ITALUS, a son of Telegonus. Hygin. fab. 27. -An Arcadian prince, who came to taly, where he established a kingdom called ifter Lira. It is supposed that he received di- >ine honours after death, as .d-'.neas calls upon lim among the deities to whom he paid his adoration when lie entered Italy. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 178. A prince, whose daughter Roma married JEr.eas or Ascanius. Pint, in Rom. A king of the Cherusci, &c. Tacit. Ann. I, c. 16. ITARGRIS, a river of Germany. ITKA, a daughter of Danaus. Hygin. fab. 170. ITEM ALES, an old man who exposed CEdi- pus on mount Cithseron, &c. Hugin. fab. 65. ITHACA, a celebrated island in tlie Ionian sea, on the western parts of Greece, with a city of the same name, famous for being part of the kingdom of Ulysses. It is very rocky and mountainous, measures about 25 miles in circumference, and is now known by the name of Isola del Compare, or Thiachi. Horn. II. fy Od Strab. 1 & 8. Mela, 2, c. 7. ITHOBALUS, a king of Tyre, who died B. C. 595. Joiephvs. ITHOME, a town of Phthiotis. Hnmer. II. 2. Another of Messenia, which surrendered, after ten year's siege, to Lacedsemon, 724 year's before the Christian era. Jupiter was called Ith'fmates, from a temple which he had there, where games were also celebrated, and the conqueror rewarded with an oaken crown. Pans. 4, c. 32. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 179. Strafe. 8. ITHOMAIA, a festival in which musicians con- tended, observed at Ithome, in honour of Ju- piter, who had been nursed by the nymphs tthorne and Keda, the former of whom gave her name to a city, and the latttr to a liver. ITHYPHALLUS, a surname of Priapus. Co- litmell. 10. ITIVS Potrrrs, a town of Gaul, now Wetsand, or Boulogne in Picardy. Csesar set sail from thence on his passage into Britain. C intermarry with the libertini, or chil- dren of those that had been liberti, or servants manumitted. Horace alludes to it when he speaks of lex marita. Another, de majesta'e, by J. Caesar. It punished vith aqiue et ignis in* terdictio all such as were found guilty of the crimen majestatis^ or treason against the state. JULIA, a daughter of J. Can, &c. A son of Constantine. A maternal uncle of the emperor Julian. A Roman emperor. Vid. Didius. A Roman, who proclaimed himself emperor in Italy during the reign of Dioclesian, &c. A governor of Africa. A counsellor of the emperor Adrian. A general in Dacia, in Domitian's reign. JULII, a family of Alba, brought to Rome by Romulus, where they soon rose to the greatest honours of the state. J. Caesar and Augustus were of this family ; and it was said, perhaps through flattery, that they were lineally de- scended from /Eiii-a:-, the founder of Laviuium. JULIOMAGCS, a city of Gaul. JL-J.IOPOLIS, a town of Bithynia. Jui.is, a town of the island of Cos, which J U gave birtli to Simonides, &c. The walls of this city were all marble, and there are now some pieces remaining entire above 12 feet in li eight, as the monuments of its ancient splen- dour. Plin. 4, c. 12. JULIUS CJT.SAR. Viil. Caesar. Agricola, a governor of Britain, A.C. 80, who first dis- covered that Britain was an island by sailing round it. His son-in-law, the historian Tacitus, has written an account of his life. Tacit, in Agric. Obsequens, a Latin writer, who flourished A. D. 214. The best edition of his book de Prodigiis is that of Oudendorp, 8vo. L. Bat. 1720. Agrippa, banished from Rome by Nero after the discovery of the Pisonian con- spiracy. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 71. Solinus, a writer. Vid. Solinus. Titianus, a writer in the age of Dioclesian. His son became famous for his oratorical powers, and was made pre- ceptor in the family of Maximinus. Julius vrote a history of all the provinces of the Ro- man empire, greatly commended by the an- cients. He also wrote some letters, in which he happily imitated the style and elegance of Cicero, for which he was called the ape of his agt. Afiicanus, a chronologer, who flourished A.D. 220. Constantius, the father of the emperor Julian, was killed at the accession of the sons of Constantino to the throne, and his son nearly shared his fate. Pollux, a gram- marian of Naupactum, in Egypt. Vid. Pollux. Canus, a celebrated Roman, put to death by ovder of Caracalla. He bore the unde- served punishment inflicted on him with the greatest resignation, and even pleasure. Proculus, a Roman, wLo solemnly declared to his countrymen, after Romulus had disappeared, ihat he had seen him above an human shape, and that he had ordered him to tell the Romans to honour him as a god. Julius was believed. Pint, in Eim.0vtd. Florus. [Vid. Floris.] L. Caesar, a Roman consul, uncle to Antony the triumvir, the father of Caesar the dictator. He died as he was putting on his shoes. Celsus, a tribune, imprisoned for conspiring igainst Tiberius. Tacit. Ann. 9, c. 14. Maxi- ninus, a Thracian, who, from a shepherd, be- came an emperor of Rome. Vid. Maximinus. lui.us, the name of Ascanius, the son of /Eneas. Vid. Ascanius. A son of Ascanius, born in Lavinium. In the succession to the kingdom of Alba, ./Eneas Sylvius, the sou of /Eneas and Lavinia, was preferred to him. He was, however, made chief priest. Dionya. 1. A son of Antony the triumvir and Fulvia. Vid. Antonius Julius. JUNIA LEX Sacrata, by L. Junius Brutus, the first tribune of the people, A. U. C. 260. It ordained that the person of the tribune should be held sacred and inviolable ; that an appeal might be made from the consuls to the tribunes ; and that no senator should be able to exercise the office of a tribune. Another, A. U. C. 627, which excluded all foreigners from enjoying the privileges or names of Roman citizens. JUNIA, a niece of Cato of Utica, who mar- ried Cassius, and died 64 years after her has- banl had killed himself at the battle of PhiJippi. J U - -Calvina, a beautiful Roman lady, accused of incest with her brother Silauus. She \\i descendfd from Augustus. She was banished by Claudius, and recalled by Nero. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 4. Blaesus, a proconsul of Africa under the emperors. Tacit. Ann. 3, c. 35. Lupus, a senator, who accused Vitellius of aspiring to the sovereignty, 6cc. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 42. D. Silanus, a Roman, who committed adulte^ with Julia, the grand-daughter of Augustus, &^ Tacit. Ann. 3, c. 24. Brutus. Vid. Brutus. JUNO, a celebrated deity among the ancients, daughter of Saturn and Ops. She was sister to Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, Vesta, Ceres, &c. She was born at Argos, or, according to others, in Samos, and was entrusted to the care of the Seasons, o'r, as Homer and Ovid mention, lo Oceanus and Thetys. Some of the inhabitants of Argon's supposed, that she had been brought up by the three daughters of the river Asterion ; and the people of Stymphalus, . in Arcadia, maintained that she had been educated under the care of Temenus, the son of Pelasgus. Juno was devoured by Saturn, according to some mythologists ; and, according to Apollodorus, she was again restored to the world by means of a potion which Metis gave to Saturn, to make him give up the stone which his wife had given him to swallow, instead of Jupiter. [Vid. Saturnus.] Jupiter was not insensible to the chaims of his sister, and the more powerfully to gain her confidence, he changed himself into a cuckoo, and raised a great storm, and made the air ancommoply chill and cold. L'ndei this form he went to the goddess all shivering. Juno pitied the cuckoo, and took him into hei bosom. When Jupiter had gained these ad- vantages, he resumed his original form, and obtained the gratification of his desires, aftei he had made a solemn promise of marriage to his sister. The nuptials of Jupiter and Juno were celebrated with the greatest solemnity ; the gods, all mankind, and all the brute crea- tion attended. Chelone, a young woman, was the only one who refused to come, and who de- rided the ceremony. For this iir.piety, Mercury changed her into a tortoise, and condemned her to perpetual silence ; from which circum- stance the tortoise has always been used as the symbol of silence among the ancients. By her marriage with Jupiter, Juno became the queen of all the gods, and mistress of heaven and earth. Her conjugal happiness, however, was frequently disturbed by the numerous amours of her husband, and she shewed herself jealous and inexorable in the highest degree. Her severity to the mistresses and illegitimate chil- dren of her husband was unparalleled. She persecuted Hercules and his descendants with the most inveterate fury ; and her resentment against Paris, who had given the golden apple to Venus in preference to herself, was the cause of the Trojan war, and of all the miseries which happened to the unfortunate house of Priam. Her severities to Alcmena, luo, Athamas, Semele, &c. are also well known. Juno had some children by Jupiter. Ac- cording to Hesiod, she was mother of J U Wars, Hebe, and Ilithya, or Lucina ; and be- sides these, she brought forth Vulcan, without Laving any commerce with the other sex, but only by smelling a certain plant. This was in imitation of J-piter, who had produced Minerva from lus brain. According to others, it was not Vulcan, but Mars, or Hebe, that she brought forth in this manner, and this was after eating some lettuces at the table of Apollo. The daily and repeated debaucheries of Jupiter, at last provoked Juno to such a degree, that she re- tired to Euboea, and resolved for ever to forsake ids bed. Jupiter produced a reconciliation, after he had applied to Cithaeron for advice, and after he had obtained forgiveness by fraud and artifice. [Vid. Ditdala] This reconciliation, however cordial it might appear, was soon dis- olved by new offences ; and to stop the com- plaints of the jealous Juno, Jupiter had often recourse to violence and blows. He even pu- nished the cruelties which she had exercised upon his son Hercules, by suspending her from the heavens by a golden chain, and tying a heavy anvil to her feet. Vulcan was punished for assisting his mother in this degrading situa- tion, and he was kicked down from heaven by his father, and broke his leg by the fall. This punishment rather irritated than pacified Ju- no. She resolved to revenge it, and engage some of the gods to conspire against Jupiter, and to imprison him. Thetis delivered him from this conspiracy, by bringing to his assist ance the famous Briareus. Apollo and Nep- tune were banished from heaven for joining in the conspiracy, though some attribute their ex- ile to different causes. The worship of Juno vas universal, and even more than that of Ju- fiter, according to some authors. Her sacri- fices were offered with the greatest solemnity. She was particularly worshipped at Argos, Sa- moa, Carthage, and afterwards at Rome. The ancients generally offered on her altars an ewe Iamb and a sow, the first day of every month. No cows were ever immolated to her, because she assumed the nature of that animal when the gods fled into Egypt in their war with the giants. Among the birds, the hawk, the gooee, and particularly the peacock, often called Ju.no- niaatis, [ Vid. Argus] were sacred to her. The dfttany, the poppy, and. the lily, were her fa- vourite flowers. The latter flower was origi- nally of the colour of the crocus ; but when Ju- piter placed Hercules to the breasts of Juno while asleep, some of her milk fell down upon earth, and changed the colour of the lilies from pfirple to a beautiful white. Some of the milk also dropped in that part of the heavens, which, from its whiteness, still retains the name of the milky way, lactea via. As Juno's power was ex- tended overall the gods, she often made use of the goddess Minerva as her messenger, and even had the privilege of hurling the thunder of Ju piter when she pleased. Her temples were nu- merous, the most famous of which were at Ar- gos, Olympia, &c. At Rome, no woman of a debauched character was permitted to enter her temple, or even to touch it. The surnames of Juno are various ; they are derived either fron 336 J U the function or things over which she presided or from the places where her worship was es- tablished. She was the queen of the heaveus ; she protected cleanliness, and presided over marriage and child-birth, and particularly pa- tronized the most faithful and virtuous of the sex, and severely punished incontinence and lewdness in matrons. She was the goddess of all power and empire, and she was also the pa- troness of riches. She is represented sitting on a throne, with a diadem on her head, and a golden sceptre in her right hand. Some pea- cocks generally sat by her, and a cuckoo often perched ou her sceptre, whilst Iris behind her displayed the thousand colours of her beautiful rainbow. She is sometimes carried through the air in a rich chariot drawn by peacocks. The Roman consuls, when they entered upon of- fice, were always obliged to offer her a solemn sacrifice. The Juno of the Romans was called Matrona or Romana. She was generally repre- sented as veiled from head to foot ; and the Roman matrons always imitated this manner of dressing themselves, and deemed it indecent in any married woman to leave any part of her body but her face uncovered. She has received the surnames of Olympia, Samia, Lacedsemo- nia, Argiva, Telchinia, Candrena, Rescinthes, Prosymna, Imbrasia, Acrea, Cithffironia, Bu- nea, Ammonia, Fluonia, Anthea, Migale, Ge- melia, Tropeia, Boopis, Parthenos, Teleia, Xe- ra, Egophage, Hyperchinia, Juga, I hthia Luci- na, Pronuba, Caprotina, Mena, Populonia La- cinia, Sospita, Moneta, Curis, Domiduca. p eb- rua, Opigenia, &c. Cic. de Kat. D. 2. Paus. 2, &ic.Apollod. 1, 2, 3.Apollon. 1. Argon. Horn. II. \, &ic.Virg. JEn. 1, &c. Herodnt. 1, 2, 4, &c.Sil. l.Dionys. Hal. l.Liv. 23, 24, 27, &c. Ovid. Met. 1, &c. Fast. 5.Plut. quest. Eom.Tibull. 4, el. 13. Athfn. 15. P/i/i. 35. JUNONALIA and JUNOMA, festivals at Rome in honour of Juno, the same as the Heraea of the Greeks. ViiL Heram. J UN ONES, a name of the protecting genii of the women among the Romans. They gene- rally swore by them, as the men by their genii. There were altars often erected to their honoui. Pirn. 2, L c i 7. Seneca, ep. 110. JUNOMA, two islands, supposed to be among; the Fortunate Islands. A name which Grac- chus gave to Carthage, when he went with 6000 Romans to rebuild it. JUXONIGENA, a sjrname of Vulcan, as son ot Juno. _Ovid.Met. 4, v. 173. JUNONIS PKOMONTORIUM, a promontory of Peloponnesus. JUPITER, the most powerful of all the god of the ancients. According to Varro, there were no less than 300 persons of that name ; Diodo rus mentions two ; and Cicero three, two of Ar- cadia, and one of Crete. To that of Crete, who passed for the son of Saturn and Ops, the ac- tions of the re c t have been attributed. Accord- ing to the opinion of the mythologists, Jupiter was saved from destruction by his mother, and entrusted to the care of the Corybantes. Saturn, who had received tho kingdom of the world J U from his brother Titan, on condition of not rais- ing male children, devoured all his sous as soon as born ; but Ops, offended at her husband's cruelty, secreted Jupiter, and gave a stone to Saturn, which he devoured, on the supposition that it was a male child. Jupiter was educated in a cave on Mount Ida, in Crete, and fed upon the milk of the goat AmalthiEa, or upon honey, according to others. He received the name of JU Peretrius, Inventor, Elicius, Capitolinus, Lad alis, Pistor, Sponsor, Herseus, Anxurus, Vic- 105, Maximus, Optimus, Olympius, Fluvialis, &C. The worship of Jupiter surpassed that ot the other gods in solemnity. His altars were not like those of Saturn and Diana, stained with the blood of human victims ; but he was de- lighted with the sacrifice of goats, sheep, and white bulls. The oak is sacred to him, because Jupiter, quasi juvans pater. His cries were I he first taught mankind to live upon acorns, drowned by the noise of cymbals and drums, ! He is generally represented as sitting upon a which the Corybantes beat at the express com- i golden or ivory throne, holding in one hand mand of Ops. [Vid. Corybantes.} As soon as I thunderbolts just ready to be hurled, and in the he was a year old, Jupiter found himself surfi- I other a sceptre of Cyprus. His looks express ciently strong to make war against the Titans, ' majesty, his beard flows long and neglected, who had imprisoned his father, because he had I and the eagle stands with expanded wings at brought up male children. The Titans were | his feet. He is sometimes represented with conquered, and Saturn set at liberty by the hands of his son. Saturn, however, soon after, apprehensive of the power of Jupiter, conspired against his life, and was, for his treachery, driven from his kingdom, and obliged to fly for safety into Latium. Jupiter, now become the sole master of the empire of the world, divided it with his brothers. He reserved for himself the upper parts of his body naked, and those below the waist carefully covered, as if to show that he is visible to the gods above, but that he is concealed from the sight of the inhabitants of the earth. Jupiter had several oraoles, the most celebrated of which were at Dodona, and Ammon, in Lydia. As Jupiter was the king and father of gods and men, his power was extended over the deities, and every thing was the kingdom of heaven, and gave the empire of the sea to Neptune, and that of the infeinal re- gions to Pluto. The peaceful beginning of his reign was soon interrupted by the rebellion of the giants, who were sons of ihe earth, and who wished to revenge the death of their rela- future. He was represented at Olympia with tions the Titans. They were so powerful that [ a crown like olive branches : his mantle was they hurled rocks, aad heaped up mountains variegated with different flowers, particularly upon mountains, to scale heaven ; 80 that all " ' the gods, to avoid their fury, fled to Egypt, T>here they escaped the danger by assuming the form of different animals. Jupiter, however, animated them ; and by the assistance of Her- cules, be totally overpowered this gigantic race, which had proved such tremendous enemies. [ Vid. Gigantts.] Jupiter, now freed from every enemy, gave himself up to the pursuit of plea- sures. He married Metis, Themis, Euronyme, Ceres, Mnemosyne, Latona, and Juno. [Vid. Juno.'] He became a Proteus to gratify his Minerva came all armed from his brains when passions. He introduced himself to Danae in j he ordered Vulcan to open his head. Pat* ^1, a shower of gold, he corrupted Antiope in the very subservient to his will, except the Fates. From him mankind received their blessings and their miseries, and they looked upon him as ac- quainted with every thing past, present, and by the lily, and the eagle perched on the top of the sceptre which he held in his hand. The Cretans represented Jupiter without ears, to signify that the sovereign master of the world ought not to give a partial ear to any particular person, but be equally candid and pro- pitious to all. At Lacedaemon, he appeared with four heads, that he might seem to hear with greater readiness the different prayers and solicitations which were daily poured to him from every part of the earth. It is said, that form of a satyr, and Leda in the form of a swan. He became a bull to seduce Europa, and he en- kiyed the company of JEgina. in the form of a flame of fire. He assumed the habit of Diana to conupt Callisto, and became Amphitryon to gain the affections of AJcmena. His children were also numerous as well as his mistresses. According to Apollodorus 1, c. 3, he was fa- ther of the Seasons, Irene, Eunomia, the Fates, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, by Themis ; of Venus, by Dione ; of the Graces, Aglaia, Eu- phrosyne, and Thalia, by Eurynome, the daugh- ter of Oceanus ; of Proserpine, by Styx ; of the nine Muses, by Mnemosyne, &c. [Vid. Niobe, Laodamia, Pyrrha, Protigenia, Electro., Maia, Semele, &c.] The worship of Jupiter was univer- sal ; he was the Ammon of the Africans, the Belus of Babylon, the Osiris of Egypt, &c. His surnames were numerous, many of which he re- ceived from the place or functions over which he presided. He was severally called Jupiter 337 f , &c. Lit). 1, 4, 5, &c. Diod. 1 & 3. Ho- mer. II. \, 5, &c. Od. 1, 4, &c. Hymn, ad Jov. Orpheut.CaUimac. Jov. Pindar. Olymp. I. 3, 5.Apotlan. 1, kc.Haiod. Theog. in Scut Here. Oper. fy Dies. Lycophrmin Coo. Virf. Jn. 1, 2, &c. G. 3. Ovid. Met. l.fab. I, &c. Horat. 3, od. 1, &c. JURA, a high ridge of mountains separating the Helvetii from the Sequani, or Switzerland from Burgundy. Ctts. G. 1, c. 2. JusxiNUsM. JUNIANUS, a Latin historian in the age of Antoninus, who epitomized the his- tory of Trogus Pompeius. This epitome, ac- cording to some traditions, was the cause that the comprehensive work of Trogus was lost. It comprehends the history of the Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, Macedonian, Roman em- pires, &c. in a neat and elegant style. It ia replete with many judicious reflections, and animated harangues ; but the author is often too credulous, and sometimes examines events too minutely, while others are related only in a J U few words, too often obscure. The indecency of many of his expressions is deservedly cen- sured. The best editions of Justin are that of Ab. Gronovius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1719, that of Hearae, 8vo. Oxon. 1703, and that of Barbou, 12mo. Paris, 1770. Martyr, a Greek fa- ther, formerly a Platonic philosopher, born in Palestine. He died in Egypt, and wrote two apologies for the Christians, besides his dia- logues with a Jew; two treatises, &c. in a plain and unadorned style. The best editions of Justin Martyr are that of Paris, fol. 1636. Of his apologies, 2 vols. 8vo. 1700 and 1703, and Jebb's dialogue with Tripho, published in London, 1722. An emperor of the east who reigned nine years, and died A. D. 526. Another, who died A. D. 564, after a reign of 38 years. Another who died, A. D. 577, fter a reign of 13 years. JUTURNA, a sister of Turnus, king of the Rutuli. She heard with contempt the ad- dresses of Jupiter, or, according to others, she was ravished by him, and made immortal. She was afterwards changed into a fountain aear the Numicus. The waters of that foun- tain were used in sacrifices, and particularly in those of Vesta. They had the power to heal diseases. Varro de L. L. 4. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 708. 1. 2, v. 585. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 139. JUVENAMS, DECIUS JUNIUS, a poet born at Aquinum in Italy. He came early to Rome, and passed some time in declaiming; after which he applied himself to write satires, 16 of which are extant. He spoke "with viru- lence against the partiality of Nero for the pan- tomime Paris, and, though all his satire and declamation were pointed against this ruling favourite of the emperor, yet Juvenal lived in security during the reign of Nero. After the death of Nero, the effects of the resentment of Paris were severely felt, and the satirist was sent by Domitian, as governor oa the frontiers of Egypt. Juvenal was then in the 80th year of his age, and he suffered much from the trouble which attended his office, or rather his exile. He returned, however, to Rome after the death of Paris, and died in the reign of Trajan, A. D. 128 His writings are fiery and animated, and they abound with humour. He is particularly severe upon the vice and ' dissipation of the age he lived in, but the gross and indecent manner in which he exposes to ridicule the follies of mankind, rather encou- rages than disarms the debauched and licen- tious. He wrote with acrimony against all his adversaries, and whatever displeased or of- fended him was exposed to his severest cen- sure. It is to be acknowledged, that Juvenal is far more correct than his contemporaries, a circumstance which some have attributed to his judgment and experience, which were un- commonly mature, as his satires were the pro- ductions of old age. He may be called, and with reason, perhaps, the last of the Roman poets. After him, poetry decayed, and no- thing more claims our attention as a perfect poetical composition. The best editions are 338 I X those of Casaubon, 4to. L. Bat. 1695, with Per- ius, and of Hawkey, Dublin, 12mo. 1746, and of Graevius, cum notis variorum, 8vo. L. Bat. 1684. JUVENTAS or JUVENTUS, a goddess at Rome, who presided over youth and vigour. She is the same as the Hebe of the Greeks, and re- presented as a beautiful nymph, arrayed in va- riegated garments. JUVERNA or HIBERNIA, an island at the west of Britain, now called Ireland. Juv. 2, v. 160. IXIBATJE, a people of Pontus. IXION, a king of Thessaly, son of Phlegias, or, according to Hyginus, of Leontes, or, ac cording to Diodorus, of Antion, by Perimela, daughter of Amythaon. He married Dia, daughter of Eioneus or Doloneus, and pro- mised his father-in-law a valuable present for the choice he had made of him to be his daughter's husband. His unwillingness, how- ever, to fulfil his promises, obliged Deioneus to have recourse to violence to obtain it, and he stole away some of his horses. Ixion con- cealed his resentment under the mask of friendship: he invited his father-in-law to a feast at Larissa, the capital of his kingdom, and when Deioneus was come according to the appointment, he threw him into a pit, which he had previously filled with wood and burn- ing coals. This premeditated treachery so ir- ritated the neighbouring princes, that all of them refused to perform the usual ceremony, by which a man was then purified of murder, and Ixion was shunned and despised by alJ mankind. Jupiter had compassion upon him, and he carried him to heaven, and placed him at the tables of the gods. Such a favour, r hich ought to have awakened gratitude in Ixion, served only to inflame his lust. He be- came enamoured of Juno, and attempted to se- duce her. Juno was willing to gratify the passion of Ixion, or, according to others, she formed Jupiter of the attempts which had been made upon her virtue. Jupiter made a cloud in the shape of Juno, and carried it to the place where Ixion had appointed to meet Juno. Ixion was caught in the snares, and i his embrace with the cloud, he had the Centaurs, or, according to others, Centaurus. [Vid. CentauriJ] Jupiter, displeased with the insolence of Ixion, banished him from heaven, but when he heard that he had the rashness to boast that he had seduced Juno, the god struck him with his thunder, and ordered Mercury to tie him to a wheel in hell, which continually whirls round. 1 he wheel was per- petually in motion, therefore the punishment of Ixion was eternal. Diod. 4. Hygin. fab. 62. Pindar. Pyth. t.Virg. G. 4," v. 484. JEn. 6, v. 601. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 210 & 338. One of the Heraclidas, who reigned at Corinth for 57 or 37 years. He was son Of Alethes. IXIOMDF.S, the patronymic of Pirithous, son i of Ixion. Propert. 2, el. 1, v. 33. L A LAANDER, a youth, brother to Nicocrates, tyrant of Cyrene, &c. Polyien. 8. LAARCHUS, the guardian of Battus of Cy- rene 4 He usurped the sovereign power for gome time, and endeavoured to marry the mo- ther of Battus, the better to establish his ty- Tanny. The queen gave him a friendly invita- tion, and caused him to be assassinated, and restored the power to Battus. Polyten, LABARIS, a king of Egypt after Sesostris. LAB DA, a daughter of Amphion, one of the Bacchiadse, born lame. She married Ection, by whom she had a son whom she called Cypselus, because she saved his life in a coffer. [ Vid. Cvpseliis.] This coffer was preserved at Olym- fi'a. Herfidoi, 5, c. 92. Arist t. Pol.it. 5. LABDACUS, a son of Polydorus by Nycteis, the daughter of Nycteus, kiug of Thebes. His i'ather and mother died during his childhood, and he was left to the care of Nycteus, who at his death left his kingdom in the hands of Ly- cus, with orders to restore it to Labdacus, as soon as of age. He was father to Laius. It is unknown whether he ever sat on the throne of Thebes. According to Statius, his father's rame was Phffinix. His descendants were called Labdacides. Stat. Theb, 6, v. 451. Apollod. 3, c. 5. Pans. 2, c. 6. 1. 9, c. 5. LABDALON, a promontory of Sicily, near Sy- racuse. Diod. 13. LABKO, ANTISTIUS, a celebrated lawyer in the age of Augustus, whose views he opposed, and whose offers of the consulship he refused. His works are lost. He was wont to enjoy the company and conversation of the learned for six months, and the rest of the year was spent in writing and composing. His father, of the same name, was one of Caesar's murderers. He killed himself at the battle o<" Philippi. Horace, 1, Sat. 3, v. 82, has unjustly taxed him with insanity, because no doubt he inveighed against his patrons, Appiin. Alex. 4. Suet, in Aug. 45. A tribune of the people at Rome, who condemned the censor Metellus to be thrown dowu from the Tarpeiaa rock, because he had expelled him from the senate. This ri- gorous sentence was stopped by the interfe- rence of another of the tribunes. Q. Fabius, a Roman consul, A. U. C. 569, who obtained a naval victory over the fleet of the Cretans. He assisted Terence in composing his come- dies, according to some. Actius, an cb- scure poet, who recommended himself to the favour of Nero by an incorrect translation of Homer into Latin. The work is lost, and only this curious line is preserved by an old scho liast, Perseus, 1, v. 4, Crudum manducus Priamnm, Priamique Pisinnos. LABERIUS, J. DECTMVJS, a Roman knight, farr-ous for his poetical talents in writing pan- tomimes. J. Caesar compelled him to act one of his characters on the stage. The poet con- sented with great reluctance, but he shewed his resentment during the acting of the piece, oy throwing severe aspersions upon J. Cresar, and by .warning the audience against his ty- ranny. Caesar, however, restored him to the ank of knight, which he had lost by appear- 339 L A ing on the stage, but to his mortification, when he went to take his seat among the knights, no one offered to make room for him, and even his friend Cicero said, liecephsem te nisi angutte lederem. Laberius was offended at the affec- tation and insolence of Cicero, and reflected upon his unsettled and pusillanimous behaviour during the civil wars of Caesar and Pompey, by the reply of Minim si anguste sedet, qid soles dual/us sellis tetlere. Laberius died ten months after the murder of J. Caesar. Some fragments remain of his poetry. Macrob, sat. 2, c. 3 & 7 Herat. 1, sat. 10. Senec. de control'. 18. Suet, in Cas. 39. -Q. Durus, a tribune of the soli'.iers in Caesar's legions, killed in Britain. Cas. bell. G. LABICUM, a town of Italy, near Tusculum, which became a Roman colony about four cen- turies B. C. Virg. Mn. 7, v. 796. Liv. 2, c. 39. 1. 4 L c. 47. LABIENUS, an officer of Caesar in the wars of Gaul. He deserted to Pompey. He waa killed at the battle of Munda. Cas. belt. G. 6, &f.c. Lucan. 5, v. 346. A Roman who fol- lowed the interest of Brutus and Cassius, and became general of the Parthians against Rome. He was conquered by the officers of Augustus. Strab. 12 & 14. Dio. 48. Titus, an histo- rian and orator at Rome, in the age of Au- gustus. The senate ordered his papers to be burnt, on account of their seditious contents and Labienus, unable to survive the loss of his writings, destroyed himself. Suet. Se- neca. LABINETUS or LABYNETUS, a king of Ba- bylon, &c. Herodot. 1, c. 74. LABOTAS, a river near Antioch in Syria. j Strab. 1 6. A son of Echestratus, who made war against Argos, &c. LABUADEUS, a surname of Jupiter in Caria. The word is derived from labrys, which in the language of the country signified a hHtchet, which Jupiter's statue held in its hand. Pint. LABYRINTHUS, a building whose numerous passages and perplexing windings render the way from it difficult, and almost impracticable. There were four very famous among the an- cients ; one near the city of Crocodiles, or Ar- sinoe, another in Crete, a third at Leronos, and a fourth in Italy, built by Porsena. That of Egypt was the most ancient, and Herodotus, who saw it, declares, that the beauty and the art of the building were almost beyond belief. It was built by 12 kings who at one time reigned in Egypt, and it was intended for the place of their burial, and to commemorate the actions of their reign. It was divided into \1 halls, or according to Pliny, into 16, or as Strabo mentions, into 27. The halls were vaulted, according to the relation of Herodotus, They had each six doors opening to the north, i and the same number to the south, all sur- rounded by one wall. The edifice contained 3000 chambers, 1500 in the upper part, and the same number below. The chambers above \vere seen by Herodotus, and astonished liim beyond conception, but he was not permit* r '1 ! to PC-' those below, where were burleci ihc L A holy crocodiles, and the monarchs whose mu- nificence had raised the edifice. The roofs and walls were encrusted with marble, and adorned with sculptured figures. The ha/Is were surrounded with stately and polished pil- lars of white stone, and, according to some au- thors, the opening of the doors was artfully at- tended with a terrible noise, like peals of thun- der. The labyrinth of Crete was built by Daedalus, in imitation of that of Egypt, and it is the most famous of all in classical history. It was the place of confinement for Daedalus himself, and the prison of the -Minotaur. Ac- cording to Pliny, the labyrinth of Lemnos sur- passed the others in grandeur and magnifi- cence. If. -was supported by 40 columns of uncommon height and thickness, and equally admirable for their beautj and splendour. Modern travellers are still astonished at the i>ble and magnificent ruius which appear of the Egyptian laybyrinth, at the south of the lake Moeris, about 30 miles from the ruins of Arsinoe. Mela, \, c. 9. Plin. 36, c. 13. Strab. IQ.Diod. i.Herodot. 2, c. UB. Virg. Mn.p, v. 588. L,A.cjEfiA, an epithet applied to a female, na- tive of Laconia, and, among others, to Helen. Virg. JE.il. 6, v. 511. LACED-EMOV, a son of Jupiter and Taygeta the daughter of Atlas, who married Sparta the (laughter of Eurotas, by whom he had Amyclas and Eurydice the wife of Acrisius. He was the first who introduced the worship of the Graces in Laconia, and who built them a temple. From Lacedaemon and his wife, the capital of Laconia was called Lacedaemon and Sparta. Apollod 3, c. 10. Hygin. fab. 155. Pans. S,c. 1. A noble city of Pelo- ponnesus, the capital of Laconia, called also Sparta, and now known by the name of Misatra. It has been severally known by the name of Lelegia, from the Leleges the first inhabitants of the country, or from Lelex one of their kings ; and CEbalia from (Ebalus the sixth king from Eurotas. It was also called Heca- tompolis, from the hundred cities which the whole province once contained. Lelex is sup- posed to have been the first king. His de- scendants, 13 in number, reigned successively after him, till the reign of the sons of Orestes, when the Heraclidae recovered the Pelopon- nesus about 80 years after t?ie Trojan war. Procles and Eurysthenes, the descendants of the Heraclidae, enjoyed the crown together, and after them it was decreed that the two families should always sit on the throne to- gether. [Vid. Eurysthenes.'] These two bro- thers began to reign B. C. 1102, their suc- cessors in the family of Procles were called Proclidte, and afterwards Euriipmttidee, and those of Eurysthenes, Eurysthen'i(la>, and after- wards Agidtt. The successors of Procles on the throne began to reign in the following order ; Sous, 1060 B. C. after his father had feigned 42 years ; Eurypon, 1028 ; Prytanis, 1021 ; Eunomus, 986 ; Polydectes, 907 ; .'LycQi'gus, 89fc ; Charilaus, 873 ; Nicander, 809 J Theoponspus, 77-; Zeuxidamus, 723; fttl L A Anaxidamus, 690 ; Archidamus, 651 ; A^a* sides, 605; Ariston, 564; Demaratus, 523; Leotychides, 491 ; Archidamus, 496 ; Atffi? 427; Agesilaus, 397; Archidamus, 361 ; Agii> 2d, 338; Eudamidas, 330; Archidamus, 215 $ Eudamidas 2d, 268; Agis, 244; Arcludairms, 230 ; Euclidas, 225 ; Lycurgus, 219. The successors of Eurysthenes were Agis, 1059 j Echestratus, 1058 ; Labotas, 1023 ; Doryssna, 986 ; Agesilaus, 957 ; Archelaus, 913 ; Tele- clus, 8.i3 ; Alcamenes, 813; Polydorus, 775; Eurycrates, 724 ; Anaxander, 687 ; Eurycrateg, 2d, 644 ; Leon, 607 ; Anaxandrides, 5 jS ; Cleomenes, 530 ; Leonidas, 491 ; Plistarchus, under guardianship of Pausanias, 480 ; Plisto- anax, 466 ; Pausanias, 408 ; Agesipolis, 397; Cleombrotus, 380 ; Agesipolis 2d, 371 ; Cleo- menes 2d, 370 ; Aretus or Areus, 309 ; Acro- tatus, 265 ; Areus 2d, 264 ; Leonidas, 257 ; Cleombrotus, 243 ; Leonidas restored, 241 ; Cleomenes, 235 ; Agesipolis, 219. Under the two last kings Lycurgus and Agesipolis, the monarchical power was abolished, though Machanidas the tyrant made himself absolute B. C. 210, and Nabis, 206, for 14 years. In. the year 191, B. C. Lacedaemon joined the Achasan league, and about three years after the walls were demolished by order of Philo- pcemen. The territories of Laconia shared the fate of the Achaean confederacy, and the whole was conquered by Mummius, 147 B. C. and converted into a Roman province. The in- habitants of Lacedaemon have rendered them- selves illustrious for their courage and in- trepidity, for the love of honour and liberty, and for their aversion to sloth and luxury. They were inured from their youth to labour, and their laws commanded them to m&ke war their profession. They never applied them- selves to any trade, but their only employment was arms, and they left every thing else to the care of their slaves. [Vid. Hebtts.] They hardened their body by stripes and other manly exercises, and accustomed themselves to undergo hardships, and even to die without fear or regret. From their valour in the field and their moderation and temperance at home they were courted and revered by all the neighbouring princes, and their assistance was severally implored to protect the Sicilians, Car- thaginians, Thracians, Egyptians, Cyreneans, &c. They were forbidden by the laws of their country [ Vid. Lycurgus] to vitdt foreign countries, lest their morals should be cor- rupted by an intercourse with efieminate na- tions. The austere manner in which their children were educated, rendered them un^ daunted in the field of battle, and from this circumstance, Leonidas with a small band was enabled to resist the millions of the army of Xerxes at Thermopylae The women were as courageous as the men, and many a mother has celebrated with festivals the death of her son who had fallen in battle, or as coolly put him to death if by a shameful flight or loss of his arms, he brought disgrace upon his country. As to domestic manners, the Lacedaemonian* is widely differed from their neighbours as in L A political concerns, and their noblest women were not ashamed to appear on the stage hired for money. In the affairs of Greece, the interest of the Lacedaemonians was often powerful, and obtained the superiority for 500 years. Their jealousy of the power and great- ness of the Athenians is well known. The authority of their monarch s was checked by the watchful eye of the Ephori who had the power of imprisoning the kings themselves if ilty of misdemeanours. [Vid. Ephori.'] The edsemonians are remarkable for the honour and reverence which they paid to old age. The names of Laced&mun and Sparta, are pro- miscuously applied to the capital of Laconia, and often confounded together. The latter was applied to the metropolis, and the former was reserved for the inhabitants of the suburbs, or rather of the co'intry contiguous to the walls of the city. This propriety of distinction was originally observed, but in process of time it was totally lost, and both appellatives were soon synonymous and indiscriminately applied to the city and country. [Vid. Sparta, Laconia.] Strab. 8. Thucyd. 1. Paut. 3. Justin. 2, 3, &c. Herodot. 1, &c. Pint, in Lye. &c. Diod. Mela, 2. There were some festivals celebrated at Lacedasmon the names of which are not known. It was customary for the women to drag all the old bachelors round the altars and beat them with their fists, that the shame and ignominy to which they were exposed might induce them to marry, &c. Athen. 13. LACEDJEMONII & LACEDSMONES, the in- habitants of Lacedasmon. [Vid. Lacedaemon.] LXcED.iEMONivs, a son of Cimon by Clitoria. He received his name from his father's regard regard for the Lacedaemonians. Pint. LACE FIT A, a soothsayer in Domitian's age, who acquired immense riches by his art. Jiiv.r, v. 114. L.ACETANIA, a district at the north of Spain. Liv. 21, c. 23. LACHARES, a man who seized the supreme power at Athens when the city was in discord, and was banished B. C. 296. Polyxn. 4. An Athenian three times taken prisoner. He deceived his keepers, and escaped, &c. Id. 3. A son of Mithridates king of Bosporus. He was received into alliance by Lucullus. A robber condemned by M. Antony, An Egyptian buried in the labyrinth near Arsinoe. LACHES, an Athenian general in the age of Epaminondas. Diod. 12. An Athenian sent with Carias at the head of a fleet in the first expedition undertaken against Sicily in the Peloponnesian war. Justin. 4, c. 3. An artist who finished the Colossus of Rhodes. LACHESIS, one of the Parcae, whose name is derived from \a%tiv, to measure out by lot. She presided over futurity, and was repre- sented as spinning the thread of life, or ac- cording to others, holding the spindle. She generally appeared covered with a garment Tariegated with stars, and holding spindles in 341 L A her hand. [Vid. Pares.] Stat. Theb. ?, y. 249. Martial, 4, ep. 54. LACIDAS, a Greek philosopher of Cyrene, who flourished B. C. 241. His father's name was Alexander. He was disciple of Arcesilaus, when he succeeded in the government of the second academy. He was greatly esteemed by king Attains who gave him a garden where he spent his hours in study. He taught his disciples to suspend their judgment, and never speak decisively. He disgraced himself by the magnificent funeral with which he honoured a favourite goose. He died through excess of drinking. Diog. 4. LACIDES, a village near Athens, which de- rived its name from Lacius, an Athenian hero, whose exploits are unknown. Here Zephyrus had an altar sacred to him, and likewise Ceres and Proserpine a temple. Paws. 1, c. 37. LAC!NIA, a surname of Juno from her temple at Lacinium in Italy, which the Cro- tonians held in great veneration, and where there was a famous statue of Helen by Zeuxis. [Vid. Zeuxis.] On an altar near the door were ashes which the wind could not blow away. Fulvius Flaccus took away a marble piece from this sacred place to finish a tem- ple that he was building at Rome to Fortuna Equestris ; and it is said, that for this sacrilege, he afterwards led a miserable life, and died in the greatest agonies. Strab. 6. Ovid. 15. Met. v. 12 & 702. Liv. 42, c. 3. Vol. Max. 1, c. 1. LACINIENSES, a people of Laburnia. LACINIUM, a promontory of Magna Gras- cia, now cape Colnnna, the southern boundary of Tarentum in Italy, where Juno Lacinia had a temple held in great veneration. It receded its name from Lacinius a famous robber killed there by Hercules. Liv. 24, c. 3. 1. 27, c. 5. 1. 30, c. 20. Virg. ln. 3. v. 599. L/.CMON, apart of mount Pindus where tha Inachus flows. Herodot. 9, c. 93. LACO, a favourite of Galba, mean and cowardly in his character. He was put to death. An inhabitant of Laconia or La- ce dasmon. LACOBRICA, a city of Spain where Sertorius was besieged by Metellus. LACONIA, LACONICA, & LACEDJEHON, a country on the southern parts of Pelopon- nesus, having Argos and Arcadia on the north, Messenia on the west, the Mediterranean on the south, and the bay of Argos at the east. Its extent from north "to south was about 50 miles. It is watered by the river Eurotas. The capital is called Sparta, or Laceda?mon. The inhabitants never went on an expedition or engaged an enemy but at the full moon. [Vid. Lacedaxmon.] The brevity with which they always expressed themselves is now become proverbial, and by the epithet of La- conic we understand whatever is concise, and if not loaded with unnecessary words. Strab. 8.Ptol. 3, c. 16. Mela, 2, c. 3. LACHATES, a Theban, general of a do- fachment sent by Artaxerxes to the assistance o; the Egyptians. Diod 16. LACB.INES, a Lacedaemonian ambassador to Cyrus. Herodat. 1, c. 152. LACTANT'IUS, a celebrated Christian writer whose principal works are de ira divina, de Dei operibits, and his divine institutions, in 7 hooks, in which he proves the truth of the Christian religion, refutes objections, and attacks the | illusions and absurdities of Paganism. The expressive purity, elegance, and energy of his style, have gained him the name of Christian Cicero. He died A. D. 325. The best edi- tions of his works are that of Sparke, 8vo. Oxon. 1684, that of Biineman, 2 vols. 3vo. lips. 1739, and that of Du Fresnoy, 2 vo!s. 4to. Paris, 1748. LACTER, a promontory of the island of Cos. LACYDES, a philosopher. Vid. Lacidas. LAC VDUS, an effeminate king of Argos. LADAS, a celebrated courier of Alexander bom at Sicyon. He was honoured with a brazen statue, and obtained a crown at Olympia. Martini. 10, ep. 10. Juv. 13, v. LADE, an island on the ^Egean sea on the coast of Asia minor, where was a naval battle between the Persians and lonians. Herodot. c. 7. Pans. l,c. 3.5. Strab. 17. LADES, a son of Imbrassus killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 343. LADON, a river of Arcadia falling into the Alpheus. The metamorphosis of Daphne into a laurel, and of Syrinx into a reed, happened near its banks. Strafe. 1. Mela, 2, c. 3. Pai. 8, c. 20. Ovid. Met. 1 , v. 659. An Arcadian who followed ^neas into Italy, where he was killed. Virg. /En. 10, v. 413. One of Actason's dogs. Ovid. Met. 3. L SLAPS, one of Actaeon's dogs. Ovid. Met. 3. The dog of Cephalus given him by Pro- cris, &c. Id. Met. 7. L/ELIA, a vestal virgin. LKLIANES, a general, proclaimed emperor in Gaul by his soldiers, A. D. 268, after the death of Gallienus. His triumph was short ; he was conquered and put to death aft? r a few month's reign by another general called Posthumus, who aspired to the imperial purple as well as himself. C. LXLIUS, a Roman consul, A. U. C. 612. surnamed Sapiens, so intimate with Africanus, the younger, that Cicero represents him in his treatise De Amicitia, as explaining the real nature of friendship, with its attendant plea- sures. He made war with success against Viriathus. It is said, that he assisted Terence in the composition of his comedies. His mo- desty, humanity, and the manner in which he patronized letters deserve commendation. Cic. de Orat. Another consul who accompanied Scipio Africanus the elder in his campaigns in Spain and Africa. Archelaus, a famous grammarian. Suet. L.VNA and LE*NA, the mistress of Har- inodius and Aristogitin. Being tortured be- cause she refused to discover the conspirators, she bit off her tongue totally to frustrate tha violent efforts of her executioners. A man who was acquainted with the conspiracy formed against Ca?sar. LJENF.US, a river of Crete. L/EPA MAGNA, a town of Spain. Meta, 3, c.l. LAERTES, a king of Ithaca, son of Arcesius and Chalcoinedusa, who married Anticlea, the daughter of Autolyeus. Anticlea was preg- nant by Sisyphus when she married Laertes ; and eight months after her union with the king of Ithaca, she brought forth a son called Ulys- ses. [ Vid. Anticlea.'] Ulysses was treated with paternal care by Laertes, though not really his son, and Laertes ceded him Lis crown, and re- tired into the t country, where he spent his time in gardening. He was found in this mean em- ployment by his son at his return from the Tro- jan war, after 20 years' absence ; and Ulysses, at the sight of his father, whose dress and old age declared his sorrow, long hesitated whether he should suddenly introduce himself as his son, or whether he should, as a stranger, gra- dually awaken the paternal feelings of Laertes, who had believed that his son was no more. This last measure was preferred ; and when Laertes had burst into tears at the mention which was made of his son, Ulysses threw him- self on his neck, exclaiming, " father ! I am he whom you weep." This welcome declaration was followed by a recital of all the hardship!* which Ulysses had suffered; and immediately after, the father and son repaired to the p:tlace of Penelope, the wife of Ulysses whence all the suitors who daily importuned the princess, were forcibly removed. Laertes was one of the Ar- gonauts, according to Apollodorus, 1, c. 9. Ho- mer. Od. 11 & 24. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 32. He- roid. \, c. 98. A city of Cilicia, which gave birth to Diogenes, surnamed Laertius, from the place of his birth. LAERTIUS DIOGENES, a writer born at La- ertes. Vid. Diogenes. LssTiiYoONEs, the most ancient inhabitants of Sicily. Some suppose them to be the same as the. people of Leontium, and to have been neighbours to tbe Cyclops. They fed on human flesh, and when Ulysses came on their coasts, they sunk his ships, and devoured his compa- nions. [Vid. Antiphates.'] They were of a gi- gantic stature, according to Homer's descrip- tion. A colony of them, as some suppose, passed over into Italy with Lamus at their head, where they built the town of Fermia;, whence the epithet of Leestrygonia is often used for that of Formiana. Plin. 3, c. 5. Olid. Met. 14, v. 233, &c. Fast. 4. ci Pout. 4. ep. 10. Tsets. in Lycophr. v. 662 & QlB.Hcmer. Od. 9, &c. "LATA, the wife of the emperor Gratian, celebrated for her humanity and generous sen- timents. LK.TO&IA LFX ordered that proper persons should be appointed to provide for the security and the possessions of such as were insane, of squandered away their estates. It made it a LA high crime to abuse the weakness of persons un- der such circumstances. Cic. de Offic. 3. LJETVS, a Roman whom Commodus con- demned to be put to death. This violence raised Laetus against Commodus ; he con- spired against him, and raised Pertinax to the throne. - A general of the emperor Severus, put to death for bis treachery to the emperor ; or, according to others, on account of his popu- larity. L^E padana. I, the ancient inhabitants of Gallia Trans- L/EVINUS, a Roman consul sent against Pyrr- hus, A. U. C. 472. He informed the monarch that the Romans would not accept him as an arbitrator in the war with Tarentum, and feared him not as an enemy. He was defeated by Pyrrhus. P. Val. a man despised at Rome, because he was distinguished by co good quali- ty. Moral. 1. Sat. 6, v. 12. LAQARIA, a town of Lucania. LAGIA, a name of the island Delos. Vid. Delos. LAGIDES. Vid. Lagus. LACINIA, a town of Caria. LAGUS, a Macedonian of mean extraction. He received in marriage Arsinoe, the daughter of Melea^er, who was then pregnant by king LA humour of the grammarian, and showed hia mo. deration and the mildness of his temper, by taking him under his patronage. Paut. Attic. Justin. 13. Curt. 4. Pint, de tra cohii>.~ Lucan. 1, v. 684. Ital. 1, v. 196 A Rutu- lian, killed by Pallas, son of Evander. Vire JEn. 10, v. 2. LAGUSA, an island in the Pamphylian sea. Another near Crete. Strab. 10. Plin. 5, LAGYRA, a city of Taurica Chersonesus. LAI AS, a king of Arcadia, who succeeded his father Cypselus, &c. Paus. 8, c. 5. A king of Ehs, &c. LAIS, a celebrated courtesan, daughter of Ti- mandra, the mistress of Alcibiades, bora at Hyccara in Sicily. She was carried away from her native country into Greece, when Nicias the Athenian gene-al invaded Sicily. She first began to sell her favours at Corinth for 10,000 drachmas ; and the immense number of princes, noblemen, philosophers, orators, and plebeians, who courted her embraces, show how much commendation is owed to her personal charms. The expenses which attended her pleasures, gave rise to the proverb of Non cuivis homini contingit adire Cm-intkum. Even Demosthenes himself visited Corinth for the sake of Lais Philip, and being willing to hide the disgrace \ but when he was informed by the courtesan, of his wife, he exposed the child hi the woods. | that admittance to her bed was to be bought at An eagle preserved the life of the infant, fed | the enormous sum of about 200/. English money, him with her prey, and sheltered him with her wings against the inclemency of the air. This uncommon preservation was divulged by Lagus, who adopted the child as his own, and called him Ptolemy, conjecturing that, as his life had been so miraculously preserved, his days would be spent in grandeur and affluence. This Pto- lemy became king of Egypt after the death of Alexander. According to other accounts, Ar- sinoe was nearly related to Philip king of Ma- cedonia, and her marriage with Lagus was not considered as dishonourable, because he was opulent and powerful. The first of the Ptole- mies is called Lagus, to distinguish him from his successors of the same name. Ptolemy, the first of the Macedonian kings of Egypt, wished it to be believed that he was the legitimate son of Lagus, and he preferred the appellation of Lagides, to all other appellations. It is even said, that lie established a military order in Alexandria, which was called Lageion. The surname of Lagides was transmitted to all his descendants on the Egyptian throne till the reign of Cleopatra, Antony's mistress. Plutarch mentions an anecdote, which serves to shew how the orator departed, and observed, that he would not buy repentance at so dear a price. The charms which had attracted Demosthenes to Corinth, had no influence upon Xenocrates. Whan Lais saw the philosopher unmoved by her beauty, she visited his house herself ; but there she had no reason to boast of the licea tiousness or easy submission of Xenocrates. Di- ogenes the cynic was one cf her wannest ad- mirers, and though filthy in his dress and man- ners, yet he gained her heart, and enjoyed her most unbounded favours. The sculptor Mycou also solicited the favours of Lais, but he met with a coldness ; he, however, attributed the cause of liis ill reception to the whiteness of his hair, and dyed it of a brown colour, but to no purpose : Fool that thou art, said the courtesan, to ask what I refused yesterday to thy father. Lais ridiculed the austerity of philosophers, and laughed at the weakness of those who pretend to have gained a superiority over their passions, by observing that the sages and philosophers of the age were not above the rest of mankind, for she found them at her dcor as often as the rest of the Athenians. The success which her de- far the legitimacy of Ptolemy was believed in baucheries met at Corinth, encouraged Lais to his age. A pedantic grammarian, says the his- pass into Thessaly, and more particularly to en- torian, once displaying his great knowledge of joy the company of a favourite youth called Hip- antiquity in the presence of Ptolemy, the king I postratus. She was, however, disappointed : suddenly interrupted him with the question of, the women of the place, jealous of her charms, Pray telt me, Si*-, who was the father of Peleus Tell me, replied the grammarian without hesi- tation, tell me, if you can, king ! who the father of Lagus was ? This reflection on the meanness of the monarch's birth, did not in the least irri- tate bis resentment, though the courtiers all glowed with indignation. Ptolemy praised the and apprehensive of her corrupting the fidelity of their husbands, assassinated her in the tem- ple of Venus, about 340 years before the Chris- tian era. Some suppose that there were two persons of this name, a mother and her daugh- ter. Cic. ad Fam. 9, ep. 26. Ovid. Amor. 1, el. 5. Plut. inAlcib.Paiis. 2, 381. LA LAIADES, a patronymic of CEdipuB. son of Laius. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 18. ivAius, a son of Labdacus, who succeeded to the throne of Thebes, which his grandfather Nycteus had left to the care of his brother Ly- cus, till his grandson came of age. He was dnven from his kingdom by Amphion and Ze- Jhus, who were incensed against Lycus for the indignities which Antiope had suffered. He ras afterwards restored, and married Jocasta, the daughter of Creon. An oracle informed him, that he should perish by the hand of his son, and from this dreadful intelligence, he re- solved never to approach his wife. A day spent in debauch and intoxication made him violate Jus vow, and Jocasta brought forth a son. The child as soon as born was given to a servant, with orders to put him to death. The servant was moved with compassion, and only exposed him on mount Cithaeron, where his life was preserved by a shepherd. The child, called CEdipus, was educated in the court of Polybus, and an unfortunate meeting with his father in a narrow road, proved his ruin. (Edipus or- deied his father to make way for him, without knowing who he was ; Laius refused, and was instantly murdered by his irritated son. His arm-bearer or charioteer shared his fate. Vid. CEdipus. Sophocl. in (Edip.Hygin. 9 & 66. Dtod. 4,.Apollod. 3, c. 5. Patu. 9, c. 5 & 20. PLut. de Curios. LA L AGE, one of Horace's favourite mis- tresses. Horat. 1, od. 22, &c. Proper*. 4, el. 7. LALASSIS, a river of Isauria. LAMACHUS, a son of Zenophanes, sent into Sicily with Nicias. He was killed B. C. 414, before Syracuse, where he displayed much cou- rage and intrepidity. PLut. in Alcib. A go- vernor of Heraclea in Pontus, who betrayed his trust to Mithridates, after he had invited all the inhabitants to a sumptuous feast. LAMALMON, a large mountain of Ethiopia. LAMBRANI, a people of Italy near the Lam- brus. LAMBRUS, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po. LAMIA, a town of Thessaly, famous for a siege it supported after Alexander's death. Vid. La- maicum. Diod. 16, &c. Paus. 7, c. 6. A river of Greece, opposite mount (Eta. A daughter of Neptune, mother of Hierophile, an ancient Sibyl, by Jupiter. Paus. 10, c. 12. A famous courtesan, mistress to Demetrius Poliorcetes. Plat . in Dom. LAMIA and AUXESIA, two deities of Crete, whose worship was the same as at Eleusis. The Epidaurians made them two statues of an olive- tree given them by the Athenians, provided they came to offer a sacrifice to Minerva at Athens. Paus. 2, c. 30, &c. LAMIACUM BF.LLUM happened after the death of Alexander, when die Greeks, particularly the Athenians, incited by their orators, resolved to free Greece from the garrisons of the Mace- donians. Lecsthenes was appointed comman- der of a numerous force, and marched against Antipater, who then presided over Macedonia. 44 L A Antipater entered Thessaly at the head ot 13,000 foot and 600 horse, and was beaten by the superior force of the Athenians and of their Greek confederates. Antipater after this blow fled to Lamia, B. C. 323, where he resolved, with all the courage and sagacity of a careful general, to maintain a siege with about the 8 or 9000 men that had escaped from the field of battle. Leosthenes, unable to take the city by storm, began to make a regular siege. His operations were delayed by the frequent sallies of Antipater; and Leosthenes, being killed by the blow of a stone which he received, Antipa- ter made his escape out of Lamia, and soon af- ter, with the assistance of the army of Craterus brought from Asia, he gave the Athenians bat- tle near Cranon, and though only 500 of their men were slain, yet they became so dispirited, that they sued for peace from the conqueror. Antipater at last with difficulty consented, pro- vided they raised taxes in the usual manner, re- ceived a Macedonian garrison, defrayed the ex- penses of the war, and lastly delivered into his hands Demosthenes and Hyperides, the two orators whose prevailing eloquence had excited their countrymen against him. These disad- vantageous terms were accepted by the Athe- nians, yet Demosthenes had time to escape and poison himself. Hyperides was carried before Antipater, who ordered his tongue to be cut off, and afterwards to be put to death. Plut. in Demost.Diod. 17 Justin. 11, &c. LAMI* a small island before Troas. Plin. 5, c. 31. Certain monsters of Africa, who had the face and breast of a woman, and the rest of the body like that of a serpent. They al- lured strangers to come to them, that they might devour them ; and though they were not en- dowed with the faculty of speech, yet their his- sings were pleasing and agreeable. Some be- lieved them to be witches, or rather evil spirits, who, under the form of a beautiful woman, en- ticed young children and devoured them. Ac- cording to some, the fable of the Lamiae is de- rived from the amours of Jupiter with a certain beautiful woman called Lamia, whom the jea- lousy of Juno rendered deformed, and whose children she destroyed ; upon which Lamia became insane, and so desperate, that she eat up all the children that came in her way. They were also called Lemures. Vid. Lemures. Phi- lostr. in Ap. Horat. An. Poet. v. 340. Plut. dt Curios. Dion. LAMIAS JEuvs, a governor of Syria under Tiberius. He was honoured with a public funeral by the senate ; and, an having been a respectable and useful citizen, Horace has dedicated his 26 od. lib. 1 , to his praises, a also 3 od. 17. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 27. Ano- ther during the reign of Domitian, pat to death, &c. LAM!RUS, a son of Hercules by lole. LAMPEBO, a woman of Lacedaemon, who was daughter, wife, sister, and mother of a king. She lived in the age of Alcibiades. Agrippina, the mother ot Claudius, could boast the same honours. Tacit, Ann. 12, c. 22 &37 L A LA MTITIA, a daughter of Apollo and Nera. She, with her sister Phaetuea, guarded her fa- ther's flocks in Sicily when Ulysses arrived on the coasts of that island. These flocks were 14 fa number, seven herds of oxen and seven flocks of shtep, consisting each of fifty. They fed by night as well as by day, and it was deemed unlawful and sacrilegious to touch them. The companions of Ulysses, impelled by hun- ger, paid no regard to their sanctity, or to the threats and ittreaties of their chief ; but they carried away ind killed some of the oxen. The watchful keepers complained to their father, and Jupiter, at the request of Apollo, punished the offence of the Greeks. The hides of the oxen appeared :o walk, and the flesh which was roasting by the fire, began to bellow, and no- thing was heard but dreadful noises and loud lowings. The companions of Ulysses embarked on board their ships, but here the resentment of Jupiter followed them. A storm arose, and they all perished except Ulysses, who saved himself oo the broken piece of a mast. Ho- mer. Od. 12, v. 119. Proper t. 3. el. 12. According to Ovid. Met. 2, v. 349, Lampetia is one of the Heliades, who was changed into a poplar tree at the death of her brother Phae- ton. LAMPETO and LAMPERO, a queen of the Amazons, who boasted herself to be the daugh- ter of Mars. She gamed many conquests in Asia, where she founded several cities. She was surprised afterwards by a band of barba- rians, and destroyed with her female attend- ants. Juttin. 2, c. 4. LAMPEUS and LAMPIA, a mountain of Arca- dia. Stat. 8. LAMPON, LAMPOS, or LAMPUS, one of the horses of Diomedes. Of Hector. Of Aurora. Homer. II. 8, od. 23. A son of Laomedon, father of Dolops. A soothsayer of Athens in the age of Socrates. Pint, in Pericl. LAMPONIA and LAMPONIUM, a city of Troas. HerotLtt. 5, c. 26. An island on the coasts of Thrace. Strab. 13. LAMPONIUS, an Athenian general, ent by nis countrymen to attempt the conquest of Si- cily. Justin. 4, c. 3. LAMPRIDIUS JM.IUS, a Latin historian in the fourth century, who wrote the lives of some t>f the Roman emperors. His style is inele- gant, and his arrangement injudicious. His life of Commodus, Heliogabalus, Alexander Severus, &c. is still extant, and to be found in the works of the Historite Augustte Scrip- <>'. LAMPRUS, a celebrated musician, &c. C. Nep. in Epam. LAMPSACUS and LAMPSACUM, a town of Asia Minor, on the borders of the Propontis, at the north of Abydos. Priapus was the chief deity of the place, of which he was reckoned by some the founder. His temple there was the asylum of .ewdness and debauchery, and exhibited scenes f the most unnatural lust. Alexander resolved to destroy the city on account of the vices of its inhabitants, or more probably for its firm ad- herence to the interests of Persia. It was how- 1 345 L A ever, saved from ruin by the artifice of Anax;'- men" 1 - [Vid, Anaximenes.] It was formerly called Pityusa, and received the name of ] .amp8acus,from Lampsaces,a daughter of Man* dron, a king of Phrygia,who gave information to some Phoceans who dwelt there, that the rest of the inhabitants had conspired against their life. 1 his timely information saved them from de struction. The city afterwards bore the name of their preserver. Mela, 1, c. 19. Strab. 13. Paus. 9, c. 31. Herodot. 5, c. 117. C. Nep. i>i Themist. c. 10. LAMPTERIA, a festival at Pallene in Achaia, in honour of Bacchus, who was sumamed Lampter from Xapirtiv, to shim, because during; this solemnity, which was observed in the night, the worshippers went to the temple of Bacchus with lighted torches in their hands. It was also customary to place vessels full of wine in several parts of every street in the rity. Paws. 4, c. 81. LAMPUS, a son of jEgyptus. A man of Elis. A son of Prolaus. LAMUS, a king of the Lsestrygones, who is supposed by some to have founded Formias in Italy. The family of the Lamias at Rome was according to the opinion of some, descended from him. Herat. 3, od. 17. A son of Hercules and Omphale, who succeeded his mother on the throne of Lydia. Ovid. He'-oid. 9. A Latian chief killed by Nisus. Virg. ] JEn. 9, v. 334. A river of Boeotia. Paus. 9, c. 31. A Spartan general hired by Nectanebus king of Egypt. Diod. 16. A city of Cilicia. A town near Formi*, built by the Lasstrygones. LAMYRUS, buffoon, a surname of one of the Ptolemies, One of the auxilianes of Turnus, killed by Nisus. Virg. Jn. 9, v. 334. LANASSA, a daughter of Cleoda^us, who married Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, by whom she had eight children. Pint, in Pyrr. Justin. 17, c. 3. A daughter of Agathocles, who married Pyrrhus, whom she soon after forsook for Demetrius. Pint. LANCEA, a fountain, &c. Paus. LANCIA, a town of Lusitania. Ffor. 4 c. 12. LANDIA, a people of Germany, conquered by Caesar. LANCIA, a river of Peloponnesus, falling into the bay of Corinth. LANGOBARDI, a savage nation of Gfrmany. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 45. LANUVIUM, a town of Latium, about 16 miles from Rome on the Appian road. Juno had there a celebrated temple which was frequented by the inhabitants of Italy, and particularly by the Romans, whose consuls on first entering upon office offered sacrifices to the goddess. The statue of the goddess was covered with a goat's skin, and armed w^tli a buckler and spear, ( and wore shoes whicn were turned upwards in 'the form of a cone. Cic. pro Mur. de Nat. D. 1, c. 29. Lit. 8, c. 14. Ital. 13, v. 364. LAOBOTAS, or LABOTAS, a Spartan kin^, of the family of the Agidae, who succeeded his father Echwstratus, B. C. 1023. During L A hii reign war was declared against Argos, by Sparta. He sat on the throne for 37 years, and was succeeded by Doryssus his son. Poiu. S, c. 2. LAOCOON, a son of Priam and Hecuba, or according to others of Antenor or of Capys. As being priest of Apollo, he was commissioned by the Trojans to offer a bullock to Neptune to render him propitious. During the sacrifice two enormous serpents issued from the sea, and attacked Laocoon's twc sons who stood next to the altar. The father immediately attempted to defend his sons, but the serpents falling upon him, squeezed in their complicated wreathes, and he died in the greatest agonies. This punishment was inflicted upon him, for his temerity in dissuading the Trojans to bring into the city the fatal wooden horse, which the Greeks had consecrated to Minerva, as also for his impiety in hurling a javelin against the sides of the horse as it entered within the walls. Hyginus attributes this to his marriage against the consent of Apollo, or according to others, for his polluting the temple, by his commerce with his wife Antiope, before the statue of the god. Virg. JEn. "2, v. 41 & 201. Hygin. fab. 135. LAODAMAS, a son of Alcinous, king of the Phasacians, who offered to wrestle with Ulys- j ses, while at his father's court. Ulysses 1 mindful of the hospitality of Alcinous, refused | the challenge of Laodamas. Homer. Od. 7. A son of Eteocles, king of Thebes. Paus. 0, c. 15. LAODAMIA, a daughter of Acastus and As- tydamia, who married Protesilaus, the son of Iphiclus, king of a part of Thessaly. The depar- ture of her husband for the Trojan war was the source of grief to her, but when she heard that he had fallen by the hand of Hector, her sor- row was increased. To keep alive the memory of a husband whom she had tenderly loved, she ordered a wooden statue to be made and re- gularly placed in her bed. This was seen by one of her servants, who informed Iphiclus, that his daughter's bed was daily defiled by an unknown stranger. Iphiclus watched his daughter, and when he found that the in- telligence was false, he ordered the wooden image to be burned, in hopes of dissipating his daughter's grief. He did not succeed. Lao- damia threw herself into the flames with the image, and perished. This circumstance has given occasion to fabulous traditions related by the poets, which mention that Protesilaus was restored to life, and to Laodamia, for three hours, and that when he was obliged to re- turn to the infernal regions, he persuaded his wife to accompany him. Virg. jn. 6, v. 447. Oi-id. Her. ep. 13. Hygin. fab. 104. A daughter of Bellerophon by Achemone the daughter of king lobates. She had a son by Jupiter, called Sarpedon. She dedicated her- self to the service of Diana, and hunted with her, but her haughtiness proved fatal to her, and she perished by the arrows of Diana. Homer. 11. 6, 1*2, & 16. A daughter, of Alexander king of Epirus, by Oiympia the 346 LA daughter of Pyrrhus. She was assassinated in the temple of Diana, where she had fled for safety during a sedition. Her murderer, called Milo, soon after turned his dagger against his own breast and killed himself. Justin. 28, c. 3. LAODlcl, a daughter of Priaia and Hecuba, who became enamoured of Acimas, son of Theseus, when he came with D.omedes, from the Greeks to Troy with an embassy to demand the restoration of Helen. She obtained an in- terview with the gratification of her desires at the house of Philebia, the wife of a governor of a small town of Troas, which ;he Greek am- bassadors had visited. She haa a son by Aca- mas, whom she called Munitus. She after- wards married Helicaon son of Antenor, and Telephus king of Mjsia. Some call her Astyoche. According to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, Laodice threw herself down from the top of a tower and was killed when Troy was attacked by the Greeks. Dictys. Cret. l.Paus. 13, c. 26.-- Homer. II. 3 & 6. One of the Oceanides. A daughter of Cinyras, by whom Elatus had some children. Apollod. 3, c. 14. A daughter of Agamem- non, called also Electra. Homer. II. 9. A sister of Mithridates who married Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, and afterwards her own brother Mithridates. During the secret ab- sence of Mithridates, she prostituted herself to her servants, in hopes that her husband was dead, but when she saw her expectations frustrated, she attempted to poison Mithri- datea, for which She was put to death. A queen of Cappadocia, put to death by her subjects for poisoning five of her children. A sister and wife of Antiochus 2d. She put to death Berenice, whom her husband had married. [Vid. Antiochus 2d,] She was mur- dered by order of Ptolemy Evergetes, B. C. 246. A daughter of Demetrius shamefully put to death by Ammonius, the tyrannical minister of the vicious A lexander Bala, king of Syria. A daughter of Seleucus. The mother of Seleucus. Nine months before she brought forth, she dreamed that Apollo had introduced himself into her bed, and had pre- sented her with a^ precious stone, on which was engraved the figure of au anchor, com- manding her to deliver it to her son as soon as born. This dream appeared the more won- derful, when in the morning she discovered in her bed a ring answering the same description. Not only the son that she brought forth called Seleucus, but also all his successors of the house of the Seleucidas, had the mark of an anchor upon their thigh. Justin. Ajrpiaii in Syr. mentions this anchor, though in a dif- ferent manner. LAODICEA, a city of Asia, on the borders of Caria, Phrygia, and Lydia, celebrated for its commerce and the fine wool of its sheep. It was originally called Diospolis, and after- ward Rhoas ; and received the name of Lao- dicea in honour of Laodice, the wife of An- tiochus. Strab. 12. Mela, 1, c. 12. Cic.pro Flacc. Another in Media destroyed by an earthquake in the age of Nero. Anothez in L A Syria, called by way of distinction Laodicea Cabiosa, or ad Libanum. Another on the borders of Co?!esyna. Strab. LAODICENB, a province of Syria, which receives its name from Laodicea, its capital. LAODOCHUS, a son of Antenor, whose form Minerva borrowed to advise Pandarus to break the treaty which subsisted between the Greeks and Trojans. Homer. II. 4. An at- tendant of Antilochus. A son of Priam. Apollod. 3, c. 12. A son of Apollo and Phthia. Id. 1, c. 7. LAOGONUS, a son of Bias, brother to Dardanus. Hrmer. It. A priest of Jupiter, killed by Merion in the Trojan war. Homer. 11.16. LAOGOBAS, a king of the Dryopes, who accustomed his subjects to become robbers. He plundered the temple of Apollo at Del- phi, and was killed by Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 7. LAOGORE, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion. She died JTI Egypt Id. 3, c. 14. LAOMEDON, son of Ilus king of Troy, mar- ried Strymo, called by some Placia, or Leu- tippe, by whom he had Podarces, afterwards \now by the name of Priam, and Hesione. He built the walls of Troy, and was assisted by Apollo and Neptune, whom Japiter had banished from heaven, and condemned to be subservient to the will of Laomedon for one year. When the walls were finished, Laome- don refused to reward the labouis of the gods, and soon after his territories were laid waste by the sea, or Neptune, and his subjects were visited by a pestilence sent by Apollo. Sacri- fices were offered to the offended divinities, but the calamities of the Trojans increased, and nothing could appease the gods, ac- cording to the words of the oracle, but annually to expose to a sea-monster a Trojan virgin. Whenever the monster appeared, the marriageable maidens were assembled, and the lot decided which of them was doomed to death for the good of her country. When this calamity had continued for fiVe or six years, the lot fell upon Hesione, Laomedon's daughter. The king was unwilling to part with a daughter whom he loved with uncom- mon tenderness, but his refusal would irritate more strongly the wrath of the gods. In the midst of his fears and hesitation, Hercules came and offered to deliver the Trojnns from this public calamity, if Laomedon promised to reward him with a number of fine horses. The king consented, but when the monster was destroyed, he refused to fulfil bjs engagements, and Hercules was obliged to besiege Troy and take it by force of arms. Laomedon was put to death after a reign of 29 years, his daughter Hesione was given in marriage to Telamon, one of the conqueror's attendants, and Podarces was ransomed by the Trojans and placed upon his father's throne. According to Hyginus, the wrath of Neptune and Apollo was kindled against Laomedon because he refused to offer on their altars, as a sacrifice, all the fust-born JMr L A of i.is cattle, according to a vow he had made. Homer. II. 21. Virg. JEn. 2 & 9. Ovid, Met. 11, fab. 6. Apollod. 2, c. b.Paus. 7, c. 0, Hnrat. 3, od. 3. Hugin. 89. A dema- gogue of Messana in Sicily. A satrap of Phoenicia, &c. Curt. 10, c. 10. An Athe- nian, &c. Pint. An Orchoaenian. Id. LAOMEDONTEVS, an epithet applied to the Trojans from their king Laomedon. Virg. li<. 4, v. 542. LAOMEDONTIAD*, a patronymic given to the Trojans from Laomedon their king. Virg. JE-,. 3, v. 248. LAONOME, the wife of Polyphemus one of the Argonauts. LAONOMENE, a daughter of Thespius, by whom Hercules had two sons Teles and Me- nippides, and two daughters Lysidice aud Stentedice. Apollod. 2, c. 7. LAOTHOE, a daughter of Altes a king of the Leleges, who married Priam, and became mother of Lycaon and Polydorus. Homer. II. 21. One of the daughters of Thespius, mother of Antidus, by Herculei dpollod. 2, c. 7. LAOUS, a river of Lacedaemon, LAPATHUS, a city of Cyprus. LAPMRIA, a surname of Diana at Patras in Achaia, where she had a temple with a statue of gold and ivory, which represented hei in the habit of a huntress. This name was given to the goddess from Laphrius, the son of Delphus, who consecrated the statue to her. There was a festival of the goddess there called also Laphria, of which Pans. 7, c. 18, gives an account. LAPHYSTIUM, a mountain in Boeotia, where Jupiter had a temple, whence he was called Laphystiiis. It was here that Athamas pre- pared to immolate Phryxus and Helle, whom Jupiter saved by sending them a golden ram. Pans. 9, c. 34. LAPIDEUS, a surname of Jupiter among the Romans. LAPITH*, a people of Thessaly. Fid. Lapithus. LAPITHO, a city of Cyprus. LAPITHUS, a son of Apollo, by Stilbe. He was brother to Centaurus, and married Orsi- no'me, daughter of Euronymus, by whom he had Phorbas and Periphas. The name of LapithiiE was given to the numerous children of Phorbas and Periphas, or yather to the in- habitants of the country of which they had ob tained the sovereignty. The chief of tb& Lapithse assembled to celebrate the nuptials of Piritlious, one of their number.and among them were Theseus,Dryas,Hopleus,Mopsus,Phaltrus Exadius, Prolochus, Titaresius, &c. The Cen- taurs were also invited to partake the common festivity, and the amusements would have been harmless and innocent, had not one of the intoxi- cated Centaurs offered violence to Hippodamia, the wife of Pirithous. The Lapitha; resented the injury, and the Centaurs supported their companions, upon which the quarrel became universal, and ended in blows and slaughter. Many of the Centaur* were slain, and they at LA last were obliged to retire. Theseus among the Lapithje, shewed himself brave and in- trepid in supporting the cause of his friends, and Nestor also was not less active in the pro- tection of chastity and innocence. This quarrel arose from the resentment of Mars, whom Pirithous forgot or neglected to invite among the other gods, at the celebration of his nuptials, and therefore the divinity punished the insult by sowing dissension among the festive assembly. [Vid. Centauri.] Hesiod has described the battle of the Centaurs and La- pithae, as also Ovid, in a more copious man- ner. The invention of bits and bridles for horses is attributed to the Lapithae. Virg. G. 3, v. 115. JEn, 6, v. 611. 1. 7, v. 305. Ovid. Met. 12 HesM. in Scut.Diod. 4. Find 2. Pyth.Strah. 9.Stet. Theb. 7, v. 304. LAPITH/EUM, a town of Arcadia. Pant. 3, c. 20. LARA or LARANDA, one of the Naiads, daugh- ter of the river Almon in Latium, famous for her beauty and her loquacity, which her pa- rents long endeavoured to correct, but in vain. She revealed to Juno the amours of her hus- band Jupiter with Jaturna, for which the god cat off her tongue, and ordered Mercury to conduct her to the infernal regions. The mes- senger of the gods fell in love with her by the way, and gratified his passion. Lara became mother of two children, to whom the Romans have paid divine honours according to the opi- nion of some, under the name of Lares. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 599. LARENTIA and LAURENTIA, a courtezan i the first ages of Rome. Vid. Acca. LARES, gods of inferior power at Rome who presided over houses and families. They were two in numbers, sons of Mercury by Lara. [Vid. Lara.'] In process of time their power was ex- tended not only over houses, but also over the country and the sea, and we find Lares Urbani to preside over the cities, Famiitares over houses, liustici over the country, Compitales over cross ways, Marini over the sea, Viales over the roads, Patellarii, &c. According to the opinion of some, the worship of the gods, Lares, whom some suppose to be the manes, arises from the ancient custom among the Romans and other nations, of burying their dead in their houses, and from their belief that their spirit continually hovered over the houses, for the protection of its inha- bitants. The statues of the Lares resembling monkeys, and covered with the skin of a dog, were placed in a niche behind the doors of the houses, or around the hearths. At the feet oi the Lares was the figure of a dog barking, to in- timate their care and vigilance. Incense wai burnt on their altars, and a sow was also offered on particular days. Their festivals were ob- served at Rome "in die month of May, when their statues were crowned with garlands of ilowcrs, and offerings of fruit presented. The word Lares seems to be derived from the Etrus- can word Lars, which signifies, conductor, or leader. Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 129. Phtt. in q,uest. Sam.Vurro. de L. L. 4, c. 10. Horat. 3, od. 23- Plant, in. Aid. et Cift. 348 LAROA, a well known prostitute in Juvenal's e. Juv. 4, v. 25. LAUGHS, a Latin poet who wrote a poem on the arrival of Antenor in Italy, where he built the town of Padua. He composed with ea*e and elegance. Ovid, et Pont. 4, ep. 16, v. 17. LARIDES, a son of Daucus or Daunus, who assisted Tiimus against ^Eneas, and had his hand cut off with one blow by Pallas the son of Evander. Virg. ln. 10, v. 391. LARINA, a virgin of Italy who accompanied Camilla in her war against ^Eneas. Virg. JEii. 11, v. 655. LARINUM or LARINA, a town of Italy, whose inhabitants are called Larinates. ltd. 15, v. 565. LA RIBS A, a daughter of Pelasgus, who gave her name to some cities in Greece. Pans. 2, c. 23. A city between Palestine and Egypt, where Pompey was murdered and buried, ac- cording to some accounts. A large city on the banks of the Tigris. It had a small pyramid near it, greatly inferior to those of Egypt. A city of Asia Minor, on the southern confines of Trcas. Another in yolia, 70 stadia from Cyme. It is surnamed Phriconis by Strabo, by way of distinction. Another near Ephesus. Another on the borders of the Peneus in Thessaly, the most famous of all the cities of that name. It was here that Acrisius was in advp-tently killed by his grandson Perseus. Jupiter had there a famous temple, on account of which he is called Larissa?us. The same epi- that is also applied to Achilles, who reigned there. It is etill extant, and bears the same name. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 542. Virg. JEn. 1. v. 197. Liican. 6. A citadel of Argos built by Danaus. LARISSUS, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing between Elis and Achaia. Strab. 8. LARIUS, a large lake in Italy. Virg. G. %, v. 159. LARNOS, a small desolate island on the coast of Thrace. LARONIA, a shameless courtezan in Juvenal's age. Juv. 2, v. 86. LARS TOLUMNIIIS, a king of the Veientes conquered by the Romans, and put to death, A. U. C. 329. Lit. 4, c. 17 & 19. LARTIUS FLORUS, a consul, who appeased a sedition raised by the poorer citizens, and was the first dictator ever chosen at Rome, B. C. 498. He made Spurius Caserns his master of horse. Liv. 2, c. 18. One of the three Romans who alone withstood the fory of Porsenna's army at the head of a bridge, while the communication was cutting down behind them. His compa- nions were Codes and Herminius. Vid. Codes. Liv. 2, c. 10 & 18. Dionys. Hal. Val. Mar. 3, c. 2. The name of Lartius has been common to many Romans. LARTOLSTANI, a people of Spain, LARV, a name given to the wicked spirits and apparitions which, according to the notions of the Romans, issued from their graves in the night and came to terrify the world. As the word larva signifies a mask, whose horrid and uncouth appearance often serves to frighten children, that name has been given to thn ghottt composi- LA or spectres which superstition believes to hover around the graves of the dead. Some call them Lemures. Servius in Virg. &n. 5, v. 64, 1. v. 152. LARYMN A , a town oi Boeotia, where Bacchus had a temple and a statue. Another in Caria. LA P.YSIUM, a mountain of Laconia. Paul. 3, c. 22. LASSIA, an ancient name of Andros. LASSUS, or LASUS, a dithyrambic poet born at Hermione in Peloponnesus, about 500 years before Christ, and reckoned among the wise men of Greece by some. He is particularly known by the answer he gave to a man who asked him what could best render life pleasant and comfortable? Experience. He was ac- quainted with music./ Some fragments of his poetry are to be found in Athenaeus. He wrote an ode upon the Centaurs and an hymn to Ceres without inserting the letter S in the cc tion. Atheit. 10. LASTHENES, a governor of Olynthus cor- rupted by Philip king of Macedonia. A Cre- tan demagogue conquered by Metellus the Ro- man general. A cruel minister at the court of the Seleucidae, kings of Syria. LASTHENIA, a woman who disguised herself to come and hear Plato's lessons. LAT AGUS, aking of Pontus who assisted^Eetes against his enemies, &c. Place. 5, &c. One of the companions of ^Eneas killed by Mezen- tius. Virg. jEn. 10, v. 697. LATERANUB Pi.AUTUS,a Roman consul elect, A. D. 65. A conspiracy with Piso against the emperor Nero proved fatal to him. He was led to execution, where he refused to confess the associates of the conspiracy, and did not even frown at the executioner who was as guilty as Himself, but when a first blow could not sever his head from his body, he looked at the execu tioner, and shaking his head, he returned it to the hatchet with the greatest composure, and il was cut off. There exists now a celebrated palace at Rome which derives its name from its ancient possessors, the LateranL LATERIUM, the villa of Q. Cicero at Arpi- num. Cic. ad Attic. 4 & 7. LATIALIS, a surname of Jupiter, who was worshipped by the inhabitants of Latium upon mount Albanus at stated times. The festivals which were first instituted by Tarquin the Proud, lasted 15 days. Liv. 21. Vid. Ferias Latin. LATINI, the inhabitants of Latium. Vid. Latium. LATINIUS LATIARIS, a celebrated informer, &c. Tacit. LATINOS, a son of Faunus, by Marica, king of the Aborigines in Italy, who from him were called Latini. He married Amata by whom he had a son and a daughter. The son died in his infancy, and the daughter called Lavinia, was secretly promised in marriage by her mother to Turnus king of the Rutuli, one of her most pow- erful admirers. The gods opposed this union, and the oracles declared that Lavinia must be- come the wife of a foreign prince. The arrival of ^Eneas in Italy seemed favourable to this prediction, and Latinus, by offering bis daughter to the foreign prince and making him his friend 349 LA nd ally, seemed to have fulfilled the commands of the oracle. Turnus however disapproved of he conduct of Latinus, he claimed Lavinia as :iis lawful wife, and prepared to support his cause by arms. ^Eneas took up arms in bis own defence, and Latium was the seat of the war. After mutual losses it was agreed, that the quarrel should be decided by the two rivals, and Latinus promised his daughter to the con- queror. .(Eneas obtained the victory and mar- ried Lavinia. Latinus soon after died and was succeeded by his son-in-law. Virg. &H. 9, &c. Ovid. Met. 13, &c. Fust. 2, &c. Dionyt,. Hal. 1. c. 13. Liv. 1, c. 1, &c. Justm.43,c. 1. A son of Sylvius ^Eneas surnamed also Sylvius. He was the 5th king of the Latins and suc- ceeded his father. He was father to Alba his successor. ^Dionys. 1, c. 15. Liv. 2, c. 3. LATIUM, a country of Italy near the river Tiber. It was originally very circumscribed, but afterwards it comprehended the territories of the Volsci, jEqui, Hernici, Ausones, Umbri, and Rutuli. The first inhabitants were called Aborigines, and received the name of Latini from Latinus their king. According to others the word is derived from lateo, to conceal, ber cause Saturn concealed himself there when fly- ing the resentment of his son Jupiter. Lau- rentum was the capital of the country in the reign of Latinus ; Lavinium under ^Eneas ; and Alba under Ascanius. [Vid. Alba.'} The Latins, though originally known only among their neigh- bours, soon rose in consequence when Romulus had founded the city of Rome in their country. Virg. Mn. 8, v. 322. Strab. 5. Dionys. Hal. Justin 20, c. 1. Pint, in Romnl.Plin. 3, c. 12. LA T i u s, a surname of J upiter at Rome. Stat. S.Sylv. 2, v. 392. LATMUS, a mountain of Caria near Miletus. It is famous for the residence of Endymion, whom the moon regularly visited in the night, whence he is often called Latmius Herat. [Vid. Endymion.] Mela, 1, c. 17. Ovid. Trist. 2. Art. Am. 3. LATOBIUS, the god of health among the Co- rinthians. LATOBRIGI, a people of Belgic Gaul. LATOIS, a name of Diana as being the daugh- ter of Latona. A country-house near Ephesus. LATONA, a daughter of Coeus the Titan, and Phoebe, or, according to Homer, of Saturn. She was admired for her beauty, and celebrated for the favours which she granted to Jupiter. Juno, always jealous of her husband's amours, made Latona the object of her vengeance, and sent the serpent Python to disturb her peace and perse- cute her. Latona wandered from place to place in the time of pregnancy, continually alarmed for fear of Python. She was driven from heaven, and Terra, influenced by Juno, refused to give her a place where she might rest and bring forth. Neptune, moved with compassiou, struck with his trident, and made immoveable the island of Delos, which before wandered in the ^Egean, and appeared sometimes above and sometimes below the surface of the sea. La- tona changed into a quail by Jupiter, came to Delos, where she resumed her original shajie. L A and gave birth to Ajx>:io and Diana, leaning against a palm tree or an olive. Her rejiose was of short duration. Juno discovered the jjJace of her retreat au. If Dian.HesM. Tlieog.Apollod. 3,' c. 5 & 10. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 160^Hygin. fab 140. LATOPOLIS, a city of Egypt. Strab. LATOUS, a name given to Apollo as son of Lntona. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 9. LATRETJS, one of the Centaurs, &c. Ovid. LAUDAMIA, a daughter of Alexander king of TJrus, and Olympias daughter of Pyrrhu*, killed in a temple of Diana, by the enraged populace. Justin. 28, c. 3. LAVERNA, the goddess of thieves and disho- nest -> -?ons at Rome. She did not only preside over robbers, but she protected such as deceived others, or formed their secret machinations in obscurity and silence. Her worship was very popular, and the Romans raised her an altar ear one of the gates of the city, which, from that circumstance, was called the gate of La- verna. She was generally represented by a head without a body. Herat. 1, ep. 16, v/60. Varro de L. L. 4. A place mentioned by Plut. &c. LATJFLLLA, fc. wanton woman, &c. Juv. 6, .rf!9. LAVIAXA, a province of Armenia Minor. L\V!NIA, a daughter of king Latinus and Amata. She was betrothed to her relation king Turnus but because the oracle ordered her father to marry her to a foreign prince, she was given to ./Eneas after the death of Turnus. Vid. Latinus.] At her husband's death she was left pregnant, and being fearful of the ty- ranny of Ascanius her son-in-law, she fled into the woods, where she brought forth a son called ^neas Sylvius. Dir.nin. Hal, 1. Virg. JEn. 6 & 7. Ovid. Met. 14, 'v. 507. Liv. i. c. 1. LAVINHTM or LAVINCM, a town of Italy, built by ./Eneas, and called by that name k L E honour of Lavinia, the founder's wife. It was the capital of Latium during the reign of jEneas. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 262. Strab. 5. Dionys. Hal. l.Liv. I.e. 2. Justin. 43, c. 2. LAURA, a place near Alexandria, in Egypt. LAURI.NTALIA, certain festivals celt-orated at Rome in honour of Laurentia, in the calends of January. They were, in process of time, part of the Saturnalia. Ovid. Fast. S, v. 57. LAUREATES AGRI, the country in the neigh- bourhood of Laurentum. Tibull. 2, el. 5, v. 41 LAURENTIA. Vid. Acca. LAURENTINI, the inhabitants of Latium They received this name from the great nuniber of laurels which grew in the country. King Latinus found one of uncommon largeness and beauty, when he was going to build a temple to Apollo, and the tree was consecrated to the god. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 59. LAURENTUM, the capital of the kingdom of Latium in the reign of Latinus. Strab. 5. Mela, 2, c. 4. LACRENTIUS, belonging to Laurentum or Latium. Virg. /En. 10, v. 709. LAUIIION, a place of Attica, where was a gold mine. Thucyd. 2. Pans. 1, c. 1. LAURON, a town of Spain, where Pompey'a son was conquered by Cajsar's army. LAL-S POMPEIA, a town of Italy founded by a colony sent thither by Pompey. LAUSVJS, a son of Numitor, and brother of Ilia. He was put to death by his uncle Amu- lius, who usurped his father's throne. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 54. A son of Mezentius, king of the Tyrrhenians, killed by ^Eneas in the war ivliidi his father and Turnus made against the Trojans. Virg. n. 7, v. 649. 1. 10, v. 426, \c. LAUTIOM, a city of L&tium. LAUTUNIA or LATONIA, a prison at Syracuse, cut out of the solid rock by Dionysius, and now j con erted into a subterraneous garden filled j with numerous plants, flourishing in luxuriant variety. Cic. Ver. 5, c. 27. Lit'. 26, v. 27. 1. ] 32, c/26. LEADES, a son of Astacus, who killed Eteoclus. Apollnd. LE.TI, a nation of Pceonia, nea* Macedonia. LEJENA, an Athenian harlot, who bit off her tongue, not to betray the associa es in the con- spiracy of Aristogiton and Hannodius. LEAKDER, a youth of Abydos, famous for his j amours with Hero. Vid. Hero. A Milesian, ! who wrote an historical commentary upon bis country. LKANDRE. a daughter of Aniyclas, who mar- j ried Areas. Apollod. I LEANDRIAS, a Lacedaemonian refugee at Thebes, who declared, according to an ancient I oracle, that Sparta would lose the superiority 1 over Greece, when conquered by the Thebans I' at Leuctra. Dind. 15. LKARCHUS, a son of Athamas and Ino, crushed to death against a wal I by his father ; in a fit of madness. Vid. Athamas. Ovid. Fast* i 6, v. 490. LEBADEA, a town of Bceotia, near mount Helicon. It icceived this name from the LE mother of Aspledon, and became famous for the oracle and cave of Tropbonius. No moles could live there according to Pliny. Strab. 9. Plin. 16, c. 86. Paia. 9. c. 69. LEBEDUS or LEBEDOS, a town of Ionia, at the north of Colophon where festivals were yearly observed in honour of Bacchus. Lysi- machus destroyed it, and carried part of the inhabitants to Ephesus. It had been founded by an Athenian colony, under one of the sons of Codrus. Strab. 14. Horat. 1, ep. 11. Hero- dat. 1, c. 142. LEBENA, a commercial town of Crete, with a temple sacred to jEsculapius. Pans. 2, c. 26. LEBINTHOS and LEBYNTHOS, an island in the ^Egean sea, near Patmos. Strab. 10. Mela, 2, c. 7. LECHJEUM, a port of Corinth, in the bay of Corinth. Stat. Theb. 2, v. 381. LECYTHUS, a town of Euboea. LEDA, a daughter of king Thespius and Eurythemis, who married Tyndarus, king of Sparta. She was seen bathing in the river Eurotas by Jupiter, when she was some few days advanced in her pregnancy. And the god struck with her beauty, resolved to deceive her. He persuaded Venus to change herself into an eagle, while he assumed the form of a swan ; and, after this metamorphosis, Jupiter as if fearful of the tyrannical cruelty of the bird of prey, fled through the air into the arms of Leda, who willingly sheltered the trembling swan from the assaults of his superior enemy. The caresses with, which the naked Leda re- ceived the swan, enabled Jupiter to avail him- self of his situation, and, nine months after this adventure, the wife of Tyndarus brought forth two eggs, of one of which sprang Pollux and Helena, and of the other Castor and Clytem- nestra. The two former were deemed the off- spring of Jupiter, and the others claimed Tyn- darus for their father. Some mythologists at- tribute this amour to Nemesis, and not to Leda ; and they further mention, that Leda was en- trusted with the education of the children which sprang from the eggs brought forth by Nemesis. [Firf. Helena.] To reconcile this di- versity of opinions, others maintain that Leda received the name of Nemesis after death. Homer and Hesiod make no mention of the metamorphosis of Jupiter into a swan, whence some have imagined that the fable was un- known to these two ancient poets, and probably invented since their age. Apollod. 1, c. 8. 1. 3, c. 10. Ovil. Met. 6, v. 109. Hcsiod. 17, v. 55. Hys'in. fab. 7r.Isocr. in HeL Homer. Od. 11. 'Eurip. in Hel. A famous dancer in the age of Juvenal, 6, v. 63. LEDJ.A, an epithet given to Hermione, &c. as related to Leda. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 328. LEDCS, a river of Gaul. Mela, 2, c. 5. LEG 10, a corps of soldiers in the Roman armies, whose numbers have been different at different times. The legion under Romulus consisted of oOGO foot and 300 horse, and TSJS soon alter augmented to 4000, after the admis- 351 L E sionof the Sabines into the city. When An- nibal was in Italy it consisted of 5000 soldiers, and afterwards it was decreased to 4000 or 4500. Marius made it consist of 6200, besides 700 horse. This was the period of its greatness in numbers. Livy speaks of ten, and eren eighteen legions kept at Rome. During the consular government it was usual to levy and fit up four legions, which were divided between the two consuls. This number was, however, often increased, as time and occasion required. Augustus maintained a standing army of twenty- three or twenty-five legions, and this number was seldom diminished. In the reign of Ti- berius there were 27 legions, and the peace establishment of Adrian maintained no less than 30 of these formidable brigades. They were distributed over the Roman empire, and their stations were settled and permanent. The peace of Britain was protected by three legions ; sixteen were stationed on the banks of the Rhine and Danube, viz. two in Lower, and three in Upper Germany; one in Noricum, one in Rhaetia, three in Moesia, four in 1'annonia, and two in Dacia. Eight were stationed on the Euphrates, six of which remained in Syria, and two is Cappadocia, while the remote pro- vinces of Egypt, Africa, and Spain, were guarded each by a single legion. Besides these, the tranquility of Rome was preserved by 20,000 soldiers, who, under the titles of city cohorts and of praetorian guards, watched over the safety of the monarch and of the capital. The legions were distinguished by different appellations, and generally borrowed their name from the order in which they were first raised, as prima, seeunda, tertia, qitarta, fc. Besides this distinction, another more ex- pressive was generally added, as from the name of the emperor who embodied them, as Au- gusta, Cluudiana, Galbiana, Flavia, Ulpia, Tra- jana, Antoniana, $fc. from the provinces or quar- ters where they were stationed, as Britanniat, Cyre:tica, Gallica, lions of souls. He was offered the kingdom of | Greece by the enemy if he would not oppose I his views ; but Leonidas heard the proposal with indignation, and observed, that he pre- ferred death for his country, to an unjust though extensive dominion over it. Before the engagement Leonidas exhorted his soldieis, and told them all to dine heartily, as they were to sup in the realms of Pluto. The battle was fought at Thermopylae, and the 300 Spartans, who alone had refused to abandon the scene of action, withstood the enemy with such vigour, that they were obliged to letire, wearied and conquered during three successive days, ull Ephialtes a Trachinian had the pei63y to con duct a detachment of Persians by a sscret patu up the mountains, whence they sv tleuly fell upon the rear of the Spartans, and crashed them to pieces. Only one escaped of the 300 ; he returned home, where he was treated with insult and reproaches, for flying ingloriously from a battle in which his brave companions, with their royal leader had perished. This celebrated battle, which happened 480 yean before the Christian era, taught the Greeks to despise the numbers of the Persians, and to rely upon their own strength and intrepidity. Temples were raised to the fallen hero, and festivals, called Leonulea, yearly celebrated at Sparta, in which free-born youths contended. Leonidas, as he departed for the battle from Lacedadmon, gave no other injunctions to hid wife, but, after his death, to marry a man of virtue and honour, to raise from her children deserving of the name and greatness of her first A A L E Lusband. Herodot. 7, c. 120, &c *G. A T ep. in Them. Justin. 2. FaL Max. 1 . c. - -/Vi;s.3, c. 4. P/jrf. m Lye. <3f C/e<>m. A king of Sparta after Areus 2d, 257 years before Christ. He was driven from bis kingdom by Cleom- brotus, his son-in-law, and afterwards re-esta- blished. A preceptor to Alexander the Great. A friend of Parmenio, appointed commander, by Alexander, of the soldiers who lamented the death of Parmenio, and who formed a separate cohort. Curt. 7, c. 2. A learned man of Rhodes, greatly commended by Strabo, &c. LKONTIUM and LEONTINI, a town of Sicily, about live miles distant from the sea shore. It was built by a colony from Chalcis in Euboea, and was, according to some accounts, once the habitation of the Luestrygones, for which reason the neighbouring fields are often called La-stry- gonii campi. The country was extremely fruit- ful, whence Cicero calls it the grand magazine of Sicily. The wine which it produced was the best of the island. The people of Leon- tium implored the assistance of the Athenians against the Syracusans, B. C. 427. Thuvud. 6.Polyb. 7 Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 467. Ital. 14, v. 126. LEONTIUM, a celebrated courtezan of Athens, who studied philosophy under Epicurus, and became one of his warmest pupils. She pros- tituted herself to the philosopher's scholars, and even to Epicurus himself, if we believe the reports which were raised by some of his ene- mies. [Fid. Epicurus.'] Metrodotus shared her favours in the most unbounded manner, and by him she had a son, to whom Epicurus was so partial, that he recommended him to his executors on his dying bed. Leontium not only professed herself a warm admirer and fol- lower of the doctrines of Epicurus, but she even wrote a book in support of them against Theophrastus. This book was valuable, if we believe the testimony and criticism of Cicero, who praised the purity and elegance of its style, and the truly Attic turn of the expressions. Leontium had also a daughter called Danae, who married Sophron. Cic. de Nat. D. 1, c. 33. LEONTOCEPHALUS, a strongly fortified city of Phrygia. Pint. LEONTON or LEONTOPOLIS, a town of Phoe- nicia. LEONTYCHIDES. Vid. Leotychides. Lcos, a son of Orpheus, who immolated his three daughters for die good of Athens. Vid. Leocorion. LEOSTIIENES, an Athenian general, who, after Alexander's death, drove Antipater to Thessaiy, where he besieged him in the town of Lamia. The success which for a while attended his arms was soon changed by a fatal blow which he received from a stone thrown by the besieged, B. C. 323. The death of Leos- thenes was soon followed by a total defeat of thu Athenian forces. The funeral oration over his body was pronounced at Athens by Hy- per-ides, in the absence of Demosthenes, who had been Ititely banished for taking a bribe from 554 L E Harpalus. Vid. Lamiacum. Diod. 17&21. Strab.9. Another (Jen eral of Athens, con- demned on account of th bad success wbk-X attended his arms. LFOTYCHIDES, a king of Sparta, son of Me nares, of the family of the Prochdaj. He was set over the Grecian fleet, and by his *ourage and valour, lie put an end to the Persian war at the famous battle of Mycale. It is said that he cheered the spirits of his fellow-soldiers at Mycale, who were anxious for their countrymen in Greece, by raising a report that a battle had been fought at Plataea, in which the barbarians had been defeated. This succeeded, and though the information was false, yet a battle was fought at Plataea, in which the Greeks obtained the victory the same day that the Persian fleet was destroyed at Mycale. Leotychides was accused of a capital crime by the Ephori ; and to avoid the punishment which his guilt seemed to de- serve, he fled to the temple of Minerva at Te- gea, where he perished B. C. 469, after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by his grand- son Archidamus. Paws. 3, c. 7 & 8. Diod. 11. : A son of Agis, king of Sparta, by Timsea. The legitimacy of his birth was disputed by some, and it was generally believed he was the son of Alcibiades. He was prevented from as- cending the throne of Sparta by Lysander, though Agis had declared him upon his death- bed his lawful son and heir, and Agesilaus was appoint- ed in his place. C. Nep. in Ages. Plut ~ Pans. 3, c. 8. LEPIDA, a noble woman, accused of attempts to poison her husband, from whom she had been separated for twenty years. She was con- demneJ under Tiberius. Tacit, Ann. 3, c. 22. A woman who married Scipio. Domi- tia, a daughter of Antonia, great niece to Au- gustus, and aunt to the emperor Nero. She is described by Tacitus as a common prostitute, infamous in her manners, violent in her tem- per, and yet celebrated for her beauty. She was put to death by means of her rival Agrippina, Nero's mother. Tacit. A wife of Galba the emperor. A wife of Cassius, &c. LEPIDUS M. J^MILIUS, a Roman, celebrated as being one of the triumvirs with Augustus and Antony. He was of an illustrious family, and like the rest of his contemporaries, he was remarkable for his ambition, to which was added a narrowness of mind, and a great deficiency of military abilities. He was sent against Cae- sar's murderers, and some time after, he leagued with M. Antony, who had gained the heart of his soldiers by artifice, and that of their com- mander by his address. When his influence and power among the soldiers had made him one of the triumvirs, he shewed his cruelty, like his colleagues, by his proscriptions, and en suffered his own brother to be sacrificed to the dagger of the triumvirate. He received Vfrica as his portion in the division of the em- pire ; but his indolence soon rendered him des- picable in the eyes of his soldiers and of his colleagues ; and Augustus, wh* was well ac- quainted with the unpopularity of Lepiduc, went to his camp, and obliged him to rtsi-gn L E the power to which he was entitled as being a tnumvir. Alter this degrading event, he sunk into obscurity, and retired, by order of Augus- tus, to Cerceii, a small town on the coast of Latium, where lie ended his days in peace, B. C. 13, and where he was forgotten as soon as out of power. Appian. Plut. in Aug. Flar. 4, c. 6 & 7. A Roman consul, sent to be the guardian of young Ptolemy Epiphanes, whom his father had left to the care of the Roman people. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 67. Justin. SO, c. 3. A son of Julia, the grand-daughter of Au- gustus. He was intended by Caius as his suc- cessor in the Roman empire. He committed adultery with Agrippina when young. Dion. 59. An orator mentioned by Cicero in Brut. A censor, A. U. C. 734. LEPHYRIUM, a city of Cilicia. LEPINUS, a mountain of Italy. Colum. 10. LEPONTII, a people at the source of the Rhine. LEPREOS, a son of Pyrgeus, who built a town iu Elis, which he called after his own name. He laid a wager that he would eat as much as Hercules ; upon which he killed an ox, and eat it up. He afterwards challenged Hercules to a trial of strength, and was killed. Pans. 5, c. 5. LEPRIUM, a town of Elis. Plin. 4, c. 5. LEPTINES, a general of Demetrius, who or- dered Cn. Octavius, one of the Roman ambassa- dors, to be put to death. A son of Hermo- crates, of Syracuse, brother to Dionysius. He was sent by his brother against the Carthagi- nians, and experienced so much success, that he sunk fifty of their ships. He was after- wards defeated by Mago, and banished by Dio- nvsius. He always continued a faithful friend to the interests of his brother, though naturally an avowed enemy to tyranny and oppression. Diod. 15. A famous orator at Athens, who endeavoured to unload the people from oppres- sive taxes. He was opposed by Demosthenes. A tyrant of Apollonia, in Sicily, who sur- rendered to Tiinoleou. Diod. 16. LEPTIS. the name of two cities of Africa, one , v. 803, <3f lib. 12. Strab. 8. Mela, 2, c. 3. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 597. Lucret. b.Siat. Theb. 365 LE 4, v. 638. Apflllod. V, c. 1.5. There was a festival, called Lerna-n, celebiated there in ho- nour of Bacchus, Proserpine, and Ceres. The Argives used to carry fire to tins solemnity from a temple upon mount Crathis, dedicated to Diana. Pans. LERO, a small island on the coast of Gaul. LEROS. Vid. Leria. LESBOS, a large island in the ^geaii sea, now known by the name of Metelin, 168 miles in circumference. It has been severally called Pelasgia, from the Pelasgi, by whom it was first peopled ; Macaria, from Macareus, who settled in it ; and Lesbos, from the son-in-law and successor of Macareus, who bore the same name. The chief towns of Lesbos were Me- thymna and Mitylene. Lesbos was originally governed by kings, but they were afterwards subjected to the neighbouring powers. Tle wine which it produced was greatly esteemed by the ancients, and still is in the same repute among the moderns. The Lesbians were so de- bauched and dissipated, that the epithet of Les- bian was often used to signify debauchery and extravagance. Lesbos has given birth to many illustrious persons, such as Arion, Terpander, &c. The best verses were by way of eminence often called Lesboum carmen, from Alcffius and Sappho, who distinguished themselves for their poetical compositions, and were also natives of the place. Diod. 5. Strab. IS.Virg. G, 2, v. 90. Horat. I, ep. 11. Herodot. 1, c. 160. LESBUS or LESBOS, a son of Lapithas, grand- son of yEolus, who married Methymna, daugh- ter of Macareus. He succeeded his father-in- law, and gave his name to the island over which he reigned. LESCHES, a Greek poet of Lesbos, who flou- rished B. C. 600. Some suppose him to be the author of the little Iliad, of which only few -verses remain, quoted by Paws. 10, c. 25. .LESTUYGONES. Vid. Lsestrygones. 1 TANUM, a town of Propontis, built by the Athenian?. LETH*US, a river of Lydia flowing by Mag- nesia into the Masander. Strab. 10, &c Another of Macedonia. LETHE, one of the rivers of hell, whose wa- ters the souls of the dead drank after they had been confined for a certain space of time in Tar- tarus. It had the power of making them forget whatever they had done, seen or heard before, as the narr.e implies, \TjSn, oblivion. Lethe is a river of Africa, near the Syrtes, which runs under the ground, and v>me time after rises again, whence the origin of the fable of the Le- thean streams of oblivion. There is also a river of that name in Spain. Another iu Boeotia, whose waters were drunk by those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius. Lucan. 9, v.355. Ovid. Trist. 4, el. 1, v. 47. Virg. G 4, v. 545. JEn. 6, v. 714. ltd. 1, T. 235. L 10, v. 555. Paul. 9, c. 39. LET us, a mountain of Liguria. Liu. 41 c. 18. LEV-ANA, a goddess at Rome, wno presided otdr the actions of the person who took up rom the ground a newly-born child, after it A A a LE Lad been placed there by the midwife. This was generally done by the father ; and so re- Jigiously observed was this ceremony, that the legitimacy of a child could be disputed without it. LEUCA, a town of the Salentines. Lucan. 5, v. 376. A town of Ionia of Crete of Ar- golis. Strab. 6, &c. LEUCAS, or LEUCADIA, an island of the Io- nian sea, now called St. Maura, near the coast of Epirus, famous for a promontory where de- sponding lovers threw themselves into the sea. Sappho had recourse to this leap, called Lew- cafes, to free herself from the violent passion which she entertained for Phaon. The word is derived from XtvKog, white, on account of the whiteness of its rocks. Apollo had a temple on the promontory, whence he is often called Leu- cadius. Oiid. Heroid. 15, v. 171. Strab. 6, &c. Itat. 15, v. 302. Virg. n. 3, v. 274. 1. 8, v. 677. A town of Phoenicia. LEUCASION, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 25. LEUCASPIS, a Lycian, one of the companions of yEneas, drowned in the Tyrrhene sea. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 334. LEUCE, a small island in the Euxine sea of a triangular form, between the mouths of the Da- nube and the Borysthenes. According to the poets, the souls of the ancient heroes were placed there as in the Elysian fields, where they enjoyed perpetual felicity, and reaped the re- pose to which their benevolence to mankind, and their exploits during life, seemed to entitle them. From that circumstance, it has often been called the island of the blessed, &c. Ac- cording to some accounts, Achilles celebrated there big nuptials with Iphigenia, or rather He- len, and shared the pleasures of the place with the manes of Ajax, &c. Strab. 2. Mela, 2, c. 7. Ammian. 22. Q. Calab. 3, v. 773. One of the Oceanides whom Pluto carried into his kingdom. LEUCI, a people of Gaul, &c. LEUCIPPE, one of the Oceanides. LEUCIPPIDES, the daughters of Leueippus. Vid. Leucippus. LEUCIPPUS, a celebrated philosopher of Ab- dera, about 428 years before Christ, disciple to Zeno. He was the first who invented the fa- mous system of atoms and of a vacuum, which was afterwards more fully explained by Demo- critus and Epicurus. Many of his hypotheses have been adopted by the moderns with advan- tage. Diogenes has written his life. A bro- ther of Tindarus, king of Sparta, who married Philodice, daughter of Inachus, by whom he had two daughters, Hilariaand Phoebe, known by the patronymic of Leucippides. They were carried away by their cousins Castor and Pol- lux, as they were going to celebrate their nup- tials with Lynceus and Idas. Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 701. Apolled. 3, c. 10, &c. Paus. 3, 17, & 26. A son of Xanthus, descended from Bel- lerophon. He became deeply enamoured of one of his sisters ; and when he was unable to check or restrain his unnatural passion, he re- solved t ) giatify it. Ji* acquainted his mothe-r L E iritb it, and threatened to murder himself if she attempted to oppose his views, or remov* his affection. The mother, rather than lose a son whom she tenderly loved, cherished bis passion, and by her consent, her daughter yielded herself to the arms of her brother. Some time after, the father resolved to give his daugh- ter in marriage to a Lycian prince. The future husband was informed, that the daughter of Xanthus secretly entertained a lover, and he communicated the intelligence to the father. Xanthus upon this secretly watched his daugh- ter ; and when Leucippus had introduced him- self to her bed, the father, in his eagerness to discover the seducer, occasioned a little noise in the room. The daughter was alarmed, and as she attempted to escape, she received a mor- tal wound from her father, who took her to be the lover. Leucippus came to her assistance, and stabbed his father in the dark, without knowing who he was. This accidental parricide obliged Leucippus to fly from his country. He came to Crete, where the inhabitants refused to give him an asylum, when acquainted with the atrociousness of his crime ; and he at last came to Ephesus, where he died in the greatest mi- sery and remorse. Hermesianax apud Parthen. c. 5. A' son of CEnomaus, who became ena- moured of Daphne, and to obtain her confi- dence, disguised himself in a female dress, and attended his mistress as a companion. He gained the affections of Daphne by his obsequi- ousness and attention, but his artifice at last proved fatal ; for when Daphne and her attend- ants were bathing in the Ladon, the sex of Leu- cippus was discovered, and he perished by the darts of the females. Parthen. Erotic, c. 15. Paus. 8, c. 20. A son of Hercules by Marse, one of the daughters of Thespius. ApoLlod. 3, c. 7. LEUCOLA, a part of Cyprus. LEUCON, a tyrant of Bosphorus, who lived in great intimacy with the Athenians. He was a great patron of the useful arts, and greatly encouraged commerce. Strab. DM. 14. A son of Alhamas and Themisto. Pans. 6, c. 22. A king of Pontus killed by his brother, whose bed he had defiled. Ovid, in 76. 3. A town of Africa near Cyrene. Herodot. 4, c. 160. LBHCONE, a daughter of Aphidas, who gave her name to a fountain of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 44. LEUCONES, a son of Hercules. Apollod. LKUCONOE, a daughter of Lycambes. The Leuconoe, to whom Horace addresses his 1 od. 11, seems to be a fictitious name. LEUCOPETH A, a place on the isthmus of Co- rinth, where the Achieans were defeated by the consul Mummius. LEUCOPHRYS, a temple of Diana, with a city of the same name, near the Msander. An ancient name of Tenedos. Paul. 10, c. 14. LEUCOPOLIS, a town of Caria. LECCOS, a river of Macedonia, near A man, &c. V'vi. Idomeneus. LEICOSIA, a small island in the Tyrrhene L E ea. It reciv.^d its name from one of the companions of ,Lneas, who was drownpd here, or from one of the Syrens, who was thrown there by the sea. Strab. 5. Ovid, Met. 15, v. 708. LEUCOSYRII, a people of Asia Minor, called afterwards Cappadocians. LEUcorHOEorLEucoiHEA.thewifeof Atha- mas, changed into a sea deity. [Vid. /no.] She was called Matura by the Romans, who raised her a temple, where all the people, particularly women, offered vows for their brother's chil- dren. They did not entreat the deity to pro- tect their own children, because Ino had been unfortunate in hers. No female slaves were permitted to enter the temple ; or if their curio- sity tempted them to transgress this rule, they were beaten away with the greatest severity. To this supplicating for other peo- ple's children, Ovid alludes in these lines, Fait. 6. Non tamen hanc pro stirpe sua pia mater adorat, Ipsa par urn felit visaftiisse partiu, . A daughter of king Orchamus by Eury- nome. Apollo became enamoured of her, and to introduce himself to her with greater facility, he assumed the shape and features of her mo- ther. Their happiness was complete, when Clytia, who tenderly loved Apollo, and was jea- lous of his amours with Leucothoe, discovered the whole intrigue to her father, who ordered his daughter to be buried alive. The lover, un- able to save her from death, sprinkled nectar and ambrosia on her tomb, which, penetrating as far as the body, changed it into a beauti- ful tree, which bears the frankincense. Ovid, Met. 4, v. 196. An island of the Tyrrhene bea, near Caprese. A fountain of Samos. A town of Egypt of Arabia. Mela, 2, c. 7. A part of Asia which produces frankin- cense. LEUCTRA, a village of Boeotia, between PlatEea and Thespia, famous for the victory which Epaminondas the Thebaii general ob- tained over the superior force of Cleombrotus, king of Sparta, on the 8th of July, B. C. 571. In this famous battle 4000 Spartans were killed, with their king Cleombrotus, and no more than 300 Thebans. From that time the Spartans lost the empire of Greece, which they had obtained for near 500 years. Pint, in Petop. ti,l extant in the age of Pliny. ' LI LiCATES, a -people of Vindefuiu. LrcHA, a city near Lycia. LICHADES, small islands near Cwneum, i . promontory of Euboea, called from Lichas. Vid. Lichas Ovid. Met. 9, v. 155, 218. Strab. 9. LICHAS, a servant of Hercules who brought him the poisoned tunic from Dejanira. He was thrown by his master into the sea with great violence, and changed into a rock in the Eubrean sea, by the compassion of the gods. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 211. LICHES, an Arcadian, who found the bones of Orestes buried at Tegea, &c. Herodot. LICINIA LEX, was enacted by L. Licinius Crassus and Q. Mutius, consuls, A. U. C. 657 It ordered all the inhabitants of Italy to be en- rolled on the list of citizens in their respective cities. Another by C. Licinius Crassus, the tribune, A. U. C. 608. It transferred the right of choosing priests from the colU-ge to the people. It was proposed, but did not pass. Another by C. Licinius Stolo, the tri- bune. It forbad any person to possess 500 acres of land, or keep more than 100 head of large cattle, or 500 of small. Another by P. Lici- nius Varus, A. U. C. 545, to settle the day for the celebration of the Lndi Apollinares, which was before uncertain. Another by P. Licinius Crassus Dives, B. C. 110. It was the same as the Fannian law, and farther required, that no more than 30 asses should be spent at any table on the calends, nones, or nundins, and onlj three pounds of fresh, and one of salt meat, or ordinary days. None of the fruits of the earth were forbidden. Another de sndatitiis, by M. Li- cinii s the donsul, 690. It imposed a severe peiialty on party clubs, of societies assembled | or frequented for election purposes, as coming under the definition of ambitus, and of offering violence in some degree to the freedom and in- dependence of the people. Another called also JEbnlia, by Licinius and ^Ebutius, the tri- bunes. It enacted, that when any law was preferred with respect to any office or power, the person who proposed the bill, as well as his colleagues in office, his friends and relations should be declared incapable of being invested with the said office or power. LICINIA, the wife of C. Gracchus, who at- tempted to dissuade her husband from his sedi- tious measures by a pathetic speech. She was deprived of her dowry after the death of Caius. A vestal virgin accused of incontinence, but acquitted, A. U. C. 636. Another vestal, put to death for her lasciviousm ss, under Trajan. The wife of Mecaenas distinguished for conjugal tenderness. She was sister to Proculieus, and bore also the name of Terentia. Horut. 2, od. 18, v. 13. C. LicIfJirs, a tribune of the people cele- brated for the consequence of his family, for his intrigues and abilities. He was a plebeian, and was the first of that body who was raised to the office of a master of horse to the dictator. He was surnamed Stola, or useless sprout, on account of the law, which he had enacted during his tribuneship. [Vid. Licinia lex by iSto/o.] He afterwards rcade a law which permitted the L I pSebians to share the consular dignity with the patricians, A. U. C. 38tf. He reaped the bene- fits of 'tin* law, and was one of the first plsbian consuls. This law was proposed and passed by Licinis, as it is reported, at the instigation of his ambitious wife, who was jealous of her sister who had married a patrician, and who seemed to be of a higher dignity in being the wife of a consul. Liv. 6, c. 34. Plut. C. Calvus, a celebrated orator and poet in the age of Cicero. He distinguished himself by his eloquence in the forum, and his poetry, which some of the ancients have compared to Catullus. His orations are greatly commended by Quin- tiliau. Some believe that he wrote annals quoted by Dionysius of Halicarnassus. He died in the 30th year of his age. Quintil. Cic. in Brut. 81. Macer, a Roman, accused by Cicero, when prastor. He derided the power of his accuser, but when he saw himself con- demned, he grew so desperate that he killed himself. Plut. P. Crassus, a Roman, sent against Perseus king of Macedonia. He was at first defeated, but afterwards repaired his losses, and obtained a complete victory, &c. A consul sent against Annibal. Another who defeated the robbers that infested the Alps. A high priest. A consul, &c. Lucullus. Vid. Lucullus. Crassus. Vid. Crassus. Mu- cianus, a Roman, who wrote about the history and geography of the eastern countries, often quoted by Pliny. He lived in the reign of Ves- pasian. P. Tegula, a comic poet of Rome about 200 years before Christ. He is ranked as the fourth of the best comic poets which Rome produced. Few lines of his compositions are extant. He wrote an ode which was sung all over the city of Rome by nine virgins during die Macedonian war. Liv. 31, c. 12. Varro jtfuraena, a brother of Proculeius, who con- spired against Augustus, with Fannius Caepio, and suffered for his crime. Horace addressed his 2 od. 10, to him, and recommended equa- nimity in every situation. Dio. 54. C. Fla- vius Valerianus, a celebrated Roman emperor. His father was a poor peasant of Dalmatia, and himself a common soldier in the Roman armies. His valour recommended him to the notice of Galerius Maximianus, who had once shared with him the inferior and subordinate offices of the army, and had lately been invested with the imperial purple by Dioclesian. Galerius loved him for his friendly services, particularly during the Persian war, and he showed his re- gard for his merit by taking him as a colleague in the empire, and appointing him over the province of Pannonia and Rhoetia. Constan- tine, who was also one of the emperors, courted the favour of Licinius, and made his intimacy more durable by giving him his sister Constan- tia in marriage, A. D. 313. The continual suc- cesses of Licinius, particularly against Maximi- nus, increased his pride, and rendered him jea- lous of the greatness of his brother-in-law. The persecutions of the Christians, whose doctrines Constantine followed, soon caused a rupture, and Licinius had the mortification to lose two battles, one in Pannonia, and the other near 359 L I Adrianopolis. Treaties of peace were made between the contending powers, but the restless ambition of Licinius soon broke them ; after many engagements, a decisive battle was fought near Chalcedonia. 111-fortuue again attended Licinius, he was conquered, and fled to Nico- inedia, where soon the conqueror obliged him to surrender, and to resign the imperial purple. The tears of Constantia obtained forgiveness for her husband, yet Constantino knew what turbulent and active enemy had fallen into his hand-i, therefore he ordered him to be strangled at Thessalonica, A. D. 324. His family was involved in his ruin. The avarice, licentious- ness, and cruelty of Licinius, are as conspicuous as his misfortunes. He was an enemy to learn- ing, and this aversion totally proceeded from his ignorance of letters, and the rusticity pf his education. His son by Constantia, bore als^ the same name. He was honoured with the title of Caesar, when scarce 20 months old. He was involved in his father's ruin, and put to death by order of Constantine. LICINUS, a barber and freedman of Augustus, raised by his master to the rank and dignity or a senator, merely because he hated Pompey's family. Horat. Art. P. 301. LICYMNIUS, a son of Electryon and brother of Alcmena. He was so infirm in his old age, that when he walked, he was always supported by a slave. Triptolemus, son of Hercules, see- ing the slave inattentive to his duty, threw a stick at him, which unfortunately killed Licym- nius. The murderer fled to Rhodes. Apoliod. 2, c. 7. DM. 5. Homer. II. <2.Pind. Olymp. 7. LIDE, a mountain of Caria. Herodot. 1, c. 105. Q. LIGARIUS, a Roman proconsul of Africa. ' "after Confidius. In the civil wars he followed the interest of Pompey, and was pardoned when Caesar had conquered his enemies. Cajsar, however, and his adherents were determined on the ruin of Ligarius, but Cicero, by an eloquent oration, still extant, defeated his accusers, and he was pardoned. He became afterwards one of Caesar's murderers. Cic. pro Lig. Plut. in Cesar. LIGEA, one of the Nereides. Virg. G. 4. LIGEII, a Rutulian killed by tineas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 576. LIGER or LIGERIS, a large river of Gaul, falling into the ocean, now called the Loire. Strab. 4. Plin. 4, c. 18. LIGORA s, an officer of Antiochus, king of Syria, who took the town of Sardis by stratagem, &c. LIGURES, the inhabitants of Liguria. Vid. Liguna. LIGURIA, a country at the west of Italy bounded on the east by the river Macra, on the south by part of the Mediterranean called the Ligustic sea, on the west by the Varus, and on the north by the Po. The commercial town of Genoa was anciently, and is now the capital of the country. The origin of the inhabitants is not known. According to some, they wer descended from the ancient Gauls or Germans, or as others support, tbey were of Greek origin, perhaps the posterity of the Ligyes mentioned by Herodotus. Liguria was subdued by the L I Romans, and its chief harbour now bears the name of Leghorn. Mela, 2, c. 1. Strab. 4, &c. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 15. P/m. 2, c.5, &c Liv. 39, c. 6, &c. C. Nep. in Ann.Flar. 2, c. 8. LIGURINUS, a poet. Martini. 3, ep. 50. A beautiful youth in the age of Horace, 4, od. 1, v. 33. Lious, a woman who inhabited the Alps. She concealed her son from the pursuit of Otho's oldiers, &c. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 13. LiGusxIcs ALPES, apart of the Alps, which borders on Liguria, sometimes called Mari- timi. LIOYES, a people of Asia, who inhabited the country between Caucasus and the river Phasis. Some suppose them to be a colony of the Li- gyes of Europe, more commonly called Ligures. Hercdot. 7, c. 72. LIGYHGUM, a mountain of Arcadia. LILJEA, a town of Achaia, near the Cephisus. Stat. Theb. 7, v. 348. LILYBSUM, a promontory of Sicily, with a town of the same name near the Agates. The town was strong and very considerable, and it maintained long sieges against the Carthagi- nians, the Romans, &c. It had a port large and capacious, which the Romans, in the wars with Carthage, endeavoured in vain to stop and fill up with stones, on account of its convenience and vicinity to the coast of Africa. Nothing now remains of this once powerful city, but the ruins of temples and aqueducts. Virg. Mn. 3, v. 706. Mela, 2, c. 7. Strab. 6. Cic. in Verr.5. Cesar, de Ml. Afric. Diod. 22. LIM/EA, a river of Lusitania. Strab. 3. LIMENIA, a town of Cyprus. Id. 14. LIMN*, a fortified place on the borders of Laconia and Messenia. Pans. A town of the Thracian Chersonesus. LIMN^UM, a temple of Diana ac Limnae. LIMNATIDIA, a festival in honour of Diana, surnamed Limnatis, from Limnae, a school of exercise at Troezene, where she was worship- ped, or from Xijuvat, ponils, because she pre- sided over fishermen. LIMNIACE, the daughter of the Ganges, mother of Atys. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 48. LIMNONIA, one of the Nereides. Homer. 11. 18. LIMON, a place of Campania, between Nea- polis and Puteoli. Stat. 3, Sub'. 1. LINCASII, a people of Gaul Narbonensi?. LINDUS, a city at the south-east part of Rhodes, built by Cercaphus son of Sol and Cy- dippe. The Danaides built there a temple to Minerva. One of its colonies built Gela in Sicily. It gave birth to Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men, and to Chares and Laches, who were employed in making and finishing the famous Colossus of Rhodes. Strab. 14. Homer. It. 2. Mela, 2, c. 7. Plin. S4.Herodat. 7, c. 153. A grandson of Apollo. Cic. de Nat. P. 3. LINGONES, a people of Gallia Belgica, made tributary to Rome by J. Caesar. They passed into Italy, where they made some settlements near the Alps. Lucan, 1, v. 398. Cs. Bell. G. 360 L I LINTERNA PALUS, a lake of Campania. Ital. 7, v. 278. LINTERNUM, a town of Campania where Scipio Africanus died and was buried. Liv. 34, c. 45. Oiid. Met. 15, v. 713. LINUS. This name is common to different persons whose history is confused, who are often taken one for the other. One was son of Urania and Amphimarus, the son of Neptune. An- other was son of Apollo by Psammathe, daughter of Crotopus, king of Argos. Martial mention* him in his 78 ep. 1. 9. The third, son of Isme- nius, and born at Thebes in Bceotia, taught music to Hercules, who, in a fit of anger, struck him on the head with his lyre and killed him. He was son of Mercury and Urania, according to Diogenes, who mentions some of his philo- sophical compositions, in which he asserted that the world had been created in an instant. He was killed by Apollo, for presuming to compare himself to him. Apollodorus, however, and Pausanias mention, that his ridicule of Hercules on his awkwardness in holding the lyre was fatal to him. Apollod. 2, c. 4. Diog. 1. Virg. Eel. 4. Paus. 2, c. 15. 1. 9, c. 29. A foun tain in Arcadia, whose waters prevent abortion. Plin. 31, c. 2. LIODES, one of Penelope's suitors, killed by Ulysses. Homer. Od. 22, &c. LIPARA, the largest of the Solian islands on the coast of Sicily, now called the Lipari. It had a city of the same name, which, according to Diodorus, it received from Liparus the son of Auson, king of these islands, whose daughter Cyane was married by his successor JJolus, ac- cording to Pliny. The inhabitants of this island were powerful by sea, and from the great tributes which they paid to Dionysius, the tyrant of Sy- racuse, they may be called very opulent. The island was celebrated for the variety of its fruits, and its raisins are still in general repute. It had some convenient harbours, and a fountain whose waters were much frequented on account of their medicinal powers. According to Dio- dorus, ^Eolus reigned at Lipara before Liparus. Plin. 3, c. 9. Ital. 14, v. 57. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 56. 1. 8, v. 417. Mela. 2, c. 7. Strab. 6 A town of Etruria. Li PARIS, a river of Cilicia, whose waters are like oil. Plin. 5, c. 27. LCPHI.UM, a town of the ^Equi, taken bj the Romans. LIPODORUS, one of the Greeks settled in Asia by Alexander, &c. LIQUENTIA, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Adriatic sea. LIRCJEITS, a fountain near Nemaea. Stat* Theb. 4, v. 711. LijiiOPE, one of the Oceanides, mother of Narcissus by the Cephisus. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 31 1 . A fountain of Boeotia on the borders of Thespis, where Narcissus was drowned accord- ing to some accounts. LIRIS, a river of Campania, which it sepa tates from Latium. It falls into the Mediter- ranean sea. Mela, 2, c. 4. Horat. 3, od. 17. T.nsan. 2, v. 424. A warrior killed by C- [ niilla, &. Virg. Aln. 11, v. 670. L I LISINIAS, a town of Thessaly. Lie. 32, c. 14. Liisox, a river of Sicily. LISBUS, a town of Macedonia on the confines of Illyricum. Lucan. 5, v. 719. A river of Thrace, falling into the yEgean sea, between Tbasos and Samothracia. It was dried up by the army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece Strab. 7.Herndot. 7, c. 109. LISTA, a town of the Sabines, whose inhabi- tants are called Li&tini. LITABRUM, a town of Spain Tarraconensis. Uv. 31. c. 14. LITANA, a wood in Gallia Togata. LiTAVlcus, one of the jEdui, who assisted Cfesar with 10,000 men. Cits, belt. G. 7, c. 37. LITERNUM, a town of Campania. LITHOBOLIA, a festival celebrated at Troezene in honour of Lamia and Auxesia, who came from Crete, and were sacrificed by the fury of the seditious populace, and stoned to death. Hence the name of the solemnity, Xi3o/3o\ia, Lapidat'um. LITHRUS, a town of Armenia Minor. LITUBIUM, a town of Liguria. Lw. 32, c. 29. LITYERSAS, the legitimate son of Midas king of Phrygia. He made strangers prepare his harvest, and afterwards put them to death. LIVIA LEX de sociis, proposed to make all the inhabitants of Italy free citizens of Rome. M Livius Drusus who framed it, was found mur- dered in his house before it passed. Another by M. Livius Drusus the tribune, A. U. C. 662, which required that the judicial power should be lodged in the hands of an equal number of knights and senators. LlviA DRUSILLA, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of L. Drusus Calidianus. She mar- ried Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she had the emperor Tiberius and Drusus Gerroanicus. The attachment of her husband to the cause of Antony, was the beginning of her greatness. Augustus saw her as she fled from the danger which threatened her husband, and he resolved to marry her, though she was then pregnant. He divorced his wife Scnbonia, and, with the approbation of the augurs, he celebrated his nuptials with Livia. She now took advantage of the passion of Augustus, in the share that she enjoyed of his power and imperial dignity. Her children by Drusus were adopted by the complying emperor ; and thai she might make the succession of her son Tiberius more easy and undisputed, Livia is accused of murdering all the parents of Augustus, and secretly involv- ing all his relations in the common ruin. Her cruelty and ingratitude are still more strongly marked, when she is charged with having mur- dered her own husband, to hasten the elevation , of Tiberius. If she was anxious for the ag- grandizement of her son, Tiberius proved un- grateful, and hated a woman to whom he owed his life, his elevation, and his greatness. Livia died iu the 86th year of her age, A. D. 29. Ti- berius showed himself as undutif'ul after her death as before, for he neglected her funeral, and ex- pressively commanded, that no honours, either 361 L 1 private or public, should be paid to her me- mory. Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 3. Suet. In Aug. gf 7%. Dim. Cats. Another. [Vid. Dnsilia.] Another, called Horestilla, &c. She was de- bauched by Galba, as she was going to marry Piso. Suet, in Cat. 2.5. Another called also Ocellina. She was Galba's step-mother, and committed adultery with him. Id. ib. 3. LIVILLA, a daughter of Drusus. A sister of Caligula, &c. Vid. Julia. LIVINEIUS, a friend of Pompey, &c. Tacit Ann. 3, c. 11, &c. Li vies ANDRONICUS, a dramatic poet who flou. rished at Rome about 240 years before the Chris, tian era. He was the first who turned the pec- sonal satires and fescennine verses, so long the admiration of the Romans, into the form of a proper dialogue and regular play. Though the character of a player, so valued and applauded in Greece, was reckoned vile and despicable among the Romans, Andronicus acted a part iu his dramatical compositions, and engaged the. attention of his audience, by repeating what he had laboured after the manner of the Greeks. Andronicus was the freed-man of M. Livius Sa- linator, whose children he educated. His poe- try was grown obsolete in the age of Cicero, whose nicety and judment would not even re- commend the reading of it. --Some few of his verses are preserved in the Corpus Pog- tarum. M. Salinator, a Roman consul sent against the Illyrians. The success with which he finished his campaign, and the victory which some years after he obtained over Asdru- bal, who was passing into Italy with a reinforce- ment for his brother Annibal, shew how de- serving he was to be at head of the Roman ar- mies. Liv. Drusus, a tribune who joined the patricians in opposing the ambitious views of C. Gracchus. 'Ptut. in Grace. -An uncle of Cato of Utica. Ptut. Titus, a native of Padua, celebrated for his writings. He passed the greatest part of his life at Naples and Rome, but more particularly at the court of Augustus, who liberally patronised the learned, and encou- raged the progress of literature. Few particulars of his life are known, yet his fame was so univer- sally spread even in Iris life-time, that an inhabi- tant of Gades traversed Spain, Gaul, and Italy, merely to see the man whose writings had given him such pleasure and satisfaction in the perusal. Livy died at Padua in his 67th year, and, according to some, on that same day Rome was also deprived of another of its brightest ornaments by the death of the poet Ovid, A. D. 17. It is said, that Livia had ap- pointed Livy to be the preceptor to yjung Clau- dius the brother of Germanicus, but death pre- vented the historian from enjoying an honour to which he was paticularly entitled by his learning and universal knowledge. The name of Livy is rendered immortal by his history of the Roman empire. Besides this he wrote some philoso- phical treatises and dialogues, with a letter ad- dressed to his son, on the merit of authors, which ought to be read by young men. This letter is greatly commented by Quintillian, who expatiates with great warmth on the judgment L I aud candour of the author. His Roman history was coniorehended in 140 books, of which on- ly 35 are extant. It began with the foundation of Rome, and was continued till the death of Drusus in Germany. The merit of this history is well known, and the high rank which Livy nolds among historians will never be disputed He is always great, his style is clear and intel- ligible, laboured without affectation, diffusive without tediousness, and argumentative without pedantry. In his harangues he is bold and ani- mated, and in his narrations and descriptions, he claims a decided superiority. He is always elegant, and though many have branded his provincial words with the name of Patavinity, yet the expressions, or rather the orthography of words, which in Livy are supposed to distin- guish anative of a province of Italy from a native of Rome, are not loaded with obscurity, and the perfect classic is as familiarly acquainted with the one as with the other. Livy has been cen- sured, and perhaps with justice, for being top credulous, and burdening his history with vulgar notions and superstitious tales. He may disgust when he mentions that milk and blood were rained from heaven, or that an ox spoke, ora woman changed hersex, yet he candidly con- fesses, that he recorded only what made an in- delible impression upon the minds of a credu- lous age. His candour has also been called in question, and he has sometimes shown himself too partial to liis countrymen, but every where he is an indefatigable sup- porter of the cause of justice and virtue. The works of Livy have been divided by some of the moderns into 14 decades, each consisting of ten books. The first decade comprehends the history of 460 years. The second decade is lost, and the third comprehends the history of the second Punic war, which includes about 18 years. In the fourth decade, Livy treats of the wars with Macedonia and Antiochus which contains about 23 years. For the first five books of the fifth decade, we are indebted to the researches of the moderns. They were found at Worms, A. D. 1431. These are the books that remain of Livy's history, and the loss which this celebrated work has sustained by the ravages of time, has in some measure been compensated by the labours of J. Frein- shemius, who with great attention and industry has made an epitome of the Roman history, which is now incorporated with the remaining books of Livy. The third decade seems to be su- perior to the others, yet the author has not scru- pled to copy from his contemporaries or prede- cessors, and we find many passages taken word for word from Polybius, in which the lat- ter has show himself more informed in military affairs, and superior to his imitator. The best editions of Livy, will be found to be those of Maittaire, 6 vols. 12mo. London, 1722; of Drakenborch, 7 *ols. 4to. Amst. 1738 ; and of Ruddiman, 4 vols. 12mo. Edin. 1751. A governor of Tarentum who delivered his trust Annibal, &c. A high priest who devoted the Dilunanes. A commander of a 362 L O Roman fleet sent against Antiochus in the Hel- lespont. Lixtus, a river of Mauritania, with a city of the same name. Antaeus had a palace there, and according to some accounts, it was in tb neighbourhood that Hercules conquered him. hat. 3, v. 258. Mela, 3, c. 10,Strub. 2 A son ofEgyptus. Apollod. LOBON, a native of Argos, who wrote a book concerning poets. Dwg. LOCEUS, a man who conspired against Alex- ander with Dymnus, &c. Curt. 6, c. 7. LOCHA, a large city of Africa, taken and plun- dered by Scipio's soldiers. LOCH i AS, a promontory and citadel of Egypt near Alexandria. LOCRI, a town of Magna Grsecia in Italy, on the Adriatic, not far from Rhegium. It was founded by a Grecian colony about 757 years before the Christian era, as some suppose. The inhabitants were called Locrenses. I'irg. /En. 3, v . 399. Strab. Plin. A town of Locris in Greece. LOCEIS, a country of Greece, whose inhabit- ants are known by the name of Ozolae, Epicne- midii, and Opuntii. The country of the Ozo- Is, called also Zephyrii from their westerly si- tuation, was situate at the north of the bay of Corinth, and extended above 12 miles north- ward. On the west it was separated from ^Eto- lia by the Evenus, and it had Phocis at the east. Their chief city was called Naupactus. The Epicnemidii were at the north of the Ozo- Ife, and had the bay of Malia at the east, aud (Eta on the north. They receive their name from the situation of their residence near a mountain called Cnemis. They alone, of all the Lociians, had the privilege of sending members to the council of the Amphictyons. The Opuntii received their name from their chief city, culled Opus. They were situated on the borders of the Euripus, and near Phocis and Euboea. Plin. 3, c. 5. Strab. 6, &iC.Plol.3[eta,Paut. Ach. and Phoe. LOCIJSTA, a celebrated woman at Rome in the favours of Nero. She poisoned Claudius and Britannicus, and at last attempted to de- stroy Nero himself, for which she was exe- cuted. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 56, lac. Suet, in Ner. 33. LOCUTIUS. Vid. Alus. LOLLIA PAULINA, a beautiful woman who married Caius Casar, and afterwards Caligula. She was divorced, and put to death by means of Agrippina. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 1, &c. LOLLIANUS SPURIUS, a general proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in Gaul, and soon after murdered, &c. A consul, &c. M. LOLLIIIS, a companion aud tutor of C Caesar, the son-in-law of Tiberius. He wag consul, and offended Augustus by his rapa- city in the provinces. Horace has addressed two of his epistles to him, &c. Tacit, Ann. 3. LONDINUM, the capital of Britain, founded, as some suppose, between the age of Julius Caesar and Nero. It has been severally called Londinium, Londinum, &c. Ammianus calls it L U *ufm oppidum, flee. It is represented as a tonsiderable, opulent, and commercial town, in ihe age of Nero. Tacit. Ann. 14, c.33. Ammian. LONGARENUS, a man guilty of adultery with Fausta, Sylla's daughter. Herat. 1, Sat. 2, v. 67. LOSGIMANUS, a surname of Artaxerxes from his having one hand longer than the other. The Greeks called him Macrochir. C. Ne]>. in Iteg. LONGINUS, DIONYSIDS CASSIUS, a celebrated Greek philosopher and critic of Athens. He was preceptor of the Greek language, and after- wards minister to Zenobia, the famous queen of Palmyra ; and his ardent zeal, and spirited activity in her cause, proved at last fatal to him. When the emperor Aurelian entered vic- torious the gates of Palmyra, Longinus was sa- crificed to the fury of the Roman soldiers, A. D. 273. At the moment of death, he showed him- self great and resolute, and with a philosophi- cal and unparalleled firmness of mind, he even repressed the tears and sighs of the spectators, who pitied his miserable end. Longinus ren- dered his name immortal by his critical remarks on ancient authors. His treatise on the sub- lime, gives the world reason to lament the loss of his valuable compositions. The best editions cf this author are that of Tollius, 4to. Traj. ad Rhen. 1694, and that of Toup, 8vo. Oxon. 1778. Cassius, a tribune driven out of the senate for favouring the interest of J. Caesar. He was made governor of Spain by J. Ceesar, &c. A governor of Judasa. A procon- sul. A lawyer whom, though blind and respected, Nero ordered to be put to death, because lie had in his possession a picture of Cassius, one of Causar's murderers. Juv. 10, T. 16. LONGOBARDI, a nation of Germany. Tacit, de Germ. LONGUI.A, a town of Latiumon the borders of the Volsci. Liv. 2, c. 33. LoouNxIcA, a maritime city of Spain Tarra- conensis. Liv. 22, c. 20. LONGUS, a Roman consul, &c. A Greek author, who wrote a novel called the Amours of Daphnis and Chloe. The age in which he lived is not precisely known. The best editions of this pleasing writer are that of Paris, 4to. 1754, and that of Villoison, 8vo. Paris, 1778. LORDI, a people of Illyncum. LORYMNA, a town of Doris. Liv, 37, c. 17. LOTIS or LOTOS, a beautiful nymph, daughter of Neptune. Priapus offered her violence, and to save herself from his importunities, she im- plored the gods, who changed her into a tree called Lotus. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 348. LOTOPHAGI, a people on the coast of Africa, near Syrtes. They received this name from their living upon the lotus. Ulysses visited their country at his return from the Trojan war. Herodnt. 4, c. 177. Strab. 17. Mela, 1, c. 7. Ptin. 5 & 23. Lous and Aous, a river of Macedonia, near Apollonia. LVA, a goddess at Rome, who presided over things which mere vie wed. 363 L U LrrA, a city of Etruria. LUCAOUB, one of the friends of Tornus, killed by jEneas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 575. LUCAN i, a people of Italy, descended from the Samnites, or from the Brutii. LUCANIA, a country of Italy between the Tyrrhene and Sicilian seas, and bounded by Pi- cenum, Pucetia, and the country of the Brutii. The country was famous for its grapes. Strab. 6. Pirn. 3, c. 5. Mela. 2, c. 4. .Herat. 2 ep. 2, v. 178. Q. LUCANIUS, a centurion in Caesar's army, &c. C- of his son-in-law. According to the e aggerated account of Plutarch, no less tha- 100,000 foot, and near 55,000 horse, of the Armenians, lost their lives in that celebrated battle. All this carnage was made by a Roman army amounting to no more than 18,000 men. of whom only five were killed and 100 wounded during the combat. The taking ot Tigranocerta the capital of Armenia, was the consequence of his immortal victory, and Lu- cullus there obtained the greatest pait of the royal treasures. This continual success, how- ever, was attended with serious consequences. The severity of Lucullus, and the haughtiness of his commands, offended his soldiers, and displeased his adherents at Rome. Pompey was soon after sent to succeed him, and to con- tinue the Mithridatic war, and the interview which be had with Lucullus, began with acts of mutual kindness, and ended in the most in- veterate reproaches and open enmity. Lu- cullus was permitted to retire to Rome, and only 1600 of the soldiers who had shared his fortune and his glories were suffered to ac- company him. He was received with coldness at Rome, and he obtained with difficulty a triumph which was deservedly claimed by his fame, his successes, and his victories. In this ended the days of his glory : he retired to the enjoyment of case and peaceful society, and no longer interested himself in the commotions which disturbed the tranquility of Rome. He dedicated his time to studious pursuits, and to the conversation of the learned. His house was enriched with a valuable library, which was opened for the service of the curious, and of the learned. Lucullus fell into a delirium in the last part of his life, and died in the 67 or 68th year of his age. The people showed their respect for his merit, by their wish to give him an honourable burial in the Campus Martius ; but their offers were rejected, and he was priva'ely buried by his brotl.er, in his e- tate at Tusculum. Lucullus has been admired for his many accomplishment*, but he hai been censured for his be ferity and extravagant-*. L U Tbe expenses of nis meals were immoderate, his halls were distinguished by the different names of the gods, and when Cicero and Pompey attempted to surprise lutn, tney wert astonished at the costliness of a supper which had been prepared upon the word of Lucullus, t\ho had merely said to his servant that ha would sup in the hall of Apollo. In his re- tirement Lucullus was fond of artificial va- riety ; subterraneous caves and passages were dug under the hills on the coast of Campania and the sea water was conveyed round hi- liouse and pleasure grounds, where the fishes flocked in such abundance that not less than Sf.i.OiK) pounds worth were sold at his death. Jn his public character Lucullus was humane and compassionate, and he showed his sense of the vicissitudes of human affairs by shedding tears at the sight of one of the cities of Ar- menia, which his soldiers reduced to ashes. He was a perfect master of the Greek and Latin languages, and he employed himself for a time to write a concise history of the Marsi in Greek hexameters. Such are the striking characteristics of a man who meditated the conquest of Parthia, and for a while gained the admiration of all the inhabitants of the east, by his justice and moderation, and who might have disputed the empire of the world with a Cdesar or Pompey, had not, at last, his fond- ness for retirement withdrawn him from the reach of ambition. Pint, in vita. Ylfir. 3, c. 5. Strah. Appian. in Mithr. &c. Orositis 6, &c. A consul who went to Spain, &c. A Roman, put to death by Domitian. A brother of Lucius Lucullus, lieutenant under Sylla. A pretorof Macedonia. LUCUMO, the first name of Tarquinius Priscus, afterwards changed into Lucius. The word is Etrurian, and signifies prince or chief. Lucrs, a king of ancient Gaul. A town of Gaul, at the foot of the Alps. LUGDUNENSIS GALLIA, a part of Gau, which received its name from Lugdunum, the capital city of the province. It was anciently called Celtica. rid. Gallia. LUGDUNUM, a town of Gallia Celtica, built at the confluence of the Rhone and the Atar, or Saone, by Manutius Plancus, when he was governor of the province. This town, now called Lyons, is the second city of France in point of population. Strab. 4. Batavorum a town on the Rhine, just as it falls into the ocean. It is now called Leyden, and is fa- mous for its university. LUNA, (the moan) was daughter of Hyperion and Terra, and was the same, according to some mythologists, as Diana. She was worshipped by the ancient inhabitants of the earth with many superstitious forms and ceremonies. It was supposed that magicians and enchanters, parti- cularly those of Thessaly, had an uncontrollable powe/ over the moon, and that they could draw her down from heaven at pleasure by the mere force of their incantations. Her eclipses, ac- cording to their opinion, proceeded from thence : 367 LU ".), on that account, it was usual to beat drums iiuJ t-yiiir-itis to ease her labours, and to render I IIP power of magic less effectual. The Area dians believed that they were older vhan th moon. 0>:id. Met. 12, v. 263, 6ic.TibulL J , el. 8, v. 21. Hesiwl. Theo^.Virg. Eel. 8, T. 69. A maritime town of Etruria, famous for the white marble which it produced. It con- tained a fine capacious harbour, and abounded in wine, cheese, &c. The inhabitants were nau:ra Iv given to augury,and the observation of uncommon phenomena. Mela, 2, c. 4. Lucati. 1, v. 686. P/Jn. 14, c. 6. LUPA, (a she wolf) was held in great vene- ration at Rome, because Romulus and Remus, according to an ancient tradition, were suckled and preserved by one of these animals. This fabulous story arises from the surname of Lupa, prostitute, which was given to the wife of the shepherd Faustulus, to whose care and huma- nity these children owed their preservation. Grid. Fast. 2, v. 415. Pint, in Komul. LLTERCAI,, a place at the foot of mount Aventine, sacred to Pan, where festivals called Lupercalia were yearly celebrated. Virg. J.n. 8, v. 343. LUPERCALTA, a yearly festival observed at Rome the 15th of February, in honour of the god Pan. It was usual first to sacrifice two goats ar.d a dog and to touch with the bloody knife the foreheads of two illustrious youths, who always were obliged to smile while they were touched. The blood was wiped away with soft wool dipped in milk. After this the skins of the victims were cut into thongs, with which whips were made for the youths. With these whips the youths ran about the streets all naked except the middle, and whipped freely all those they met. Women in par- ticular were fond of receiving the lashes, as they superstitiously believed that they removed barrenness, and eased the pains of childbirth. This excursion in the streets of Rome was performed by naked youths, because Pan i? always represented naked, and a goat was sacrificed, because that deity was supposed .to have the feet of a goat. A dog was added, as a necessary and useful guardian of the sheep- fold. This festival, as Plutarch mentions, was first instituted by the Romans in honour of the she-wolf which suckled Romulus and Remus. This opinion is controverted by others, and Livy, with Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ob- serves, that they were introduced in Italy by Evander. The name seems to be borrowed from the Greek name ot Pan, Lycam, from XrKOQ, a wolf, because Pan, as god of shep- herds, protected the sheep from the rapacity of the wolves. The priests which officiated at the Lupercalia were called Luperci. Au- gustus forbad any person under the age of fourteen to appear naked, or run about thi streets during the Lupercalia. Cicero, in his Philippics, reproaches Antony for having dis- graced the dignity of the consulship by running naked, aad armed with a whip, about the streets. it was durin:. 4, v. 304. LYCAOMA, a country of Asia, between Cap padocia, Pisidia, Pamphylia, and Phrygia, made a Roman province under Augustus. Sirab. 10. Mela, 2. Arcadia bore also that name from Lycaon, one of its kings. Dunys. Hat. An island in the Tyber. LYCAS, a priest of Apollo, in the interest of Turn us. He was killed by .(Eneas. Firg /En. 10, v. 315. Atrother officer of Turnus. Id. 10, v. 561 LYCASTB, an ancient town of Crete, whose inhabitants accompanied Idomeneus to the Trojan war. Homer. It. 2. A daughter of Priam by a concubine. She married Poly- damus, the son of Antenor. A famous courtezan of Drepanum, called Venus on ac- count of her great oeauty. She had a son culled Eryx by Butes, son of Amycus. LYCASTUM, a town of Cappadocin. LVCASTUR, a son of Minos I. He was father of Minos II. by Ida, the daughter of Corybas. A son of Minos and Philonome, daughter of Nyrtimus. He succeeded his father on the throne of Arcadia Pans. 8 c. 3 & 4. LYCE, one of the Amazons, &c. Place 6, 374. LYCSS a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31, c. 33. LYCEUM. Vid. Lycaeum. LYCHNCDSS, a city, with a lake of the same tarn? in Macedonia. LYUA . a country of Asia Minor, bounded by the Mediterranean on the south, Caria on 360 I, Y the west, Pamphylia on tne '.-as- , and Phyrgia on the aorth. It was anciently called Milyu, and Tremile, from the Milyae or Solymi, a people of Crete, who came to settle there The country received the name of Lycia from Lycu, the son of Pandion, who established himself there. The inhabitants have been greatly commended by all the ancients for their sobriety and justice. They were con- quered by Croesus, king of Lydia, and after- wards by Cyrus. Though they were subject to the power of Persia, yet they were governed by their own kings, and only paid a yearly tribute to the Persian monarch. They became part of the Macedonian empire when Alex- ander came into the east, and afterwards were ceded to the house of the Seleucidae. The country was reduced into a Roman province by the emperor Claudius. Virg. Mn. 7, v. 81b Stat. Theb. 6, v. 686. Herodot. 1, c. 173. Si,ab. 13. LYCIDAS, a centaur, killed by the Lapithae at the nuptials of Pirithous. Odd. Met. 12, v. 310. A shepherd's name. Virg. Eel. A beautiful youth, the admiration of Rome in the age of Horace. Hmt. 1 , Od. 4, v. 19. LYCIMNA, a town of Peloponnesus. LYCIMNIA, a slave, mother of Helenor oy a Lydian prince. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 446. LYCISCUS, an Athenian archon. A Mes- secian of the family of the /pytidae. When his daughters were doomed by lot to be sacn fit ed for the good of their country, he fled wua them to Sparta, aud Aristodemus upon this cheerfully gave his own children, and soon after succeeded on the throne. Pans. 4, c. 9. A ^outh of whom Horace was enamoured. LYCIUS, a son of Hercules and Toxicreta. A son of Lycaon. An epithet given to Apollo from his'templs in Lycia where he gave oracles, particularly at Patara, where the appel- lation of Lyc'ue sortea was given to his answers, and even to the will of the Fates. Virg. /En. 4, v. 346. A surname of Danaus. LYCOMEDES, a king of Scyros, an island in the .tgean sea, son of Apollo and Parthenope. He was secretly entrusted with the care of young Achilles, whom his mother Thetis had disguised in woman's clothes, to remove him from the Trojan war, where she knew he must unavoid- ably perish. Lycomed * has rendered himself famous for his treachery to Theseus, who had implored his protection when driven from his I throne of Athens by the usurper Mnestheus. Lycomedes. as it is reported , either envious of the fame of his illustrious gu^st, or bribed by the emissaries of Mnestheus, led Theseus to an elevated place, on pretence to shew him the extent of his dominions, and perfidiously threw him down a precipice, where he was killed. Pint, in Thes.Paut. 1, c 17. 1. 7, c. 4.Apol- lod. 3, c. 13. An Arcadian, who, with 500 chosen men, put to flight 1000 Spartans, and 500 Arrives, &c. Dwd. 15. A seditious person at Tegea. A Mantinean general, &c. An Athenian the first who took one of th e enemy's ships ht the battle of Salamis. Piul LVCON. a philosopher of Troas, in th* as* BB L Y of Aristotle. He was greatly esteemed by Eu- menes, Antioclms, &c. lie died in the 74tb year of his age. Diog. in vit. A man who wrote the life of Pythagoras. A poet. A writer of epigrams. A player, greatly es- teemed by Alexander. A Syracusan who as- sisted in murdering; Dion. A peripatetic philosopher. LYCONE, a city of Thrace. A mountain of Argolis. Paus. 2, c. 24. LYCOPHRON, a son of Periander, king of Corinth. The murder of his mother Melissa by iiis father had such an effect upon him, that he resolved never to speak to a man who had been so wantonly cruel against his relations. This resolution was strengthened by the advice of Procles, his maternal uncle, and Periander at last banished to Corey ra a son whose disobe- dience and obstinacy had rendered him odious. Cypselus, the eldest son of Periander, being in- capable of reigning, Lycophron was the only surviving child who had any clai ;. to the crown of Corinth. But, when the infirmities of Pe- riander obliged him to look for a successor, Lycophron refused to come to Corinth while his father was there, and he was induced to leave Corcyra, only on promise that Periander would come and dwell there while he remained the master of Coiiiith. This exchange, how- ever, was prevented. The Corcyreans, wlio were apprehensive of the tyranny of Periander, murdered Lycophron before he left that island. Herodat. 3. Aristat. A brother of Thebe, the wife of Alexander, tyrant of Pherae. He tssisted his sister in murdering her husband, and he afterwards seized the sovereignty. He was dispossessed by Philip of Macedonia. Pint. Duxl. 16. A general of Corinth, killed by Nicias. Pint, in Nic. A native of Cythera, son of Master. He went to the Trojan war with Ajax, the son of Telamon, after the acci- dental murder of one of his citizens. He was killed, &c. Him-.er. Ji. 15. A famous Greek poet and grammarian, horn at Chalcis, in Eu- boea. He was one of the poets who nourished under Ptolemy Philadelphus, and, from their number, obtained the name of Pleiades. Ly- cophron died by the wound of an arrow. He wrote tragedies, the titles of twenty of which have been preserved. The only remaining com- position of this poet is called Cassai.dra or Alex- andra. It contains 1474 verses, whose ob- scurity lias procured the epithet of Tenebrosus io its author. It is a mixture of prophetical effusions, which, as he supposes, were given by tassandra during the Trojan war. The best editions of Lycophroa are that of Basil, 1546, fol. enriched with the Greek commentary of Tzetzes ; that of Canter, 8vo. apud Commelin, 1596 : and that of Potter, fol. Oxon. 1702. Ovid, in Ib. Mat 5, Sylr. 3. LYCOPOLIS, a town of Egypt. It received this name on account of the immense number of wolves, \VKOI, which repelled an army of ^Ethiopians, who had invaded Egypt. Diod. 1. --Strab. 17. LYCOREA, a town of Phocis at the top of Parnassus, where the people of Delphi took L Y refuge during Deucalion's deluge, dhcteenus, who threw himself into it. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 245. LYCORTAS, the father of Polybius, who flourished B. C. 184. He was chosen general of the Achaean league, and he revenged the death of Philopoemeu, &c. Pint. LYCOSURA, a city built by Lycaon on mount Lycajus. LYCTUS, a town of Crete, the country of Ido- meneus, whence he is often called Lyctnis. frVg. Jvi. 3, v. 401. LYCURGIDKS, annual ilays of solemnity ap- pointed in honour of the lawgiver of Sparta. The patronymic of a son of Lycurgus. Ovid. in ll>. v. 503. LYCURGUS, a king of Nemsea, in Pelopon nesus. He was raised from the dead by ys- culapius. Stat. Theb. 5, v. 638. A giant killed by Osiris in Thrace. DM. 1. A king of Thrace, son of Dry as. He has been represented as cruel and impious, on account of the violence which he offered to Bacchus, lie, according to the opinion of the mytholo- gies, drove Bacchus out of his kingdom, and abolished his worship, for which impiety he was severely punished by the gods. He put his own son Dryas to death in a fury, and he cut off his own legs, mistaking them for vine boughs. He was put to death in the greatest torments by his subjects, who had been informed by the oracle that they should not taste wine till I.v- curgus was no more. This fable is explained by observing, that the aversion of Lycurgus for wine, over which Bacchus presided, arose from the nlthiness and disgrace of intoxication, and therefore the monarch wisely ordered all the vines of his dominions to be cut down, that himself and his subjects might be preserved from the extravagance and debauchery which are produced by too free an use of wine. Wi/gm. fab. 132. Homer. It. 6.A]>olM. 3, c. 5. Ot:i,t. Met. 4, v. VZ. Virg. JEu. 3, v. I4._#,,r<. 2, od. 19. A son of Hercules and Praxithea, daughter of Thespius. A]>oliod. 2, c. 7. A son of Pheres, the son of Cretheus. Id. 1, c. ft An orator of Athens, surnamed Ibis, m th age of Demosthenes, famous for h s justice and impartiality when at the head of the "overn- I, Y ment. He was one of the thirty orators whom the Athenians refused to deliver up to Alex- ander. Some of his orations are extant. He iied about 330 years before Christ. Divi. 16. . A king of Tegeu, son of Aleus, by Nefera, daughter of Pereus. He married Cleophile, i- ailed also Eurynome, by whom he had Amphi- i!amas, &c. Apoi/od. 3, c. 9. Homer. I. 7. A celebrated lawgiver of Sparta, son of king F.imomus, and brother to Polydectes. He succeeded his brother on the Spartan throne ; lu:t, v>hen he saw that the widow of Polydectes WHS pregnant, he kept the kingdom not for himself, but till Charilaus, his nephew, was anived to years of maturity. He had previ- ously refused to marry his brother's widow, \vlio wished to strengthen him on his throne by destroying her own son Chaiilaus, and leaving him in the peaceful possession of the crown. The integrity with which he acted, when guardian of his nephew Charilaus, raised him many enemies, and he at last yielded to tneir satire and malevolence, and retired to Crete. He travelled like a philosopher, and visited Asia and Egypt without suffering him- self to be corrupted by the licentiousness and luxury which prevailed there. The confusion which followed his departure from Sparta, now had made his presence totally necessary, and he returned home at the earnest solicitations of his countrymen. The disorder which reigned at Sparta, induced him to reform the govern- ment, and the more effectually to execute his undertaking, he had recourse to the oracle of Delphi, lie was received by the priestess of the god with every mark of honour, his inten- tions were warmly approved by the divinity, and he was called the friend of gods, and him- self rather God than man. After such a re- ception from the most celebrated oracle of Greece, Lycurgus found no difficulty in reform- .ng the abuses of the state, and all were equally anxious in making a revolution which had re- ceived the sanction of heaven. This happened 881 years before the Christian era. Lycurgus first established a senate, which was composed of 28 senators, whose authority preserved the tranquillity of the state, and maintained a due and just equilibrium between the kings and the people, by watching over the intrusions of the former, and checking the seditious convul- sions of the latter. All distinction was de- stroyed, and, by making an equal and impartial division of the land among the members of the commonwealth, Lycurgus banished luxury, and encouraged the useful arts. The use of money, either of gold or silver, was totally forbidden, and the introduction of heavy brass and iron coin brought no temptation to the dishonest, and left every individual in the possession of his effects without any fears of robbery or vio- lence. All the citizens dined in common, and no one had greater c/aims to indulgence or luxury than another. Their intercourse witli other nations was forbidden, and few were per- mitted to travel. The youths were entrusted to the prtblic master, as soon as they had at- Utned their seventh year, and their education an L Y was left to the wisdom of the lews. They were taught early to think, to answer in a short and laconic manner, and to excel in sharp repartee. They were instructed and encouraged to carry things by surprise, but if ever the theft was dis- covered they were subjected to a severe pu- nishment. Lycurgus was happy and successful in establishing and enforcing these laws, and by his prudence and administration the face of Lacedasmoti was totally changed, and it gave rise to a set of men distinguished for their in- trepidity, their fortitude, and their magnanimity After this Lycurgus retired from Sparta to Del- phi, or according to others to Crete, and be- fore his departure he bound all the citizens of Laced^nion by a solemn oath, that neither they nor their posterity, would alter, violate, or abo- lish the laws which he had established, before his return. He soon after put himself to death, and he ordered his ashes to be thrown into the sea, fearful lest if they were carried to Sparta, the citizc-ns should call themselves freed from the oath which they had taken, and empowered to make a revolution. The wisdom and the good effect of the laws of Lycurgus, has been firmly demonstrated at Sparta, where, for 70C years they remained in full force, but the legis- lator has been censured as cruel and impolitic He has shown himself inhuman in ordering the mothers to destroy their children, whose feebleness or deformity in their youth seemed to promise incapability of action in maturer y^ars, and to become a burden to the state. His regulations about marriage, must necessa- rily be censured, and no true conjugal felicity can oe exjwcted from the union of a man with a person whom he, perhaps, never knew before, and whom he was compelled to choose in a dark room, where all the marriageable women in the state assembled on stated occasions. The peculiar dress which was appointed for the fe- males, might be termed improper, and the law must for ever, be called injudicious, which or- dered them to appear naked on certain days of festivity, and wrestle in a public assembly pro- miscuously with boys of equal age with them- selves. "These things might contribute an much to corrupt the morals of the Lacedaemo- nians, as the other regulations seemed calcu- lated to banish dissipation, riot, and debauchery. Lycurgus lias been compared to Solon, the ce- lebrated legislator of Athens, and it has been judiciously observed, that the former gave his citizens morals comformable to the laws which he had established, and that the latter had given the Athenians laws, which coincided with their customs and manners. The office of Ly- curgus demanded resolution, and lie showed himself inexorable and severe. Tn Solon arti- fice was requisite, aud he showed himself mild and even voluptuous. The moderation of Ly- curgus is greatly commended, particularly when we recollect that he treated with the greatest humanity and confidence Alcander, a youth who had put out one of his eyes in a seditious tumult. Lycurgus had a son called Antiorus, who left no isbue. liie Laceut artist who ever made a statue with wax. I'lin. o4, c. 8. 1. 35, c. 12. LYSITHOUS, a son of Priam. Apollod. LYSO, a friend of Cicero, &c. LYTJEA, a daughter of Hyachithus. LYZANIAS, a king of ChalcU, <5cc. MA MACJZ, a people of Arabia Felix . Mela, 3, c. 8. MACAR, a son of Criasms, or Crinacus, the first Greek who led a colony to Lesbos. His four sons took, possession of the four neighbouring islands, Chios, Saraos, Cos, and Rhodes, which were called the seats of the Macares, or the blessed (funicap, beatus.) Dionys. Hal. 1. Dind. 5. Mela, 2, c. 7. MACAREDS, an ancient historian. A son of ^olus, who dibauched his sister Canace, and had a son by her. The father was in- formed of the incest. He ordered the child to be exposed, and sent a sword to his daughter MA Pyrrhus, 287 ; Lysimachus, 286 ; Ptolemy Ce. raunus, 280 ; Meleater, two months ; Antipater the Etesian, 45 days ; Antigonua Gonatas, 477; Demetrius, 243 ; Antigouus Doson, 232 ; Phi- lip, 221 ; Perseus, 179 ; conqueied by the Ro- mans, 168, B. C. at Pydna. Macedonia hai been severally called .lEmonia, Mygdonia, Pa;o- nia, Edonia, /Emathia, &c. The inhabitants of Macedonia were naturally warlike ; and though in the infancy of their empire they were little known beyond the borders of their country, yet they signalised themselves greatly in (he reign of Philip, and added the kingdom of Asia to their European dominions by the valour of Alex- ander. The Macedonian phalanx, or body of Apollo. Ovid. Met. Heroid. One of the companions of Ulysses. He was left at Caieta in Italy, where /Eneas found him. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 159. A son of Lycaon. Apollod. 3, c. 8. Pans. 8, c. :?. MACARIA, a daughter of Hercules and Deja- nira. After the death of Hercir.es, Eurystheus made war agai the Heraclidae, whom the and commanded her to destroy herself. Maca- reua fled to Delphi, where he" became priest of | soldiers, was always held in the highest repute, i. Met. Heroid. 11, in Jb. 563. and it resisted the repeated attacks of the bravest and most courageous enemies. Liv. 44. Justin. 6, c. 9. 1- 7, c. 1, &c. Strafe. 7. Mela, 1, c. 3, &ic.Plin. c. 4, 10, &c. Curt. 3 & 4. Pans. 8, c. 7. MACEDONICUM BEI.LUM, was undertaken by the Romans against Philip, king of Macedonia, some few months after the second Punic war, B. C. 200. The cause of this war originated n the hostilities which Philip had exercised against the Achaeans, the friends and allies of Rome. The consul Flamininus had the care of this war, and he conquered Philip on the con- fines of Epirus, and afterwards in Thessaly. The Macedonian fleets were also defeated; Euboca was taken ; and Philip, after continual losses, sued for peace, which was granted him in the fourth year of the war. The ambition nd cruelty of Perseus, the son and successor of Philip, soon irritated the Romans. Another as undertaken, in which the Romans suffered two defeats. This, however, did not discourage them, Paulus ^milius was chosen consul in the 60th year of his HUP, and en- Athenians supported, and the oracle declared, that the descendants of Hercules should obtain the victory, if any one of them devoted himself to death. This was cheerfully accepted by Ma- caria, and the Athenians obtained a victory. Great honours were paid to the patriotic Maca- ria, and a fountain of Marathon was called by her name. Paw>. 1 , c. 32. MACARIS, an ancient name of Crete. MACEDNUS.asonof Lycaon. Apollod. MACEDO, a son of Osins. He had a share in the divine honours which were paid to his father. He was represented clothed in a wolf's skin, for which reason the Egyptians held that animal in great veneration. Diod. 1. Flat, in Lid. fy Os. - A n.an who gave his name to Macedonia. Some suppose him to be the same as the son or general of Osiris. MACEDONIA, a celebrated comtry, situated between Thrace, Epirus, and Greece. Its bound- aries have been different at different periods. Philip increased it by the conquest of Thessaly and of part of Thrace. According to Pliny, it contained no less than 150 different nations. The kingdom of Macedonia, first founded B. C. 814, by Caranus, a descendant of Hercules, and a native of Argos, continued in existence 646 years, till the battle of Pydna. The family of Caranus remained in possession of the crown until the death of Alexander the Great, and began to reign in the following order : Cara- nus, after a reign of 28 years, was succeeded by Coenus, who ascended the throne 786, B. C.; Thurimas, 774 ; Perdiccas, 729; Argaeus, 678 ; Philip, 640; ^Eropas, 602 ; Alcetas or Alec- tas, 576 ; Amyntas, 547 ; Alexander, 497 ; Perdiccas, 454 ; Archelaus, 413; Amyntas, 399 ; Pausanias, 398 ; Amyntas 2d, 397 ; Ar- na?us the tyrant, 390 ; Amyntas restored, 390 ; Alexander 2d, 371; Ptolemy Alorites, 370; Perdiccas 3d, 366 ; Philip, son of Amyntas, 360, Alexander the Great, 336 ; Philip Ari- dseus 323; Cassander, 316; Autipater and Alexander, 29 ; Demetrius king of Asia, 294 - trusted with the care of the He came to a general engagement near the city of Pjdtia. The victory" sided with the Romans, and 20,000 of the Macedonian soldiers were left on the field of hattle. This decisive blow put an end to the war, which had already continued for three years, 168 vears before the Christian era. Perseus and his sons Philip and Alex- ander were taken prisoners, irrii-d to Rome to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. About fifteen years after, new seditions were raised in Macedonia, and the false pretension? of Andriscus, who called himself the son of Perseus, obliged the Romans to send an army to quell the commotions. Andriscus at first obtained many considerable advantages over the Roman forces, till at last he was conquered and delivered to the consul Metellus, who carried him to Rome. After these commotions, which are sometimes called the third Mace- donian war, Macedonia was finally reduced into a Roman province, and governed by a regular proconsul, about 148 years before the Christian era. MACEDONICUS, a surname given to Metelluw, from his conquests in Macedonia. It was also given to such as had obtained nny victory in that province. M A MACBLIA, a town of Sicily, taken by the consul Duillius. Lie. 26, c. 21. MATER /EMII.H s, a Latin poet of Verona, who died B. C. 16. He wrote some poems upon serpents, plants, and birds, mentioned by Ovid. He also composed a poem upon the ruins of Troy, to serve as a supplement u> Homer's Iliad. His compositions are now lost. Ovid. Trist. 4, el. 10, v. 44. ex Pont. 2, ep. 10. Quintil. 10, c. 1. L. Claudius, a pro- prsetor of Africa in the reign of Nero. He assumed the title of emperor, and was put to death by order of Galba. MACH/CRA, a river of Africa. A common crier at Rome. Juv. 7, v. 9. MAOHASIUAS, a man who made himself absolute at Sparta. He was killed by Philo- poeinen, after being defeated at Mantinea, B. C. 208. Nabis succeeded him. Pint. MACIIAON, a celebrated physician, son of -Esculapius and brother to Podalirus. He went to the Trojan war with the inhabitants of Trica, Ithome, and CKchalia. According to some he was king of Messenia. He was phy- sician to the Greeks ; he healed the wounds which they received during the Trojan war, and was one of those concealed in the wooden horse. Some suppose that he was killed before Troy by Eurypylus, the son of Telephus. He received divine honours after death, and had a temple in Messenia. Homer. It. 2, &c. Quid, ei Ptmt. 3, ep. 4. Quint. Smyr. 6, v. 409. Virg. JE,i. 2, v. 426 & 263. MACR A ,a river flowing from the Apennines, and dividing Liguria from Etruria. Lucan. 2, v. 426. MACRI CAMPI, a plain in Cisalpine Gaul near the river Gabellus. Liu. 41, c. 18. 1. 4;>, c. 12. A plain near Mutina bears the same name. Col. 7, c. 2. MACRIANUS, Titus Fulvius Julius, an Egyp- tian of obscure birth, who, from a private soldier, rose to the highest command in the army, and proclaimed himself emperor when Valerian had been made prisoner by the Per- sians, A. D. 260. His liberality supported his usurpation: his two sons Macrianus and Quietus were invested with the imperial pur- ple and the enemies of Rjme were severally defeated either by the emperjrs or their ge- nerals. When he had supported his dignity for a year in the eastern parts of the world, Macrianus marched towards Rome, to crush Gallienus, who had been proclaimed emperor. He was defeated in Illyricum by the lieutenant of Gallienus, and put to death with his son, at his own expressive request, A. D. 262- MACRINCS, M. Opilius Severus, a native of Africa, who rose from the most ignominious condition to the rank of praefect of the prae- torian guards, and at last of emperor, after the death of Caracalla, whom he inhumanly sacri- ficed to his ambition, A.D. 217. The beginning of his reign was popular ; the abolition of the taxes, and an affable and complaisant behaviour, endeared him to his subjects. These promis- ing appearances did not long continue, and the timidity which Macrinus betrayed in buying the peace of the P> rsians l>v a large sum of .S/6 MA money, soon rendered him odious ; and while he affected to imitate the virtuous Aurelius, without possessing the good qualities of his heart, he became contemptible and insignifi- cant. This affectation irritated the minds of the populace, and when severe punishments had been inflicted on some of the disorderly soldiers, the whole army mutinied ; and their tumult was increased by their consciousness of their powers and numbers, which Macrinus had the imprudence to betray, by keeping almost all the military force of" Rome encamped to- gether in the plains of Syria. Heliogabaius was proclaimed emperor, and Maciinus at- tempted to save his life by flight. He was, however, seized in Cappadocia, and his head was cut oft' and sent to bis successor, June 7th, A.D. 218. Macrinus reigned about 2 months and 3 days. His sou called Diadumenianus, shared bis father's fate. A friend of the poet Perseus, to whom his second satire is inscribed. MACRO, a favourite of the emperor Tiberius, celebrated for his intrigues, perfidy, and cruelty. He destroyed Sejanus, and raised himself upon the ruins of that unfortunate favourite. He was accessary to the murder of Tiberius, and conciliated the good opinion of Caligula, by prostituting to him his own wife called Lnnia. He soon after became unpopular, and was obliged by Caligula to kill himself together with his wife, A. D. 38. MACKOBII, a people of /Ethiopia, celebrated for their justice and the innocence of their manners. They generally lived to their 120lh year; and, kdeed, from their longevity they have obtained their name (/icricpoc jStoc, l>tg life) to distinguish them more particularly from the other inhabitants of ^Ethiopia. Henxtot. 3, c. 17. Mela, 3, c. 9. Pirn. 7, c. 48. la/. Mai. 8, c. 3. MACROBIUS, a Latin writer who died A. D 415. Some suppose that he was chamberlain to the emperor Theodosius II. but this appears groundless, when we observe that Macrobius was a follower of paganism, and that none were admitted to the confidence of the emperor, or to the enjoyment of high stations except such as were of the Christian religion. Ma- crobius has rendered himself famous for a com- position called Saturnalia, a miscellaneous col- lection of antiquities and criticisms supposed to have been the result of a conversation of some of the learned Romans during the cele- bration of the Saturnalia. This was written for the use of his son, and the bad latinity which the author has often introduced, proves that he was not born in a part of the Roman empire, where the Latin tongue was spoken, as he himself candidly confesses. The Satur- nalia are useful for the learned reflections they contain, and particularly for some curious ob- servations on the two greatest epic poets of aa- ii(|iiity. Besides this, Macrobius wrote a com- mt'iraryon Cicero's somnhim Scipionis which k likewise composed for the improvement of the author's son, and dedicated to him. The beat editions are that of Gronovius, 8ro. L, ifel lt. MAGO, a Carthaginian general sent against Dionysius tyrant of Sicily. He obtained a victory and granted peace to the conquered. In a battle which soon after followed this treaty of peace, Mago was killed. His son of the same name succeeded to the command of the Carthaginian army, but he disgraced him- self by flying at the approach of Timoleon, who had come to assist the Syracusans. He was accused in the Carthaginian senate, and he prevented by suicide the execution of the sentence justly pronounced against him. His body was hung on a gibbet, and exposed to public ignominy. A brother of Annibal the Great. He was present at the battle of Cannse, and was deputed by his brother to carry to Carthage the news of the celebrated victory which had been obtained over the Roman ar- mies. His arrival at Carthage was sudden, and more powerfully to astonish his countrymen on account of the victory of Cannas, he emptied in the senate-house the three bushels of golden rings which had been taken from the Roman knights slain in battle. He was after- wards sent to Spain where he defeated the two Scipios, and was himself, in another engage- ment, totally ruined. He retired to the Ba- leares which he conquered, and one of those cities still bears his name, and is called Portus Magonis, Port. Mohan. After this he landed in Italy with an army, and took possession ot part of Insubria. He was defeated in a battle by Quintilius Varus, and died of a mortal wound 203 years before the Christian era. Lit). 30, &c. C. Neji. in Ann. 8, gives a very different account of his death, and says he either perished in a shipwreck or was mur- dered by his servants. Perhaps Annibal had two brothers of that name. A Carthaginian more known by his writings than by his military exploits. He wrote 28 volumes upon husbandry ; these were preserved by Scipio at the taking of Carthage, and presented to the Roman senate. They were translated into Latin, though Cato had already written so copiously upon the subject, and the Romans., as it has been observed, consulted the writings of Mago with greater earnestness than the books of the Sibylline verses. C^litmella. A Carthaginian sent by his countrymen to assist the Romans against Pyrrhus and the Ta- ren tines, with a fleet of 120 sail. This offer politely refused by the Roman senate : Max. Val. the MAOON, a river of India falling it Ganges. Arrian. MAGONTIACUM,- a large city of Germany Tacit. 4, Hist. 15. MAGUS, an officer of Turnus, killed by .g. /. 1, &:c. C. 3, v. 12. n. 10, 189. Ovid. Amor. 3, el. 15. MARACANDA, a town of Sogdiana. MARATIIA, a village of Arcadia. Pai/s. 8, c. 28. MARATHON, a village of Attica, ten miles Athens, celebrated for the victory which SM M A the 10,000 Athenians and 1000 Platteans, un- der the command of Miltiades, gained over the Persian army, consisting of 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, or, according to Val. Maximus, of 300,000, or, as Justin says, of 600,000, un- der the command of Dads and Artaphernes, on the 28th of September 490, B. C. In this battle, according to Herodotus, the Athenians lost cnly 192 men, and the Persians 6,300. Jus- tin has raised the loss of the Persians in this expedition and in the battle to 200,000 men. It was also in the plains of Marathon that The- seus overcaa.e a celebrated bull, which ;, hin- dered the neighbouring country. C. Kep. in Milt. Heiodot. 6, c. Justin. 2, c. 9. Vul. Afar. 5, c. 3. Pint, in Parall. A king of Attica, who gave his name to a small village. Pans. 2, c. 1 A king of Sicyon. MARATHOS, a town of Phoenicia. Mela, 1, c. 12. MARCEM.A, a daughter of Octavia, the sister of Augustus by Marcellus. She married Agrippa. MARCBLL!NI;S AMMIANUS, a celebrated his- torian who carried arms under Constantius, Ju- lian, and Valens, and wrote an history of Rome from the reign of Domitian, where Suetonius stops, to the emperor Valens. His style is neither elegant nor laboured, but it is greatly valued for its veracity, and in many of the HC- tions it mentions, the author was nearly con- ce r ued. This history was composed at Home, where Ammianus retired from the noi.se and troubles of the camp, and does not betray that severity against the Christians which other writers have manifested, though the author was warm in favour of Paganism, the religion which for a \vhile sat on the throne. It was divided into thirty-one books, of which only the eigh- teen last remain, beginning at the death of Magnensius. Ammianus ,has been liberal in his encomiums upon, Julian, whose favours he enjoyed, and who so eminently patronised his religion. The negligence with which some facts are sometimes mentioned, has induced many to believe that the history of Ammianus has suffered much from the ravages of time, and that it. has descended to us maimed and imper feet The best editions of Ammianus are those of Gronovius, fol. and 4to. L. Bat. 1693, and of Ernesti, 8vo. Lips. 1773. An officer un- der Julian. MAUCELLUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS, a famous Roman general, who, after the first Punic war, had the management of an expedition against the Gauls, where he obtained the Spolia ofitinta, by killing with his own hand Viridomarus, the king of the enemy. Such- success rendered him popular, and soon after he was entrusted to op- pose Annibal, in Italy. He was the first Roman who obtained some advantage over this cele- bratedCarthaginian, and showed his countrymen that Annibal was not invincible. The troubles which were raised in Sicily by the Carthagi- nians at the death of Hieronymus, alarmed the Romans, and Marcellus, in his third consul- ship, wa< sent with a powerful force against Sy- racuse. He attacked it by sen and land, but his operations proved ineffectual, and the invention M A and industry of a philosopher \Vid. Archime- des] le to baffle all the efforts, and to destroy al. the great and stupendous machine- and military engines of the Romans, durir<:elebrated monument to this faith- ful bird near the city of Crocodiles. sElian Ann. 6, c. 7. MARRUVIUM, or MARRUBIUM, a place near the Liris, in Italy. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 750. MARS, the god of war among the ancients, was the son of Jupiter and Juno, or of Juno alone, according to Ovid. This goddess, as the poet mentions, wished to become a mother without the assistance of the other sex, like Jupiter, who had produced Minerva all armed from his head, and she was shown a flower by Flora in the plains near Olenus, whose very touch made women pregnant. [ Vid. Juno.] The education of Mars was entrusted by Juno to the god Priapus who instructed him in dancing and every manly exercise. His trial before the celebrated court of the Areopagus, according to the authority of some authors, for the murder of Hallirhotius, forms an interesting epoch in history. [ Vid. Areopagita' .] The amours of Mars and Venus are greatly celebrated. The god of war gained the affection of Venus, and obtained the gratification of his desires, but Apollo, who was conscious of their fami- liarities, informed Vulcan of his wife's de- baucheries, and awakened his suspicions. Vul- can secretly laid a net around the bed, and the two lovers were exposed, in each others arms to the ridicule and satire of ail the gods, till Neptune prevailed upon the husband to set them at liberty. This unfortunate discover? M A to provoked Mars, that he changed into a cock his favourite Electryon, whom h& had statioueii at die door to watch against the approach ot the sun, [Vid, A ectrym] and Venus also shewed her resentment by peraecutiug with the most inveterate fury t.ie children of Apollo. In the wars of Jupiter and the Titans, Wars was seized by Orus and Ephialtes, and confined for fifteen months, till Mercury procured him his liberty. During the Trojan war Mars interested himself on the side of the Trojans, and de- fended the favourites of Venus with uncommon activity. The worship of Mars was not very universal among the ancients; his temples were not numerous in Greece, but in Rome he received the most unbounded honours, and the warlike Romans were proud of paying homage to a deity whom they esteemed as the patron jf their city, and the father of the first of their monarchs. His most celebrated temple at Rome was built by Augustus after the battle of Philippi. It was dedicated to Mars ultor, or the avenger. His priests among the Romans were called Salii ; they were first instituted by Numa, and their chief office was to guard the sacred Ancylia, one of which, as was supposed, had fallen down froin heaven. Mars was ge- nerally represented in the naked figure of an old man, armed with a helmet, a pike, and a shield. Sometimes he appeared in a military dress, and with a long flowing beard, and some- times without. He generally rode in a chariot dra*7i by furious horses, which the poets called Viight and Terror. His altars were stained with the blood of the horse, on account of his warlike spirit, and of the wolf, on account of bis ferocity. Magpies and vultures were also offered to him, on account of their greediness and voracity. The Scythians generally offered him asses, and the people of Caria, dogs. The weed called dog-grass was sacred to him, be- cause it grows, as it is commonly reported, in places which are fit for fields of battle, or where the ground has been stained with the effusion of human blood. The surnames of Mars are not numerous. He was called Gra- divus, Mavors, Quirimis, Salisubsulus, among the Romans. The Greeks called him Ares, and he was the Enyalus of the Sabines, the Camulus of the Gauls, and the Manners of Carthage. Mars was father of Cupid, Auteros, and Harmonia, by the goddess Venus. He had Ascalaphus and lalmenus by Astyoche, \lcippe by Apraulos, Molus, Pylus, Evenus, *ud Thesiius, by Demonice, the daughter of Agenor. Besides these, he was the reputed father of Romulus, (Enomaus, Bythis, Thrax, Diomedes of Thrace, &c. lie presided over gladiators, and was the god of hunting, and of whatever exercises or amusements have sorae- *hing manly and warlike. Among the Romans it was usual for the consul, before he went on an expedition, to visit the temple of Mars, where he offered his prayers, and in a solemn manner shook the spear which was in the hand at the statue of the god, at the same time ex- claiming, " Mars, vigila ! god of war, watcl over the welfare and safety of this city. Ovid 587 MA F,,ft. 5, v. 231. Triit. 2, v. 925. .%*.. faU i.iK. Virs. G. 4. v. 346. J.n. 8, t. 701. Lu. cian in Alectr.Varro. de L. L. 4, c. 10 Homer, od. 1. II, 5. Place. G.Apollod. I, &c. Hesiod. Theog. Pindar, od. 4.Pyth. Quint. Smijr. 14. Pans. I, c. 21 & 28. Juv. 9, v. 102. MARSALA, a town of Sicily. MARS.T.US, a Roman, ridiculed by Horace. 1, Sat. 2, v. 55, for his prodigality to courte- XHI1S. MARSE, a daughter of Thespius. Apolled. MARSI, a nation of Germany, who after- wards came to settle in Italy, in a country chequered with forests abounding with wild boars, and other ferocious animals. They at first proved very inimical to the Romans, but, in process of time, they became their firmest supporters. They are particularly celebrated for the civil war in which they were engaged, and which from them has received the namo of the Marsian war. The large contributions they made to support the interest of Rome, and the number of men which they continually supplied to the republic, rendered them bold and aspiring, and they claimed, with the rest of the Italian states, a share of the honour ani/ piivile b es which were enjoyed by the citizek. of Rome, B. C. 91. This petition, though supported by the interest, the eloquence, and the integrity of the tribune Drusus, was re- ceived with contempt by the Roman senate; and the Marsi, with their allies, showed their dissatisfaction by taking up arms. Their re- sentment was increased when Drusus, their friend at Rome, had been basely murdered by the means of the nobles, and they erected themselves into a republic, and Corsinium was made the capital of their new empire. A re- gular war was now begun, and the Romans led into the field an urmy of 100,000 men, and were opposed by a superior force. Some bat- tles were fought, in which the Roman generali were defeated, and the allies reaped no incon- siderable advantages from their victories. A battle, however, near Asculum, proved fatal tc their cause ; 4000 of them were left dead on the spot, their general, Francus, a man of un- common experience and abilities, was slain, and such as escaped from the field, perished by hunger in the Apennines, where they had sought a shelter. After many defeats, and the loss of Asculum, one of their principal cities, the allies, grown dejected, and tired of hos- tilities which had already continued for three years, sued for peace one by one, and tran- quillity was at last re-established in the re- public, and all the states of Italy were maae citizens of Rome. The armies of the allies consisted of the Marsi, the Peligni, the Vestini, the Hirpini, Pompeiani, Marcini, Picentes, Venusini, Ferentanse, Apuli, Lucani, and Sam- mies. Appian. Val. Mai. 8. Paterc. 2. PlHt.in Sert. Mario, . 14. DM. 16. -Pans. 8, c. 16. Fl.% He reigned only 77 days. -Pupianus. Vtd. Pupianus. A celebrated cynic philosopher and magician of Ephesus. He instructed the emperor Julian in magic, and according to the opinion of some historians, it was in the con- versation and company of Maximus that the apostacy of Julian originated. The emperor not only visited the philosopher, but he even submit- ted his writings to his inspection and censure. Maximus refused to live in the court of Julian, and the emperor, not dissatisfied with the re- fusal, appointed him high pontiff in the pro- vince of Lydia, an office which he dis- charged with the greatest moderation and justice. When Julian went into the east, the philosopher promised him success, anil evtn said that his conquests would be more numerous and extensive than those of the son of Philip. He persuaded his imperial pupil that, according to the doctrine of Metempsy- chosis, his body was animated by the soul which once animated the hero whose greatness and victories he was going to eclipse. Alter the death of Julian, Maximus was almost sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers, but the interposition of his friends saved his life and he retired to Constantinople. He was ooeu after accused of magical practices before the emperor Valens, and beheaded at Ephesus, A. D. 336. He wrote some philosophical and rhetorical treatises, some of which were dedicated to Julian. They are ail now lost. Ammian. Tyrius, a Platonic philosopher, in the reign of M. Aurelius. This emperor, who was naturally fond of study, became one of the pupils of Maximus, and paid great deference to his instructions. 'There are extant of Maximus forty-one dissertations on moral and philosophical subjects, written in Greek. The best editions of which are that of Davis, 8vo. Cantab. 1703; and that of Reiske, 2 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1774. One of the Greek fathers of the 7th century, whose worka were edited M A by Combers, 2 vols. fol. Pans, 1675. P"aulu* Fabius, a consul with M. Antony's son. Horace speaks of him, 4, od 1, v. 10, as of a gay, handsome youth, fond of pleasure, yet industrious and indefatigable. An epithet applied to Jupiter, as being the 'greatest and most powerful of all the gods. A native of Sirmium, in Pannonia. He was originally a gardener, but, by enlisting in the Roman army, he became one of the military tribunes, and his marriage with a woman of rank and opulence soon rendered him independent. He was fa- ther to the emperor Probus. A general of Trajan, killed in the eastern provinces. One of the murderers of Domitian, &c. A philo- aopher, native of Byzantium, in the age of Julian the emperor. MAZACA, a large city of Cappadocia, the ca- pital of the province. It was called Casarea by Tiberius, in honour of Augustus. MAZACES, a Persian, governor of Memphis. He made a sally against the Grecian soldiers of Alexander, and killed great numbers of them. Curt. 4, c. 1. MAZJEUS, a satrap of Cicilia, under Artax- erxes Ochus. A governor of Babylon, son- in-law to Darius. He surrendered to Alexan- der, &c. Curt. 5, c. 1. MAZARES, a satrap of Media, who reduced Priene under the power of Cyrus. Herodot. 1, c. 161. MAZERAS, a river of Hyrcania, falling into the Caspian sea. Plut. MAZICES and MAZYGES, a people of Lybia, very expert in the use of missile weapons. The Romans made use of them as couriers, on ac- count of their great swiftness. Suet, in Aer. 30. Litcan. 4, v. 684. MECHANEUS, a surname of Jupiter, from his patronizing undertakings. He had a statue near the temple of Ceres at Argos, and there the people swore before they went to the Trojan war, either to conquer or to perish. Pans. 2, c. 22. MECCENAS or MEC^ENAS, C. CILNIUS, a cele- brated Roman knight, descended from the kings of Etruria. He has rendered himself im- mortal by his liberal patronage of learned men and of letters ; and to his prudence and advice Augustus acknowledged himself indebted for the security he enjoyed. His fondness for plea- Sure removed him from the reach of ambition, and he preferred to die as he was born, a Ro- man knight, to all the honours and dignities which either the friendship of Augustus or his own popularity could heap upon him. It was from the result of his advice against the opinion of Agrippa, that Augustus resolved to keep the supreme power in his hands, and not, by a vo- luntary resignation, to plunge Rome into civil commotions. The emperor received the private admonitions of Mecoenas in the same friendly manner as they were given ; and he was no't displeased with the liberty of his friend, who threw a paper to him with these words, Descend from the tribunal, thnu butcher! while he satin 1 th? judgment seat, and betrayed revenge and impatience in his countenance;. He was struck 393 M E with the admonition, and left the tribunal vritb- out passing sentence of death on the criminals To the interference of Mecosnas, Virgil owed the restitution of his lands, and Horace was proud to boa^t, that his learned friend had ob- tained his forgiveness from the emperor, for joining the cause of Brutus at the battle of Phi- lippi. . Me coinas was himself fond of litejature, and according to the most received opinion, he wrote an history of animals, a journal of the life of Augustus, a treatise on the different na- tures and kinds of precious stones, besides the two tragedies of Octavia and Prometheus, and other things, all now lost. He died eig ' before Christ ; and on his death-bed, he part cularly recommended his poetical friend Ho- race to the care and confidence of Augustus. Seneca, who has liberally commended the ge- nius and abilities of Mecoenas, has not with- held his censure from his-dissipation, indolence, and effeminate luxury. From the patronage and encouragement which the princes of heroic and lyric poetry, among the Latins, received from the favourite of Augustus, all patrons of literature have ever since been called Mecce- nates, Virgil dedicated to him his Gtorgics, and Horace his Odes. Suet, in Aug. 66, &c. Plut. in Aug.Herodian. 7. Senec. ep. 19 & 92. MECISTEUS, one of the companions of Ajax. He was killed by Polydamas. Homer. II. 6. A son of Lycaon. Ajtollod. MECRIDA, the wife of Lysimachus. Po- ly an. 6. MEDEA, a celebrated magician, daughter of ytes, king of Colchis. Her mother's name, according to the more received opinion of He- siod and Hyginus, was Idyia, or, according to others, Ephyre, Hecate, Asterodia, Antiope, and Nesera. She was the niece of Circe. AVhen Jason came to Colchis in quest of the golden fleece, Medea became enamoured of him, and it was to her well-directed labours that the Ar- gonauts owed their preservation. [Fid. Ja*m et Argonautie.] Medea had an interview with her lover in the temple of Hecate, where they bound themselves by the most solemn oaths, and promised eternal fidelity. No sooner had Jason overcome all the difficulties which ,etes had placed in his way, than Medea embarked with the conquerors for Greece. To stop the pursuit of her father, she tore to pieces her bro- ther Absyrtus, and left his mangled limbs in the way through which JEetea was to pass. This act of barbarity some have attributed to Jason, and not to her. AVhen Jason reached lolchos, his native country, the return and victories of the Argonauts were celebrated with universal rejoicings ; but ^ison, the father of Jason, was unable to assist at the solemnity, on account of the infirmities of his age. Medea, at her hus- band's request, removed the weakness of JLson, and by drawing away the blood from his veins, and filling them again with the juice of certain herbs, she restored him to the vigour and sorightliness of youth. This sudden change in ^Eson astonished the inhabitants of lolchos, and the daughters of Pelias were also desirous to M E Bee their father restored, by the same power, to the vigour of youth. Medea, willing to re- venge the injuries which her husband's family had suffered from Pelias, increased their curi- osity, and by cutting to pieces an old ram and maKing it again, in their presence, a young lamb, she totally determined them to try the same experiment upon their father's body. They accordingly killed him of their own ac- | cord, and boiled his flesh in a cauldron, but j Medea refused to perform the same friendly of- fices to Pelias which she had done to ^Eson, and he was consumed by the heat of the fire, and even deprived of a burial. This action greatly irritated the people of Jolchos, and Me- dea, with her husband, fled to Corinth, to avoid the resentment of an offended populace. Here they lived for ten years witli much conjugal tenderness, but the love of Jason for Glauce, the king's daughter, soon interrupted their mu- tual harmony, and Medea was divorced. Me- dea revenged the infidelity of Jason by causing the death of Glauce, audthe destruction of her family. [ Vid. Glau.ce.] This action was fol- lowed by another still more atrocious. Medea killed two of her children in their father's pre- sence ; and when Jason attempted to punish the barbarity of the mother, she fled through the air upon a chariot drawn by winged dra- gons. From Corinth Medea came to Athens, where, after she had undergone the necessary purification of her murder, she married king ^Egeus, or, according to others, lived in an adulterous manner with him. From her con- nexion with ^Egeus, Medea had a son, who was called Medus. Soon after, when Theseus wished to make himself known to his father, [ Vid. sEgeiit'] Medea, jealous of his fame, and fearful of his power, attempted to poison Him at a feast which had been prepared for his en- tertainment. Her attempts, however, failed of uccess, and the sight of the sword which The- seus wore by his side, convinced ^ligeus that the stranger against whose life he had so basely conspired, was no less than his own son. The father and the son- were reconciled, and Medea, to avoid the punishment which her wickedness deserved, mounted her fiery chariot, and disap- peared through the air. She came to Colchis, where, according to some, she was reconciled to Jason, who had sought her in her native country after her sudden departure from Co- rinth. She died at Colchis, as Justin mentions, when she had been restored to the confidence of her family. After death, she married Achil- les in the Elysian fields, according to the tradi- tions mentioned by Simonides. The murder of Memerus and rheres,-the youngest of Jason's children by Medea, is not attributed to the mo- ther, according to .^Elian, but the Corinthians themselves assassinated them in the temple of Juno Acnea. To avoid the resentment of the gods, and to deliver themselves from the pesti- lence which visited their country after so hor- rid a mas&acre, they engaged the poet Euripi- des, for five talents, to write a tragedy, which cleared them of the murder, am) represented Medea as thu cruel as?a:-Mti of her own child- 394 M ron. And, besides, that this opinion might b the better credited, festivals wcra appointed, in which the mother was represented with all the barbarity of a fury murdering her own sons. Vid. Heraja. Apollml. 1, c. 9. Hijgin. fab. 21, 22, 2:3, &c. Pint, in Thes. Dionys. Perieg. &lian. V. H. 5, c. 21. Pans. 2, c. 3. 1. 8, c. 11. Eitripid. in Med. Dwd. 4.Oiid. Met. 7, fab. I, in MaLStrah. 7.Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 19. Apollod. Arg. 3, x.c.Orplieus.Flucc. Lucan. 4, v. 556. MEDESICASTE, a daughter of Priam, who married Imbrius, son of Mentor. Homer. II. 3. Apollod. 3. MEDIA, a celebrated country of Asia, bound- ed on the north by the Caspian sea, west by Armenia, south by Persia, and east by Parthia and Hyrcania. It was originally called Alia till the age of Medus, the sou of Medea, who gave it the name of Media. The province of Media was first raised into a kingdom by its revolt from the Assyrian monarchy, B. C. 820 ; and after it had for some time enjoyed a kind of re- publican government, Deioces, by his arts, pro- cured himself to be called king, 700 B. C. Af- ter a reign of .53 years, he was succeeded by Phraortes, B. C. 647; who was succeeded by Cyaxares, B. C. 625. His successor was As- tyages, B. C. 585, in whose reign Cyrus be- came master of Media, B. C. 5jl ; and ever after the empire was transferred to the Per- sians. The Medes were warlike in the pri- mitive ages of their power : they encouraged polygamy, and were remarkable for the ho- mage they paid to their sovereigns, who were styled kings of kings. This title was after- wards adopted by their conquerors, the Per- sians, and it was still in use in the age of the Roman emperors. Justin. 1, c. 5. Herodat. 1, &ic.Poltjb. 5 & 10. Curt. 5, &.c.Dwd. Sic. 13. C tea as. MiuiAs.a tyrant of Mysia, &c. MEDICUS, a prince of Larissa, in Thessaly, who made war against Lycophron, 'tyrant of Pher.-e. DM. 14. MEDIOL.ANUM, now Milan, the capital of hi subria, at the mouth of the Po. Lie. 5, c. 34. 1. 34, c. 46. Aulercorum, a town of Gaul, now I'Aieui, in Normaudy. Santonum, ano- ther, now baintes, in Guienne. MKDIOMATRICES, a nation that lived on the bordtrs of the Rhine. Strab. 4. C, v. 46. Plin. 2, c. 68. Sallust. Jug.\7.Clgia, or collection of Greek epigrams, which he se- lected from 46 of the best and most esteemed poets. The original collection of Meleager Las been greatly altered by succeeding editors. The best edition of the anthologia is that of Brunck in three vols. 4to. and 8vo. Angentor. 1772. Mti.EAGRlDES, the bisters of Meleager, daughters of CEneus and Althaea. They were j so disconsolate at the death of their brother Meleager, that they refused all aliments, and , were at the point of death, changed into birds called Meleagrides, whose feathers and eggs, as it is supposed, are of a different colour. The youngest of the sisters, Gorge and Dejanira, who had been married, escaped this metamorphosis. Apollod. 1, c. 8. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 540 P/m. MELESANDER, an Athenian genera!, who died B.C. 414. MELEs(ETis,)a river of Asia minor, in Ionia near Smyrna. Some of the ancients supposed that Homer was born on the banks of that river, from which circumstance they call him Mele$i- genes, and his compositions Uelettfce charta. It is even supported that he composed his poems in a cave near the source of that river. Strak. 12. Stat. 2, Sylv. 7, v. 34. Tibul. 4, el. 1, v. 201. Panf. 7, c. 5. A beautiful Athenian youth, greatly beloved by Timagoras, whose af- fections he repaid with the greatest coldness and indifference He even ordered Tiinagons to leap down a precipice, from the top of t'l? citadel of Athens ; and Timagoras, not to dis- M E oblige him, obeyed, and was killed in tbn fall. This token of trufi friendship and affection had uch an effect upon Meles, that he threw himself down fron the place, to atone by his death for the ingratitude which he had shown to Timagoras. 1'aus. 1, c. 50. A king of Lydia, who succeeded his father Alyattes, about 747 years before Christ. He was father to Candau.es. MEI.KSIGENES or MELESIC.ENA, a name given to Homer. I id. Meles. MELIA, a daughter of Oceanus, wl>o married Inachus. A nymph, &c. A/wlLid. A daughter cf Oceanus, sister to Caanthus. She became mother of Ismarus and Tenerus by Apollo. Tenerus was endowed with the gift of prophecy, and the river Ladon in Bceotia, assumed the name of Ismarus. Pain. 9, c. 10. One of the Nereides. A daughter of Agenor. MELIBCEA, a daughter of Oceanus, who married Pelasgus. A daughter of Amphion and iSiobe. Apotlfd, A maritime town of Magnesia in Thessaly, at the- foot of mount Ossa, famous for dying wool. The epitl et of Melilxfns is applied to Philoctetes, becau se he reigned there. !*;>$> /En. 3, v. 401. 1 ., v. 2.5J. Herodot. 7,^c, 188. MELrnoius, a shepherd introduced in Vir- gil's eclogues. I\IE[.ICERTA, MEI.ICEUTES, or MEMCERTUS, a son of Athamas aud Ino He was saved by his mother, from t e fury of his father, who prepared to dash him against a wall as be bed done his brother Learchus. The mother ws.s so terrified that she threw herself into the sea, with Melicerta in her arms. Neptune had compasi-ion on the misfortunes of Ino and her eon, and changed tnem both into sea deities. Ino was called Leucothoe or Matuta, and Me- licerta was known among the Greeks by the name of Pa!a?mon, and among the Latins by that of Portumnus. Some suppose that the Isth- mian games were in honour of Melicerta. Vid. Isthmia. Apollod. 1, c. 9. 1. 3, c. 4. Paiu. 1, c. 4-t.-Oi.iV/. Met. 4, v. 529, &c. Pint, de Siimp. MEUGUMS, one of the ^Eolian islands near Sicily. MELINA, a daughter of Thespius. MELISA-, a town of Magna Grascia. MELISSA, a daughter of Melissus, king of Crete, who, with her sister Amalthaea, fed Jupiter with the milk of goats. She first found out the means of collecting honey whence some have imagined that she was changed into a bee, as her name is the Greek word for that insect. Columell. One of the Oceanides, who married Inachus by whom she had Phoroneus and yEgialus. A daughter of Procles, who married Periander, the son of Cypselus. Pans. 1, c. 28. A woman of Corinth, who refused to initiate others in the festivals of Ceres after she had received admission. She was torn to pieces upon this disobedience, and the goddess made a swarm ot txes rise irom her bous . MtLissiis, a king of Crete, father to Me- 399 M E lissa and Arnaltbie. An Admiral of the Samiau fleet, li. C. 441. He was defeated by Pericles, &c. Pint, in Per. A philosopher of Samos. who maintained that the world was infiuite, immoveable, and without a vacuum. According to his doctrines, no one could ad- vance any argument upon the power or at- tributes of providence, as a.l human knowledge was weak and imperfect. Themistocles waa among his pupils. He flourished about 4 W years before the Christian era. Diog. freed-man of Mecaenas, appointed librarian to Augustus. He wrote some comedies. Orid. Pont. 4, ep. 16, v. SO.Suetcn. d Gram. ME LIT A, an island in the Libyan sea, be tween Sicily and Africa, now called Malta. The soil was fertile, and the country famous for its wool. Strab. 6. Mela, 2, c. 7 Cic. in Ver. 4, c. 46. One of the Nereides. 1'ir*. n . 5, v. 825. MELITESE, a province of Armenia. MELITLS, a poet and orator of Athens, who became one of the principal accusers of So- crates. After his eloquence had prevailed, and Socrates had been put ignominiously to death ; the Athenians relented of their severity to the philosopher, and condemned his accusers. Melitus perished among them. His character was mean and insidious, and his poems had nothing great or sublime. K*g. Sp. Mstius, a Roman knight, accused of aspiring to tyranny, on account of his un common liberality to the populace. He was summoned to appear by the dictator L. Q. Cincinnatus, and when he refused to obey, he was put 10 death by Ahala, the master ol horse, A. U. C. 314. Varro. de L. L. 4. l'aL Mai. 6, c. 3. MKLIXANDRUS, a Milesian, who wrote an account of the wars of the Lapithas and Cen- taurs. lian. V. H. 11, c. 2. MELLA, a river of Cisalpine Gaul. Virg. G. 4, v. 278. MEI.L* A.NNJEUS, the father of Lucan. He was accused of being privy to Piso's con- sj iracy against Nero, upon which he opened his veins. 7'acit. 16. ^HIJ. c. 17. MEI.OBOSIS, one of the Oceanides., MELON, aa astrologer, who feigned madness, and burnt his house that he might not go to an expedition, which he knew would be at- tended with great calamities. An in- terpreter of king Darius. Curt. 5, c. 13. MEI.OS, an island between Crete and Pel*- ponnesus, about 24 miles from Scyllaeum, about 60 miles in circumference and of an. oblong figure. It enjoyed its independence for above 700 years before the time of the Peloponnesian war. This island was originally peopled by a Lacedemonian colony, 1116 years before the Christian era. From this reason the inhabitants refused to join the rest of the islands, and the Athenians against tL Peloponnesians. This refusal was severely punished. The Athenians took Melos, and i>ut to the sword all suc'i as weie able to bear M E arms. The women and children were made' Bluves, and the island left desolate. An Athe- nian colony repeopled it, till Lysander recon- quered it and re-established the original in- habitants in their possession. Strab. 7. Mela, 2, c. T. Plin, 4. c. 12. T/iuq/d. 2, &c. MEI.PES, now Melpa, a river of Lucania, falling into the Tyrrhene sea. Plin. 3, c. 5. MELPIA, a village of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 38. MBLPSMENK, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, She presided over tragedy. Horace has addressed the finest of his odes to her, as to the patroness of lyric poetry. She was generally represented as a young woman with a serious countenance. Her garments were splendid ; she wore a buskin, and held a dagger in one hand, and in the other a sceptre and crowns. Horat. 3, od. 4.Hesiod. Theo*. MEMACENI, a powerful nation of Asia, &c. Curt. MEMMIA SULPITIA, a woman who married the emperor Alexander Severus. She died when young. MEMMIA LET, ordained that no one should be entered on the calendar of criminals who was absent on the public accounts. MEMMIUB, a Roman citizen, accused of ambitus. Cic. ad fratrem. 3. A Roman knight, who rendered himself illustrious for his eloquence and poetical talents. He was made tribune, praetor, and afterwards governor of Bithynia. He was accused of extortion in his province and bar.ished by J. Csesar, though Cicero undertook his defence. Lucretius dedicated his poem to him. Cic. in Brut. A Roman of whom Nero observed, that he de- served to be invested with the imperial purple, Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 47. A Roman who ac- cused Jugurtha before the Roman people. A lieutenant of Pompey, 6tc. The family of the Memmii were plebeians. They were de- scepded, according to some accounts, from Mnestheus, the friend of ^Eneas. Hrg. JEn. 5, v. 117. MEMNON, a king of Ethiopia, son of Ti- thonus and Aurora. He came with a body of 10,000 men to assist his uncle Priam, during the Trojan war, where he behaved with great courage, and killed Antilochus, Nestor's BOH. The aged father challenged the iEthio- pian monarch, but Memnon refused it on ac- count of the venerable .age of Nestor, and ac- cepted that of Achilles. He was killed in the combat in the sight of the Grecian and Trojan armies. Aurora was so disconsolate at the death of her son, that she flew to Jupiter all bathed in tears, and begged the god to grant her son such honours as might distinguish him from other mortals. Jupiter consented, and immediately a numerous flight of birds issued from the burning pile on which the body was laid, and, after they bad flown three times round the flames, they divided themselves into two separate bodies, and fought with such bravery that above half of them fell down 400 M E to the fire, as victims to appease the mane of Memnon. These birds were called Mem- nonides, and it has been observed by gome oi the ancients, that they never failed to return yearly to the tomb of Memnon, in Troas, and repeat the same bloody engagement, in ho- nour of the hero, from whom they received their name. The .(Ethiopians or Egyptians, over whom Memnon reigned, erected a cele- brated statue to the honour of their monarch. This statue had the wonderful property of uttering a melodious sound every day, at sunrising, like that which is heard at the breaking of the string of a harp when it is wound up. This was effected by the ray* of the sun when they fell upon it. At the setting of the sun, and in the night, the sound was lugubrious. This is supported by the testimony of the geographer Strabo, who con- fesses himself ignorant whether it proceeded from the basis of the statue, or the people that were then around it. This celebrated statue was dismantled by order of Cambyses, when he conquered Egypt, and its ruins still astonish modern travellers by their grandeur and beauty. Memnon was the inventor of the alphabet, ac- cording to Anticlides, a writer mentioned by Pliny, 7, c. 56. Mosch. in Bum. Ovid. Met 13, v. 578, &ic.jlian. 5, c. 1 . Pans. 1, c. 42. 1. 10, c. 31. Strafe. 13, &c. Juv. 15, v, 5. Philostr. in Apollod.Plin. 36, c. 7. Ho. mer.Od.9. Quint. Calab. A general of the Persian forces, when Alexander invaded Asia. He distinguished himself for his attachment to the interest of Darius, his valour in the field, the soundness of his counsels, and his great sagacity. He defended Miletus against Alex- ander, and died in the midst of his successful enterprises, B. C. 333. His wife Barsine was taken prisoner with the wife of Darius. Diod. 16. A governor of Coelosyria. A man appointed governor of Thrace by Alexander. A man who wrote an history of Heraclea in Pontus, in the age of Au- gustus. MEMPHIS, a celebrated town of Egypt on the western banks of the Nile, above the Delta. It once contained many beautiful tem- ples, particularly those of the god Apis, whose worship was observed with the greatest cere monies. [Vid. Apis.'] It was in the neigh- bourhood of Memphis 'that those famous py- ramids were built, whose grandeur and beauty still astonish the modern traveller. These noble monuments of Egyptian vanity which pass for one of the wonders of the world, are about 20 in number, three of which, by their superior size, particularly claim attention. The largest of these is 481 feet in height measured perpendicularly, and the area of its basis is on 480,249 square feet, or something more than 11 English acres of ground. It has steps all round, with massy and polished stones, so large that the breadth and depth of every step is one single stone. The smallest stone ac- cording to an ancient historian is not less than 30 feet. The number of steps according to n.odern obs '-rations amounts to 20o, a nuirhi'i MB which is not always adhered to by travellers. The place where Memphis formerly stood is not now known, the ruins of its fallen grandeur were conveyed to Alexandria to beautify its palaces, or to adorn the neighbouring cities. %m/>. 17. Mela, 1, c. 9. DM. 1. PhU.in /sio. Herndot.2,-c. 10, &c. Joseph, ant: Jvd. 8. - A nymph, daughter of the Mile, who married Ephesus, by whom she had Libya. She gave her name to the celebrated city of Memphis. Apollod. 2, c. 1. - The wife of Danaus. AwJod. 2, c. 1. MEMPH!T:S, a son of Ptolemy Physcon, king of Egypt. He was put to death by his father. or MENES, the first king of Egypt according to some accounts. MENAI.CAS, a shepherd in Virgil's eclogues. MENALCIDAS, an intriguing Lacedaemonian ir, the time of the famous Achaean league. He was accused before the Romans, and he killed himself. MENALIPPE, a sister of Antiope, queen of the Amazons, taken by Hercules when that hero made war against this celebrated nation. She was ransomed, and Hercules received in exchange the arms and belt of the queen. J>iv. 8, v. 229. A daughter of the Centaur Chiron, beloved and ravished by /Eolus, son of Hellen. She retired into the woods to hide her disgrace from the eyes of her father, and ) meanness and obscurity when she had brought forth she entreated the I MBNCHERES, the 12th king of Memphis. M E lemon, were published by clericua, 8vo. 1709. Quint i/. 10, c. 1. Paterc. 1, c. 16. - A man who wrote an account of embassies, &c. - -A king of Bactria, whose ashes were divided among his subjects, &c. - An historian of Ephesus. - -Another of Pergamus. - An Athenian general defeated at ^Egospotamos by Lysander. -- An Athenian sent to Sicily with N'icias. - A man put to death by Alexander for de- serting a fortress of which he had the com An officer under Mithridates, sent against Lucullus. MENAPII, a people of Belgic Gaul, near the Mosa, C have cause to lament the loss of such valuable writings, when we are told by the ancients that the elegant Terence, so much admired, was in the opinion of his countrymen reckoned inferior to Menander. It is said that Menander drowned himself in the 52d year of his age, B. C. 293, because the compositions of his rival Philemon obtained more applaust; than his own. Only ei^,ht of his numerous comedies were rewarded with a poetical prize. The name of his firthei was Diopythus, and that of his mother He- gistiala His fragments, with those of Phi- 401 MENDFS, a city of Egypt, near Lycopolis, on one of the mouths of the JSile, called the Men- desian mouth. Pan, under the form of a goat, was worshipped there wiih the greatest solemnity. It was unlawful to kiil one of th"se animals, with which the Egyptians were uot ashamed to have public commerce, to theTVis- grace of human nature, from the superstitio ;s notion that such embraces had given birth f the greatest heroes of antiquity, as Alexander, Scipio, &c. Herodot. 2, C. 42 & 46 Strab. 17. DM. 1. MENECT.ES, an orator of Alabanda in Caria, who settled at Rhodes. MENFCMDES, a detractor of the character of Epaminondas. C.Nep. in Epam. MENECRATES, a physician of Syracuse, fa- mous for his vanity and arrogance. He was generally accompanied by some of his patient* whose disorders he had cured. He disguised one in the habit of Apollo, and the other in tbat of JEsculapiusr-while he reserved for him- self the itle and name of Jupiter, whose power was extended over these inferior deities. He crowned himself like the master of the gods, and in a letter which lie wrote to Philip king of Macedon, he stvled himself, in these words. Menecrates Jupiter to king Phili Macedot necrates, greeting The -ered, ~ 'Philip to Me- and better iense. Philip also invited him to one of his feasts, but when the meats were served up, a table was put separate for the'physickn, on which he was served onty with perfumes and frankincense, like the father of the gods. This entertainment displeased Meneciates: be remembered that he was a be remembered D O ME imrta?, and hurried away from the company. He Jived about 360 years before the Christian era. The book which he wrote on cures is lost. JElian. V. H. 10, c. ol. -One of the generals of Seleucus. A physician under Tiberius. A Greek historian of Nysa, dis- ciple to Aristarchus, B. C. 119. Strab'. 16. An Ephesian who wrote on agriculture. Varro. tie R. K. An historian. A man ap- pointed to settle the disputes of the Athe- nians and Lacedaemonians in the 8th year of the Peloponnesian war. An officer in the fleet of I'ompey, the son of Pompey the Great. MENEDEMUS, an officer of Alexander killed by the Daha?. Curt. 7, c. 6. A Socratic philosopher of Eretria, who was originally a tent maker, an employment which he left for the profession of arms. The persuasive elo- quence and philosophical lectures of Plato had such an influence over him that he gave up his offices in the state to cultivate literature. It is said that he died through melancho'y when Antigonus, one of Alexander s generals, had made himself master of his country, B. C. 301, in the 74th year of his age. Some attribute his deatli to a different cause, and say, that he was falsely accused of treason, for which he became so desperate that he died after he had fassed seven days without taking any aliments. Ie was called the Eretrian Bull, on account of his gravity. Strab. 9. Diog. A Cynic phi- losopher of Lampsacus, who said that he was come from hell to observe the sins and wicked- ' ness of mankind. His habit was that of the Furies, and his behaviour was a proof of his ' insanity. He was disciple of Colotes of Lamp- sacus. Ding. An officer of Lucullus. A philosopher of Athens. Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 19. MENEGETAS, a boxer or wrestler in Philip of Macedon's army, &c. Polyten. MENELAI PORTUS, an harbour on the coast of Africa, between Cyrene and Egypt. C. Nep.in Ages. 8. Strab. 1. MENEI.AIA, a festival celebrated at The- rapnae in Laconia, in honour of Menelaus. He had there a temple, where he was wor- shipped with his wife Helen as one of the su- preme gods. MENELAUS, a king of Sparta brother to Aga- memnon. His father's name was Atreus, ac- cording to Homer ; or, according to the more probable opinion of Hesiod, Apollodorus, &c. lie was the son of Plisthenes and ^Erope. [Vid. Pliithenes.'] He was educated* with his brother Agamemnon in the house of Atreus, but soon after the death of this monarch, Thyestes his brother usurped the kingdom and banished the two children of Plistlienes. Menelaus and Agamemnon came to the court of (Kneus king of Calydonia, who treated them with tender- ness and paternal care. From Calydonia they went to Sparta, where like the rest of the Grecian princes, they solicited the marriage of Ha.en the daughter of king Tyndarus. By the artifice and advice of Ulysses, Helen was permitted to choose a husband, and she fixed her eye upon Menelaus and married him, 402 ME after her numerous suitors had solemnly bound themselves by an oatli to defend her, and pro- tect her person against the violence or assault of every intruder. [ Vid. Helena.] As soon as the nuptials were celebrated, Tyndarus re- signed the crown to his son-in-law, and their happiness was complete. This was, however, of short duration ; Helen was the fairest wo- man of the age, and Venus had promised Paris the son of Priam to reward him with such a beauty. [ Vid. Paris.'] The arrival of Paris in Sparta was the cause of great revolutions. TLe absence of Menelaus in Crete gave op- portunities to the Trojan prince to corrupt the fidelity of Helen, and to carry away home what the goddess of beauty had promised to him as his due. This action was highly re- sented by Menelaus; he reminded the Greek princes of their oath and solemn engagements when they courted the daughter of Tyndarus, and immediately all Greece took up arms to defend his cause. The combined forces as- sembled at Aulis in Boeotia, where they chose Agamemnon for their general, and Calchas for tl.eir high priest ; and after their applications to the court of Priam for the recovery of Helen had proved fruitless, they marched to meet their enemies in the field. During the Trojan war Menelaus behaved with great spirit aud courage, and Paris must have fallen by his hand, had not Venus interposed and redeemed him from certain death. He also expressed his wish to engage Hector, but Agamemnon hindered him from fighting with so powerful an adversary. In the tenth year of the Trojr.n war, Helen, as it is reported, obtained the for- giveness -and the good graces of Menelaus, by introducing him with Ulysses the night that Troy was reduced to ashes, into the chamber of Deiphobus, whom she had married after the death of Paris. This perfidious conduct totally reconciled her to her first husband, and she returned with him to Sparta, during a voyage of eight years. He died some time after his return. He had had a daughtei called Hermione, and Nicostratus according to some by Helen, and a son called Megapenthes, by a concubine. Some say that Menelaus went to Egypt on his return from the Trojan war, to obtain Helen, who had been detained there by the king of the country. [Vid. Helena.'] The palace which Meuelaus once inhabited was still entire in the days of Pausanias, as well as die temple which had been raised to his memory by the people of Sparta. Humer. Od. 4, &c. //. 1, &ic.Apotlod. 3,'c. 10. Paw. 3, c. 14 & 19. Dictys. Cret. 2, &c. Virg. JEn. 2, &ic.Quintil. Smyrn. 14. Ovid. Hermd. 5 & 13.Hygin. fab. 79. Eurip. in Iphig. Projiert. 2. Sophocles. A lieutenant of Pto- lemy set over Salamis. Poly&n. Paws. A city of Egypt. Strab. 14. A mathema- tician in the age of the emperor Trajan. MENENJUS AORIPPA, a celebrated Roman who appeased the Roman populace in the infancy of the consular government, by re- peating the well known fable of the belly rjod M E limb*. He flourished 495, B. C. A Roman consul. An insane person in the age of Horace. MENF.PHRON, a man who attempted to offer violence to his own mother. He was changed hito a wild beast. MENES, the first king of Egypt. He built the town of Memphis as it is geneially sup- posed, and deserved by his abilities and popu- larity, to be called a god after death. Herodot. 2, c. 1 & 90. DM. 1 MENESTHEI PORTUS, a town of Hispania Boetica. MENESTEUS,OrMENESTHEUS,OrMNESTHEUS, a son of Pereus, who so insinuated himself into the favour of the people of Athens, that during the long absence of Theseus, he was elected king. The lawful monarch at his re- turn home was expelled, and Mnestheus esta- blished his usurpation by his popularity and great moderation. As he had been one of Helen's suitors, he went to the Trojan war at the head of the people of Athens, and died in his return in the island of Melos. He reigned 23 years, 1205, and was succeeded by Demo- phoou the son of Theseus. Plut. in TTies. A son of Iphicrates who distinguished himself in the Athenian armies. C. Nep. in Tim. MENESTHIUS, a Greek killed by Paris in the Trojan war. MENETAS, a man set governor over Babylon by Alexander. Cure. 5, c. 1. MENINX or LOTOPHAGITIS INSULA, now Zerhi, an island on the coast of Africa, near the Syrtis Minor. It was peopled by the people of Neritos, and thence called Neritia. Plin. 5, c. 7.Strab. 17. Sit. It. 3, v. 318. MENIPPA, one of the Amazons who as- sisted JEetes, &c. MENIPPIDES, a son of Hercules. ApolM. MENIPPUS, a Cynic philosopher of Phoenicia. He was originally a slave, and obtained his liberty with a sum of money, and became one cf the greatest usurers at Thebes. He grew so desperate from the continual reproaches and insults to which he was daily exposed on ac- count of his meanness, that he destroyed him- elf. He wrote 13 books of satires, which have been lost. A native of Stratonice, who was preceptor to Cicero for some time. MENIUS, a son of Lycaon, was changed with Lis father into a wolf, on account of his blasphemies. A Roman plebeian who be- came consul, he was the first who made the rostrum at Rome with the beaks of the enemy's ships. A dictator, who having been ordered to be judged was honourably acquitted. A young Roman spendthrift. HOT. 1, ep. 15, v. 16. MENNIS, a town of Assyria bounding in bitumen. Curt. 5, c. 1. MEXODOTUS, a physician. A Samian historian. MENOICEPS, a Theban, father of Hipponome, Jocasta and Creon. A young Theban, son of Creon He offered himself to death for the Di Manes, when an oracle had ordered the '1 hebans to sacrifice one of the descendants of 403 M E those who sprang from the dragon's teath and he killed himself near the cave where the dragon of Mars had formerly resided. Stat. Theb.Eurip. Phepherds ; he conducted the souls of the dead into the infernal regions, and not only presided over orators, merchants, de- claimers, but he was also the god of thieves, pickpockets, and all dishonest persons. His name is derived a mercibus, because he was the god of merchandize among the Latins. He was born, according to the more received opinion in Arcadia, on mount Collene, and in his infancy he was entrusted to the care of the Seasons. The day that he was born, or more probably the following day, he gave an early proof of his craftiness and dishonesty, in stealing away the oxen of Admetus which Apollo tended. He gave another proof of his thievish propensity, by taking also the quiver and arrows of the divine shepherd, and he in- creased his fame by robbing Neptune of his trident, Venus of her girdle, Mars of his sword, Jupiter of his sceptre, and Vulcan of many of his mechanical instruments. These specimens of his art recommended him to the notice of the gods, and Jupiter took him as his messenger, interpreter, and cup-bearer in the assembly of the gods. This last office he discharged till the promotion of Ganymede. He was presented by the king of heaven with a winged cap, called petasus, and with wings for his feet called talaria. He had also a short sword called herpe, which he lent to Perseus. With these he was enabled to go into whatever part of the universe he pleased with the greatest celerity, and besides he was permitted to make himself invisible, and to assume whatever shape he pleased. As messenger of Jupiter he was entrusted with all his secrets. He was the ambassador and plenipotentiary of the gods, and he was concerned in all alliances and treaties. He was the confidant of Jupiter's amours, and he often was set to watch over the jealousy and intrigues of Juno. The in- vention of the lyre and its seven strings is ascribed to him. This he gave to Apollo, and received in exchange the celebrated caduceus with which the god of poetry used to drive the flocks of king Admetus. [Vid. Caduceus.] In the wars of the giants against the gods, Mer- cury showed himself brave, spirited, and active. He delivered Mars from the long confinement which he suffered from the superior power of the Aloides. He purified the Danaides of the tnurder of their husbands, he tied Ixion to his ^ ) ee 1 in the infernal regions, he destroyed the hundred-ejed Argus, he sold Hercules to Om- pbale the queen of Lydia, he conducted Priam to the tent of Achilles to redeem the body of his eon Hector, and he carried the infant Bac- chus to the nymphs r,f Nysa. Mercury had ME many surnames and epithets. He was called Cyllenius. Caduceator, Acacetos, from Acacus, an Arcaa^n ; Acacesius, Triceplialos, Triplex, Chthonius, Camillus, Agouens, De!ius, Areas, &c. His children are also numerous as well as his amours. He was father of Autolycus, by Chione ; Myrtillus, by Cleobula; Libys, by Libya; Echkm and Eurytus, by Antiani.-a , Cephalus, by Creusa ; Pryiis, by "issa ; and of Priapus, according to some. He was also father of Hermaphroditus, by Venus ; of Eu- dorus, by Polimela ; of Pan, by Driope, o Penelope. His worship was well established, particularly in Greece, Egypt, and Italy. He was worshipped atTanagrain Boeotia, under the name of Criophorus, and represented as carrying a ram on his shoulders, because he delivered the inhabitants from a pestilence by telling them to carry a ram in that manner round the walls of their city. The Roman merchants yearly celebrated a festival on the loth of May, in honour of Mercury, in the temple near the Cir- cus Maximus. A" pregnant sow was then sacri- ficed, and sometimes a calf, and particularly the tongues of animals were offered. After the votaries had sprinkled themselves with water with hvinl leaves, they offered prayers to the divini'y, and intrented him to be favourable to forg've whatever artful measures, false oaths, or falsehoods they had used or uttered in the pursuit of gain. Sometimes Mercury appears on monuments with a large cloak round his arm or tied under his chin. The chief ensigns of his power and officers are his caduceus, his pe- tusas, and his talaria. Sometimes he is repre- sented sitdngupon a cray fish, holdingin one hand his caduceus, and in the other the claws of the fish. At other limes he is likea youngman without a beard, holding in one hand a purse, as being the tutelary god of merchants, with a cock on his wrists as an emblem of vigilance, and at his feet, a goat, a scorpion, and a fly. Some of his statues represented him as a youth fascino erecto. Sometimes he rests his foot upon a tortoise. In Egypt his statues represented him with the head of a dog, whence he was often confounded with Anubis, and received the sa- crifice of a stork. Offerings of milk and honey were made because he was the god of elo- quence, whose powers were sweet and pevsuasi"e. The Greeks and Romans offered tongues to him by throwing them into the fire, as he was the patron of speaking, of which tie tongue is the organ. Sometimes his statues represent him as without arms, because, according to some, the power of speech can prevail over every thing even without the assistance of arms. Homer. Od. 1, &c. //. 1, Inc. Hymn, in Merc. Lucian. in Mart. Dial. Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 667. Met. 1, 4, 11, 14. Martial. 9, ep. 3.5. Stat. Theb. 4.Paus. 1, 7, 8, & 9. Orpheus. Plut. in Num. Varrn. de L. L. 6. Plato in Phaid. Lit). 36.Virg. G. 1. JEn. 1, v. 48. DM. 4 & 5. Apollod. 1, 2, & S.Apotlm. Arg. l.Horat. 1, od. 10,Hygin. fab. P. A. 2. Tzetz. m Lye. 219. Cic. de Nat. D. Laetantinx. Pkifatr^l. Icon. c. 27. ManiL Macrob. 1. Sat. c. 19. Trismegistus, a priest and philosopher of Egypt MF who taught his countrymen how to cultivate the olive, and measure their lands, and to under- stand hieroglyphics. He lived in the age of Osiris, and wrote 40 books on theology, mede- ciue, and geography, for which Sanchoniatbon the Phoenician historian has taken his theogonia. DM. 1 & 5. Ptut. de hid, tt Os.Cic. S, de Nat. D. MERETRIX, a name under which Venus was worshipped at Abydos and at Samos, because both those places had been beneh'tted by the intrigues or the influence of courtezans. Atlien. 13. MEiuSNES, a charioteer of Idomeneus king of Crete, during the Trojan war, son of Molus a Cretan prince, and Melphidis. He signalized himself before Troy, and fought with Deiphobus the son of Priam, whom he wounded. He was greatly admired by the Cretans, who even paid him divine honours after death. Harat. 1, od. 6, v. 15. Homer. U. 2, &c.Dictys. Cret. 1, &c. Ovid. Met. 13, fab. 1. A brother of Jason son of ./Eson, famous for his great opulence and for his avarice. MERMEROS, a centaur. -A Trojan killed by Antilochus. A son of Jason and Medea, who was father to llus of Corinth. MERMNADJE, a race of kings in Lydia of which Gyges was the first. They sat on the Lydian throne till the reign of Croesus, who was conquered by Cyrus king of Persia. They were descendants of the HeraclWae, and probably re- < -tired the name of Mermnadae, from Mermoas, one of their own family. There were descended rx>m Lemnos, or according to others, Agelaus, the son of Omphale by Hercules. Heiodot. 1, c. 7 & 14. MERGE, an island of .'Ethiopia, with a town of the same name. Its original name was Saba, and Cambyses gave it that of Meroe from his sister. Strab. 17. Herod.it. 2, c. SI. Mela, 1. MEROPE, one of the Atlantides. She married Sisyphus son of jEolus, and like her sisters, was changed into a constellation after death. [ I'id. Piei:ides.~\ It is said, that in the constellation of the Pleiades, the star of Merope appears more dim and obscure than the rest, because she as the poets observe, married a mortal, while her sisters married some of the gods, or their descendants. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 175. Diod. 4. Hygin. fab. 192. Ap>.>llod. 1, c. 9. A daughter of Cypselus, who married Cresphonces king of Messenia,by whom she had three children. Her husband and two of her children were mur- dered by Polyphonies. The murderer obliged her to marry him, and she would have been forced to comply, had not Epytus, or Telephonies her 3d son revenged his father's death by assassinating Polyphonies. Apolhd. 2, c. 6. Paws. 4, c. 3. A daughter of CEnopion beloved by Orion. Apullod. 1, c. 4. A daughter of the Cebremis, who married ^Esacus the son of Priam. A daughter of Erechtheus mother of Dasdalus. Pint, m Thes. A daughter of Pandarus. A daughter of the river Sangarius, who mar- ried king Priam. MEKOPS, a king of the island of Cos, who married Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He 4O5 M E was changed into an eagle, and placed amoag the constellations. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 763. . 5. Hygin. - A celebrated soothsayer of Percosus in "Proas, who foretold the death of his sons Adrastus and Amphius, who were engaged in the Trojan war. They slighted their lather's advice, and were killed by Dio- medes. Homer. II. 2- - One of the compa- nions of jEneas killed by Turnus. Virg. n. 9, v. 702. MEROS, a mountain of India sacred to Jupi- ter. It is called by Pliny, 6 c. 21, Nysa. Bac- chus was educated upon it, whence arose the fable that Bacchus was confined in the thigh (/ijpoc) of his father. Meia, 2, c. 7. Curt. 8 c. 10. Diod. 1. MERUI.A CORN, a Roman who fought against the Gauls, and was made consul by Octavius in the place of Cinna. He some time after killed himself in despair, &c. Plat MESABATES, an eunuch in Persia, flayed alive by order of Parysatis, because he had cut off the head and right hand of Cyrus. Plut. in Arias. MESABIUS, a mountain of Boeotia hanging over the Euripus. Pans. 9, A 22. MESA PI A, an ancient name of Bo-otia. MESAURIUS, a servant of Eumasus, the stew- ard of Ulysses. Homer. Od. 14, v. 449. MESEMBHIA, a maritime city of Thrace. Hence Mesembraicus. - Another at the uiouth of the LissuB. MESENE, a country near the Tigris. MESOMEDES, a lyric poet in the age of the emperor Antoninus. MESOPOTAMIA, a country of Asia, which re- ceives its name from its situation between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. It is yearly inun- dated by the Euphrates, and the water properly conveyed over the country by canals. It is now called Diarlac. Strab. 2. Mela, 1, c. 11. Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 52. MESSALA, a name of Valerius Corvinus, from his having conquered Messana in Sicily. This family was very ancient ; the most celebrated were a friend of Brutus, who seized the camp of Augustus at Philippi. He was afterwards reconciled to Augustus, and died A. D. 9, in his 77th year. Plut. - The father of Valeria who married the dictator Syila. L. - A great flatterer at the court of Tiberius. - A gover- nor of Syria. - A tribune in one of the Roman legions during the civil war between Vespasian and Yitellius, of which he wrote an histories 1 account, mentioned by Tacitus. Orat. 14. -- A consul with Domitius, &c. - A painter at Rome who flourished B. C. 235. - A writer whose- book de Aiigusti Progenie was edited 12mo. L. Bat. 1648. MESSALINA VALKRIA, a daughter of Messala Barbatus. She married the Emperor Claudius, and disgraced herself by her cruelties and in- continence. Her husband's palace was not the only seat of her lasciviousness, but she prosti- tuted herself in the public streets, and few men theie were at Rome who could not boast of having enjoyed the favours of the impure Mes- salina. Her extravagancies at last irritated her ME husband ; he commanded her to appear before him to answer to all the accusations which were brought against her ; upon which she attempted to destroy herself, and when her courage failed, one of the tribunes who had been sent to her, dispatched her with his sword, A. D. 48. It is in speaking of her debaucheries and lewdness, that a celebrated satirist says, Et lassata viris, recdum satiata, recesi,it. Juv. Tacit. Ann. 11, c. 37. Suet, in Claud. Di). Another, caJled also Statilia. She was descended of a consular family, and married the consul Atticus Vistinus, whom Nero murdered. She received with great marks of tenderness her husband's murderer, and married him. She had married four husbands before she came to the imperial throne ; and after the death of Nero, she retired to literary pursuits and peace- ful occupations. Otho courted her, and would have married her, had he not destroyed him- self. In his dying moments, he wrote her a pathetic and consolatory letter, &c. Tacit. Ann. MESSALINUS M. VALER, a Roman officer in the reign of Tiberius. He was appointed go- vernor of Dalmatia, and rendered himself known by his opposition to Piso, and by his at- tempts to persuade the Romans of the necessity of suffering women to accompany the camps on their different expeditions. Tacit. AMI. 3. One of Domitiau's informers. A flatterer of the emperor Tiberius. MEISANA, an ancient and celebrated town of Sicily on the strr.ights which separate Italy from Sicily. It was anciently called Zancle, and was founded 1600 years before the Chris- tian era. The inhabitants, being continually exposed to the depredations of the people of Cuma, implored the assistance of the Messe- nians of Peloponnesus, and with them repelled the enemy. After this victorious campaign, the Messenians entered Zancle, and lived in euch intimacy with the inhabitants, that they changed their name, and assumed that of the Alesseuians, and called their city Messana. Another account says, that Anaxilaus, tyrant of Rhegium, made war against the Zancleans with the assistance of the Mebsenians of Peloponne- sus, and that after he had obtained a decisive lictory, he called the conquered city Messana b compliment to his allies, about 494 years be- fore the Christian era. After this revolution at Zancle, the Mamertini took possession of it, nd made it the capital of the neighbouring iountry. [Vld. Namertini.~\ It afterwards fell into the hands of Ihe Romans, and was for some time the chief of their possessions in Si- cily. The inhabitants were called Messenii, Messanienses, and Mamertini. The straights of Messana have always been looked upon as very dangerous, especially by the ancients, on account of the rapidity of the currents, and the irregular and violent flowing and ebbing of the sea. Strab. 6. Mela, 2, c. 7. Pans. 4, c. 23. Diod. 4. Thucyd. 1, &c. Herod, ti, c. 23. 1. 7, c. 28. 406 ME MESSAPIA, a country of Italy, between Ta- rentum and Brundusium. It is the same as Calabria. It received its name from Messapus, the son of Neptune, who left a part of Bceotia called Messapia, and came to Italy, where he assisted the Rutulians against yEneas. Virg. J*.7, v. 691. MESSATIS, a town of Achaia. Paws. 7. c. 18. MESSE, a town in the island of Cythera. Stat.l. Theb. 4, v. 226. MESSEIS, a fountain of Thessaly. Strab. 9. MESSENE, a daughter of Triopas, king of Argos, who married Polycaon, son of Lelex, king of Laconia. She encouraged her husband to levy troops, and to seize a part of Pelopon- nesus, which, after it had been conquered, re- ceived her name. She received divine honours after death. Paus. 4, c. 1, &c. MESSENE or M ESSEN A, a city in the Pelo- ponnesus, the capital of the country called Mes- senia. The inhabitants have rendered them- selves famous for the war which they carried on against the Spartans, and which received the appellation of the Messenian war. The first Messeniau war arose from the following cir- cumstances : The Messenians offered violence to some Spa: tan women who had assembled to offer sacrifices in a temple which was common to both nations, and which stood on the borders of their respective territories ; and, besides, they killed Teleclus, the Spartan king, who at- tempted to defend the innocence of the females. This account, according to the Spartan tradi- tions, is contradicted by the Messenians, who observe that Teleclus, with a chosen body of Spartans, assembled at the temple before men- tioned, disguised in women's clothes, and all secretly armed with daggers. This hostile pre- paration was to surprise some of the neighbour- ing inhabitants, and in a quarrel which soon after arose, Teleclus and his associates were all killed. These quarrels were the cause of the first Messenian war, which began B. C. 743 years. It was carried on with vigour and spirit on both sides ; and after many obstinate and bloody battles had been fought and continued for 19 years, it was at last finished by die tak- in? of "ithome by the Spartans, a place which had stood a siege of ten years, and been de- fended with all the power of the Messenians. The insults to which the conquered Me? senians were continually exposed, at last excited thei resentment, and they resolved to shake off thr Sike. They suddenly revolted, and the second essenian war was begun 685 B. C. and conti- nued 14 years. The. Messenians at first gained some advantages, but a fatal battle in the third year of the war so totally disheartened them that they fled to Ira, where they resolved to maintain an obstinate siege against their victo nous pursuers. The Spartans were assisted by the Samians in besieging Ira, and the Messe- nians were at last obliged to submit to the su- perior power of their adversaries. The taking of Ira by the Lacedaemonians, after a siege of 11 years, put an end to the second Messenian war. Peace was re-established for some time ME hi Peloponnesus; but after the expiration of 8(X) years, the Messenians attempted a third time to free themselves from tint power of La- cedsemon, B. C. 46.3. At that ame the Helots had revolted from the Spartan i, and the Mes- senians, by joining their forces to these wretched slaves, looked upon their respective calamities as common, and thought themselves commonly interested in each others welfare. The Lace- daemonians were assisted by the Athenians, but they soon grew jealous of one another's power, and their political connection ended in the most inveterate enmity, and at last open war. Ithome was the place in which the Messenians had a se- cond time gathered all their forces, and though ten years had already elapsed, both parties seemed equally confident of victory. The Spar- tans were afraid of storming Ithome, as the oracle of Delphi had threatened them with the greatest calamities if they offered any violence to a place which was dedicated to the service of Apollo. The Messenians, however, were soon obliged to submit to their victorious ad- versaries, H. C. 453 ; and they consented to leave their native country, and totally to depart from the Peloponnesus, solemnly promising, that if they ever returned into Messenia, they would suffer themselves to be sold as slaves. The Messenians, upon this, miserably exiled, applied to the Athenians for protection, and were permitted to inhabit Naupactus, whence some of them were afterwards removed to take possession of their ancient territories in Messe- nia, during the Peloponnesian war. The third Messenian war was productive of great revolu- tions in Greece ; and though almost a private quarrel, it soon engaged the attention of all the neighbouring states, and kindled the flames of dissension every where. Every state took up arms as if in its own defence, or to prevent ad- Utional power and dominion to be lodged in die hands of its rivals. The descendants of the Messenians at last returned to Peloponnesus, B. C. 370, after a long banishment of 300 years. Paut. Mest. &c. Justin, 3, c. 4, &cc. Strab. 6, &c. TJmcyd. 1, &c. DM. 11, &c. Plut. in dm. &c. Polyeen. 3. Polyb. 4, &c. MESSENIA, a province of Peloponnesus, situ- ate between Laconia, Elis, Arcadia, and the sea. Its chief city is Messena. rid. Messene. MESTOK, a son of Perstus. Of Pterilaus. Of_Priam. Apollrf. MESULA, a town of Italy, in the country of the Sabines. METABUS, a tyrant of the Privernates. He was father of Camilla, whom he consecrated to the service of Diana, when he had been ba- nished from his kingdom, by his subjects. Virg. Mn. 11, v. 540. MKTAGITNIA, a festival in honour of Apollo, celebrated by the inhabitants of Melite, who migrated to Attica. It receives its name from its being observed in the month called Metagit- nion. MBTANIRA, the wife of CHeus, king of Eleu- sis, who first taught mankind agriculture. Apol- lad. l,c. 5. MuTAyouTt M, a town of Lucania in Italy, 407 ME foanded about 1269 yearn B. C. by Metabus, the father of Camilla or Epeus, one of the com- panions of Nestor. Pythagoras retired there for some time, and perished in a sedition. Strab. 5. Mela, 2, c. 4. Justin. 12, c. 2. METAPONTL-S, a son of Sisyphus, who mar- ried Theana. Vid. Theana. Hygin. fab. 186. METAURUS, a town with a small river of the same name in the country of the Brutii. The river Metaurus falls into the Adriatic. Mela, 2, c. 4. Lucan. 2, v. 495. METELLA, the wife of Sylla. METELLI, the surname of the family of Cae- cilii at Rome, the most known of whom were, a general who defeated the Achseans, took Thebes, and invaded Macedonia, &c. Q. Cfecilius, who rendered 'himself illustrious by his successes against Jugurtha the Numidian king, from which, he was surnamed A T umi- dicits. He took, in this expedition, the cele- brated Marius as his lieutenant, and he hud soon cause to repent of the confidence he had placed in him. Marius raised himself to power by defaming the character of his benefactor, and Metellus was recalled to Rome, and ac- cused of extortion and ill management. Ma- rius was appointed successor to finish the Nu- midian war ; and Metellus was acquitted of the crimes laid to his charge before the tribunal of the Roman knights, who observed that the pro- bity of his whole life, and the greatness of his exploits, were greater proofs of his innocence, than the most powerful arguments. Another who saved from the flames the Palladium, when Vesta's temple was on fire. He was then high priest. He lost his sight and one of his arms in doing it; and the senate, to reward his zeal and piety, permitted him always to be drawn to the senate-house in a chariot, an ho- nour which no one had ever before enjoyed. He also gained a great victory over the Cartha- ginians, &c. Q. Caecilius Celer, another who distinguished himself by his spirited exertions against Catiline. He married the sister of Clo- dius, who disgraced him by her incontinence and lasciviousness. He died 57 years before Christ. He was greatly lamented by Cicero, who shed tears at the loss of one of his most faithful and valuable friends. L. Ceecilius, a tribune in the civil wars of J. Caesar and Poin- pey. He favoured the cause of Pompey, and opposed Caesar when he entered Rome with a victorious army. He refused to open the gates of Saturn's temple, in which were deposited great treasures, upon which they were broke open by Caesar, and Metellus retired when threatened with death. Q. Caecilius, a war- like general who conquered Crete and Macedo- nia, and was surnamed Macedonian*. He hud four sons, of which three were consuls, and the other obtained a triumph, all during their fa- ther's lifetime. A general of the Homan. armies against the Sicilians and Carthaginians. Before he marched, he offered sacrifices to all the gods, except Vesta, for which neglect the god- dess was so incensed, that she demanded the blood of his daughter Metella. When Metella wag going to be immolated, the godduw placed ME a heifer in her place, and carried her to a temple nt Lanuvium, of which she became the priestess Lucius Ca:c. was surnamed Creticus from his conquest in Crete, B. C. 66. Another, surnamed Dalmaticus, from his conquest over Dalmatia. Cimber, one of the conspirators against J. Caesar. It was lie who gave the sig- nal to attack and murder the dictator in the se- nate-house. Pius, a general in Spain against Sertorius, on whose head he set a price of 100 talents and 20,000 acres of land. A consul who commanded in Africa, &c. Val. Mca. Ptin. P'ut. Liv. Paterc. 2. Flar. 3, c. 8. Pans. 7, c. 8 & 13. Cic. in Tnsc. &cc.Juv. 3} v. 138. Appian. CAv.Casar Belt. Civ.Sallust. in Jug* METHARMA, a daughter of Pygmalion, king of Cyprus, and mother of Adonis by Cinyras, &c. Apollod. 3, c. 14. METHION, the father of Phorbas, &c. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 3. METHODIUS, a bishop of Tyre, who main- tained a controversy against Porphyry. The best edition is that of Paris, fol. lti.j>7. METHSNE, a town of Peloponnesus, where king Philip gained his first battle over the Athe- nians, B. C. 360. A town of Macedonia south of PeJla, in the siege of which, accord- ing to Justin. 7, c. 6. Philip lost his right fye. Another in Magnesia. Hcmer. II. 2, v. 71. METHYDRIUM, a town of Peloponnesus near Megalopolis. MKTHYMNA, a town of the island of Lesbos, which receives its name from a daughter of Ma- careus. It is the second city of the island in greatness, population, and opulence, and its territory is fruitful, and the wines it produces excellent. It was the native place of Arion. When the whole island of Lesbos revolted from the power of the Athenians, Methymna alor.e remained firm to its ancient allies. Diod. 5. Thucyd. S.Horat. 2. Sat. 8, v. 50. Firg. G. 3, v. 90. METIADUSA, a daughter of Eupalamus, who married Cecrops, by whom she had Pandion. ApolM. 3, c. 15. METILIA LEX, was enacted A. U. C. 536, to settle the power of the dictator, and of his mas- ter of herse within certain bounds. METILII, a Roman family brought from Alba to Rome by Tullus Hostilius. Dionys. Hal. METILICS, a man who accused Fabius Maxi- mus before the senate, &c. METIOCHUS, a son of Miltiades, who was taken by the Phoenicians, and given to Darius king of Persia. He was tenderly treated by the monarch, though his father had conquered the Persian armies in the plains ot Marathon. Plut. Herodot. 6, c. 41. An Athenian en- trusted with the care of the roads, &c. METION, a son of Erechtheus king of Athens and Praxithea. He married Alcippe, daugh- ter of Mars and Agraulos. His sons drove Pandion from the throne of Athens, and were afterwards expelled by Pandion'a children. Apolted.Z.c. 15. Paus. 2,c.6. M B METIS, oae of the Oceaaides. She was Ju- piter's first wife, celebrated for her great pru- dence and sagacity above the rest of the gods. Jupiter, who was afraid lest she should bring forth into the world a child more cunning and greater than himself, devoured her in the first month of her pregnancy. Some time after this adventnre, the god had" his head opened, from which issued Minerva armed from head to foot. According to Apollodorus, 1, c. 2. Me- tis gave a potion to Saturn, and obliged him to throw up the children he had de voured. Hesiad. Theog. Apollod. 1, c. 3. Hygm. METISCUS, a charioteer to Turnus. Virg. n. 12, v. 469. METII s CURTIUS, one of the Sabines, who fought against the Romans on account of the stolen virgins. MET i us SUFFETIUS, a dictator of Alba, in the reitrn of Tullus Hostilius. He fought against the Romans, and at last, finally to settle their disputes, he proposed a single combat be- tween the Horatii and Curatii. The Albans were conquered, and Metius promised to assist the Romans against their enemies. In a battle against the Veientes and Fidenates, Metius showed Ins infidelity by forsaking the Romans at the tirst onset, aud retired to a neighbouring eminence, to wait for the event of the battle, and to fall upon whatever side proved victo- rious. The Romans obtained the victory, and Tullus ordered Metius to be tied between two chariots, which were drawn by four horses two different ways, and his limbs were torn away from his body, about 669 years before the Chris- tian era. Liu. 1, c. 23, &c. Flar. 1, c. 3. Virg. j n . 8, v. 642. A critic. Vid. Tarpa. Carus. a celebrated informer under Domi- tian, who enriched himself with the plunder of those who were sacrificed to the emperor's sus- picion. METCECIA, festivals instituted by Theseus in commemoration of the people of Attica having removed to Athens. MET ON, an astrologer and mathematician of Athens. His father's name was Pausanias. He refused to go to Sicily with his countrymen, and pretended to be insane, because he forsaw the calamities that attended that expedition. In a book called Enneadecaterides, or the cycle of 19 jears, he endeavoured to adjust the course of the sun and of the moon, and sup- ported that the solar and lunar years could regularly begin from the same point in the heavens. This is called by the moderns tl/e golden numbers. He flourished B. C. 43?. Vitruv. 1. Plut. in Nicia. A native of Tarentum, who pretended to be intoxicated that he might draw the attention of his countrymen, when he wished to dissuade them from making an alliance with king Pyrrhus. Plut. in Pyrr. METOPE, the wife of the river Sangarius. She was mother of Hecuba. The daughter of Ladon, who married the Asopus. A river of Arcadia. METRA, a daughter of Ereeichthon, a The? M I Relian prince, beloved by Neptune. When her father had spent all his fortune to gratify the canine hunger under which he laboured- she prostituted herself to her neighbours, and received for reward, oxen, goats, and sheep, which she presented to Eresichthon. Som say that she had received from Neptune the power of changing herself into whatever animal she pleased, and that her father sol' her continually to gratify his hunger, and tha she instantly assured a diiferent shape an i became again his property. Ovid. Met. 8 fab. 21. METRAGVRTE, one of the names of Tellu- or Cybeie. METROBIUS, a player greatly favoured bv Syila. Pint. METROCLES, a pupil of Theophrastus, whn had the care of the education of Cleombrotu- and Cleomenes. He suffocated himself when old and infirm. Diog. METRODORUS, a physician of Chios, B. C. *44. He was disciple of Democritus, and ha 1 Hippocrates among his pupils. His com- positions on medicine, &c. are lost. He sup- ported that the world was eternal and in- finite, and denied the existence of motion. D'uw. A painter and philosopher of Stra- tonice, B. C. 171. He was sent to Paulus 'Emilius, who after the conquest of Perseus, (remanded of the Athenians a philosopher and a painter, the former to instruct his children , and the latter to make a painting of his tri- umphs. Metrodorus was sent, as in him alone were united the philosopler and the painter. Cic. 5, d Finib. 1, de Oral. 4, Acad.Diog. i,, Epic. A friend of Mithridates, sent as am- bassador to Tigranes, king of Armenia. He was remarkable for his learning, moderation, humanity, and justice. He was put to death by his royal master for his infidelity, B. C. 72. Strub. Plut. METROFHANES, an officer of Mithridates, who invaded Lubcea, &c. METROPOLIS, a town of Phrygia on the Mwander. Another of Thessaly, near PhmaS*. METTIUS, a chief of the Gauls, imprisoned by J. Caesar. Cox. belt. G. MEVANIA, a town of Umbria. Lucan. 1, v. 473. M T v i v s, a wretched poet. Vid. Maevius. MEZENTIUS, a king of the Tyrrhenians when ^Eneas came into Italy. He was re- markable for his cruelties, and put his subjects to death by slow tortures, or sometimes, tied a man to a dead corpse face to face, and suffered him to die in that condition. He was expelled by his subjects and fled to Tumus, who employed him in his war against the Trojans. He was killed by ^Eneas. Dimiys. 1, c. 15. Justin. 43, c. 1. Liv. 1, c. 2. Virg:,i. 7, v. 648. 1. 8, v. 482. Ovid. Fait. 4. v. 881. MICEA, a virgin of Elis, murdered by a soldier, &c. WICIPSA, a king of Numidia, son of Masi- nit>sa, who, at his death, B. C. 119, left his 409 M I kingdom between his sons Adherbal and Hyempsal, and his nephew Jugurtha. Ju- gurtha abused his uncle's favours by murdering his two sons. Sallust. de Jug. Flat. 3, c. 1. Plut. MICYTHTJS, a youth through whom an at- tempt was made to bribe Epaminondas. C. Nep. A slave of Anaxilaus, of Rhegium. Htndat. c. 170. MIDAS, a king of Phrygia, son of Gordius or Gorgias. In the early part of his life, ac- cording to some traditions, he found a large treasure, to which he owed his greatness and opulence. The hospitality he shewed to Si- lenus, the preceptor of Bacchus, who had been brought to him by some peasants, was liberally rewarded, and Midas, when he con- ducted back the old man to the god, was permitted to choose whatever recompence he pleased. He had the imprudence and the avarice to demand of the god that whatever he touched might be turned into gold. His prayer was granted, but he was soon convinced of his injudicious choice, and when the very meats which he attempted to eat became gold in his mouth, he begged Bacchus to take away a present which must prove so fatal to the receiver. He was ordered to wash himself in the river Pactolus, whose sands were turned into gold by the touch of Midas. Some time after this adventure Midas had the imprudence to support that Pan was superior to Apollo in singing and playing upon the flute, for which rash opinion the offended god changed his ears into those of an ass, to shew his ignorance and stupidity. This, Midas attempted to conceal from the knowledge of his subjects, but one of bis servants saw the length of his ears, and being unable to keep the secret, and afraid to reveal it, apprehensive of the king's resentment, he opened a hole in the earth and after he had whispered there that Midas had the ears of an ass, he covered the place as before, as if he had buried his words in the ground. On that place, as the poets mention, grew a number of reeds, which when agitated by the wind uttered the same sound that had been buried beneath, and published to the world that Midas had the ears of an .ass. Some explain the fable of the ears of Midas, by the supposition that he kept a number of in- formers and spies, who were con tinunlly em- ployed in gathering every seditious word that might drop from the mouths of his subjects. Midas, according to Strabo, died of drinking bull's hot Mood. This he did, as Plutarch mentions, to free himself from his numerous iL' dreams which continually tormented him. Midas, according to some, was son of Cybele. He built a town which he called Ancyrse. Ovitl. Met. 11, fab. 5. Pint, de Snpent.Strab. l.H^in. fab. 191. 3/ai. TV. 30. Pans. I, c. 4. VuL Max. 1, c. 6.Hendot. 1, c. 14. JElian. V. H. 4 & 12. Cic. de Div. 1, &c. MIDEA, a town of Argolis. Pans. 6. c. 20 Of Lycia. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 45 Of Bceotia drowned by the inundations of the lake Copal. MI Slrub. 3. A nymph who had Aspledon by Neptune. Pans. 9, c. 38. A mistress of Electryon. ApoltotL MILANION, a youth who became enamoured of Atalanta. Ovid. Art. Ann. %, v. 188. A son of Amphidamas. MILESII, the inhabitants of .Vfiletus. Vid. Miletus. MILESIORUM MURUS, a place of Egypt at the entrance of one of the mouths of the Nile. MILESIUS, a surname of Apollo. A na- tive of Miletus. MILETIA, one of the daughters of Scedasus, ravished with her sister by some yonng Thebans. MILETIUM, a town of Calabria, built by the people at Miletus of Asia. A town of Crete. MILETUS, a son of Apollo, who fled from Crete to avoid the wrath of Minos, whom he meditated to dethrone. He came to Caria, where he built a city which he called by his own name. Some suppose that he only con- ?uered a city there, which assumed his name, 'hey farther say, that he put the inhabitants to the sword, and divided the women among his soldiers. A woman called Cyanea fell to his share. Strab. U.Ouid. Met. 9, v. 446. Fans. 7, c. 2. Apollod. 3, c. 1. A cele- brated town of Asia Minor, the capital of all Ionia, situate about ten stadia south of the rr.outh of the river Maeander near the sea- coast, on the confines of Ionia and Caria. It was founded by a Cretan colony under Miletus, or, according tr others, by Ne'ieus, the son of Codrus, or by Sarpedon, Jupiter's son. It has successively been tailed Lelegeis, Pithyusa, and Anactoria. The inhabitants, called Mi- lesii, were very powerful, and long maintained an obstinate war against the kings of Lydia. They early applied themselves to navigation, and planted no less than 80 colonies, or, ac- cording to Seneca, 380, in different parts of the world. Miletus gave birth to Thales, Anax- imenes, Anaximander, Hecateeus, Timotheus the musician, Pittacus one of the seven wise men, &c. Miletus was also famous for a temple and an oracle of Apollo Didymaeus, and for its excellent wood. Virg. G. 3, v. 306. Strab. 1.5. Paws. 7, c. 2. Mela, 1, c. 17. Plin. 5, c. 29. Herodat. 1, &.c.Smec. de Cmsol. ad Alb. Mi LI AS, apart of Lycia. MILICHUS, a freedman who discovered Piso's conspiracy against Nero. Tacit. 15. Ann. c. 54. MILINUS, a Cretan king, &c. MILIONIA, a town of the Samnites taken by the Romans. MILO, a celebrated athlete of Crotona in Italy. His father's name was Diotimus. He early accustomed himself to carry the greatest burdens, and by degrees became a mouster in streiigth. It is said that he carried on his shoulders a young bullock 4 years old, for above 40 yards, and afterwards killed it with &ue blow of his fist, and eat it up in one day. 410 M 1 He was seven tiroes crowned at the Pythi* games, and six at Olympia. He presented him- self a seventh time, but no one had the courage or boldness to enter the lists against him. He was one of the disciples of Pythagoras, and to his uncommon strength the learned preceptor and his pupils owed their life. The pillar which supported the roof of the school suddenly gave way, but Milo supported the whole weight of the building, and gave the philosopher and his auditors time to escape. In bis old age Milo attempted to pull up a tree by the roots and break it. He partly effected it, but his strength became gradually exhausted, ths tree when half cleft re-united, and his hands remained pinched in the body of the tree. He was then alone, and being unable to disentangle himself, he was eaten up by the wild beasts of the place, about 500 years before the Christian era. Ovid. Met. 15. Cze. de Senect. Val. MOT. 9, c. 12. Strah. 16. Paiw. 6, c. 11. T. An- nius, a native of Lanuvium, who attempted to obtain the consulship at Rome by intrigue and seditious tumults. Clodius the tribune opposed his views, yet Milo would have succeeded, had not an unfortunate event totally frustrated his hopes. As he was going into the country, at- tended by his wife and a numerous retinue of gladiators and servants, he met on the Appian road his enemy Clodius, who was returning to Rome with three of his friends and some do- mestics completely armed. A quarrel arose between the servants. Milo supported his at tendants, and the dispute became general. Clo- dius received many severe wounds, and was obliged to retire to a neighbouring cottage. Milo pursued his enemy in his retreat, and ordered his servants to dispatch him. Eleven of tlu servants of Claudius shared his fate, as also the owner of the house who had given them recep- tion. The body of the murdered tribune WHS carried to Rome, and exposed to public view. The enemies of Milo inveighed bitterly against the violence and barbarity with which the sacred person of a tribune had been treated. Cicero undertook the defence of Milo ; but the conti nual clamours of the friends of Clodius, and the sight of an armed soldiery, which surrounded the seat of judgment, so terrified the orator, that he forgot the greatest part of his arguments, and the defence he made was weak and injudi- cious. Milo was condemned, and banished to Massilia. Cicero soon after sent his exiled friend a copy of the oration which he had de- livered in his defence, in the form in which we have it now, and Milo, after he had read it, exclaimed, Ciceni, hadst thon spoken before my accusers in these terms, Miio would not be now eat- ing fgs at Marseilles. The friendship and cor- dial'ity of Cicero and Milo were the fruits of long intimacy and famiiiar intercourse. It was by the successful labours of Milo that the orator was recalled from banishment and restored to his fnends. Cic pro Milan. Paterc. 2, c. 47 & 68. Dio. 40.- A general of the forces of Pyrrhus. He was made governor of Tarentom, and that he might be reminded of his duty 10 his sovereign, Pyrrhus sent him as a present a M I chain, which was covered with the skin of Ni- cias the physician, who had perfidiously offered the Romans to poison his royal master for a sum of money. Polyan. 8, &c. A tyrant of Pisa, in Elis, thrown into the river Alpheus oy his subjects for his oppression. Ovid, in Ib. v. 325. MILONIUS, a drunKen buffoon at Rome, ac- customed to dance when intoxicated. Horat. %, Sat. 1, v. 24. MILTAS, a soothsayer, who assisted Dion in explaining prodigies, &c. MILTIADES, an Athenian, son of Cypselus, who obtained a victory in a chariot race at the Olympic games, and led a colony of his country- men to the Chersonesus. The causes of this appointment are striking and singular. The Thracian Dolonci, harassed by a long war with the Absynthians, were directed by the oracle of Delphi to take for their king the first man they met in their return home, who invited them to come under his roof and partake of his enter- tainments. This was Miltiades, whom the ap- pearance of the Dolonci, their strange arms and garments had struck. He invited them to his house, and was made acquainted with the com- mands of the oracle. He obeyed, and when the oracle of Delphi had approved a second time the choice of the Dolonci, he departed for the Chersonesus, and was invested by the in- habitants with sovereign power. The first measure he took was to stop the further incur- sions of the Absynthians, by building a strong wall across the isthmus. When he had esta- blished himself at home, and fortified his do- minions'against foreign invasion, he turned his arms against Lampsacus. His expedition was unsuccessful ; he was taken in an ambuscade and made prisoner. His friend Croesus, king of Lydia, was informed of his captivity, and he procured his release by threatening the people of Lampsacus with his severest displeasure. He lived a few years after he had recovered his liberty. As he had no issue, he left his kingdom and possessions to Stesagoras, the sou of Cimon, who was his brother by the same mother. The memory of Miltiades was grea'.ly honoured by the Dolonci, and they regularly celebrated festivals, and exhibited shows in commemoration of a man to whom they owed their greatness and preservation. Some time after, Stesagoras died without issue, and Mil- tiades, the son of Cimon, and the brother of the deceased, was sent by the Athenians with one ship, to take possession of the Chersonesus. At his arrival Miltiades appeared mournful, as if lamenting the recent death of his brother. The principal inhabitants of the country visited the new governor to condole with him ; but their confidence in his sincerity proved fatal to them. Mildades seized their persons, and made himself absolute in Chersonesus, and to strengthen himself he married Hegesipyla, the daughter of Olorus the King of the Thracians. His triumph was short. In the third ye;ir of his government his dominions were threatened by an invasion of the Scythian Nomades, whom Darius had some time before iiritated by enter- 411 M I ng their country. He fled before them, but a their hostilities were of short duration, he w& soon restored to his kingdom. Three years after he left Chersonesus and set sail for Athens, where tie was received with great applause. He was present at the celebrated battle of Ma- rathon, in which all the chief officers ceded their power to him, and left the event of the battle to depend upon his superior abilities. He obtained an important victory [ Vid. Mara- thoti] over the more numerous forces of his ad- versaries ; and when he had demanded of Ins fellow-citizens an olive crown as the reward of s valour in the field of battle, he was not only refused, but severely reprimanded for pre- sumption. The only reward, therefore, that he received for a victory which proved so benefi- cial to the interests of universal Greece, was in itself simple and inconsiderable, though truly jreat in the opinion of that age. He was re- presented in the front of a picture, among the rest of the commanders who fought at the battle of Marathon, and he seemed to exhort and aiii> mate his soldiers to fight with courage and in- trepidity. Some time after, Miltiades was en. trusted with a fleet of 70 ships, and ordered to punish those islands which had revolted to tha Persians. He was successful at first, but a sudden report that the Persian fleet was coming to attack him, changed his operations as he was besieging Paros. He raised the siege and returned to Athens, where he was accused of treason, and particularly of holding correspond- ence with the enemy. The falsity of these ac- cusations might have appeared, if Miltiades had been able to come into the assembly. A wound which he had received before Paros, detained him at home ; and his enemies, taking advantage of his absence, became more eager in their ac- cusations, and louder in their clamours. He . was condemned to death, but the rigour of the ntence was retracted on the recollection of his great services to the Athenians : he was put 'nto prison till he had paid a fine of 50 talents to the state. His inability to discharge so great sum detained him in confinement, and soon after his wounds became incurable, and he died about 489 years before the Christian era. His body was ransomed by his son Cimon, who was obliged to borrow and pay the 50 talents, to ive his father a decent burial. The crimes of liltiades were probably aggravated in the eyes of his countrymen, when they remembered how he made himself absolute in Chersonesus ; and in condemning the barbarity of the Athe- nians towards a general who was the source of their military prosperity, we must remember the jealousy which ever reigns among a free and independent people, and how watchful they are in defence of the natural rights which they see wrested from others by violence and op- pression. Cornelius Nepos has written the life of Miltiades the son of Cimon, hut his history is incongruous and not authentic ; and the author, by confounding the actions of the eon of Cimon with those of the son of Cypsfclus, has made the whole dark and unintelligible. Greater reliance in reading the actions of both M I the Miltiades ia to be placed on the narration of Herodotus, whose veracity is confirmed, and who was undisputedly more informed >and more capable of giving an account of the life and ex- ploits of men who flourished in his age, and of which he could see the living monuments. He- rodotus was born about six years after the fa- mous battle of Marathon, and C. Nepos, as a writer of the Augustan age, flourished about 450 years after the age of the father of history. C. Nep. in vita.Herodot. 4, c. 137. I. 6, c. 34, &c. Pint, in Cim. Val Max. 5, c. 3. Justin. 2. Paus. An archon at Athens. MILTO, a favourite mistress of Cyrus the younger. Vid. Aspasia. MILVIUS, a parasite at Rome, &c. J/iwat. 2, Sat. 7. A bridge at Rome. MILYAS, a country of Asia Minor, better known by the name of Lycia. Its inhabitants, called Milyades, and afterwards Solymi, were of the numerous nations which formed the army of Xerxes in his invasion of Greece. Heiodot. MIMALLONES, the Bacchanals, who when they celebrated the orgies of Bacchus, put horns on their heads. They are also called Mimal- lomdes. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 660. MIMAS, a giant whom Jupiter destroyed with thunder. Horat. 3, od. 4. A mountain of Asia Minor, near Colophon. Ovid. Met. 2, fab. 5. A Trojan, son of Theano and Amicus, born on the same night as Paris, with whom he live d in great intimacy. He followed the fortune of --Eneas, and was killed by Mezentius. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 702. MIMNERMUS, a Greek poet and musician of Colophon in the age of Solon. He chiefly ex- celled in elegiac poetry, whence some kave at- tributed the invention of it to him, and, indeed, he was the poet who made elegy an amorous poem, instead of a mournful and melancholy tale. In the expression of love, Propertius prefers him to Homer, as this verse shews : Pint in amare valet Mimnenni vertut Homero. In his old age Mimnermus became enamoured of a young girl called ft anno. Some few frag- ments of his poetry remain, collected by Sto- baeus. Strab. 1 & 14. Pans. 9, c. 29. Diog. 1. MINCIUS, a river of Venetia, flowing from the lake Benacus, and falling into the Po. Virgil was born on its banks. Virg. Eel. 7. G. 3. jn. 10. MINDARUS, a commander of the Spartan fleet during the Peloponnesian war. He was defeated by the Athenians, and died 410 B. C. Pint. MlNEioES, the daughters of Minyas or Mi- neus, king of Orchomenos, in Boeotia. They were three in number, Leuconoe, Leucippe, and Alcithoe. Ovid calls the two first Clymene and Iris. They derided the orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety the god inspired them with an unconquerable desire of eating human flesh. They drew lots which of them should give up her son as food to the rest. The lot fell upon Leucippe, and she gave up her son Hippasus, who was instantly devoured by the three sisters. They were changed into bats. In commemo- 412 M I ration of this bloody crime, it wag usual amon * the Orchomcnians for the high priest, as soon as the sacrifice was finished, to pursue, with a drawn sword, all the women who had entered thfi temple, and even to kill the first he came up to. Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 12. Plat. Quart. Or. MINERVA, the goddess of wisdom, war, and all the liberal arts, was produced from Jupiter's brains without a mother. The god, as it is reported, married Metis, whose superior saga- city and prudence above the rest of the gods, made him apprehend that the children of such an union would be of a more exalted nature, and more intelligent than their father. To pre- vent this, Jupiter devoured Mttis in her preg- nancy, and, some time after, to relieve the pains which he suffered in his head, he ordered Vulcan to cleave ii open. Minerva came aU armed and grown up from her father's brain, and immediately was admitted into the assem- bly of the gods, and made one of the most faith- ful counsellors of her father. The powei of Minerva was great in heaven ; she could hurl the thunders of Jupiter, prolong the life ol men, bestow the gift of prophecy, anc!, indeed, she was the only one of all the divinities whose authority and consequence were equal to those of Jupiter. The actions of Minerva are nume- rous, as well as the kindnesses by which she endeared herself to mankind. Her quarrel with Neptune concerning the light of giving a name to the capital of Cecropia, deserves attention. The assembly of the gods settled the dispute by promising the preference to whosoever of the two gave the most useful and necessary present to the inhabitants of the earth. Nep- tune, upon this, struck the ground with his trident, and immediately a horse issued from the earth. Minerva produced the olive, and obtained the victory by the unanimous voice of the gods, who observed, that the olive, which is the emblem of peace, is far preferable to the horse, who is the symbol of war and bloodshed. The victorious deity called the capital Athene, aud became the tutelar goddess of the place. Minerva was always very jealous of her power, and the manner in which she punished the presumption of Arachne is well known. [Vid. Arachne.] The attempts of Vulcan to oflfer her violence are strong marks of her virtue. Jupiter had sworn by the Styx to give to Vulcan, who made him a complete suit of armour, whatever he desired. Vulcan demanded Minerva, and the father of the gods who had permitted Mi- nerva to live in perpetual celibacy, consented, ' but privately advised his daughter to make all the resistance she could to frustrate the attempts of her lover. The prayers and the force of Vul- can proved ineffectual, and her chastity was not violated, though the god If-ft on her body the marks of his passion, and, from the impurity which proceeded from this scuffle, and which Minerva threw down upon earth, wrapped up in wool, was born Enchthon, an uncommon monster. [Vid. Erich thimins.'] Minerva was the first who built a ship, and it was her zeal for navigation, and her care for the Argonauts, whkh placed the prophetic tree of Dodona M 1 behind the ship Argo, when going to Colchis She was known among the ancients by many names. She was called Athena, Pallas, [FiW Pa.'/oi.] Parthenos, from her remaining in per- petual celibacy ; Tritonia, because worshippec near the lake Tritonis ; Glaucopis, from the bluenessof her eyes; Argorea, from her pre siding over markets ; Hippia, because she firs taught mankind how to manage the horse Stratea and Area, from her martial character Coryphagenes, because born from Jupiter 1 ! brains ; Sais, because worshipped at Sais, &c Some attributed to her the invention of the flute, whence she was surnamed Andon, Lusci- nia, Musica, Salplga, &c. She, as it is reported ouce amused herself in playing upon her fa vourite flute before Juno and Venus, but the goddesses ridiculed the distortion of her face in blowing the instrument. Minerva, convincec of the justness of their remarks bylookingat her self in a fountain near mount Ida, threw away the musical instrument, and denounced a melan choly death to him who found it. Marsyas was the miserable proof of the veracity of her ex- pressions. The worship of Minerva was uni versally established ; she had magnificent tem- ples in Egypt, Phoenicia, all parts of Greece, Italy, Gaul, and Sicily. Sais, Rhodes, and Athens, particularly claimed her attention, and it is even said, that Jupiter rained a shower o gold upon the island of Rhodes, which had paid so much attention and such an early reverence to the divinity of his daughter. The festivals celebrated in her honour were solemn and mag- nificent. [Fit/. Punuthenira.~\ She was invoked by every artist, and particularly such as work in wool, embroidery, painting, and sculpture. It was the duty of almost every member of so- ciety to implore the assistance and patronage of a deity who presided over sense, taste, and rea- son. Hence the poets have had occasion to say, Tii nihil invita dices, facieive Minerva, and Qui bene placarit Pallada, docttu erit. Minerva was represented in different ways, ac- cording to the different characters in which she appeared. She generally appeared with a coun- tenance full more of masculine firmness and composure, than of softness and grace. Most usually she \tas represented with a helmet on her head, with a large plume nodding in the air. In one hand she held a spear, and in the other a shield, with the dying head of Medusa upon it. Sometimes this Gorgon's head was on her breast-plate, with living serpents writhing round it, as well as her shield and helmet. In most of her statues she is represented as sit- ting, and sometimes t-he holds, in one hand, a distaff, instead of a spear. When she appeared as the goddess of the liberal arts, she was ar- rayed in a variegated veil, which the ancients called peplum. Sometimes Minerva's helmet wa? covered at the top with the figure of acock, a bird who, on account of his great courage, is 413 M I properly sacred to the goddess of war. Some of her statues represented her helmet with a sphinx in the middle, supported on either side by griffins. In some medals, a chariot drawn by lour horses, or sometimes a dragon or a serpent, with winding spires, appear at the top of her helmet. She was partial to the olive- tree ; the owl and the cock were her favourite birds, and the dragon among reptiles was sa- cred to her. The functions, offices, and actions, of Minerva, seem so numerous that they un- doubtedly originate in more than one person. Cicero speahs of five persons of this name ; a Minerva, mother of Apollo ; a daughter of the Nile, who was worshipped at Sais, in Egypt ; a third, born from Jupiter's brains ; a fourth, daughter of Jupiter and Coryphe ; and a fifth, daughter of Pallas, generally represented with winged shoes. This last put her father to death because he attempted her virtue. Pant. 1, 2, 3, &iC.Horat. 1, od. 16. 1. 3, od. 4 Virg. JEn. 2, &c. Strab. 6, 9, & 13. Philostr. Icon. 2. Ovid. Fa4. 3, &c. Met. 6.Cic. de Nat. 1). I, c. 15. I. 3, c. 23, &c.' Awllod. 1, &c. Pin- dar. Oltimp. 7. Lucan. 9. S-yhocL (Edip. Homer. II. &c. Od. Hymn, ad Pall.Diod. 5. Hesiod. Theog.schyl. in Eum.Lucmn. Dial. Clem. Alex. Strom. 2. Orpheus Hymn. 31. Q, Smyrn. 14.Apnllan. 1. //!// fab. 168. Stat. 'Theb. 2, v. 721. 1. 7, &ic.Callim. in Cerer.jEHan. V. H. 12. C. Nep. in Paus. Ptut. in Lye. &c.Thticyd. l.Herodat. 5. MiNERvALiA, festivals at Rome in honour of Minerva, celebrated in the months of March and June. During the solemnity scholars ob- tained some relaxation from their studious pur- suits, and the present, which it was usual for them to offer to their masters, was called Mi- nerval, in honour of the goddess Minerva, who patronized literature. Varro de R. K. 3, c. 2. Ovid. Trist. 3, v. 809. MINIO, a river of Etruria, falling into the Tyrrhene Sea. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 183. One of the favourites of Antiochus, king of Syria- MINNJEI, a people of Arabia. MINOA, a town of Sicily, built by Minos, when he was pursuing Daedalus. A town of Peloponnesus. MINOIS, belonging to Minos. Crete is called Minoia itgtia, as being the legislator's kingdom. Virg, /En. 6, v. 14. A patronymic of Ariadne. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 157. MINOS, a king of Crete, son of Jupiter aud Europa, who gave laws to his subjects, B. C. 1406, which still remained in full force in the age of the philosopher Plato. His justice and moderation procured him the appellation of the favourite of the gods, the confidant of Jupiter, the wise legislator, in every city of Greece ; md, according to the poets, he was rewarded 'or his equity, after death, with the office of supreme and absolute judge in the infernal re- gions. In this capacity he is represented sit- ing in the middle of the shades, and holding a sceptre in his hand. The dead plead their dif- ferent causes before him, and the impartial judge shakes the fatal urn, which is filled witk the destinies of mankind. He married Ithona, M by whom he had Lycastes, who was the father of Minos 2d. Homer, Od. 19. Virg. Jn. 6, v. AXsApollod. 3, c. l.Hygin. fab. 41. Diod. 4. Hm-at. 1, od. 28. the 2d was a son of Lycastes, the son of Minos I. and king of Crete. He married Pasiphae, the daughter of Sol and Perseis, and by her he had many children. He increased his paternal dominions by the con- quest of the neighbouring islands ; but he showed himself cruel in the war which he car- ried on against the Athenians, who had put to death his son Androgeus. [Vid. Andn>geus.~\ He took Megara by the treachery of Scylla [Vid. Scyltu] ; and not satisfied with a victory, he ob- liged the vanquished to bring him yearly to Crete seven chosen boys, and the same number of virgins, to be devoured by the minotaur. f Vid. Minotaurus."] This bloody tribute was at fcist abolished when Theseus had destroyed the monster. [Vid. Theseus.'] When Daedalus, whose industry and invention had fabricated the labyrinth, and whose imprudence, in assist- ing Pasiphae in the gratification of her unna- tural desires, had offended Minos, fled from the place of his confinement with wings, [Vid. D as piper to Hector. After Hector's death, he followed MI on the sea shore, and buried it on a promon- tory which bears his name. There was also a town of the same name on the promontory at the west of the bay of Naples, and it had also a capacious harbour, where Augustus and some of the Roman emperors kept one of theii fleets. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 239. 1. 6, v. 164 & 234. blrab. !).~-Mela, 2, c. 4. Liu. 24, c. 13. MISITHEUS, a Roman celebrated for his vir- tues and his misfortunes. He was father-in- law to the emperor Gordian, whose counsels and actions he guided by his prudence and modera- tion. He was sacrificed to the ambition of Phi- lip, a wicked senator, who succeeded him as prefect of the praetorian guards. He died A. D. 243, and left all his possessions to be appropri- ated for the good of the republic. MITHRAS, a god of Persia, supposed to be the sun. His worship was introduced at Rome, and the Romans raised him altars, on which was this inscription, Deo Soli MithrtE, or Soli Deo in- victo Mithrf. He is generally represented as a young man, whose head is covered with a tur- ban, after the manner of the Persians. He sup- ports his knee upon a bull that lies on the ground, and one of whose horns he holds in one hand, while, with the other, he plunges a dagger in his neck. Stat. Theb. 1, v. 720. MITHRACENSES, a Persian who fled to Alex- ander after the murder of Darius by Bessus. Curt. 5. MITHRIDATES, a herdsman -of A styages, or- dered to put young Cyrus to death. He refused, and educated him ai home as his own son, &c. Herodot. Justin. MITHRENES, a Persian who betrayed Sardes, &c. MITHRIDATES, 1st, was the third king of Pontus. He w as tributary to the king of Persia, and his attempts to make himself independent, proved fruitless. He was conquered in a battle, and obfained peace with difficulty. Xenophon calls him merely a governor of Cappadocia. He was succeeded by Ariobarzanes, B. C. 363. Diod.Xeno}, second of that name, king of Pontus, was grandson to Mithridates He made himself master of Pontus, which byad been conquered by Alexander, and had been ceded to Antigonus at the general division of the Macedonian empire among the conqueror's generals. He reigned about 26 years, and died at the advanced age of 84 years, B. C. 3u2. He was succeeded by his son Mithridates HI. Some say that Antigonus put him to death, because he favoured the cause of Cassacder. Appian. Mith.Diod. The 3d was son of the pre- ceding monarch. He enlarged his paternal possessions by the conquest of Cappadocia and Paphlagonia. He died after a reign of 36 years. Diod. The 4th succeeded his father Ario- barzanes, who was the son of Mithridates III. The 5th succeeded his father Mithridates IV. and strengthened himself on his throne by an alliance with Antiochus the Great, whose daughter Laodice he married. He was suc- eas to Italy, and was drowned on the coast j ceeded by his son Pharnaces. The 6th suc- of Campania, because he had challenged one of : ceeded his father Pharuacc s. He was the first he Tritons. Jineas afterwards found his body I of the kings of Pontus who made alliance with. 415 the Romans. Ho furnished them with a fleet in the third Punic war, and assisted them against Aristonicus who had laid claim to the kingdom of Pergamus. This fidelity was re- warded ; he was called Eiergetes, and received from the Roman people the province of Phry- gia Major, and was called the friend and ally of Rome. He was murdered B. C. 1*3. Ap- pian. Mithr. Justin. 37, &c. The 7th, sur- named Etipator, and The Great, succeed-, d his father Mithridates VI. though only at the age of 1 1 years. The beginning of his reign was marked by ambition, cruelty, and artifice. He murdered his own mother, who had been left by his father coheiress of the kingdom, and lie fortified his constitution by drinking antidotes against the poison with which his enemies at court attempted to destroy him. He early in- ored his body to hardship, and employed him- self in many manly exercises, often remaining whole months in the country, and making the frozen snow and the earth the place of his re- pose. Naturally ambitious and cruel, he spared no pains to acquire himself power and domi- nion. He murdered the two sons whom his eister Laodice had had by Ariarathes, king of Cappadocia, and placed one of his own child- ren, only eight years old, on the vacant throne. These violent proceedings alarmed Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, who had married Laodice, the widow of Ariarathes. He suborned a youth to be king of Cappadocia, as the third son of Ari- arathes, and Laodice was sent to Rome to im- pose upon the senate, and assure them that her third son was now alive, and that his preten- sions to the kingdom of Cappadocia were just and well grounded. Mithridates used the same arms cf dissimulation. He also sent to Rome Gordius, the governor of his son, who solemnly declared before the Roman people, that the youth who sat on the throne of Cappadocia, was the third son and lawful heir of Ariarathes, and that he was supported as such by Mithridates. This intricate affair displeased the Roman se- nate ; and finally to settle the dispute between the two monarchs, the powerful arbiters took away the kingdom of Cappadocia from Mithri- dates, and Paphlagonia from Nicomedes. These two kingdoms being thus separated from their origina-1 possessors, were presented with their freedom and independence ; hut the Cappado- cian'S refused it, and received Ariobarzanes for king. Such were the first seeds of enmity be- tween Rome and the king of Pontus. [Hrf. M/- thridatuiitn Belliim.] Mithridates never lost an opportunity by which he might lessen the in- fluence of his adversaries ; and the more effec- tually to destroy their power in Asia, he or- dered all the Romans that were in his domi- nions to be massacred. This was done in one night, and no less than 150,000, according to Plutarch, or 80,000 Pioman?, as Appian men- tions, were made, at ore blow, the victims of his cruelty. This universal massacre called aloud for revenge. Aquilius, and soon aftrr Sylla, marched against Muhridates with a large army. The former was made prisoner, but Sylla obtained a victory orcr the king's gcne- 416 M I rals, and another decisive engagement rendered him master of all Greece, Macedonia. Ionia, and Asia Minor, which had submitted to the victorious arms of the monarch of P.,ntus. This ill fortune was aggravated by the loss of about 200,000 men, who were killed in the several engagements that had been fought; and Mi- thridates, weakened by repeated ill success by sea and land, sued for peace from the conquer- or, which he obtained on condition of defray- ing the expenses which the Romans had in- curred by the war, and of remaining satisfied with the possessions which he had received from his ancestors. While these negociations of peace were carried on, Mithridates was not unmindful of his real interest. His poverty, and not his inclinations, obliged him to wish for peace. He immediately took the field with an army of 140,000 infantry and 16,000 horse, which consisted of his own forces and those of his son-in-law Tigranes, king of Armenia. With such a numerous army, he soon made himself master of the Roman provinces in Asia ; none dared to oppose his conquests ; and the Ro- mans, relying on his fidelity, had withdrawn the greatest part of their armies from the coun- try. The news of his warlike preparations wes no sooner heard, than Lucullus, the consul, marched into Asia, and without delay, he blocked up the camp of Mithridates, who was then besieging Cyzicus. The Asiatic monarch escaped from him, and fled into the heart of his kingdom. Lucullus pursued him with the utmost celerity, and would have taken him prisoner after a battle, had not the avidity of his soldiera preferred the plundering of a mule loaded with gold, to the taking of a monarch who had exer- cised such cruelties against their countrymen, and shown himself so faithless to the most so- lemn engagements. After this escape, Mithri- dates was more careful about the safety of his person, and he even ordered his wives and sis- ters to destroy themselves, fearful of their fall- ing into the enemy's hands. The appointment of Glabrio to the command of the Roman forces instead of Lucullus, was favourable to Mithri- dates, and he recovered the greatest part of his dominions. The sudden arrival of Pompey, however, soon put an end to his victories. A battle in the night was fought near the Euphra- tes, in which the troops of the Pontus laboured under every disadvantage. The engagement was by moonlight ; and as the moon then shone in the face of the enemy, the lengthened sha- dows of the arms of the Romans having in- duced Mithridates to believe that the two ar- mies were close together, the arrows of his sol- diers were darted from a great distance, and their efforts rendered ineffectual. An universal overthrow ensued, and Mithridates, bold in his misfortunes, rushed through the thick racks of the enemy at the head of 800 horsemen, 500 of which perished in the attempt to follow him, He ried to Tijiranes. but that monarch refused an asyinni to his father-in-law, whom he had brfore supported with all the collected forces of his kingdom. Mithridates found a safe re- treat among the Scythians, and though destitute M I of power, friends, and resources, yet he medi- tated the destruction of the Roman empire, by penetrating into the heart of Italy by land. These wild projects were rejected by his fol- lowers, and he sued for peace. It was denied to his ambassadors, and the victorious Pompey declared, that to obtain it, Mithridates must ask it in person. He scorned to trust himself Into the hands of his enemy, and resolved to conquer or to die. His subjects refused to fol- /ow him any longer, and they revolted from him, and made his son Pharnaces king. The son shewed himself ungrateful to his father, 'and even, according to some writers, he ordered him to be put to death. This unnatural treatment 6roke the heart of Mithridates ; he obliged his wife to poison herself, and attempted to do the same himself. It was in vain ; the frequent antidotes he had taken in the early part of his life, strengthened his constitution against the poison, and when this was unavailing, he at- tempted to stab himself. The blow was not mortal, and a Gaul, who was then present, at his own request, gave him the fatal stroke, about 63 years before the Christian era, in the 7 2tl year of his age. Such were the misfortunes^ abilities, and miserable end of a man, who sup- ported himself so long against the power of Rome, and who, according to the declaration of the Roman authors, proved a more powerful and indefatigable adversary to the capital of -taly, than the great Annibal and Pyrrhus, Per- seus, or Antiochus. Mithridates has been rommended for his eminent virtues, and cen- sured for his vices. As a commander he de- serves the most unbounded applause, and it may create admiration to see hm waging war with such success during so many years against the most powerful people on earth, led to the field by a Sylla, a Lucullus, and a Pompey. He was the greatest monarch that ever sat on a throne, according to the opinion of Cicero ; and indeed no better proof of his military character can be brought, than the mention of the great rejoicings which happened in the Roman armies and in the capital, at the news of his death. No less than twelve days were appointed for public thanksgivings to the immortal gods, and Pompey, who had sent the first intelligence of his death to Rome, and who had partly hast- ened his fall, was rewarded with the most un- common honours, f Vtd. Ampia lei .] It is said that Mithridates conquered 24 nations, whose .lifferent languages he knew, and spoke with the same ease and fluency as his own. As a man of letters he also deserves attention. He was acquainted with the Greek language, and even wrote in that dialect a treatise on botany. His skill in physic is well known, and even now there is a celebrated antidote which bears his name, and is called Mithridute. Superstition, as vell as nature, had united to render him great, and if we rely upon the authority of Justin, his iirth was accompanied by the appearance oT *wo large comets, which were seen for 70 I days successively, and whose splendour eclipsed ! jhe mid-day sun, and covered the fourth part of' the heavens. Ju.nin. ;>7, c. 1, &c. Strub. 417 M 1 Diod. 11. FW. 3, c. -5, &c Pint, in Syti. Luc. Mur.% Pomp. -Val. Max. 4, c. 6, &cl Dio. 30, k.c.--Appian. Mithrid.Plin. 33. Cic. pro Man. &c. Paterc. 2, c. 18. F.titrop. :, Joseph. 14. Oros. 6, &c. A king of Par- thia, who took Demetrius prisoner. A man made king of Armenia by Tiberius. He was afterwards imprisoned by Caligula, and set at liberty by Claudius. He was murdered by one of his nephews, and his family were involved in his ruin. Tacit. Ann. Another, king of Armenia. A king of Pergamus, who warmly embraced the cause of J. Caesar, and was made king of Bosporus by him. Some supposed him to be the son of the great Mithridates by a concubine. He was murdered, &c. A king of Iberia. Another of Comagena. A ce- lebrated king of Parthia. who enlarged his pos- sessions by the conquest of some of the neigh- bouring countries. He examined with a care- ful eye the constitution and political regulations of the nations he had conquered, and framed from them, for the service of his own subjects, a code of laws. Justin. Orosius. Another, who murdered his father, and made himself master of the crown. A king of Pontus, put to death by order of Galba, &c. A man in the armies of Artaxerxes. He was rewarded by the monarch for having wounded Cyrus the younger; but when he boasted lie had kilk-d him, he was cruelly put to death. Pint, in Ar- tui. A sou of Ariobarzar.es,.who basely mur- dered Datames, C. Nep. in Dot. MiTirniDATicu.M BEi.i.i'M, begun 89 years B. C. was one of the longest and most cele- brated wars ever carried on by the Romans against a foreign power. The ambition of Mi- thridutes, from whom it receives its name, may be called the cause and origin of it. His views upon the kingdom of Cappadocia, of which he was stripped by the Roman*, first engaged him to take up arms against the Republic. Three Roman officers, L. Cassius, the pro-consul, M. Aquilius, and Q. Oppius, opposed Mithri- dates wi h the troops of Bithynia, Cappadocia, Paphlagoma, and Gallo-Grsecia. The f about 220 miles in circumference, and intended as a reservoir for the waters during the inundation of the Nile. There were two pyramids in it, 600 feet high, half of which lay under the water, and the other appeared on the surface. Herodot. 2, c. 4, Stc.Mela, 1, c. 6. Plin. 36, c. 12. MCEDI, a people of Thrace, conquered by Philip of Macedonia. EE2 M O M(EON, a Sicilian, who poisoned Agathocles, &tc. MoestA, a country of Europe, bounded on the south by the mountains of Jjalmatia, north by mount Hsemus, extending from the con- fluence of the Savus and the Danube to the shores of the Euxine. It was divided into Upper and Lower Moesia. Lower Moesia was on the borders of the Euxine, and contains that tract of country which received the name of Pontus from its vicinity to the sea, which is now part of Bulgaria. Upper Mcesia lies be- yond the other, in the inland country, now called Serma. Kin. 3, c. 26. Virg. G. 1, v. 102. MOI.EIA, a festival in Arcadia, in comme- moration of a battle in which Lycurgus ob- tained the victory. MOLION, a Trojan prince who distinguished liimself in the defence of his country against the Greeks, as the friend and companion of Thymbraeus. They were slain by Ulysses. MOI.IONE, the wife of Actor, son of Phor- bas. She became mother of Cteatus and Eu- rytus, who, from her, are called Molionides. Pans. 8, c. 14. Apollod. 2, c. 7. MOI.O, a philosopher of Rhodes, called also Apollonius. Some are of opinion, that Apol- lonius and Molo are two different persons, who were both natives of Alabanda, and disciples of Menecles of the same place. They both visited Rhodes, and there opened a school, but Molo flourished some time after Apollonius. Molo had Cicero and J. Caesar among his pupils. [Vid. Apollanim.'] Cic.de Orat. A prince of Syria, who revolted against An- tiochus, and killed himself when his rebellion was attended with ill success. MOLOEIS, a river of Boeotia, near Plataea. MOLORCHUS, an old shepherd near Cleonae, who received Hercules with great hospitality. The hero, to repay the kindness he received, destroyed the Nemaean lion, which laid waste the neighbouring country, and therefore the Nemaean games instituted on this occasion are understood by the words Luna Molarchi. There were two festivals instituted in his honour, called Molorchse. Martial 9, ep. 44. Apollod. 2, c. 5. Virg. G. 3, v.19. MOLOSSI, a people of Epirus, who inhabited that part of the country which was called Molossia or Molossis, from king Molossus. This country had the bay of Ambracia on the south, and the country of the Perrhaebeans on the east. The dogs of the place were famous, and received the name of Molossi among the Romans. Dodona was the capital of the country, according to some writers. Others, however, reckon it as the chief city of Thes- pi-jtia. Strab. r.Liv. Justin, 7, c. 7. C. Nep. 2, c. 8. Virg. G. 3, v. 49.5. Horat. 2. Sat. 6, T. 114. MOLOSSIA, or MOLOSSIS. Vid. Molossi. MOLOSSUS, a son of Pyrrhus and Anoru- mache. He reigned in Epirus after the death of Helenus, and part of his dominions re- ceived the name of Molossia from him. Pai. 1, c. 11. A surname of Jupiter in j 420 M O F.pirus. An Athenian general, &c. Id. in Thes. Mor.rADi*, one of the Amozons, &c. P/ut. Moi.Pf s, an author who wrote an history at Lacedaemon. MOLUS, a Cretan, father of Meriones. ffo- mer. Od. 6. A son of Deucalion. MOLYCRION, a town of ^Colia between th Evenus and Naupactum. Paw. 5, c. 3. MOMEMPHIS, a town of Egypt. Strab. 17. Mo mr s, the god of pleasantry among the ancients, son of Nox, according to Hesiod. He was continually employed in satiri/ing the gods, and whatever they did was freely turned to ridicule. He blamed Vulcan, be- cause in the human form which he had made of clay, he bad not placed a window in his breast, by which whatever was done or thought there, might be easily brought to light. He censured the house which Minerva had made, because the goddess had not made it move- able, by which means a bad neighbourhood might be avoided. In the bull which Neptune had produced, he observed, that his blows might have been surer if his eyes had been placed nearer the horns. Venus herself was exposed to his satire, and when the sneering god had found no fault in the body of the na- ked goddess, he observed, as she retired, that the noise of her feet was too loud and greatly improper in the goddess of beauty. These illiberal reflections upon the gods were the cause that Momus was driven from heaven. He is generally represented raising a mask from his face and holding a small figure in his band. Hesiod. in Theog. Lucian. in Herm. Mp. 3, T.Sl MUNDA, a small town of Hispania Baetica, celebrated for a battle which was fought there on the 17th of March B. C. 45, between Caesar and the republican forces of Rome under vjung Pompey. Caesar obtained the victory ntter an obstinate and bloody battle, and M U by this blow put an end to the Roman re- public. Pompey lost 30,000 men, arid Ca>sai only 1000, and 500 wounded. Hirt. bell. Hisj> 27. MuNlTi/s, a son of Laodice the daughter of Priam by Acamas. He was entrusted to the care of JEthra as soon as brn. Partheii. 16. MUNYCHIJE, a port of Attica, between the Piraeus and the promontory of Sunium, called after king Munychus, who built there a temple to Diana, and in whose honour he instituted festivals called Munychia. The temple WHS held so sacred, that whatever criminals fled there for refuge were pardoned. During the festivals they offered small cakes which they called amphiphontes, airo rov a[i,ie, Thalia, Melpmnene, iSfe.] Sometimes they were represented as dancing in a chorus, to intimate the near and indissoluble connexion which exists between the liberal arts and sciences. The muses sometimes appear with wings, because by the assistance of wings they freed themselves from the violence of Pyrenseus. Their contest with the daughters of Pierus. is well known. [Vid. Pierides.] The worship of the muses was universally established, par- ticularly in the enlightened parts of Greece, Thessaly, and Italy. No sacrifices were ever offered to them, though no poets ever began a poem without a solemn invocation to the goddesses who presided over verse. There were festivals instituted in their honour in several parts of Greece, especially among the Thespians, every fifth year. The Macedonians observed also a festival in honour of Jupiter, and the muses. It had been instituted by king Archelaus, and it was celebrated with stage plays, games, and different exhibitions, which continued nine days, according to the number of the muses. Pint. Erot. PO//H.T. JEiehin. in T,m. Paus. 9, c. W.Apollod. 1, c. S.Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 21. flesml. Th>g. Vvrg. JEn. Owl. Met, 4, v. 310. Homer. Hymn. M was dispossessed 1104 B. C. on the re- turn of the Heraclidae. The town of Mycen:e was taken and laid in ruins by the Argives, A. U. C. 185; and it was almost unknown where it stood in the age of the geographer Strabo. Pans. 2, c. 16. Stmb. 8. Virg. /En. 6, v. 839. Mela, 2, c. 3. MYCKHISUS, a son of Cheops, king ot Egypt. After the death of his father, he reigned with great justice and moderation. Herod t. 2, c. 129. MYCIBEBNA, a town of the Hellespont. Dinl. 12. MYCITHUS, a servant of Anaxilaus, tyrant of Rhegium. He was entrusted with the care of the kingdom, and of the children of the de- ceased prince, and lie exercised his power with such fidelity and moderation, that he acquired the esteem of all the citizens, and at last re- stored the kingdom to his master's children, when come to years of maturity, and retiied to peace and solitude with a small portion. He .s called by some Micalus. Justin. 4, c. 2. MYCON, a celebrated painter, who with others assisted in making and perfecting the Pcecile of Athens. Plin. 33 & 35. A youth of Athens, changed into a poppy by "eres. MYCONE, one of the Cyclades, between ])e- s and Icaria, which received its name troin Myconus, an unknown person. It is about hree miles at the east of Delos, and is ihirtv- six miles in circumference. It remained long uninhabited, on account of the frequent earth- quakes to which it was subject. Some sup- i that the giants whom Hercules killed were buried under that island, whence arose ie proverb of E'-ery thing is under Mi/a'tie, ap- ied to those who treat of different sub ect under one and the same title, as if none of the lefeated giants had been buried under no other stand or mountain about Mycone. Strabo ob- rves, and his testimony is supported by that of modern travellers, that the inhabitants of Jycone became baid very early, even at the ge of 20 or 25, from which circumstance they >vre called by way of contempt, the buld heudt M Y of Mycone. Pliny says that the children of the piact were always born without hair. The island was "poor, and the inhabitants very ava- ricious, whence Archilochus reproached a cer- tain Pericles, that he came to a feast like a .Myconian, that is, without previous invitation. Strab. 10.Pli>i. 11, c.37. I. 12, c. 7. 1. 14.C.1. Athen. 1. Thuciid. 3, c. 29. Mela, 2, c. 7. Ovid. Met. 7, v/463. MYDON, one of the Trojan chiefs who de- fended Troy against the Greeks. He was killed by Antilochus. Humer. II. 5. MVENUS, a mountain of ^Etolia. Plut. de Plum. MYECPHORIS, a town of Egypt, in a small island near Bubastis. MY G DON, a brother of Aanycus, killed in a war against Hercules. MYGDONIA, a small province of Macedonia, near Thrace, between the rivers Axius and Strymon. The inhabitants, called Mygdones, migrated iuto Asia, and settled near Troas, where the country received the name of their ancient habitations. Cybele was called Myg- donia, from the worship she received in Myg- donia in Plirygia. A small province of Me- sopotamia bears also the name of Mygdonia, and was probably peopled by a Macedonian colony. Flacc. 3,&LC.Plin. 4, c. 10. Ovid. Hiroitl.20. Harat. 2, od. 12. MYGDONUS or MYGDON, a brother of He- cuba, Priam'? wife, who reigned in part of Thrace. His son Coroebus was called Mygdon- ides from him. ','irg. n. 2. v. 341. Homer. II. 3. A small river running through Meso- potamia. MYI.ASSA, a town of Caria. Pans. MYI.KS, a sou of Lelex. MYLE or MYI.AS, a small river on the east of Sicily, with a small town of the same name. Liv. 42, c. 54. MYI.ITTA, a surname of Venus among the Assyrians, in whose temples all the women were obliged to prostitute themselves to strang- ers. Hervdot. I, c. 131 & 199. MYNDUS. a maritime, town of Caria, near rialicarnassus. Mela, 1, c. 16. MVNES, a prince of Lyrnessus, who married Briseis. He was killed by Achilles, and his wife became the property of the conqueror. Homer. 11. 3- MY NIX. Vid. Minyae. MYONIA, a town of Phocis. Pans. MYRINA, a maritime town of JEolin, called *lso Sebastopolis. A queen of the Amazons, *c. A town of Lemnos. A town of Asia, destroyed by an earthquake in Trajan's /eign. The wit'e of Thoas, king of Lemnos, ty whom she had Hipsipyle. MYRINUS, a surname of Apollo, from Myrina m vEolia, where he was worshipped. MYHKE, a town of Arcadia, called also Me- galopolis. MYRMECIDES, a man's name mentioned by r ie.4 Acad.lian. V. H. 1. MY&MIDONES, a people on the southern borders of Thessaly who accompanied Achilles -o tho Trojan war. They received theii name M Y from Myrmidon, a son of Jupiter and Euryme- dusa, who married one of the daughters of j^olus, son of Helen. His son Actor married ^Egina, the daughter of the Asopus. He gave his name to his subjects, who dwelt near th river Peneus in Thessaly. According to some, the Myrmidons received their name from their having been originally ants, fivpfirjKi^. [Vid. /Eaciis.] According to Strabo, they received it from their industry, because they imitated the diligence of the ants, and like them were indefatigable, and were continually employed in cultivating the earth. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 654. Strab. Hygin. fab. 52. MYRON, a tyrant of Sicyon. A man of Priene, who wrote an history of Messenia. Paiis. 4, c. 6. A celebrated statuary of Greece, peculiarly happy in imitating nature. He made a cow so much resembling life, that even bulls were deceived, and approached her as if alive, as is frequently mentioned by many epigrams in the Anthologia. He flourished about 442 years before Christ. Odd. Art. Am, 3, v. 319. Pans. MYIIOMANLS, an historian. Diog. MYROMDES, an Athenian general, who con- quered the Thebans. Polytrn. MYRRHA, a daughter of Cinyras, king of Cy- prus. She became enamoured of her fathei; and introduced herself into his bed unknown. She had a son by him called Adonis. When Cinyras was apprized of the incest he had committed, he attempted to stab his daughter, and Myrrha fled into Arabia, where she was | changed into a tree called myrrh. Hygin. fab 1 58 & 275. Orid. Met. 10, v. 298. Pint, in Par. MYRSILUS, a son of Myrsus, the last of the Heraclidee who reigned in Lydia. He is also called Candaules. Vid. Candaules. MYRSUS, the father of Candaules. Herodot. 1, c. 7. A Greek historian in the age ot Solon. MYRTEA, a surname of Venus, because she presided over the myrtle. MYRTILUS, a son of Mercury and Phaetusa or Cleobule, arm-bearer to (Enomaus, king of Pisa. He was so experienced in riding, and in the management of horses, that he rendered those of (Enomaus the swiftest in all Greece. His infidelity proved at last fatal to him. (Enomaus had been informed by an oracle. that his daughter Hippodamia's hushand should cause his death, and on that account he resolved to marry her only to him who should overcome him in a chariot race. This seemed totally impossible, and to render it more ter- rible, (Enomaus declared that death would be the consequence of a defeat in the suitors. The charms of Hippodamia were so great that many sacrificed their life in the fruitless endea- vour to obtain her hand. Pelops at last pre- sented himself, undaunted at the fate of those | who had gone before him, but before he en- I tered the course, he bribed Myrtilus, and a- I sured him that he should share Hippodamia's I favours if he returned victorious from the race. 1 Myrtilu*, who was enamoured of Hippodamia. M Y gave an old chariot to CEnomaus, which broke in the couise and caused -his death. Pclops gained the victory, and married Hippodamia, and when Myrtilus had the audacity to -;laim the reward promised to his perfidy, Pelops threw him headlong into the sea, where he pe- rished. The body of Myrtilus, according to some, was carried by the waves to the sea- shore, where he received an honourable burial, and as he was the son of Mercury, he was made ft constellation. DuxL 4. Hygin, fab. 84 & 24. Paw. 8, c. 14. Apollm. 1. MYRTOUM MARE, a part of the JDgean sea, which lies between Euboea, Peloponnesus, and Attica. It receives this name from Myrto a woman, or from Myrtos a small island in the neighbourhood, or from Myrtilus the son of Mercury, who was drowned there, &c. Pans* 8, c. 14. Hygin. fab. 84. MYRTUNTIUM, a name given to that part of the sea, which lies on the coast of Epirus be- tween the bay of Ambracia and Leucas. MYRTUSA, a mountain of Libya. MYS, (MYOS), an artist famous in working and polishing silver. Propert. 3, el. 9, v. 14. MYSCELI.US or MISCELLUS, a native of Achaia, who founded Crotona in Italy, ac- cording to an oracle, which told him to build a :ity where he found rain with fine weather. The meaning of the oracle long perplexed him, till he found a beautiful woman all in tears in Italy, which circumstance he interpreted in his favour. According to some, Myscellus, who was the son of Hercules, went out of Ar- gos, without the permission of the magis- trates, for which he was condemned to death. The judges had put each a black ball, as a sign of condemnation, but Hercules changed them all and made them white, and had his son acquitted, upon which Myscellus Jeft Greece and came to Italy, where he built Crotona. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 19. Strab. 6 & 8. MYRTIS, a Greek woman, who distinguished herself by her poetical talents. She flourished about 500 years B. C., and instructed the cele- brated Corinna in the several mles of versifica- tion. Pindar himself, as somt report, was also one of her pupils. MYRTALE, a courtezan of Rome, mistress to the poet Horace, 1, od. 33. MYRTES, a son of the poet Valgius, whose early death was so lamented by the father that Horace wrote an ode to allay the grief of his friend. Harat. 2, od. 9. M Y MYSIA, a country of Asia minor, generally divided into major and minor. Mysia minoi was bounded on the north and west by the Propontis and Bithynia, and Phrygra on the southern and eastern borders. Mysia major had .rtiolia on the south, the ^Egean on the west, and Phrygia on the north and east. Its chief cities were Cyzicum, Lampsacus, erial master, and plundered the citizens of Home to enrich himself. Messalina, the empe- ror's wife, endeavoured to remove him, but Nar- cissus sacrificed her to his avarice and resent- ment. Agrippina, who succeeded in the place of Messalina, was more successful. Narcissus was banished by her intrigues, and com- pelled to kill himself, A. D. 54. Nero great- ly regretted his loss, as he had found him subservient to his most criminal and extra- Tagant pleasures. Tacit. Sueton. A fa- vourite of the emperor Nero, put to death by Galba. A wretch who strangled the em- peror Commodus. NARG ARA, a town of Africa, where Hannibal and Scipio came to a parley. Liv. 30, c. 29. NARISCI, a nation of Germany. Tacit, de Germ. 42. NARNIA or NARNA, a town of Umbria, washed by the river Nar, from which it received its name. Lit;. 10, c. 9. NARO, now Karenta, a river of Dalmatia falling into the Adriatic, and having the town of Narona, now called Narenza^ on its banks, a little above the mouth. NARSES, a king of Persia, A. D. 294, de- feated by Maximianus Galerius, after a reign of even years. An eunuch in the court of Justinian, who was worthy to succeed Belisa- rias, &c. A Persian general, &c. NARTHECIS, a small island near Samos. NARYciA.ori'M.orNARvx, a town of Magna Gratia, built by a colony of Locrians after the fall of Troy. The place in Greece from which they came, bore the same name, and was the country of Ajax Oileus. The word Narycian is more universally understood as applying to the Italian colony, near which pines and other trees N A [ grew in abundance. Virg. G. 2, v. 438. /En. 3. I v. 399. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 705. NASAMONES, a savage people of Libyia near I the Syrtes, who generally lived upon plunder Curt. 4, c. 7. Lucan. 9, v. 439. Herodot. 2 c. 165. NASCIO, or NATIO, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the birth of children. She had a temple at Ardea. Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 18. NAS!CA, the surname of one of the Scipios. Nasica was the first who invented the mea- suring of time by water, B. C. 159, about 134 years after the introduction of sun-dials at Rome. Fid. Scipio. An avaricious fellow, who married his daughter to Coranus, a man as mean as himself, that he might not only not repay the money he had borrowed, but moreover become his creditor's heir. Coranus, under- standing his meaning, purposely alienated his property from him and his daughter, and ex- posed him to ridicule. Horat. 2, Sat. 5, v. 64. &c. NASIDIENUS, a Roman knight, whose luxury, arrogance, and ostentation, exhibited at an en- tertainment he gave to Mecaenas, were ridiculed by Horace, 2, Sat. 8. L. NASIDIUS, a man sent by Pompey to assist the people of Massilia. After the battle of Pharsalia, he followed the interest of Pompey 's children, and afterwards revolted to Antony. Appian. NASO, one of the murderers of J. Ca?sar. One of Ovid's names. Vid. Ovidius. NASSUS or NASUS, a town of Acarnania, near the mouth of the Achelous. NASUA, a general of the Suevi, when Caesar was in Gaul. NATALIS ANTONIUS, a Roman knight who conspired against Nero with Piso. He was par- doned for discovering the conspiracy, &c. Tacit. An. 15, c. 50. NATIZO, now Natizone, a river rising in the Alps, and falling into the Adriatic, east of Aquileia. Plin. 3, c. 18. NATT A, a man whose manner of living was so mean, that his name became almost proverbial at Rome. H-trct. 1, od. 6, v. 124. NAVA, a river cf Germany, falling into the Rhine. Tacit. Hi*. 4, c. 70. NAUBOLUS, a charioteer of Laius, king of Thebes. A Phocean, father of Iphitus. The sous of Iphitus were called Naubu/ides from their grandfather. A son of Lernus, one of the Argonauts. NAUCLES, a general of the mercenary troops- of Lacedamon apainst Thebes, Sic. NAUCRATES, a Greek poet, who was em- ployed by Artemisia to write apanegvric upon Mausolus. An orator who endeavoured to alienate the cities of Lycia from the interests of Brutus. NAUCRATIS, a city of Egypt on the left side of the Canopir mouth of the Nile. It was ce- lebrated for its commerce, and no ship was per- mitted to land at any other place; but WHM obliged to sail directly to the city, there to de- posit its cargo. It gave birth to Athenaeus. Herodot. 2, c. 97 & 179. N A MAYIUS ACTIUS. a famous augur. Vid. Nae- vius. NAULOCHUS, a maritime town of Sicily, near Pelorum A town of Thrace on the Euxine sea. A Promontory of the island of Imbros- Plin. 4, c. 5. NAUPACTUS, or NAUPACTUM, a city of JF,to- lia, at the mouth of the Evenus. The word is derived from vavg and TrrjyvvKi, because it was there that the Herat lidae built the first thip, which carried them to Peloponnesus. It first belonged to the Locri Ozolse, and afterwards fell into the hands of the Athenians, wLo gave it to the Mes- senians, who had been driven from Pelopon- nesus by the Lacedaemonians. It became the property of the Lacedaemonians, after the battle of .Egospotamos, and it was restored to the Locri. Philip of Macedonia afterwards took it and gave it to the JCtoiians, from which cir- cumstance, it has generally been called one of the chief cities of their country. Strab. 4. Paus. 4, c. 25. Mela, 2, c. 3. NAUPLIA, a maritime city of Peloponnesus, the naval station of the Argives. The fountain Canathos was in its neighbourhood. Pout. 2, c. 38. Strab. 8. N AUPLIADES, a patronymic of Palamedes, son of Nauplius. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 39. NAUH/IUS, a son of Neptune and Amymone, king of Euboea. He was father to the cele- brated Palamedes, who was so unjustly sacri (iced to the artifice and resentment of Ulysses by the Greeks during the Trojan war. The death of Palamedes highly irritated Nauplius, and to revenge the injus'tice of the Grecian princes, he attempted to debauch their wives and ruin their characters. When the Greeks returned from the Trojan war, Nauplius saw them with pleasure distressed in a storm on the coasts ot" Euboea, and to make their disaster still more universal, he lighted fires on such planes as were surrounded with the most dangerous rocks, that Jhe fleet might be shipwrecked upon the coast. This succeeded, but Nauplius was so disappoint- ed when he saw Ulysses and Diomedes escape from the general calamity, that he threw himself into the sea. According to some mythologists there were two persons of this name, a native of Argos, who went to Colchis with Jason. He was son of Neptune and Amymone. The other was king of Euboea, and lived during the Trojan war. He was, according to some, son of Cly- tonas, one of the descendants of Nauplius the Argonaut. The Argonaut was remarkable for his knowledge of sea affairs and of astronomy. He built the town of Nauplia and sold Auge, daughter of Aleus, to king Teuthras, to with- draw her from her father's resentment. Or/ih. Argon. Apollod. 2, c.7. Apollon. l.&c. Flucc. 1 & 5. Strab. 8. Paus. 4.c. 35.Hyg'm. fab. 116. NAUPORTUS, a town of Pannomia on a river of the same name, now called Ote- or Upper xauhach. Fell. Pat. 2, c. 110. Ptiu. 3, c. 18. Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 20. NAURA, a country of Scythia in Asia. NAUS!CAA, a daughterof Alcinous, king of tliePhaceana. She met Vlysseeshipwrecked on N E his father's coasts, and it wa* to her humanity that he owed the kind receotion he received from the king. Homer. Od. 6. Paus. 5, c. 19. Hygin. fab. 126. NAUSICI.ES, an Athenian sent to assist the Phocians with 5000 foot, &c. NAUSI.MENES, an Athenian, whose wife lost her voice from the alarm she received in seeing her son guilty of incest. NAUSIIHOE, one of the Nereides. NACSITHOUS, a king of the Phaeaceans, father to Alcinous. He was son of Neptune aad Pe- riboea. Hesiod makes him son of Ulysses and Calypso. The pilot of the vessel which car- ried Theseus into Crete. NAUSTATHMUS, a port of Phocea in Ionia. Lit-. 37, c.3l. Also a port of Cyrenaica, now Bondaria. Strab. 17. NAUTES, a Trojan soothsayer, who comforted .Eneas when his fleet had been burnt in Sicily. Pirg. J?n. 5, v. 704. He was the progenitor of the Nautii at Rome, a family to whom the Pal- ladium of Troy was afterwards entrusted. Virg. n. 5, v. 794. NAXOS, a celebrated island in the ^Egean sea, the largest and most fertile of all the Cyclades, about 105 miles in circumference, and 30 broad. It was formerly called Strongyle, Dia, Diony- sias, and Callipoiis, and received the name of Naxos from Naxus, who was at the head of a Carian colony, which settled in the island. Naxos abounds with all sorts of fruits, and its wines are still in the same repute as formerly. The Naxians were anciently governed by kings, but they afterwards exchanged this form of go- vernment for a republic, and enjoyed their li- berty, till the age of Pisistratus, who appointed a tyrant over them. They were reduced by the Persians, but in the expedition of Darius and Xerxes against Greece, they revolted and fought on the side of the Greeks. During the Pelo- ponnesian war, they supported the interest of Athens. Bacchus was the chief deity of the island. The chief city was also-called Naxos ; and near it on the 20th of Sept. B. C. 377, the Lacedaemonians were defeated by Chabrias. Thucyd. 1, &ic.Herod and solemnity in memory of Neoptolemus, who had been slain in his attempt to plunder their temple, because, as they said, Apollo, the pa- tron of the place, had been in some manner ac- cessary to the death of Achilles. Paten. 1, c. l.Virg. JEn. 2 & 3. Pans. 10, c. 24. OnW. Met. 13, v. 334, 455, &.c.Hernid. 8.Str,,b. 9. Find. Nem. 7. Eurip. Androm.et Orest. &c. Plut. in Pyrr.Just. 17, c. S.Dictyt. trrt 4, 5, & 6. Homer. Od. 11, ILSophacL Philoct. Apollod. 3, c. 13.Hiigin. fab. 97 & 102. Philostr. Her. 19, &c. Dares Pliryg.Q. Smt,r,i. 14. A king of the Molossi, lather of Olyi!,- pias, the mother of Alexander. Justin. 17, c. 3. Another, king of Epirus. An uncle o. the celebrated Pyrrhus, who assisted the IP- rentiues. He was made king of Epirus by th Epirots, who had revolted from their lawful so- vereign, and was put to death when he at- tempted to poison his nephew, &c. Pint, in Pyrr. A tragic poet of Athens, greatly fa- voured by Philip king of Macedonia. A re- lation of Alexander. He was the first who climbed Uie walls of Gaza when that city WHS taken by Alexander. After the king's death, he received Armenia as his province, and made war against Eumenes. He was supported by Craterus ; but an engagement with Eumenes proved fatal to his cause. Craterus was killed, and himself mortally wounded by Eumenes, P C. 321. C. Nep. in Eumen. One of the offi- cers of MithridatPs the Great, beaten by Lu- cullus in a naval battle. Plut. in Luc. A tragic writer. NEORIS, a large country of Asia, near Gie- dosia, almost destitute of waters. The inhabi- tants were called Neoritas, and it was usual among them to suspend their dead bodies on the boughs of trees. Diod. 17. NEPE, a constellation of the heavens, the same as Scorpio. An inland town of Etruria, whose inhabitants are called Nepesini. Jtal. 8, v. 490. NEPHAI.IA, festivals in Greece, in honour of Mnemosyne, the mother of the Muses, and Au- rora, Venus, &c. No wine was used during the ceremony, but mere.ly a mixture of water and honey. PO/./M.I. 6, c. 3.--Athen. 15. JSr.riiLi i , the first wife of Athamas king of NE Thebes, and mother of Phryxusand Helle. Shi was repudiated on pretence of being subject tc f.tsof insanity, and A'hamas married Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had severa children. Ino became jealous of Nephele, be cause her children would succeed to their fa ther's throne before hers by right of seniority wid she resolved to destioy them. Nephel< tvas apprised of her wicked intentions, and she removed her children from the reach of Ino, b giving them a celebrated ram, sprung from th union of Neptune and Theophane, on whose back they escaped to Colchis. [Vid. Phryiut.' Nephele was afterwards changed into a cloud, whence her name is given by the Greeks to the clouds. Some called her Nebula, which word is the Latin translation of Nephele. The fleece *f the ram, which saved the life of Nephele's children, is often called the Nephetian fleece. Aprilad. l, c. 9.Hy s in. 2, &c. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 195. Place. 11, v. 56. A mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the Centaurs. NEPHELIS, a cape of Cilicia. Liv. 33, c. 20. NEPHERITES, a king of Egypt, who assisted the Spartans against Persia, when Agesilaus was in Asia. He sent them a fleet of one hun- dred ships, which were intercepted by Conon as they were sailing towards Rhodes, &c. Di<1. 14. NEPHUS, a son of Hercules. NEPIA, a daughter of Jasus, who married Olympus, king of Mysia, whence the plains of Mysia are sometimes called Nepitr campi. CORN. NEPOS, a celebrated historian in the reign of Augustus. He was born at Hostilia, and like the rest 6f his learned contemporaries, he shared the favours and enjoyed the patron- age c4 the emperor. He was the intimate friend of Cicero and of Atticus, and recom- mended himself to the notice of the great and opulent by delicacy of sentiment, and a lively disposition. According to some writers, he composed three books of chronicles, as also a biographical account of all the most celebrated kings, generals, and authors of antiquity. Of ail his valuable compositions, nothing remains but his lives of the illustrious Greek and Ro- man generals, which have often been attributed to vEmylius Probus, who published them in his own name in the age of Theodosius, to concili- ate the favours and the friendship of that em- peror. The language of Cornelius has always been admired, and as a writer of the Augustan age, he is entitled to many commendations for the delicacy of his expressions, the elegance of bis style, and the clearness uid precision of his narrations. Some support that he translated Dares Phrygius from the G:ek original ; but the inelegance of the diction, and its many in- correct expressions, plainly prove that it is the production, not of a writer of the Augustan age, but the spurious composition of a more modern pen. Cornelius speaks of his account of the Greek historians in Dion. c. 3. Among the many good editions of Cornelius Nepos, two may be selected as the best, that of Verhe\ k, 8vo. L. Eht. 1773, and that of Glasgow, 12rno. 1761. Julius, an empt ror of the west, &c. 433 . NE \B-OTiXNUs FLAVIUS POPILIUS, a Son of Eutropia, the sister of the emperor Constantine, He proclaimed himself emperor after the death of his cousin Constans, and rendered himself odious by his cruelty and oppression. He was murdered after one month's reign, and his fa- mily were involved in his ruin. NEPTHYS, wife of Typhon, became enamoured of Osiris, her brother-in-law, and introduced herself to his bed. She had a son called Anu- bis by him. PLut. de hid. NEPTUNI FANUM, a place near Cenchreae. Mela, 1, c. 19. Another in the island of Ca- lauria. Another near Mantinea. NEPTUNIA, a town and colony of Magna Grsecia. NEPTUNIUM a promontory of Arabia, at the entrance of the gulf. NEPTUNIUS, an epithet applied to Sext. Pompey, because he believed himself to be god of the sea, or descended from him, on ac- count of his superiority in ships, &c. NEPTUNUS, a god, son of Saturn and Ops, and brother to Jupiter, Pluto, and Juno, He was devoured by his father the day of his hirth, .nd again restored to life hy means of Metis, vho gavt Saturn a certain potion. Pausanias says, that his mother concealed him in a sheep- 'old in Arcadia, and that she imposed upon her lusband, telling him that she had brought a colt into the world, which was instantly de- voured by Saturn. Neptune shared with hi >rothers the empire of Saturn, and received i. as portion the kingdom of the sea. This, lowever, did not seem equivalent to the em- )ire of heaven and earth, which Jupiter had :laimed, therefore he conspired to dethrone lira with the rest of the gods. The conspi- 'acy was discovered, and Jupiter condemned Neptune to build the walls of Troy. [Vid. aomedon.'] A reconciliation was soon after ade, and Neptune was reinstituted to all his ights and privileges. Neptune disputed with Vlinerva the right of givir.g a name to the apital of Cecropia, but he was defeated ; and he olive which the goddess suddenly raised rom the eartu was deemed more serviceable or the good of mankind, than the horse which Neptune had produced by striking the ground with his trident, as that animal is the emblem f war and slaughter. This decision did not lease Neptune, he renewed the combat by isputing for Truezene, but Jupiter settled their isputes by permitting them to be conjointly worshipped there, and by giving the name of 'olias or the Protectress of the city to Minerva, nd that of king of Troezene to the god of the ea. He also disputed bis right for the isthmus f Corinth with Apollo, and Briareus the "yclops who was mutually chosen umpire, giive ic isthmus to Neptune, and the promontory > Apollo. Neptune, as being god of the oea, as entitled to more power than any of the ther gods, except Jupiter. Not only the cean, iiv?rs, and fountains, were subjected to im, but he also could cause carthquakeH at is pleasure, and raise islands from the bottom f the sea with a blow of his trident. TLe ri N E worship of Neptune was established in almost every part of the earth, and the Lybians in particular venerated him above all other na- tions, and looked upon him as the first and greatest of the -gods. The Greeks and the Romans were also attached to his worship, and they celebrated their Isthmian games and Con- ulia with the greatest solemnity. He was generally represented sitting in a chariot made of a shell, and drawn by sea-horses, or dol- phins. Sometimes he is drawn by winged horses, and holds his trident in his hand, and stands up as his chariot flies over the surface of the sea. Homer represents him as issuing from the sea, and in three steps crossing the whole horizon. The mountains and the forests, says the poet, trembled as he walked ; the whales, and all the fishes of the sea appear round him, and even the sea herself seems to feel the pre- sence of her god. The ancients generally sacrificed a bull and a horse on his altars, and the Roman soothsayers always offered to him the gall of the victims, which in taste resembles the bitterness of the sea-water. The amours of Neptune are numerous. He obtained, by means of a dolphin, the favours of Amphitrite, who had made a vow of perpetual celibacy ; and he placed among the constellations the fish which had persuaded the goddess to become his wife. He also married Venilia and Salacia, which are only the names of Amphitrite, ac- cording to some authors, who observe that the former word is derived from venire, alluding- to the continual motion of the sea. Salacia is derived from talum, which signifies the sea, and is applicable to Amphitrite. Neptune became a horse to enjoy the company of Ceres. [ Vid. Anon.~\ To deceive Theophane, he changed himself into a ram. [Vid. Theophane.] He as- sumed the form of the river Enipeus to gain the confidence of Tyro, the daughter of Sal- moneus, by whom he had Pelias and Neleus. He was also father of Pborcus and Polyphe- mus by Thoossa ; of Lycus, Nycteus, and Eu- phemus, by Celeno; of Chryses by Chryso- genia; of Anaeus by Astypalea; of Boeotus and Helen by Antiope ; of Leuconoe by The- misto ; of Agenor and Bellerophon by Eury- nome, the daughter of Nysus; of Antas by Alcyone the daughter of Atlas; of Abas by Arethusa; of Actor and Dictys by Agemede the daughter of Augias; of Megareus by CEnope daughter of Epopeus ; of Cycnus by Harpalyce ; of Taras, Otus, Ephialtes, Dorus, Alesus, &c. The word Neptnmts is often used metaphorically by the poets, to signify sea -water. In the Consualia of the Romans, horses were led through the streets finely equipped and crowned with garlands; as the god m whose honour the festivals were instituted, had pro- duced the horse, an acimal so beneficial for the use of mankind. Favs. 1 , 2, &c. Homer. 11. 7, &c.Varro de L. L. 4.Cic. ,/, Nat. D. 2 c. 26. 1. 2, c. 25. Hesiod. Theog.Virg. Mn. 1, v. 12, &c. 1. 2, 3, &c. Apollml. \, ft, 6'c. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 117, &c. Herodot. 2, c. 50. 1. 4,c. 188. Mncrflb. Saturn. 1, c. 17. Aug. d* 434 N E Civ. D. 18.Phtt. in Them. Hygin. fab. 137. Eurip. in Phamiss. Place. Apollm. Rhod. NEREIDES, nymphs of the sea, daughters of Nereus and Doris. They were fifty, according to the greater number of mythologists, whose names are as follows : Sao, Amphitrite, Proto, Galataaa, Thoe, Eucrate, Eudora, Galena, Glauce, Thetis, Spio, Cymothoe, Melita, Thalia, Agave, Eulhnene, Erato, Pasithea, Doto, Eunice, Nesea, Dynamene, Pht-rusa, Protomelia, Actea, Panope, Doris, Cymatolege, Hippothoe, Cymo, Eione, Hipponoe, Cymo- doce, Neso, Eupompe, Pronoe, Themisto, Glauconome, Halimede, Pontoporia, Evagora, Liagora, Polynome, Laomedia, Lysianassn, Autonoe, Menippe, Evarne, Psamathe, Ne- mertes. In those which Homer mentions, to the number of 30, we find the following name* different from those spoken of by Hesiod; Halia, Limmoria, lera, Amphitroe, Dexamene, Amphinome, Callianira, Apseudes, Callia- nassa, Clymene, Janira, Nassa, Mera, Orithya, Amathea, Apollodorus, who men- tions 4.5, mentions the following names different from the others : Glaucothoe, Pro- tomedusa, Pione, Plesaura, Calypso, Cranto, Neomeris, Dejanira, Polynoe, Melia, Dione, Isea, Dero, Eumolpe, lone, Ceto. Hyginus, and others, differ from the preceding authors in the following names : Drymo, Xantho, Ligea, Phyllodoce, Cydippe, Lycorias, Gleio. Beroe, Ephira, Opis, Asia, Deopea, Arethusa, Crenis, Eurydice, and Leucothoe. The Ne- reides were implored as the rest of the deities ; they had altars chiefly on the coasts of the sea, where the piety of mankind made offer- ings of milk, oil, and honey, and often of ibe flesh of goats. When they were on the sea shore, they generally resided in grottos and caves, which were adorned with shells, and shaded by the branches of vines. Their dutv was to attend upon the more powerful deities of the sea, and to be subservient to the will of Neptune. They were particularly fond of alcyons, and as they had the power of ruffling or calming the waters, they were always ad- dressed by sailors, who implo'red their pro- tection, that they might grant them a favour- able voyage and a prosperous return. They are represented as young and handsome virgins, sitting on dolphins and holding Neptune's tri- dent in their hand, or sometimes garlands of flowers, &c. Orpheus Hymn. 23. Catull. d* Rapt. Pel. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 361, &c. Stat. 2, Sylv. 2, 1. 3, Siilv. l, Paix. 2, c. l.Apollod, 1, c. 2 & 9. Hesiod, Tl.fng.Hcmur. 11. Hy giti. &c. NEREIS, one of the daughters of Priam. NERKIUS, a name given to Achilles, as son of Thetis, wbo was one of the Nereides. Horat. ep. 17, v. 8. JStiiKiis, a deity of the sea, son of Oceanus and Terra. He married Doris, by whom he had 50 daughters, called the Nereides. [ VhL \ Nereides.] Nereus was generally represented as an old man with a long flowing beard, and hair of an azure colour. The chief place of his N E residence WM in the ^Egean sea, where he was surrounded by his daughters, who often danced in chorvwses round him. He had the gilt of prophecy, and informed those that consulted him with the different fates that attended them. He acquainted Paris with the consequences of his elopement with Helen, and it was by his directions that Heicules obtained the golden apples of the Hesperides; but the sea-god often evaded the importunities of inquirers by assuming different shapes, and totally escaping from tlieir grasp. The word Nereus is often taken for the sea itself. Nereus is sometimes called the most ancient of all the gods. Hesind. Theog.Hygin. Homer. II. iQ.Apollod.Or- vhews Argon. Horat. 1, od. 13. Eurip. in Iphig. NERIO, or NERIENE, the wife of Mars. Bell. G. c. 21, NERIPHUS, a desert island near the Thracian \hersouesus. NERITOS, a mountain in the island of Ithaca, fc also a small island in the Ionian sea, ac- fording to Mela. The word Neritos is often applied to the whole island of Ithaca, and Ulysses, the king of it, is called Neritiits diuc, and his ship Nerhia navls. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 71. Plin. 4. Mela, 2. c. 7. NERITUM, a town of Calabria, now called Nardo. NERJUS, a silversmith in the age of Horace, 2 Sat. 3, v. 69. An usurer in Nero's age, who was HO eager to get money, that he mar- ried as often as he could ; and as soon destroyed his wives by poison, to possess himself of their estates. Pers. 2, v. 14. NERO, Claudius Domitius Csesar, a cele- brated Roman emperor, son of Caius Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the daughter of Germanicus. He was adopted by the emperor Claudius, A. D. 50, and four years after he succeeded to him on the throne. The begin- ning of his reign was marked by acts of the greatest kindness and condescension, by affa- bility, complaisance, and popularity. The ob- iect of Lis administration seemed to be the -oou of his people, and when he was desired to sigii his name to a list of malefactors that were to be executed, he. exclaimed, I wish tn (eaten / could not write. He was an enemy to Sattery, and when the senate had liberally com- mended the wisdom of his government, Nero desired them to keep their praises till he de- served them. These promising virtues were soon discovered to be artificial, and Nero dis- played the propensities of his nature. He delivered himself from the sway of his mother, and at last ordered her to be assassinated. This unnatural act of barbarity, might astonish some of the Romans, but Nero had his devoted adherents, and when he declared that lie had taken away his mother's life to save hiriiseli from ruin, the senate applauded his measures, and the people signified their approbation. Many of his courtiers shared the unhappy fate ol Agrippina, and Nero sacrificed to his fury or caprice all euch as obstructed his pleasure, or diverted his inclination. In the night he 435 NE generally sallied out from his palace, to visit the meanest taverns, and all the scenes ol de- bauchery which Rome contained. In tnis nocturnal riot he was fond of insulting the people in the streets, and his attempts to offer violence to the wife of a Roman senator, nearly cost him his life. He also turned actor, and publicly appeared on the Roman stage in the meanest characters. In Jus attempts to excel in music, and to conquer the disadvan- tages of a hoarse, rough voice, he mode-rated his meals, and often passed the day without eating. The celebrity of the Olympian games attracted his notice. He passed into Greece, and presented himself as a candidate for the. public honour. He was defeated in wrestling, but the flattery of the spectators adjudged him the victory ; and Nero returned to Rome with all the pomp and splendour of an eastern conqueror, drawn in the chariot of Augustus, and attended by a band of musicians, actors, and stage dancers from every part of the empire. These private and public amusements of the em- peror were indeed innocent, his character was injured and not the lives of the people. But his conduct soon became more abominable, he disguised himself in the habit of a woman, and was publicly married to one of his eunuchs. This violence to nature and decency was soon exchanged for another ; Nero resumed his sex, and celebrated his nuptials with one of his meanest catamites, and it was on this occasion that one of the Romans observed that the world would have been happy, if Nero's father had had such a wife. But now his cruelty was displayed in a more superlative degree, and he sacrificed to his wantonness his wife Octavia Poppa, and the celebrated writers, Seneca, Lucan, Petronius, &c. The Christians also did not escape his barbarity. He had heard of the burning of Troy, and as he wished to renew that dismal scene, he caused Rome to be set on fire in different places. The conflagration became soon universal, and during nine suc- cessive days the fire was unextinguished. All was desolation ; nothing was heard but the lamentations of mothers whose children had perished in the flames, the groans of the dying, and the continual fall of palaces and buildings, Nero was the only one who enjoyed the general consternation. He placed himself on the top of a high tower, and he sang on his lyre the de- struction of Troy, a dreadful scene which his barbarity had realized before his eyes. He at- tempted to avert the public odium from his head, by a feigned commiseration of the miseries of his subjects. He began to repair the streets and the public buildings at his own expence, He built himself a celebrated palace, which he called his golden house. It was profusely adorned with gold, with precious stones, and with whatevt r was rare and exquisite. It con- tained spacious fields, artificial lakes, woods, yardens, orchards, and whatever could exhibit beauty and grandeur. The entrance of this edifice could admit a large coloseus of. the em- peror lilt lett .lu.^iJ, the galleries were each a mile long, and the whole was covered witli N E gold. The roofs of the dining halU repre- sented the firmament, in motion as well aa in figure, and continually turned round night and day, showering down all sorts of perfumes and sweet waters. When this grand edifice, which, according to Pliny, extended all round the city, was finished, Nero said, that now he could lodge like a man. His profusion was not less remarkable in all his other actions. When he went a fishing, his nets were made with gold and silk. He never appeared twice in the same garment, and when he undertook a voyage, there were thousands of servants to take rare of his wardrobe. This continuation of debauchery and extravagance, at last, roused the resentment of the people. Many con- spiracies were formed against die emperor, but they were generally discovered, and such as were accessary suffered the greatest punish- ments. The most dangerous conspiracy against Nero's life, was that of Piso, from which he was delivered by the confession of a slave. The conspiracy of Galba, proved more suc- cessful, and the conspirator, when he was in- formed that his plot was known to Nero, de- clared himself emperor. The unpopularity of Nero favoured his cause, he was acknowledged by al] the Roman empire ; and the senate con- demned the tyrant that sat on the throne to be dragged naked through the streets of Rome, and whipped to death, and afterwards to be thrown down from the Tarpeian rock like the meanest malefactor. This, however, was not done ; and Nero, by a voluntary death, pre- vented the execution of the sentence. He Killed himself, A. D. 68, in the 32d year of his age, after a reign of 13 years and eight months. Rome was filled with acclamation at the intelligence, and the citizens, more strongly to indicate their joy, wore caps, such as were generally used by slaves who had received their freedom. Their vengeance was not only esercised against the statues of the deceased tyrant, but his friends were the object of the public resentment ; and many were crushed to pieces in such a violent manner, that one of the senators, amid the universal joy, said that lie was afraid they should soon have cause to wish for Nero. The tyrant, as he expired, begged that his head might not be cut off from his body, and exposed to the insolence of an enraged populace ; but that the whole might be burned on the funeral pile. His request was granted by one of Galba's freedmen, and his obsequies were performed with the usual ceremonies. Though his death seemed to be the source of universal gladness, yet many of hiv favourites lamented his fall, and were grieved to see that their pleasures and amuse merits were stopped by the death of the patron of debauchery and extravagance. Even the king of Parthia sent ambassadors to Rome to condole with the Romans ; and to beg that iney would honour and revere the memory o Nero. His statues were also crowned with garlands of flowers, and many believed that he was not dead, but that he would soon make 436 N E his appearance, and take a due vengeance upon his enemies. It will be sufficient to ob- serve, in finishing the character of this tyran- nical emperor, that the name of Nero is even now used emphatically to express a barbarous and unfeeliug oppressor. Pliny calls him the common enemy and the fury of mankind, and in this he has been followed by all writers, who exhibit Nero as a pattern of the most execrable barbarity and unpardonable wanton- ness. Pint, in Galb. Suet, in vita. Plin. 7, c. 8, &c. Dio. 64. Aurel. Victor. Tacit. Aim. -Claudius, a Roman general sent into Spain to succeed the two Scipios. He suffered him- self to be imposed upon by Asdrubal, and was soon after succeeded by young Scipio. He was afterwards made a consul, and intercepted Asdrubal, who was passing from Spain into Italy with a large reinforcement for his brother Annibal. An engagement was fought near the river Metaurus, in which 56,000 of the Cartha- ginians were left in the field of battle, and great numbers taken prisoners, 207 B. C. As- drubal, the Carthaginian general, was also killed, and his head cut off and thrown into his brother's camp by the conquerors. Appian. in Han. Ores. 4. Lie. 27, &c. Horat. 4, od. 4, v. 37. Fbr. 2, c. 6 Val. Max. 4, c. 1. Another, who opposed Cicero when he wished to punish with death such as were accessary to Catiline's conspiracy. A son of Germa- nicus, who was ruined by Sejanus, and banished from Rome by Tiberius. He died in the place of his exile. His death was voluntary, ac- cording to some. Suetou. in Tiber. The Neros were of the Claudian family, which, during the republican times of Rome, was honoured with twenty-eight consulships, five dictatorships, six triumphs, seven censorship*, and two ovations. They assumed the surname of Nero, which, in the language of the Sabiues, signifies strong and warlike. NERONIA, a name given to Artaxata by Ti- ridates, who had been restored to his kingdom by Nero, whose favours he acknowledged by calling the capital of his dominions after the name of his benefactor. NERONIANX THERM*, baths at Rome, made by the emperor Nero. NEHTOBRIGIA, a town of Spain. NKRVA COCCEIUS, a Roman emperor after the death of Domitian, A. D. 96. He ren- dered himself popular by his mildness, his ge- nerosity, and the active part he took in the management of affaire. He suffered no statues to be raised to his honour, and he applied to the use of the government all the gold and eil ver statues which flattery and hatred had erected to his predecessor. In hi* civil cha- racter he was the patron of good manners, of sobriety, and temperance. He forbad the mu- tilation of male children, and gave no counte- nance to the law which permitted the marriage of an uncle with his niece. He made a solemn declaration that no senator should suffer death during lib reign, and this he observed with such sanctity, that, when two members of the NE senate h*d conspired against his life, he was satisfied to tell them that he was informed of their wicked machinations. He also conducted them to the public spectacles, and sat himself between them, and when a sword was offered to him, according to the usual custom, he de- sired the conspirators to try it upon his body. Such goodness of heart, such confidence in the self-conviction of the human mind, and such reliance upon the consequence of his lenity and indulgence, conciliated the minds of all his sub- jects. Yet, as envy and danger are the con- stant companions of greatness, the prsetorian guards at last mutinied, and Nerva nearly yielded to their fury. He uncovered his aged neck in the presence of the incensed soldiery, and bade them wreak their vengeance upon him, provided they spared the life of those to whom he was indebted for the empire, and whom his honour commanded him to defend. His seem- ing submission was unavailing, and he was at last obliged to surrender to the fury of the sol- diers, some of his friends and supporters. The infirmities of his age, and his natural timidity, at last obliged him to provide himself against any future mutiny or tumult, by choosing a wor- thy successor. He had many friends and rela- tions, but he did not consider the aggrandize- ment of his family ; and he chose for his son and successor, Trajan, a man of whose vir- tues and greatness of mind he was fully con- vinced. This voluntary choice was approved by the acclamations of the people, and the wis- dom and prudence which marked the reign of Trajan, showed how discerning was the judg- ment, and how affectionate were the intentions of Nerva, for the good of Rome. He died on the 27th of July, A. D. 98, in his 72d year, and his successor showed his respect for his merit and for his character by raising him al- tars and temples in Rome, and the provinces ; and by ranking him in the number of the gods. Nerva was the first Roman emperor who was of foreign extraction, his father being a native of Crete. PI in. paneg.Diod. 69. -M. Coc- ceius, a consul in the reign of Tiberius. He starved himself, because he would not be con- cerned in the extravagance of the emperor. A celebrated lawyer, consul with the emperor Vespasian. He was father to the emperor of that name. NERVII, a warlike people of Belgic Gaul, who continually upbraided the neighbouring nations for submitting to the power of the Ro- mans. They attacked J. Caesar, and were to- tally defeated. Lucan. 1, v. 428. Ctfs. bell. G. NERULUM, an inland town of Lucania. Liv. 9, c. 20. NERIUM, or Artabrum, a promontory of Spain, now cape Finisterre. Strcib. 3. NBSACTUM, a town of Istria at the mouth of the Arsia, now Castel Nuovo. NES*A, one of the Nereides. Virg. G. 4, v. 388. NEBIMACHUS, the father of Hijipomedon, a native of Argos, who was one of the seven rhiefs who made war against Thebes. Hygin. ro. SC'/P/. .<-tmans to Asia, where he built Ephe- sus, Miletus, Priene, Colophon, Myus, Teos, Lebedos, Clazomenas, &c. Pans. 7, c. 2, &c. A philosopher who had in his possession all the writings of Aristotle. NILUB, a king of Thebes, who gave his name to the river which flows through the middle of Egypt, and falls into the Mediterra- nean sea. The Nile, anciently called ^Egyptus, is one of the most celebrated rivers in the worid. Its sources were unknown to the an- cients, ami the moderns are equally ignorant N I of (heir situation, whence an impossibility is generally meant by the proverb of NUi cajnit qutervre. It flows through the middle of Egypt, in a northern direction, and when it comes to the town of Cercasorum, it then divides itself into several streams, and falls into the Medi- terranean by seven mouths. The most eastern canal is called the Pelusian, and the most western is called the Canopic mouth. The other canals are the Sebeunytican, that of Sais, the Mendesian, Bolbitinic, and Bucolic. They have all been formed by nature, except the two last, which have been dug by the la- bours of men. The island which the Nile forms by its division into several streams is called Delta, from its resemblance to the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. The Nile yearly overflows the country, and it is to those regular inundations that the Egyptians are indebted for the fertile produce of their lands. It begins to ritte in the month of May for 100 successive days, and then decreases gradually the same number of days. If it rises no higher than 16 cubits, a famine is generally expected, but if it exceeds this by many cubits it is of the most dangerous consequences ; houses are over- turned, the cattle are drowned, and a great number of insects are produced from the mud, which destroy the fruits of the earth. The overflowings of the Nile which remained un- known to the ancients, though searched with .he greatest application, are owing to the heavy rains which regularly fall in Ethiopia in the months of April and May, and which rush down like, torrents upon the. country, and lay it all under water. These causes, as some peo- ple suppose, were well known to Homer, as he seems to show it by saying, that the Nile Jlowed down from heaven. Strab. 17. Mela, I, c. 9. 1. 3, c. 9. Seneca quest. Nat. 4. Lu- ean. 1, 2, &C. Clandian. ep. de Nilo. Vrrg. JEn. 6, v, 800. I. 9, v. 31 Diod. \, &cc.He- rodot. 2. Lucret. 6, v. 712. Ammian. 22. Patts. 10, c. 32.Plin. 5, c.10. One of the Greek fathers, who flourished A. D. 440. His works were edited at Rome, fol. 2 vols. 1668 and 1678. NINNIUS, a tribune who opposed Clodius the enemy of Cicero. NINIAS. Fid. Ninyas. NINUS, a son of Belus who built a city to which he gave his own name, and founded the Assyrian monarchy, of which lie was the first sovereign, B. C. 2059. He was very warlike, and extended his conquests from Egypt to the extremities of India and Bactriana. He became enamoured of Semiramis the wife of one of his officers, and he married her after her husband had destroyed himself through fear of his powerful rival. Ninus reigned 52 years, and, at his death, he left his kingdom to the care of his wife Semiramis, by whom lie had a son. The history of Ninus is very ob- scure and even fabulous according to the opinion of some. Ctesias is the principal his- torian from whom it is derived, but little re- liance is to be placed upon him, when Aristotle Jeems him unworthy to be believed. Ninus 44J N 1 after death received divine honours, and be- came the Jupiter of the Assyrians, and the Hercules of the Chaldeans. Cteiias. Diod. 2 Justin. 1, c. 1. Herodot. 2. A cele- brated city, the capital of Assyria built on the banks of the Tigris by Ninus and called Nineveh in Scripture. It was, according to the relation of Diodorus Siculus, fifteen miles long, nine bioad, and forty- eight in circumference. It was surrounded by large walls 100 feet high, on the top of which three chariots could pass together a-breast, and defended by 1500 towers, each 200 feet high. Ninus was taken by the united armies of Cyaxares and Nabopo- lasiiar king of Babylon, B. C. 606. Strab. 1. Diod. 2. Herodot. I, c. 185, &c. Paul. 8, c. 33. Liinan. NINYOS, a son of Ninus and Semiramis, king of Assyria, who succeeded his mother who had voluntarily abdicated the crown. Some suppose, that Semiramis was put to death by her own son, because she had encouraged him to commit incest. The reign of Ninyas is remarkable for its luxury and extravagance. The prince left the care and the government to his favourites and ministers, and gave him- self up to pleasure, riot, and debauchery, and never appeared- in public. His successors imitated the example of his voluptuousness, and therefore their name is little known till the age of Sardauapalus. Justin. 1, c. 2. DiW. 1, &c. NIOBB, a daughter of Tantalus king of Lydia by Euryanassa or Dione. She married A'mphion the son of Jasus, by whom she had ten sons and ten daughters according to Hesiod, or two sons and tluee daughters according to Herodotus. Homer and Propertius say, that she had six daughters and as many sons, and Ovid, Apollodorus, &c. according to the more received opinion, support, that she had seven sons and seven daughters. The sons were Sipylus, Minytus, Tantalus, Agenor, Pha:- dimus, DamasichthoD, and Ismenus; and those of the daughters Cleodoxa, Ethod*a or Thera, Astyoche, Phthia, Pelopia or Chloris, Asti- cratea, and Ogygia. The number of her children increased her pride, and sho had the imprudence not only to prefer herself to Latona, who had only two children, but she even insulted her, and ridiculed the worship which was paid to her, observing that she had a better claim ro altars and sacrifices than the mother of Apollo and Diana. This insolence provoked Latona. She intreated her children to punish the arrogant Niobe. Her prayers were heard, and immediately all the sons of Niobe expired by the darts of Apollo, and all the daughters except Chloris were equally de- stroyed by Diana; and Niobe, struck at tLe suddenness of her misfortunes, was changed nto a stone. The carcases of Niobe's children, according to Homer, were left unburied in th plains for nine successive days, because Jupiter changed into stones all such as attempted to inter them. On the tenth day they were honoured with a funeral bv the gods. Homer. 11. 84. jEliau, V.H 12.C.36- N I Owl. Mel. fab. 5 liygin. fab. 9. Horat. 4, od. 6. Propert. 8, el. 6. -A daughter of Phoroneus, king of Peloponnesus, by Laodice. She was beloved by Jupiter, by whom she had a son called Argus, who gave his name to Argia or Argolis, a country of Peloponnesus. Pant. 2, c. i< in Latin. Paterc. 1, C.7. Suet, in Aug.Sil. 12, v. 161. A Gel- lots, 7, c. 20. NOM, a town of Sicily. Died. 11. SiL 14, v. 266. NOMENTANUS, an epithet applied to L. Cassius as a native of Normentum. Hs is mentioned by Horace as a mixture of luxury and dissipation. Herat. I, Sat. 1, v. 105, # alibi. NOMADES, a name given to all those un- civilized people who had no fixed habitation, j and who continually changed ths place of their residence, to go in quest of fresh pasture, for the numerous cattle which they tended. There were Nomades in Scythia, India, Arabia, and Africa. Those of Africa were afterwards called Numidians, by a small change of the letters which composed their name. Herodot. 1, c. 15. 1. 4, c. 187. Strab. 7. Mela, 2, c. 1. 1. 3, c. 4. Virg. G. 3, v. 343. > aus. 8, c. 43. NOMENTUM, a town of the Sabines in Italy. The dictator Q. Servilius Priscus, gave the Veientes and Fidenates battle there A. U. C. 312, and totally defeated them. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 905. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 773. NOMH, mountains of Arcadia. NOMIUS, a surname given to Apollo, because lie fed the flocks of king Admetus in Thessaly. Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 23. NONACRIS, a town of Arcadia, which re- ceived its nan.e from a wife of Lycaon. There was a mountain of the same name in the neigh- bourhood. Evander is sometimes called Nona- critis heros, as being an Arcadian by birth, and Atalanta Nanacria, as being a native of the place. Ovid. -Fast. 5, v. 97. Met. 8, fab. 10. Paus. 8, c. 17, &c. NONIUS, a Roman soldier, imprisoned fo paying respect to Galba's statues, &c. Terit. Hist. 1, c. 56. A Roman who exhorted his countrymen after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, and the flight of Pompey, by observing that eight standards (aquiue) still remained in the camp, to which Cicero answered, Rede, si no/>w cum gracuiis betium asset. NONNIUS MAHCELLUS, a grammarian, whose treatise de raria significatime rerborum was edited by Mercer ,'8vo. Paris, 1614. His paraphrase on John was edited by Heiusius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1627. NOPIA, or CNOPIA, a town of Bceotia, where Amphiaraus had a temple. NORA, a place of Asia, where Eumenes re- tired for some time, &c. NORAX, a son of Mercury and Eurythsea, *vho led a colony of Iberians into Sardinia. Paus. 10, c. 17. NORBA, a town of the Volsci. LAV. 2, Ml N O C. XORBAXVS, a young and ambitious Ro- man who opposed Sylla, and joined his interest to that of young Marius. In his consulship he marched agaiust Sylla, by whom he was de- feated, ficc. Piut. A friend and general ot Augustus employed in Macedonia against the republicans. He was defeated by Brutus &c. NORICUM, a country of ancient Illyricum which now forms a part of modern Baium. and Austria. It extended between the Danube and part of the Alps and Vindelicia. Its savage inhabitants who were once governed by kings, made many incursions upon the Romans, and were at last conquered under Tiberius and the country became a dependent province In the reign of Dioclesian, Noricum was di vided into two parts, Ripense and Mediterra nean. The irou that was drawn from Noricuoi was esteemed excellent, and thence Koricu* ensis to express the goodness of a sword. Dimiys. Peneg. Strab. 4.Plin. 34, c. 14. Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 5.Uarat. 1, od. 16, v.9. NORTHIPPUS, a Greek tragic poet. NORTIA, a name given to the goddess o Fortune among the Etrurians. Liv. 7, c. 3. NOTHUS, a son of Deucalion. A sur name of Darius, king of Persia, from hi illegitimacy. Nosi's, a Greek physician, whose book d omnium morborum cufatione was edited in 12mo Argent. 1568. NOTIUM, a town of /Eolia near the Caystei It was peopled by the inhabitants of Colophon who left their ancient habitations becaus Notium was more conveniently situated in being on the sea shore. NOTUS, the south wind, called also Auster Nov.*, (Tabernas^, the new shops built in the forum at Rome, and adorned with' the shields of the Cimbri. Cic. Oral. 2, c. 66. The Veteres tabernae were adorned with those of the Samnites. Liv. 9, c. 40. NOVARIA, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now Novara in Milan. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 70. NOVATUS, a man who severely attacked the character of Augustus, i ,der a fictitious name. The emperor discovered him, and only fined him a small sum of money. NOVFSIUM, a town of the Ubii, on the weal of the Rhine, now called Kuys, near Cologne. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 26, &c. NOVIODUNUM, a town of the^Edui in Gaul, ta- ken by J. Csesa'r. It is pleasantly situated on the Ligeris, and now called Noyon, or as others sup- pose, Nevers. Ctes. Be. G. 2, c. 12.' NOVIOMAGUS or NFDMAGUS, a town of Gaul, now Nineux in Normandy. Another called also Nemetes, now Spire. Another in Bata- via, now Nimeguen, on the south side of die \Vaal. NOVIU.M, a town of Spain, now Noya. NOVOM COMUM, a town of Insubria, on the lake Larinus, of which the inhabitants were called Novocomenses. Cic. ad Div. 13, c. 55. NONNUS, a Greek writer of the 5th century, known by his Dionysiaca, a wonde-ful collection N U of heathen mythology and erudidon, edited 4to. Antwerp, 1569. His paraphrase on John was edited by Heinsius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1627. Nox, one of the most ancient deities among the heathens, daughter of Chaos. From her union with her brother Erebus, she gave birtli to the Day and the Light. She was also the mother of th* Parcae, Hesperides, Dreams, of Discord, Death, Momus, Fraud, &c. She is ^Milled by some of the poets the mother of all things, of gods as well as of men, therefore she was worshipped with great solemnity by the wicieuts. She had a famous statue in Diana's temple at Ephesus. It was usual to offer her a black sheep, as she was the mother of the furies. The cock was also offered to her, as that bird proclaims the approach of day, during the darkness of the night. She is represented as mounted on a chariot and covered with a veil bespangled with stars. The constellations gene, rally went before her as her constant messengers. Sometimes she is t,een holding two children un- der her arms, one of which is black, representing death or rather night ; and the other white, re- presenting sleep or day. Some of the moderns have described her as a wcman veiled in mourn- ing, and crowned with poppies, and carried on a chariot drawn by owls and bats. Virg* Jn. 6, v. 950. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 455. Pans. 10, c. 38. Hesind. Theog. NUCERIA, a town of Campania taken by Annibal. It became a Roman colony under Augustus. Liican. 2, v. 472. Liv. 27, c. 3. A town of Umbria. NUITHONES, a people of Germany, possessing the country now called Mecklenburgh and Pome' rania. Tacit. G. 40. NUMA MARCIUS, a man made governor of Rome by Tullus Hostilius. NUMA POMPILIUS, a celebrated philosopher of Cures. He married Tatia the daughter of Tatius the king of the Sabines, and at her death he retired into the country to devote him self more freely to literary pursuits. At the death of Romulus, the Romans fixed upon him to be their new king, and two senators were sent to acquaint him with the decisions of the senate and of the people. Numa refused their offers, and it was not but at the repeated soli- citations and prayers of his friends, that he was prevailed upon to accept the royalty. The be- ginning of his reign was popular, and he dis- missed the 300 body guards which his prede- cessor had kept around his person, observing that he did not distrust a people who had com- pelled him to reign over them. He was not, like Romulus, fond of war and military expe- ditions; but he applied himself to tame the fe- rocity of his subjects, to inculcate in their minds a reverence for the deity, and to quell their ' dissensions by dividing all the citizens into different classes. He established different orders of priests, and taught the Romans not to worship the deity by images ; and from his example no graven or painted statutes appeared in the temples or sanctuaries of Rome for up- wardg of 160 yeiirs. He encouraged tie report N U which was spread of his paying regular visits to the nymph Egeria, and made use ef her name to give sanction to the laws and institutions which he had introduced. He established the college of the vestals, and told the Romans that the safety of the empire depended on the pre- servation of the sacred ancyle or shield, which, as was generally believed, had dropped down from heaven. He dedicated a temple to Janus, which, during his whole reign, remained shut, as a mark of peace and tranquillity at Rome. Numa died after a reign of 43 years, in which he had given every possible encouragement in the useful arts, and in which he had cultivated peace, B. C. 672. Not only the Romans, bu* also the neighbouring nations were eager to pay their last offices to a monarch whom they re- vered for his abilities, moderation, and huma- nity. He forbad his body to be burnt according to the custom of the Romans ; but he ordered it to be buried near mount Janiculum, with many of the books which he had written. These books were accidentally found by one of the Romans about 400 years after his death, and as they contained nothing new or interesting, but merely the reasons why he had made innova- tions in the form of worship and in the religion of the Romans, they were burnt by order of the senate. He left behind one daughter called Pompilia, who married Numa Marcius, and be- came the mother of Ancus Martius, the fourth king of Rome. Some say that he had also four sons, but this opinion is ill founded. Pint, in vita. Varro. Liv. l. Plui. 13 & 14, &c. Flar. 1, c. 2.Virg. Jn. 6 & 9. Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 2 & 17. Val. Mai. \, c. 2. Dionyt. Hal. 2, c. 59. Ovid. Fast. 3, &c. One of the Rutulian chiefs killed in the night by Nisus and Euryalus. Virg. &n. 9, v. 454. NUMANA, a town of Picenum in Italy. Mela, 2, c. 4. NUMANTIA, a town of Spain near the sources of the liver Durius, celebrated for the long war which it maintained against the Romans. The inhabitants obtained some advantages over the Roman forces till Scipio Africanus was em- powered to finish the war, and to see the de- struction of Numantia. He began the siege with an army of 60,000 men, and was bravely opposed by the besieged, who were no more than 4000 men able to bear arms r both armies behaved with uncommon valour, and the courage of the Numantines was soon changed into despair and fuiy. Their provisions began to fail, and they fed upon the flesh of their horses, and afterwards of that of their dead companions, and at last were necessitated to draw lots to kill and devour one another. The melancholy situation of their affairs obliged some to surrender to the Roman general. Scipio de- manded them to deliver themselves up on the morrow ; they refused, and when a longer time had been granted to their petitions, they retired and set fire to their houses, and all defrayed themselves, B. C. 133, so that not even one re- mained to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. Some historians, however, deny that, and iup- N U port that a number of Numantines delivered themselves into Scipio's hands, and that 50 of them were drawn in triumph at Rome, and the rest sold as slaves. The fall of Numantia was more glorious than that of Carthage or Corinth, though inferior to them. The conqueror ob- tained the surname of Numanticus. Flor. 2. c. 88. Appian. l\w. Paterc. V, c. 3. Cic. 1, Of. Strab. 3. Mela, 2, c. 6. Ptut. NUMANTINA, a woman accused under Tibe- rius of making her husband insa' by enchant- ments, &c. Tacit. 4, c. 22. NUMANUS REMULUS, a Rumlian who ac- cused the Trojans of effeminacy. He had mar- ried the younger sister of Turnus, and was killed by Ascanius during the Rutulian war. Vir K . JEn, 2, v. 592, &c. NUMENES, a follower of the doctrines of Plato and Pythagoras, born at Apamea in Syria. He flourished in the reign of M. Antoninus. NUMENIA, or NEOMENIA, afestival observed by the Greeks at the beginning of every lunar month, in honour of all the gods, but especially of Apollo, or the sun, who is justly deemed the author of light, and of whatever distinction is made in the months, seasons, dayj, and nights. It was observed with games and pub- lic entertainments which were provided at the expense of rich citizens, and which were always frequented by the poor. Solemn prayers were offered at Athens during the solemnity for the prosperity of the republic. The demigods as well as the heroes of the ancients, were ho- noured and invoked in the festival. NUMF.NIUS, a philosopher who supposed that Chaos from which the world was created was animated by an evil and maleficent soul. He lived in the second century. NUMENTANA VIA. a road at Rome which led to mount Sacer through the gate Viminalis. Lir. b, c. 52. NUMEHIA, a goddess at Rome who presided over numbers. Aug. de Civ. D. 4, c. 11. NtiMEBiANUs, M. Aurelius, a son of the em- peror Carus. He accompanied his father into the east with the title of Caesar, and at his death lie succeeded him with his brother Cari- nus, B. C. 282. His reign was short. Eight months after his father's death, he wai mur- dered in his litter by his father-in-law, Arrius A per, who accompanied him in an expedition. The murderer who hoped to ascend the vacant throne, continued to follow the litter as if the emperor was alive, till he found a proper op- portunity to declare his sentiments. The stench of his body soon discovered his perfidy, and lie was sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers. Nu- merianus has been admired for his learning as well as his moderation. He was natmally an eloquent speaker, and in poetry he was inferior to no writer of his age. A friend of the em- peror Severus. NUMERIUS, a man who favoured the escape of Marius to Africa, &c. A friend of Pom- pay, taken by J. Csesar's adherents, &c. Plin. NOMICIA VIA, one of the great Roman roads which Jed from the capital to the town of Brun- 44.5 N U N&Micus, a small river of Latium near La vinium, where the dead body of ^Eueae was found, and where Anno, Dido's sister, drowned herself. Virg. Mn. 7, v. 150, &c. SU. 1 , 359. Quid. Met. 14, v. 358, &c. Fast. 3, v. 643. A friend of Horace, to whom he addressed 1 ep. 6. NUMIDA, a surname given by Horace, 1 od. 36, to one of the generals of Augustus, from his conquests in Numidia. Some suppose that it is Pomponius, others Plotius. NUMIDIA, an inland country of Africa, which now forms the kingdom of Algiers and Bildul- gerid. It was bounded on the north by the Mediterranean sea, south by Gaetulia, west by Mauritania, and east by a part of Libya, which was called Africa Propria. The inhabitants were called Nomades, and afterwards Nomidae. It was the kingdom of Masinissa, who was the oc- casion of the third Punic war, on account of the offence he had received from the Carthaginians. Jugurtha reigned there, as also Juba the father and son. It was conquered, and became a Ro- man province, of which Sallust was the first governor. The Numidians were excellent war- riors, and in their expeditions they always en- deavoured to engage with the enemy in the night time. They rode without saddles or bri- dles, whence they have been called infrteni. They had their wives in common as the rest of the barbarian nations of antiquity. Sailitst. in Jug. -Flor. %, c. 15. Strab. $> & \7.Mela, 1, c. 4, &c. Ovid. Mft. 15, v. 754. NUMIDIUS, a governor of Syria under Clau- dius. 7'actt. Arm. 12. NUMISTRO, a town of the Brutii in Italy. Liu. 45, c. 17. NUMITOR, a son of Procas, king of Alba, who inherits d his father's kingdom with his brother Amulius, and began to reign conjointly with him. Amulius was too avaricious to bear a col- league on the throne : he expelled his brother, and that he might more safely secure himself, he put to death his son Lausus, and consecrated the daughter Ilia to the service of the goddess Vesta, which demanded perpetual celibacy. These great precautions were rendered abortive. Ilia became pregnant, and though the two chil- dren whom she brought forth were exposed in the river by order of the tyrant, their life was preserved, and Numitor was restored to hia throne by his grandsons, and the tyrannical usurper was put to death. Dionys. Hal. Liv. 1, c. 3. Pint, in Rtmul.Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 55, &c. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 768. A son of Phorcus who fought with Turnus against ./Eneas. Virg . /En. 10, v. 342. A ridi and dissolute Romau in the age of Juvenal 7, v. 74. NuMiTSmus, a Roman who defended Vir- ginia, to whom Appius wished to offer violence. He was made military tribune. NUMONIUS. Fjrf/Vala. Ni'NcoRBU8,ason of Sesostris, king of Egypt, who made an obelisk, some ages after brought to Rome. Plin. 36, c. 11. He is called Pheron by Herodotus. NUNDIXA, a goddess whom the Romans m- Toked when they named their children. Thii N Y kappened the ninth day of their birth, whence the name of the 'goddess, Nona din. NONDIN*. fid. Feriae. NURS*. a town of Italy. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 744. NURSCIA, a goddess who patronized the Etru- liana. Juv. 10, v. 74. NURSIA, a town of Picenum, whose inha- bitants are called Nursini. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 71 6. Martial, 13, ep. 20. NUT R i A , a town of Illyricum. Polyb. 2. NYCTEIS, a daughter of Nycteus, who was mother of Labdacus. A patronymic of Antiope the daughter of Nycteus, mother of Amphion and Zethus by Jupiter, who had assumed the shape of a satyr to enjoy her company. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 110. N YCTELIUS, a surname of Bacchus. Paus. 1, c. 40. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 15. NYCTEUS, a son of Plyrieus and Clonia. A son of Chthonius. A son of Neptune by Celene, daughter of Atlas, king of Lesbos, or of Thebes according to the more received opi- nion. He married a nymph of Crete called Polyxo or Amalthaea, by whom he had two daughters Nyctimene and Antiope. The first of these disgraced herself by her criminal amours with her father, into whose bed she introduced herself by means of her nurse. When the father knew the incest he had committed, he attempted to stab his daughter, who was immediately changed by Minerva into an owl. Nycteus made war against Epopeus, who had carried away Antiope, and died of a wound which he had received in an engagement, leaving his kingdom to his brother Lycus, whom he en- treated to continue the war, and punish Antiope for her immodest conduct. [ Vid. Antiope.] Pans. 2, c. 6.Hygin. fab. 1.57 & 204. Ovid. Met. 2, v. .590, &c. 1. 6, v. 110, &c. NYCTIMENE, a daughter of Nycteus. Vid. Nycteus. NYCTIMUS, a son of Lycaon.kingof Arcadia. He died without issue, and left his kingdom to his nephew Areas, the son 01 Callisto. Paws. 8, c. 4. NYMB^UM, a Jake of Peloponnesus in Laco- nia. J flow 'shed about 70 years before the Christian Pontus from her husband. She proved un- era in the northern parts of ancient Germany, or faithful to him, upon which he murdered her. the modern kingdom of Denmark. He was at He was condemned under Nero. Tacit. Ann.fy once a priest, a soldier, apoet, amonarch, and a Hist.Plut. in Vitis Flar. Liv.&c. A poet in the Augustan age intimate with Horace. He also distinguished himself as an historian. Bo- rat. 1, Sat. 10 v. 82. OCTODVTBCS, a village in the modern coun- try of Switzerland, now called Martigny. Cies. OCTOGESA, a town of Spain, a little above the mouth of the Iberus, now called Mequinetaa. Ctes. B. G. \, c. 61. OCTOLOPHUM, a place of Greece. Lie. -31. OCYALUS, one of the Phseacians. conqutroi He imposed upon the credulity of his superstitious countrymen, and made them believe that he could raise the dead to life, and that he was acquainted with futurity. When he had extended his power, and increased his fame by conquest and by persuasion, he resolved to die in a different manner from Other men. He assembled his friends, and with of a lance, he made on his body nine different wounds in the form of a circle, and as he ex pired, he declared he was going into Scythia, where he should become one of the immortal OCYPETB, one of the Harpies, who infected gods. He further added, that he would prepare whatever she touched. The name signifies swift bliss and felicity for such of his countrymen at ftying. Hesiod. Theog.Apollad. 1, c. 9.-^ lived a virtuous life, who fought with intrepidi- aughter of Da- ' ty, and who died like heroes in the field of bat- A daughter of Thaumas. A dj aaus. OcYnoE, a daughter of Chiron, who had into a .638, &c. A woman carried away by Apollo, as he was going to a festival at Miletus. ODENATUS, a celebrated prince of Palmyra. He eaily inured himself to bear fatigues, and by the gift of prophecy. She was changed in mare. [Fid. Melanippe.~] Ovid. Met. 2, v. These injunctions had the desired effect ; his countrymen superstitiously believed him, and always recommended themselves to his pro- tection whenever they engaged in a battle, and they entreated him to receive the souls of such as had fallen in war. ODITES, a son of Ixion, killed by Mopsus at the nuptials of Pirit Ovid. Met. 12, v. 457. hunting leopards and wild beasts, he accus- - A prince killed, at the nuptials of Andro- tomed himself to the labours of a military life, mache. Id. ib. 5, v. 97. He was faithful to the Romans, and when Au- J ODOACEH, a king of the Heruli, who destroyed Telian had been taken prisoner by Sapor, king I the western empire of Rome, and called himself of Persia, Odenatus warmly interested himself I king of Italy, A. D. 476. in his cause, and solicited his release by writ- ODOMANTI, a people of Thrace. Lie. 45, ing a letter to the conqueror, and sending him c. 4. presents. The king of Persia was offended at ODONES, a people of Thrace. the liberty of Odenatus ; he tore the letter and ODRYSJB, an ancient people of Thrace, oe- 449 G CE D tween Abdera and the river Ister. The epithet of Oarysius is often applied to a Thracian. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 554. ODRYSUS, one of the gods of Thrace. ODYSSEA, one of Homer's epic poems, in which he describes, in 24 books, the'adventures of Ulysses on his return from the Trojau war, with other material circumstances. The whole of the action comprehends no more than 55 days. It is not so esteemed as the Iliad of that poet. Vid. Homerus. ODYSSEVM, a promontory of Sicily on the west of Cape Pachin. (EAGRUS and (EAGER, the father of Orpheus by Calliope. He was king of Thrace, and from him the Hebrus, one of the rivers of the country, has received the appellation of ffia- gntu ; though Servius, in his commentaries, dis- putes the explanation of Diodorus, by asserting that the (Eagrius is a river of Thrace, whose waters supply the streams of the Hebrus . Ovid, inlb. 484. Apolton. 1, Arg. Virg. G. 4, v. 524. Ital. 5, v. 4ti3.Diod. (EA, now Tripoli, a town of Africa. Plin. 5, c. 4. Sil. Ital.3, 257. A place in the island of Eginus. Herod. 5, c. 83. (EANTHE and (EANTHIA, a town of Achaia, where Venus had a temple. Pans. 10, c. 38. (EAX, a son of Nauplius and Clymene. He was brother to Palamedes. Hygin. fab. 117. (EBALIA, the ancient name of Laconia, which it received from (Ebalus. Paus. 3, c. L. Apollad. 3, c. 10. A country of Italy, in whose territories Tarentum was built by a co- lony of Laconians. Virg. G. 4, v. 125. Sil. 12, v. 451. (EBALUS, a son of Argalus or Cynortas, who was king of Laconia. He married Gorgophone the daughter of Perseus, by whom he had Hip- pocoon, Tyndarus, 6iC. Paus. 3, c. 1. ApoiLd. 3, c. 10. A son of Telon and the nymph Se- bethis, who reigned in the neighbourhood of Neapolis, in Italy. Vir*. Jn. 7, v. 734. (EBARES, a satrap of Cyrus. Polyen. 7. A groom of Darius, son of Hystaspes. Ht was the cause that his master obtained the kingdom of Persia, by his artifice in making his horse neigh first. [Fid. Darius 1st.] Herodot. 3, c. do. Justin, 1, c. 10. (EBOAS, a Grecian hero, to whom the Gre- cians raised a statue, and conferred great ho- nours upon. (EcHALtA, a country of Peloponnesus in La conia, v.ith a small town of the same name. This town was destroyed by Hercules, while Eurytus was king over it, from which circum- stance it is often called Eurytopohs. A small town of Euboea. Virg. sEn.B, v. 291. Ovid. Heroid. 9, Met. 9, v. 136. CEci,lDES, a patronymic of Amphiaraus, son of (Ecleus. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 7. (ECLEUS. Vid. Oicleus. (EcuMENEirs, wrote in the middle of the 10th century a paraphrase of some of the books of the New Testament in Greek, edited in 2 vols. foL Paris, 1631. CEDirdniA, a fountain of Thebes in Doeotia. 450 (ED (EDIPUS, a son of Laius, kiug of Thebes, and Jocasta. As being descended from Venus by his father's side, CEdipus was born to be exposed to all the dangers and the calamities which Juno could inflict upon th* posterity of the goddess of beauty. Laius, the father of (Edipus, was informed by the oracle, as soon as he married Jocasta, that he must perish by the hands of his son. Such dreadful intelli- gence awakened his fears, and to prevent the fulfilling of the oracle, he resolved never to ap- proach Jocasta; but his solemn resolutions were violated in a fit of intoxication. The queen became pregnant, and Laius, still intent to stop the evil, ordered his wife to destroy her child- as soon as he came into the world. The mother had not the courage to obey, yet she gave the child, as soon as born, to one of her domestics, with orders to expose him in the mountains. The servant was moved with pity, but to obey the command of Jocasta, he bored the feet of the child, and suspended him with a twig by the heels to a tree on mount Cithae- ron, where he was soon found by one of the shepherds of Polybus, king of Corinth. The shepherd carried him home, and Periboea, the wife of Polybus, who had no children, edu- cated him as her own child, with maternal ten- derness. The accomplishments of the infant, who was named CEdipus, on account of the swelling of his feet (oifow. tumeo, TTO$C; pedes,) soon became the admiration of the age. His companions envied his strength and his ad- dress, and one of them, to mortify his rising ambition, told him he was an illegitimate child. This raised his doubts, he asked Pe- ribffia, who, out o! tenderness, told him that his suspicions were ill-founded. Not satisfied with this, ha went to consult the oracle of ' Delphi, and was there told not to return home, for if he did, he must necessarily be the mur- derer of his father, and the husband of his mother. This answer of the oracle terrified him ; he knew no home but the house of Po- lybus, therefore he resolved not to return to Corinth, where such calamities apparently attended him. He travelled towards Phocis, and, in his journey, met in a narrow road Lnius on a chariot with his arm-bearer. Laius haughtily ordered (Edipus to make way for him. (Edipus refused, and a contest ensued, in which Laius and his arm-bearer were both killed. As Qidipus was ignorant of the qua- lity and of the rank of the men, whom he had just killed, he continued his journey, and was attracted to Thebes by the fame of the Sphynx. This terrible monster, whom Juno had sent to lay waste the country, [Viil. S/jAyur] resorted in the neighbourhood of Thebes, and devoured all those who had attempted to explain with- out success the enigmas which he proposed. The calamity was now become an object of public concern, and as the successful explana- tion of an enigma would end in the death of the Sphvnx, Creon, who, at the death of Laius, had ascended the throne of Thebes, promised his crown and Jocasta to him who succeeded in the attempt. The enigma proposed was (fill this : What animal in the morning walks upon four feet, at noon upon two, and in the evening upon three? This was left for (Edipus to ex- plain ; he came to the monster and said, that man, in the morning of life, walki upon his IIMUS and his feet ; when he has attained the years of manhood, lie walks upon bis two legs ; and in the evening, he supports his old age with the assistance of a staff. The monster was mortified at the true explanation, and dashed his head against a rock and perished. (Edi pus a scended the throne of Thebes, and mar- ried Jocasta, by wnom he had two sons, Polynices and Eteocles/and two daughters, Ismena and Antigone. Some years after, the Theban ter- ritories were visited with a plague ; and the oracle declared that it should cease only when the murderer of king Laius was banished from Bceotia. As the death of Laius had never been examined, and the circumstances that at- tended it never known, this answer of the oracle was of the greatest concern to the The- bans; but (Edipus, the friend of his people, resolved to overcome every difficulty by the most exact inquiries. His researches were successful, and he was soon proved to be the murder: r of his father. The melancholy dis- covery was jendered the more alarming, when (Edipus considered, that he had not only mur- dered his father, but that he had committed incest with his mother. In the excess of his grief he put out his eyes, as unworthy to see the light, and banished himself from Thebes, or, as some say, was banished by his own sons. He retired towards Attica, led by his daughter Antigone, and came near Colonos, where there was a grove sacred to the Furies. He remembered that he was doomed by the oracle to die in such a place, and to become the source of prosperity to the country in which his bones were buried. A messenger upon this was sent to Theseus, king of the country, to inform him of the resolution of CEdipus. When The- seus arrived, (Edipus acquainted him with a prophetic voice, that the gods had called him to die in the place where he stood; and to show the truth of this, he walked himself, without the assistance of a guide, to the spot where he must expire. Immediately the earth opened, and (Edipus disappeared. Some sup- pose that (Edipus had not children by Jocasta, and that the mother murdered herself as soon as she knew the incest which had been com- mitted. His tomb was near the Areopagus, in the age of Pausanias. Some of the ancient poets represent him in hell, as suffering the punishment which crimes like his seemed to deserve. According to some, the four children which he had were by Euriganea, the daughter of Periphas, whom he married after the death of Jocasta. Apollod. 3, c. 5.Hygin. fab. 66, &c. Eurip. in Phceniss. &c. Sophocl. (Edip. Tur. # Cot. Antig. &c.Heiiod. Theog. I. Ho- mer. Od. 11. Pans. 9, c. 5, &c. Stat. Theb. Henec.in (Edip. Pindar. Olymp. 2. Diod. 4. Athen. 6, & 10. (EME, a daughter of Danaus. 451 CE N (ENANTIIES, a favourite of young Ptolemy king of Egypt. (ENE, a small town ot Argolis. The people are called (Eneadae. (ENEA, a river of Assyria. Ammian. (ENEIS, a nymph whom some make the mo- ther of the god Pan. One of the taxes of *he Athenians. (ENEUS, a king of Calydon in ^tolia, son of Partlmon or Portheus, and Euryte. He mar- ried Althaea, the daughter of Thestius, bj whom he kad Clymenus, Meleager, Gorge, and Dejanira. After Althasa's death, he ma r ried Periboea, the daughter of Hipponous, by whom he had Tydeus. In a general sacrifice which CEneus made to all the gods upon reap- ing the rich produce of his fields, he forgot Diana, and * l ae goddess, to revenge this un- pardonable neglect, incited his neighbours to take up arms against bin, and besides she sent a wild boar to lay waste the country of Caly- donia. The animal was at last killed by Me- leager and the neighbouring princes of Greece, in a celebrated chase, known by the name of the chase of the Calydonian boar. Some time after, Melrager died, and CEneus was driven , from his kingdom by the sons of his brother Agrius. Diomedes, however, his grandson, soon restored him to his throne ; but the con- tinual misfortunes to which he was exposed, rendered him melancholy. He exiled himself from Calydon, and left his crown to his son-in- law Audremon. He died a? he was going to Argolis. His body was buned by the care of Diomedes, in ? town of Argolis, which from Mm received the name of (Enoe. it it reported that CEneus received a visit from Bac- chus, and that he suffered the god to enjoy the favours of Althaea, for which Bacchus per- mitted that the wine of which he was the pa- tron, should be called among the Greeks by the name of (Eneus (oivoc.) Hrgin. fab. 129. Apollod. 1, c. 8. Homer. 11. 9. DM. 4. Pans. 2, c. 25. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 510. (ENIAD*, a town of Arcadia. ? I', c. 24, 1. 38, c. 11. (ENIDES, a patronymic of Meleager, son of CEneus. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 10. (ENISTERIES, feasts which young Grecians celebrated in honour of Bacchus. (Exo, one of the daughters of Anius. (ENOE, a nvmph who married Sicinus, the son of Thoas, king of Lemnos. From her the island of Sicinus has been called (Enoe. Two villages of Attica were also called (Enoe. A city of Argolis. A town of Elis in the Peloponnesus. Strab. 2, c. 25. ApMod, 1, c. . 8. Pans. 1, &c. (ENOMAUS, a son of Mars, by Sterope the daughter of Atlas. He was king of Pisa in Elis, and father 'of Hippodamia by Evarete, daughter of Acrisius, or Eurythoa, the daugh- ter of Danaus. He was informed by the oracle, that he should perisli by the hands of his son-in-law, therefore as he could skilfully drive a chariot, he determined to marry hi* daughter only to him who could out-run him, GG2 O-.N on condition that all who entered the list, eLould agree to lay down their life if conquered. Many had already perished, when Pelops, son of Tantalus, proposed himself. He previously- bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of CEnomaus, by promising him the enjoyment of the favours of Hippovlamia, if he proved victorious. Myr- tilus gave his master an old chariot, whose axle-tree broke on the course, which was from Pisa to the Corinthian isthmus, and CEnomaus was killed. Pelops married Hippodamia, and became king of Pisa. As he expired, CEno- maus entreated Pelops to revenge the perfidy of Myrtilus, which was executed. Those that had been defeated when Pelops entered the lists, were Marmax, Alcathous, Euryalus, OG censor, who watched to repress all unlawful debaucheries which could creep into feasts; be ci ed the guilty before the court of Areopagus. (Euopta properly signifies, the inspector of wives, CENOTRi, the inhabitants of (Enotria. (ENOTRIA, a part of Italy which was after- wards called Lucania. It received this name from CEnotrus the FOD of Lycaon, who settled there with a colony of Arcadians. The CEno- trians afterwards spread themselves into Um- bria, and as far as Latium, and the country of the Sabines, according to some writers. The name of (Enotria is sometimes applied to 'Italy. That part of Italy where CEnotrus settled was before inhabited by the Ausones. Dionys. Hal, Euryinacuus, Capetus, Lasius, Acrias, 8, c. 11. Par**. 1, c. 3. Virg. jEn. 1, v. 236. Chalcodon, Lycurgus, Tricolonus, Prias, Aris- 1. 7, v. 85. Ital, 8, v. 220. tomachus, CEolius, Eurythrus, and Chronius. (ENOTRIDES, a name of Ischia and Pontia, Apolled. 2, c. 4. Dlod. 4. Paus. 5, c. 17. 1. 6, two little islands on the other side of Lu- c. 11, &c. ApolLon. Rhod. 1. Propert. l,el.| cania, where several Romans were banished 2, v. 20. Ovid, in Hi. 367. Art. Am. 2, T. 8. under the reign of the emperors. Heroid. CEN5TRUS, a son of Lycaon of Arcadia. rinth. N, a part of Locris on the bay of Co- NA, an ancient name of the island ^Egina. It is also called CEnopia. - Two vil- lages of Attica are also called (Enona, or rather CEnoe. He passed into Magna Graecia with a colony, and gave the name of (Enotria to that part of the country where he settled. Virg. jEn. 7, v. 85. (ENUS., small islands near Chios. - Others on the coast of the Peloponnesus, near CENONE, a nymph of mount Ida, daughter Messenia. Mela, 2, c. 17. of the river Cebrenus in Phrygia. As she had (EoNus, a son of Licymnius, killed at Sparta received the gift of prophecy, she foretold to Paris, whom she married before he was dis- covered to be the son of Priam, that his voyage into Greece would be attended with the most serious consequences, and the total ruin of his country, aad that he should have recourse to her medicinal knowledge at the hour of death. All these predictions were fulfilled, and Paris, when he had received the fatal wound, ordered his body to be carried to CEnone, in hopes of being cured by her assistance. He expired as he came into her presence, and CEnone was so struck at the sight of his dead body, that she bathed it with her tears, and stabbed herself to the heart. Dictys. Cret. Ovid, de Bern. Amor. v. 457. Hermd. 5. Lucan. 9. (ENOPIA, one of the ancient names of the island jEgina. OM. Met. 7, v. 473. (ENOPIDES, a mathematician of Chios. (ENOPION, a son of Ariadne by Theseus, or, according to others, by Bacchus. He married Helice, by whom he had a daughter called Hero, or Merope, of whom the giant Orion be came enamoured. The father, unwilling to give his daughter to such a lover, and afraid o provoking him by an open refusal, evaded his applications, and at last put out his eyes when he was intoxicated. (Enopion received the island of Chios from Rhadamanthus, who had conquered most of the islands of the JE.^ sea, and his tomb was still seen there in the age of Pausanias. Some suppose, and with more probability, thut he reigned not at Chios but at ^Egina, which from him was callec CEnopia. Plut. in Thes. Apollod. 1, c. 4. Diod.Paus. 7, c, 4. Apollod. B'>od. 3. CE.VOPT.*, among the Athenians a kind o here he accompanied Hercules. (EKOE, an island of Bceotia, formed by the Asopus. (ETA, a celebrated mountain between Thes- saly and Macedonia, upon which Hercules burnt himself. Its height has given occasion to the poets to feign that the sun, moon, and stars, rose behind it. Mount (Eta, properly speaking, is a long chain of mountains which runs from the straights of Thermopylae and the gulf of Malia in a western direction to mount Pindus, and from thence to the bay of Am- bracia. The straights or passes of mount (Eta, are called the straights of Thermopylae from the hot baths and mineral waters which are in the neighbourhood. These passes are not more than 25 feet in breadth. Apouuz. 2, c. 7. Paus. 10, c. 20, &c. Ovid. Heroid. 9. Met. 2, v. 216. 1.9, v. 204, &c. Virg.Ecl. Q.Plm. 25, c. 5. Seneca in Med. Lucan. 3, &c. - A small town at the foot of mount (Eta near Thermopylae. (ETYLUS or GVTYLUM, a town ofLaconia, which received its name from (Etylus, one of the heroes of Argos. Serapis had a temple there. Paus. 3, c. 25. (Ejus or OTUS, a giant, son of Aleeus a bro- ther of Epbialta. OFELLUS, a man whom, though unpolished, Horace represents as a character exemplary for wisdom, economy, and moderation. HoraU 2, Sat. 2, T. 2. OFI, a nation of Cjermanv. Tacit de Germ, OG, a giant of an immense size, whom Syrians made a god. "OGDOLAPIS, a navigable river flowing fr the Alps. O I OB DO n u s, a king of Egypt. I OGENUS, an ancient god, whom they sup- pose the same as Oceanus. OGOA, OGCA, or ONCA, a name given to Mi- nerva in Phoenicia, from thence it was carried into Greece. OGLOSA, now Munte Christo, an island in the Tyrrhenian sea, situated on the east of Corsica, and renowned for its wines. Plin. 3, c. 6. OGMIUS, a name of Hercules among the Uauls. OGOA, a deity of MilassainCaria, under whose temple, as was supposed, the sea passed* OGULNIA LEX, by Q. and Cn. Ogulnius^ tribunes of the people, A. U. C. 453. It in- aveased the number of pontifices and augurs from four to nine. The addition was made to both orders from plebeian families. A Ro- man lady as poor r* ste was lascivious. Jnv. 6, v. 351. OGYGES, ? /eVbrated monarch, the most ancient of those that reigned in Greece. He was son of Terra, or, as some suppose, of Nep- tune, and married Thebe the daughter of Ju- Cr. He reigned in Bceotia, which, from , is sometimes called Ogygia, and his power was also extended over Attica. It is supposed that he was of Egyptian or Phoenician extraction; but his origin, as well as the age in which he lived, and the duration of his reign, are so obscure and unknown, that the epithet of Ogygian is often applied to every thing of dark antiquity. In the reign of Ogyges there was a deluge, which so inundated the territories of Attica, that they remained waste for near 200 years. This, though it is very un- certain, is supposed to have happened about 1764 years before the Christian era, previous to the deluge of Deucalion. According to some writers, it was owing to the overflowing of one of the rivers of the country. The reign of Ogyges was al*o marked by an uncommon appearance in the heavens, and, as it is re- ported, the planet Venus changed her colour, diameter, figure, and her course. Varro, de R. R. 3, c. 1. Pans. 9, c. 5. Aug. de Civ. D. 13, &c. OGYGIA, a name of one of the gates of Thebes in Boeotia. One of the daughters of Niobe and Amphion, changed into stones. Apollod. Pans. 9, c. 8. An ancient name of Bffiotia, from Ogyges who reigned there. The island of Calypso, opposite the promontory of Lacinium in Magna Graecia, where Ulysses was shipwrecked. The situation, and even the existence of Calypso's island, is disputed by some writers. Pirn. 3, c. 10. Homer. Od. 1, &c. OCYRIS, an island in the Indian ocean. OICLEUS, a son of Antiphates and Zeuxippe, who married Hypermnestra, daughter of Thes- tius, by whom he had Iphianira, Polybrea, and Amphiaraus. Homer. Od. \5.Diod. 4>.Apol- lod. 1, c. 8. 1. 3, c. 6. Pans. 6, c. 17. OlLEUs, a king of the Locrians. His father's name was Odoedocus, and his mother's Agria- nome. He married Eriope, by whom he had Ajax, called Oileus from his father, to discrimi 453 OL aate him from Ajax, the son of Telamou. H* had also another son called Medon, by a courte- san called Rhene. Oileus was one of the Ar- gonauts. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 45,Apillon l.Hv- gin. fab. 14 & 18. Homer. 11. 13 & 15. Apc^ lod. 3, c. 10. OLANE, one of the mouths of the Po. A mountain of Armenia. OLANUS, a town of Lesbos. OLASTRJE, a people of India. Phan. 3, T. 249. Plin. 6, c. 20. OLBA, or OLBUS, a town of Cilicia. OLBIA, a town of Sarmatia at the confluence of the Hypanis and the Borysthenes, about If- miles from the sea, according to Pliny. It was afterwards called Borysthenes and Miletopolis, because peopled by a Milesian colony. Strab. 7. Plin. 4, c. 12. A town of Bithynia. Me- la, 1, c. 19. A town of Gallia Narbonensis, Id. 2, c. 5. The capital of Sardinia. Clau- dian. OLBIUS, a river of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 14. OLBUS, one of the allies of Olta. Vol. Place. 6, v. 639. OLCHISIUM, or OLCINIUM, a town of Dal- matia. Liv. 45, c. 26. OLEAROS, or OLIROS, one of the Cycladee, about 16 miles in circumference, separated from Pares by a straight of seven miles. Virg, JEn. 3, v. 126. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 469. 6'rra6. 10. OLEATRUM, a town of Spain. OLKN, a Greek poet of Lycia, who flourished some time before the age of Orpheus, and com- posed many hymns, some of which were regu- larly sung at Delphi on solemn occasions. Some suppose that he was the first who established the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, where he first delivered oracles. Herodot. 4, c. 35. OLENUS, a man who married Lethaea, a beautiful woman who preferred herself to the goddesses. She and her husband were changed into stones by the deities. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 68. OLENITS, or OLENCM, a town of Peloponne- sus, between Patrae and Cylene. The goat Amalthsea, which was made a constellation by- Jupiter, is called Olenia, from its residence there. Ovid. Met. 3. Strab. 8. Apollod. 1, c. 8. Another in ^Etolia. OLENIUS, a Lemnian killed by his wife. Val, Place. 2, v. 164. OLGASYS, amountain of Galatia OLIGYRTIS, a town of Peloponnesus. OINIX, a promontory near Megara. OLINTHUS, a town of Macedonia. OLEORVS, now Antiparos, one of the Cy- clades. ,. OLITINGI, a town of Lusitania. Mela, 3, c. 1. OLTSIPO, now Lisbon, an old town ot Spain, on the Tagus, called by some Ulys&ipo, is sup- posed to have been built by Ulysses. It wa surnamed Felicias Julia. Plin. 4, c. 22, Mela, 5, c. 1. OLIZON, a town of Magnesia, in Thesnaly. OLLADES, a people of Spain. T. L. Si. O L T. OLLIUS, the father of Poppasa, destroyed on account of his intimacy with Sejanus, &c. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 45. j OLLOVICO, a prince of Gaul, called the triena { of the republic by the Roman senate. Cas. Bell. G. 7, c. 31. OLMIA, a promontory of Megasida. OLMIUS, a river of Bceotia, sacred to the Muses. Stcet. Theb. 7, v. 284. OLOPHYXUS, a town of Macedonia on mount Athos. Herodot. 7, c. 22. OI,OOSSON, now Allesona, a town of Magnesia. OLPES, now Forte Castri, a strong town of Epirus. OLUS, a town of Crete, on the west of the island, OLYMPEUM, a place in Delos. Another in Syracuse. OLYMPIA (5nuM), celebrated games which received their name either from Olympia, where they were observed, or from Jupiter Olympius, to whom they were dedicated. They were, according to some, instituted by Jupiter after his victory over the Titans, and first ob- served by the Idaei Dactyli, B. C. 1453. Some attribute the institution to Pelops, after he had obtained a victory over (Euomaus, and married Hippodamia ; but the more probable, and in- dee< the more received opinion is, that they were first established by Hercules in honour of Jupiter Olympius, after a victor) obtained over Augias, B. C. 1222. Strabo objects to this opi- nion by observing, that if they had been estab- lished in the age of Homer, the poet would have undoubtedly spoken of them, as he is in every particular careful to mention the amusements and diversions of the ancient Greeks. But they were neglected after their first institution by Hercules, and no notice was taken of them, according to many writers, till Iphitus, in the age of the lawgiver of Sparta, renewed them, and instituted the celebration with greater so- lemnity. This re-institution, which happened B. C. 884, forms a celebrated epoch in Grecian history, and is the beginning of the Olympiads. [I'id. Olympian] They, however, were ne- glected for some time alter the age of Iphitus, till Corcjebns, who obtained a victory B. C.776, re-instituted them to be regularly and constant- ly celebrated. The care and superintendence oi the games were entrusted to the people of Elis, till they were excluded by the Pisasaiw B. C. 364, after the destruction of Pisa. These ob- tained great privileges from this appointment ; they were in danger neither of violence nor war, but they were permitted to enjoy their posses- sions without molestation, as the games were celebrated within their territories. Only one person superintended till the 50th Olympiad, when two were appointed. In the 103d Olym- piad, the number was increased to 12, accord- ing to the number of the tribes of Elis. But in the following Olympiad, they were reduced to eight, and afterwards increased to ten, which number continued till the reign of Adrian. The presidents were obliged solemnly to swear that they would act impartially, and not take any bribes, 01 discover why they rejected some of 454 O L the combatants. They generally sat naked, and lu.Id before them the crown which was pre- pared for the conquerer. There were also cer- tain officers to keep good order and regularity. called aXvTai, much the same as the Roman lictors, of whom the chief was called aXvrapKrjG- No women were permitted to appear at the ce- lebration of the Olympian games, and whoever dared to trespass this law, was immediately thrown down from a rock. This, however, was sometimes neglected, for we find not only wo- men present at the celebration, but also some among the combatants, and some rewarded with the crown. The preparations for these festivals were great. No person was permitted to enter the lists, if he had not regularly exercised him- self ten months before the celebration at tbe public gymnasium of Elis. No unfair dealing* were allowed ; and whoever attempted to bribe his adversary, was subjected to a severe fine. No criminals, nor such as were connected with impious and guilty persons, were suffered to present themselves as combatants ; and even the father and relations were obliged to swear, that they would have recourse to no artifice which might decide the victory in favour of their friends. The wrestlers were appointed by lot. Some little balls superscribed with a let- ter, were thrown into a silver urn, and such as drew the same letter, were obliged to contend one with the other. He who had an odd let- ter remained the last, and he often had the ad- vantage, as he was to encounter the last who had obtained the superiority over his adversary. In these games were exhibited running, leap- ing, wrestling, boxing, and the throwing of the quoit, which was called altogether TrtvraSXov, or quinqiurrtiinn. Besides these, there were horse and chariot races, and also contentions in poetiy, eloquence, and the tine arts. Thn only reward that the conqueror obtained, was a crown of olive ; which, as some suppose, was in memory of the labours of Hercules, which were accomplished for the universal good of mankind, and for which the hero claimed no of having mall and trifling a reward, stimulated courage and vir- tue, and was more the source of great honours than the most unbounded treasures. The sta-' tues of the conquerors, called Olympionicse, were erected at Olympia in the sacred wood of Jupiter. Their return home was that of a war- like conqueror ; they were drawn in a chariot by four horses, and every where Deceived with the greatest acclamations. Their entrance into their native city, was not through the gates, but, to make it more grand and more solemn, a breach was made in the walls. Painters and poets were employed in celebrating their names ; and indeed the victories severally obtained at Olympia, are the subjects of the most beautiful odes of Pindar. The combatants were naked ; a scarf was originally tied round their waist ; but when it had entangled one of the adversa- ries, and been the cause that he lost the victo- ry, it was laid aside, and no regard was paid to decency. The Olympic games were observe 1 other reward but the consciousness of havin been the friend of humanity. So small O L every fifth year, or to speak with greater exact- ness, after a revolution of four years, and in the first month of the fifth year, and they continued for five successive days. As they were the most ancient and the most solemn of ail the fes- tivals of the Greeks, it will not appear wonder- ful that they drew no many people together, not only inhabitants of Greece, but of the neigh- bouring islands and countries. Find. Olymp. Strab. S. Patit. 5, c. 67, &c. Divd. \, &c. Plut. in Thes. Lye. &c. JELian. V. H. 10, v. 1. Cic. Tux. 1, c. 4.-^Luciju. de Gym. Tsetz. in Lycophr. Aristotel. Stat. Tlieli. 6. C. Kep. in Prtef. Virg. G. 3, v. 49. A town of Elis in Peloponnesus, where Jupiter had a temple, with a celebrated statue 50 cubits high, reck- oned one of the seven wonders of the world. The olympi.- games were celebrated in the neighbourhc/od. Strab. Q.Patu. 3, c. 8 OLYMPIA, a surname of Juno. A surname of Lucina. OLYMPI AS, a certain space of time which elapsed between the celebration of the Olympic games. The Olympic games were celebrated ai'ter the expiration of four complete years, whence some have said that they were observed every fifth year. This period of time was called Olympiad, and became a celebrated era among the Greeks, who computed their time by it. The custom of reckoning time by the celebration of the Olympic games, was not in- troduced at the first institution of these fes- tivals, but to speak accurately, only the year in which Coroebus obtained the prize. Ihis olympiad, which has always been reckoned the first, fell, according to the accurate and learned computations of some of the moderns, exactly 776 years before the Christian era, in the year of the Julian period 3938, and 23 years be- fore the building of Rome. The games were exhibited at the time of the full moon, next after the summer solstice ; therefore the olym- piads were of unequal length, because the time of the full moon differs 11 days every year, and for that reason they sometimes began the next day after the solstice, and at other times four weeks after. The computations by olympiads ceased, as some suppose, after the 364th, in the year 440 of the Christian era. It was universally adopted, not only by the Greeks, but by many of the neighbouring countries, though still the Pythian games served as an epoch to the people of Delphi and to the Boeo- tians, the Nemaean games to the Argives and Arcadians, and the. Isthmian to the Corinthians and the inhabitants of the Peloponnewan isth- mus. To the olympiads, history is much in- debted. They have served to fix the time of many momentous events, and indeed before this method of computing time was observed, every page of history is mostly fabulous, and hlled with obscurity and contradiction, and no true chronological account can be properly established and maintained with certainty. The mode of computation, which was used after the suppression of the olympiads, and of the consular fasti of Rvme, was more useful, as it AM! L was more universal ; but while the era of the creation of the world prevailed in the east, the western nations in the 6th century began to adopt with more propriety the Christian epoch, which was propagated in the 8th century, and at last, in the l()th, became legal and popular. A celebrated woman who wa-s daught-r of a king of Epirus, and who married Philip, king of Macedonia, by whom she had Alexander the Great. Her haughtiness, and, more probably, her infidelity, obliged Philip to repudiate her, and to marry Cleopatra, the niece of king At- talus. Olympias was sensible of this injury, and Alexander showed his disapprobation of his father's measures by retiring from the court to his mother. The murder of Philip, which soon followed this disgrace, and which some have attributed to the intrigues of Olympias, was productive of the greatest extavagancies. The queen paid the highest honour to her husband's murderer. She gathered his mangled limbs, placed a crown of gold upon his head, and laid his ashes near those of Philip. The adminstration of Alexander, who had succeeded his father, was, in some in- stance, offensive to Olympias, but, when the ambition of her son was concerned, she did not scruple to declare publicly, that Alexander was not the son of Philip, but that he was ths offspring of an enormous serpent who had supernaturally introduced himself into her bed. When Alexander was dead, Olympias seized the government of Macedonia, and, to establish her usurpation, she cruelly put to death Ari- daus, with his wife Eurydice, as also Nicanor, the brother of Cassander, with 100 leading men of Wacedon, who were inimical to her interest. Such barbarities did not long remain, unpunished ; Cassander besieged her in Pydna, where she had retired with the remains of her family, and she was obliged to surrender after an obstinate siege. The conqueror ordered her to be accused and to be put to death. A body of 200 soldiers were ordered to put the bloody commands into execution, but the splendour and majesty of the queen disarmed their courage, and she was at last massacred by those whom she had cruelly deprived of their children, about 316 years before the Christian era. Justin. 7, c. 6. 1. 9, c. \.-Plut. in Aba. Curt. Pans. A fountain of Arcadia, which flowed for one year, and the next was dry. Pans. 8, c. 29. OLYMPIODORUS, a musician, who taught Epaminondas music. C. Nep. A native of Thebes, in Egypt, who flourished under Theo- dosius 2d, and wrote an history, in Greek, of Honorius, besides an account of an embassy to some of the barbarian nations of the north, &c. His style is censured by some as low and un- worthy of an historian. The commentaries of Olympiodorus on the Metevra of Aristotle, were edited apud Aid. 1550, in fol. An Athenian officer, present at the battle of Platma, where he behaved with uncommon courage and valour. OLYMPII, (<>ds) were the same as the gods Conseutes. Vid, Consentes. O M OLYMFIUS, a surname of Jupiter at Olympia, where the god had a celebrated temple and statute, which passed for one of the seven won- ders of the world. It was the work of Phidias. aus. 7, c. 2'. A native of Carthage, called also Nemesianus. Vid. Nemesianus. A lavourite at the court of Honorius, who was the cause of Stilicho's death. OLYMPUS, a physician of Cleopatra queen of Egypt, who wrote some historical treatises. Plut. in Anton. A poet and musician, dis- ciple to Marsyas, before the Trojan war. Another, in the age of king Midas, often con- founded with the former. A son of Her- ?!es and Euboea. A mountain of Mace- donia and Thessaly. The ancients supposed that it touched the heavens with its top ; and, from that circumstance, they have placed the residence of the gods there, and have made it the court of Jupiter, it is about one mile and a half in perpendicular height, and is covered with pleasant woods, caves, and grottos. On the top of the mountain, according to the no- tions of the poets, there was no wind, no rain, no clouds, but an eternal spring. Homer. 11. 1, &c. Virg. JEn. 2, 6, &c. Ovid. Met. Liuxm. 5. Mela, 2, c. 3- Strab. 8. A mountain of Mysia, called the Mysian Olympus, a name it still preserves. Another, in Elis. Another, in Arcadia. And another, in the island of Cyprus. Some suppose the Olympus of Mysia and of Cilicia to be the same. A town on the coast of Lycia. OLYMPUSA, a daughter of Thespius. OLYNTHUS, a celebrated town and republic of Macedonia, on the isthmus of the peninsula of Pallene. It became famous for its flourishing situation, and for its frequent disputes with the Athenians, Lacedaemonians, and king Philip. Cic. in Ver. 3. Plut. de Ir. am. fyc.Mela, 2, c. 2.Herome festivals called Homoleia, which were 456 ON celebrated in Bosotia in aonoar of Jupiter, snmamed Homoleius. OMOPHAGIA, a festival in honour of Bac- chus. The word signifies the eating of raw flesh. fid. Dionysia, OMNIVAGA, one of the surnames of Diana. O MI-HALE, a queen of Lydia, daughter of Jardauus. She married Tmolus, who, at his death, left her mistress of his kingdom. Om- phale had been informed of the great exploits I of Hercules, and wished to see so illustrious a bejo. Her wish was soon gratified. After the murder of Eurytus, Herculea fell sick, and was ordered to be sold as a slave, that h. might recover his health and the right use of i bis senses. Mercury was commissioned to I sell him, and Omphale bought him, and re- stored him to liberty. The hero became ena- I moured of his mistress, and the queen favoured ' hJB passion, and had a son by him, whom some call Agelaus, and others Lamon. From this ' son were descended Gyges and Croesus; but i this opinion is different from the account which i makes these Lydian monarchs spring from I Alcaeus, a son of Hercules, by one of the female i servants of Omphale. Hercules is represented I by the poets as so desperately enamoured of the queen, that to conciliate her esteem, he spins by her side among her women, while she covers herself with the lion's skin, and arms herself with the club of the hero, and often strikes him with her sandals for the uncouth manner with which he holds the distaff, &c. Their fondness was mutual. As they onea travelled together, they came to a grotto on mount Tmolus, where the queen dressed her- self in the habit of her lover, and obliged him to appear in a female garment. After they had I supped, they both retired to rest in different I rooms, as a sacrifice on the morrow to Bac- i chus required. In the night, Faunus, or ra- ' ther Pan, who was enamoured of Omphale, 1 introduced himself into the cave. He went to i the bed of the queen, but the lion's skin per- 1 suaded him that it was the dress of Hercules, 1 and therefore he repaired to the bed of Her- cules, in hopes to find there the object of his affections. The female dress of Hercules deceived him, and he laid himself down by his side. The hero was awakened, and kicked tha I intruder into the middle of the cave. The 1 noise awoke Omphale, and Faunus was dis- \ covered lying on the ground, greatly dis- ' appointed and ashamed. Ovid. Feat. 2, v. I 305, &ic.Apollod. 1, c. 9. 1. 2, c. 7. Dud. 4. 1 Propert. 3, el. 11, v. 17. OMPHALOS, a place of Crete, sacred to J upiter. OMPHALOMANTIA, a kind of divination which is practised by means of an umbilical rope. OMPIIIS, that is to say benefactor, one of the names of Osiris. A king of the Indies who submitted to Alexander the Great. Quhit. Curt. 8, c. 12. ON^.UM or OJENEUM, a promontory tni town of Dalmatia. Lip. 43, c. 19. ONARUS, a prieat of Bacchus, whoissuo- O N posed to have married Ariadne after site had jeen abandoned by Theseus. Pint, in Thes. ONASJMUS, a sophist of Athens, who flou- rished in the reign of Constantino. ONATAS, a famous statuary of ^Egina. Paus. 8, c. 42. ONCA. Vid. Ogga. ONCHESTUS, a town of Boeotia, founded by Onchestus, a sou of Neptune. Paus. 9, c. 26. ONCHEMITES, a wind thus called by the people of Italy, because it blew from On- chesmus, a port of Epirus. They call it also Onchenites and Onchesites. . Cic. ad Alt. 7, ep. 2. Ptolem. ONCHESTIUS, a surname of Neptune. ONCUS or (ENUS, son of Apollo, was the possessor of the horse Orion. \ ONESIMUS, a Macedonian nobleman, treated with great kindness by the Roman emperors. He wrote an account of the life of the emperor Probus and of Carus, with great precision and elegance. ONESIPPUS, a son of Hercules. Apollod. ONESIUS, a king of Salamis, who revolted from the Persians. ONESORIDES, an Athenian officer, who attempted to murder the garrison which De- metrius had stationed at Athens, &c. Pa- lycen. 5. ONESICR!TUS, a cynic philosopher of ^Egina, who went with Alexander into Asia, and was sent to the Indian Gymnosophists. He wrote an history of the king's life, which had been censured for the romantic, exaggerated, and improbable narrative it gives. It is asserted that Alexander, upon reading it, said, that he should be glad to come to life again for some time, to see what reception the historian's work met with. Pint, in Alex. Curt. 9, c. 10. ONIUM, a place of Peloponnesus. ON DBA, a town near the columns of Her- cules. Mela, 3, c. 1. ONOBALA, a river of Sicily. ONOCENTAURI, deformed spirits which they tepresented to be of an immense size, half man and half beast. ONOCHONUS, a river of Thessaly, falling into the Peneus. It was dried up by the army of Xerxes. Herodot. 7, c. 196. ONOMACRITUS, a soothsayer of Athens. It is generally believed, that the Greek poem, on the Argonautic expedition, attributed to Orpheus, was written by Onomacritus. The elegant poems of Musseus are also, by some, supposed to be the production of his pen. He flourished about 516 years before the Christian era, and was expelled from Athens by Hip- parchus, one of the sons of Pisistratus. He- rudijt. 7, c. 6. A Locrian, who wrote con- cerning laws, &c. Aristot. 2. Polit. OyoMARcnus, a Phocian general, dis- tinguished during the sacred war. He died 3.33 13. C. A man to whose care Antigonus entrusted the keeping of Eumenes. C. Nep. in Eum. ONOMASTORIDES, a Lacedemonian ambas- sador sent to Darius, &c. Curt. 3, c. 13. 457 O P ONOMASTUS, a freedman of the emperor Otho. Tacit. ONOPHAS, one of the seven Persians who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. Cl- sius. An officer in the expedition of Xerxes against Greece. ONOSANDER, a Greek writer, whose book De Imperatoris Institutions has been edited by Schwebel, with a French translation, fol. Norimb. 1752. ONUAVA, a divinity of the ancient Gauls, whom they thought to be the celestial Venus. ONUBA, a town of Spain. ONYTHES, a friend of /Eneas, killed by Turnus. Virg. /En. 12, v. 514. OPALIA, festivals celebrated by the Romans, in honour of Ops, on the 1-ith of the calends of January. OJPAS or OPHTHAS, an Egyptian divinity, Some supposed it was Vulcan. OPERTANEI, gods whom they placed with Jupiter in the first part of Heaven. OPHELAS, a general of Cyrene, defeated by Agathocles. OPHELTES, a son of Lycurgus, king of Thrace. He is the same as Archemorus. Vid. Archemorus. The father of Euryalus, whose friendship with Nisus is proverbial. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 201. One of the companions of Acoetes, changed into a dolphin by Bacchus. Ovid. Met. 3. fab. 8. OPHENSIS, a town of Africa. Tacit. Hist* 4, c. 50. OPHIAS, a patronymic given to Combe, aa daughter of Ophius, an unknown person. OPHIADES, an island on the coast of Arabia, called thus on account of the great number of serpents which were found tliere, it belongs to the kings of Egypt, who bring from thence fine topazes. DM. 3. OPHION, An ancient king conquered bj Saturn. One of the companions of Cadmus. A famous giant. OPHIONEUS, was an ancient soothsayer in the age of Aristodemus. He was born blind, OPHIS, a little river of Arcadia, which throws itself into the Alpheus. OPHINCUS or OPHIEUS, a constellation whichthe poets have said to be Hercules. Some supposed it to be yEsculapius. The Latins called it angui tenens, serpent bearing. OPHIVSA, the ancient mame of Rhodes. A small island near Crete. A town of Sarmatia. OPICI, the ancient inhabitants of Campania Juv. 3, v. 207. OPIS, a nymph who was among Diana's at- tendants. Virg. JEn, 11, v. 532 & 867. A town near the mouth of the Tigris. One of Cyrene's attendants. Virg. G. 343. OPII.IUS, a grammarian who flourished about 94 years before Christ. He wrote a book called Lil,ri Riusarum. OPITER, a Roman consul, &c. OPIMIL-S, a Roman who maJe himself con- sul in opposition to the interest and efforts of the Gracchi He shewed himself a most in- O P reterate enemy to C. Gracchus and Ins ad- herents, and behaved, during his consulship, like a dictator. He was accused of bribery, aud banishfd. He died of want at De- rachium. Cic. pro Sext. Plane, et in Pis. Pint. A Roman, v, ho killed ona of the Cimbri in single combat. A rich usurer at Rome in the age of Horace 2, Sat. 3, v. 142. OPITERGINI, a people near Aquileia, on the Adriatic. Their chief city is called Opitergum. Lucan. 4, v. 416. OPITES, a native of Argos, killed by Hector in the Trojan war. H<>mer. II.. OP IA, a vestal virgin, buried alive for her incontinence. OPPIA LEX, by C. Oppius, the tribune, A. U. C. 540. It required that no woman should wear above half an ounce of gold, have party-coloured garments, or be carried in any city or town, or to any place within a mile's distance, unless it was to celebrate some sacred festivals or solemnities. This celebrated law which was made while Annibal was in Italy, and while Rome was in distressed circum- stances, created discontent, and, 18 years after, the Roman ladies petitioned the assembly o the people that it might be repealed. Cato opposed it strongly, and made many satiric; reflections upon the women for their ap- pearing in public to solicit votes. The tribune Valerius, who had presented their petition to the assembly, answered the objections of Cato, and his eloquence had such an influence on the minds of the people, that the law was in stantly abrogated with the unanimous consen of all the comitia, Cato alone excepted. Lit. 33 & 34. Cic. de Orat. 3. OPPIANUS, a Greek poet of Cilicia in the second century. His father's name was Age- fcilaus, and his mother's Zenodota. He wrote some poems, celebrated for their elegance and sublimity. Two of his poems are now extant live books on fishing, called alieuticon, and four on hunting, called cynegelicon. The em- peror Caracalla was so pleased with his poetry that he gave him a piece of gold for every verse of his Cynegeticon ; from which cir- cumstance the poem received the name of the golden verses of Oppian. The poet died of the plague in the 30th year of his age. His countrymen engraved on his tomb, that the gods had hastened to call back Oppian in the flower of youth, only because he had already excelled all mankind. The best edition of his works is that of Schneider, 8vo. Argent 1776. OPPIDIUS, & rich old man introduced by Horace, 2, Sat. 3, v. 168, as wisely dividing his possessions among his two sons, ant warning them against those follies and tha extravagance which he belived lie saw rising in them. C. OPPIUS, a friend af Julius Caesar, cele- brated for his life of Scipio Africanus and of Fompey the Great. In the latter, he paid not much regard to historical facts, and took every opportunity to defame Pompey, to extol thie 458 O R character of his patron, Cwsat. In the age of "Suetonius, he was deemed the true author of :he Alexandrian, African, and Spanish wars, which some attribute to Cffisa*, and others to A. Hirtius. An officer sent by the Romans against Mithridates. He met with ill success, and was sent iu chains to the king, &c. A Roman who saved his aged father from the dagger of the triumvirate. OPS, (Opis) a daughter of Coelus and Terra, the same as the Rhea of the Greeks, who mar- ried Saturn, and became mother of Jupiter. She s known among the ancients by the different names of Cybele, Bona Dea, Magna Mater, Thya, Tellus, Proserpina, and even of Juno and Minerva ; and the worship which was paid to these apparently several deities, was offered merely to one and the same person, mother of the gods. The word Ops, seems to be derived from Opus ', because the goddess, who is the same as the earth, gives nothing; without labour. Tatius built her a temple at Rome. She was generally represented as a matron, with her right hand opened, as if offering assistance to the helpless, and holding a loaf in her left hand Her festivals were called Opalia, &c. Farr. de L. L. 4.Dionys. Hal. 2, &c. Tibull. el. 4, v. 68. OPUS, (opurttis) a city of Locris, on the Aso- pus, destroyed by an earthquake. Strab. 9. Mela, 2, c. 3. OPTATUS, one of the fathers, whose works were edited by Du Pin, fol. Paris, 1700. OPTIMUS MAXIMUS, epithets given to Jupi- ter, to denote his greatness and omnipotence. ORA, a town of India, aken by Alexander. One of Jupiter's mistresses. ORACULUM, an answer of the gods to the questions of men, or the place where those an- swers were given. Nothing is more famous than the ancien! oracles of Egypt, Greece, Rome, &c. They were supposed to be the will of the gods themselves ; and they were consulted, not only upon every important matter, but even in the aflairs of private life. To make peace or war, to introduce a change of government, to plant a colony, to enact laws, to raise an edifice, to marry, were sufficient reasons to c< nsult the will of the gods. Mankind in consulting them, shewed that they wished to pay implicit obe- dience to the command of the divinity, and, \vhen they had been favoured with an answer, they acted with more spirit and with more vi- gour, conscious that the undertaking had met with the sanction and approbation of heaven. In this, there:ore, it will not appear wonderful, that so many places were sacred to oracular pur- poses. The small province of Breotia could once boast of her 25 oracles, and Peloponnesus of the same number. Not only the chief of the gods gave oracles, but, in process of time, he- roes were admitted to enjoy the same privileges, and the oracles of a Trophonius and an Antinous were soon able to rival the fame of Apollo and of Jupiter. The most celebrated oracles of an- tiquity were those ol Dodoua, Oelphi, Jupiter, Ammon, &c. [Fie/. Dodona, Delphi, Ammon.} O R The temple of Delphi seemed to claim a supe- riority over the other temples ; its fame was once more extended, and its riches were so great that not only private persons, but even kings and numerous armies, made it an object of plunder and of rapine. The manner of deliver- ing oracles was different. A priestess at Delphi \ Vid. Pythia] was permitted to pronounce the eracles cf the god, and her delivery of the an- ewers was always attended with acts of apparent madness and desperate fury. Not only women, out even doves, were the ministers of the tem- ple of Dodona, and the suppliant votary was often startled to hear his questions readily an- swered by the decayed trunk, or the spreading branches of_a neighbouring oak. Ammon con- veyed his answer in a plain and open manner, but Amphiaraus required many ablutions and preparatory ceremonies, and he generally com- municated his oracles to his suppliants in dreams and visions. Sometimes the first words that were heard, after issuing from the temple, were deemed the answers of the oracles, and sometimes the nodding or shaking of the head of the statue, the motions of fishes in a neigh- bouring lake, or their reluctance in accepting the food which was offered to them, were as strong and valid as the most express and the minutest explanations. The answers were also sometimes given in verse, or written on tablets, hut their meaning was always obscure, and often the cause of disaster to such as consulted them. Croesus, when he consulted the oracle of Delphi, was told that, if he crossed die Halys, he must destroy a great empire : he supposed that that empire was the empire of iiis enemy, but un- fortunately it was his own. The words of Credo te, JEacida, Romanns vincere posse, which Pyrrhus received when he wished to assist the Taren- tines agaiust the Romans, by a favourable in- terpretation for himself, proved his ruin. Nero was ordered, by the oracle of Delphi, to heware of 73 years ; but the pleasing idea that he should live to that age rendered him careless, and he was soon convinced of his mistake, when Galba, in his 73d year, had the presumption to de- throne him. It is a question among the learned, whether the oracles were given by the inspira- tion of evil spirits, or whether they proceeded from the imposture of the priests. Imposture, however, and forgery, cannot long flourish, and falsehood becomes its own destroyer ; and, on the contrary, it is well known how much con- fidence an enlighted age, therefore much more the credulous and the superstitious, places upon dreams and romantic stories. Some have strong- ly believed, that all the oracles of the earth ceased at the birth of Christ, but the supposi- tion is false. It was, indeed, the beginning of their decline ; hut they remained in repute, and were consulted, though perhaps not so fre- quently, till the fourth century, when Christi- anity began to triumph over paganism. The oracles often suffered themselves to be bribed. Alexander did it, but it is well known that Ly- sander failed in the attempt. Herodotus, who first mentioned the corruption which often pre- Tiled in the oracular temples oi Greece and 459 O R Egypt, has been sererely treated for his re- marks by the historian Plutarch. Demosthenes is also a witness of the corruption, and he ob- served, that the oracles of Greece were ser- vilely subservient to the will and pleasure of Philip king of Macedon, as he beautifully ex- presses it by the word tyCknnri&iv. If some of the Greeks, and other European and Asiatic countries, paid so much attention to oracles, and vere so fully persuaded of their veracity, and even divinity, many of their leading men and of their philosophers were apprised of the deceit, and paid no regard to the command of priests, whom money cftuld corrupt, and inter- position silence. The Egyptians showed them- selves the most superstitious of mankind, by their blind acquiescence to the imposition of the priests, who persuaded them that the safety and happiness of their life depended upon the mere motions of an ox, or the tameness of a crocodole. Homer. ILOd. lO.Herodot. 1 & 2. Xenaph. Memor. Strab. 5, 7, &c. Ps. l,&c. Plut. de Defect. Orac. de Ages. <5f de Hm: Ma- lign. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 19. Justin. 24, c. 6. Liv. S7.lian. V. H. 6.C. Nep. in Lys. Aria,. ph. in Equ.lt. t 1, c. 69. Hygin. fab. 120 if 261 Plut. in Lye. Dictys. 6, &c. Pindar. Pyth. 2., Pirn. S3.Virg. JEn. 3, bc.Homei: Od. 3, &c. Tzetz. ad Lycophr. A son of Achelous. Apollad. A man sent as ambassador by At- tila, king of the Huns, to the emperor Theodo- sius. He was highly honoured at the Roman, court, and his son Augustulus was the last em- peror of the western empire. A governor o* Egypt under the Roman emperors. ORESTEUM, atown of Arcadia, about 18 miles from Sparta. It was founded by Orestheus, a son of Lycaon, and originally called Oresthe- sium, and afterwards Oresteum, from Orestes, the son of Agamemnon, who came there. Pant, 8, c. 8. Euripid, ORESTIADES. Vid. Oreades. ORESTIDJE, the descendants or subjects of Orestes, the son of Agamemnon. They were driven from the Peloponnesus by the Heracli- das, and came to settle in a country, which, from them, was called Orestida, at the south-west of Macedonia. Some suppose that that part of Greece originally received its name from Ores- tes, who fled and built there a city, which gave its founder's name to the whole province. 7%u- cyd. 2. LM>- 31. ORESTILLA (Aurelia), the mistress of Cati- line. Cic. ad Die. 7, c. 7. OnET*, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, on the Euxine sea. ORETANI, a people of Spain. ORETILIA, a woman who married Caligula, >y whom she was soon after banished. OREUM, one of the principal towns of Eu- boea. OREUS, a surname of Bacchus, taken from the worship they rendered him on mountains. ORGA, or ORGAS, a river of Phrygia falling into the Mseander. ORGANA, a surname of Minerva. ORGESSUM, a town of Macedonia. Lw, SI, i 1. ORGETORIX, one of the chief men of the Hel- 7etii while Caesar was in Gaul. ORUIA, festivals in honour of Bacchus. They OR are the same as the Bacchanalia, Dionysia, &c. which were celebrated by thu ancients to com- memorate the triumph of Bacchus in India. Vid. D'wniisia. OaiBAsus, a celebrated physician, greatly esteemed by the emperor Julian, in whose reign he flourished. He abridged the works of Gale- nus, and of all the most respectable writers on .physic, at the request of the emperor. He ac- companied Julian uto the east, but his skill proved ineffectual in attempting to cure the fa- tal wound which his benefactor had received. After Julian's death, he fell into the hands of the barbarians, the best edition of his works is that of Dundas, 4to. L. Bat. 1745. ORICUM, or ORICUS, a maritime town of Ma- cedonia, founded by a colony from Colchis, ac- cording to Pliny. It had a celebrated harbour, and was greatly esteemed by the Romans on account of its situation, but it was not well de- fended. The tree which produces the turpen- tine grew there in abundance. Virg. jEn. 10, v. 136. Liv. 24, c. 40. PUn. 2, c. 89. Ctfs. Bell. Civ. 3, c. 1, &c. On i ENS, in ancient geography, is taken for H!" the most eastern parts of the world, such as Parthia, India, Assyria, &c. ORIGEX, a Greek writer, as much celebrated for the easiness of his manner, his humility, and modesty, as for his learning, and the subli- mity of his genius. He was surnamed Ada- manttis from his assiduity ; and became so rigid a Christian, that he made himself an eunuch, by following the literal sense of a passage in the Greek testament, which speaks of the volun- tary eunuchs of Christ. He suffered martyr- dom in his 69th year, A. D. 254. His works were excellent and numerous, and contained a number of homilies, commentaries on the holy scriptures, and different treatises, besides the Heiapla, so called from its being divided into six columns, th'e first of which contained the Hebrew text, the second the same text in Greek characters, the third the Greek version of the Septuagint, the fourth that of Aquila, the fifth that of Symmachus, and the sixth Theodo- tion's Greek version. This famous work first gave the hint for the compilation of our Poly- glot bibles. The works of Origen have been learnedly edited by the Benedictine monks, though the whole is not yet completed, in four vols. fol. Paris, 1733, 1740, and 1759. The Hexapla was published in 8vo. at Lips. 1769, by Car. Frid. Bahrdt. Ouico, a courtezan in the age of Horace. Horat. 1, Sat. 2, v. 55. ORINUS, a river of Sicily. ORIOBATES, a general of Darius at the battle of Arbela, &c. Curt. 4. ORION, a celebrated giant, sprung from the urine cf Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury. These three gods, as they travelled over Baotia, met with great hospitality from Hyrieus, a peasant of the country, who was ignorant of their dig- nity and character. They were entertained with whatever the cottage afforded ; and when Hvri- eus had discovered that they were gods, be cause Neptune told him to fill up Jupiter's cup 462 OR with wine, after he had served it before !h rest, the old man welcomed them by the volun- tary sacrifice of an ox. Pleased with his piety, the gods promised to grant him whatever he required, and the old man, who had lately lost his wife, to whom he had promised never to marry again, desired them that, as he was clnid- less, they would give him a son without ano- ther marriage. The gods consented, and they ordered him to bury in the ground the skin of the victim, into which they had all three made water. Hyrieus did as they commanded, and when, nine months after, he dug for the skin, he found in it a beautiful child, whom he called Urion, ab urina. The name was changed into Orion, by the corruption of one letter, as Ovid says, Perdidii antiquum littera jtrima son'im. Orion soon rendered himself celebrated, and Diana took him among her attendant*, and even be- came deeply enamoured of /^m. His gigantic stature, however, displeased (Enopion, king of Chios, whose daughter Hero or Merope he de- manded in marriage. The king, not to deny him openly, promised to make him his son-in- law, as soon as he delivered his island from wild beasts. This task, which CEnopion deemed impracticable, was soon performed by Orion, who eagerly demanded his reward Oinopion, on pretence of complying, intoxicated his illus- trious guest, and put out his eyes on the sea shore, where he had laid himself down to sleep. Orion, finding himself blind when l.e awoke, was conducted by the sound to a neighbouring forge, where he placed one of the workmen on his back, and by his directions, went to a place where the rising sun was seen with the greatest advantage. Here he turned Lis face towards the luminary, and, as it is reported, immediately recovered his eyesight, and hastened to punbh the perfidious cruelty of OZnopion. It is said that Orion was an excellent workman in iron, and that he fabricated a subterraneous palace for Vulcan. Aurora, whom Venus had inspired with love, cairied him away into the island of Delos, to enjoy his company with greater secu- rity; but Diana, who was jealous of this, de- stroyed Orion with her arrows. Some say, Orion had provoked Diana's resentment by o'f- fering violence to Opis, one of her female at- tendants; or, according toothers, because he had attempted the virtue of the goddess her- self. According to Ovid, Orion died of the bile of a scorpion, which the earth produced to pu- nish his vanity, in boasting that there was not on earth any animal which he could not con- quer. Some say that Orion was son of Nep- tune and Euryale, and that he had received from his father the privilege and power of walk ing over the sea without wetting his feet. Other*- make him sen of Terra, like the rest of the giants. He had married a nymph called Sida before his connexion with the family of CEuo pion ; but Sida was the cause of her on n death, by boasting herself fairer than Juno. According to Diodorus, Orion was a celebrated hunter, superior to the rest of mankind by bis strength and uncommon stature. He built the port of Zancle, and fortified the coust of Si.ily O R against the frequent inundations of the sea, b) heaping a mound of earth, called Pelorum, on which he built a temple to the gods of the sea. After death, Orion was placed in heaven, where one of the constellations still bears his name. The constellation of Orion, placed near the feet of the bull, was composed of 17 stars in the form of a man holding a sword, which has given occasion to the poets often to speak of Orion's sword. As the constellation of Orion, which rises about the 9th day of March, and sets about the 21st of June, is generally supposed to be accompanied, at its rising, with great rains and storms, it has acquired the epithet of aquo- uts, given it by Virgil. Orion was buried in the island of Delos, and the monument which the people of Tanagra, in Boeotia, showed as con- taining the remains of this celebrated hero, was nothing but a cenotaph. The daughters of Orion distinguished themselves as much as their father; and when the oracle had declared that Boeotia should not be delivered from a dreadful pestilence before two of Jupiter's chil- dren were immolated on the altars, they joy- fully accepted the offer, and voluntarily sacri- ficed themselves for the good of their country. Their names were Menippe and Metioche. They had been carefully educated by Diana, and Venus and Minerva had made them very rich and valuable presents. The deities of hell were struck at the patriotism of the two females, and immediately two stars were seen to arise from the earth, which still smoked with the blood, and they were placed in the heavens in the form of a crown. According to Ovid, their bodies were burned by the Thebans, and from their ashes arose two persons, whom the gods soon after changed into constellations. Diod. 4. Homer. Od. 5, Stc.Virg. Mn. 3. v. 517 Apollod. 1, c. 4. Ovid. Met. 8 & 13. Fast. 5, &iC.Hygin. fab 125, & P. A. 2,c. 44, &c Prapert. 2, el. 13. Virg. JEn. 1, c. Herat. 2, od. 13. 1. 3.od. 4&27. Epod. 10, &c. Lucan. 1, &c. CatulL de Beren. Paltephat. 1. Parthen. Erotic. 20. ORIOS, a centaur, killed at the nuptials of Pi- rithous. ORISSUS, a prince of Spain, who put Hamil- car to flight, &c. ORISULLA LIVIA, & Roman matron taken away from Piso, &c. Calx*, a people of India, who submitted to Alexander, &c. ORITHYIA, a daughter of Erechtheus, kvig of Athens, by Praxithea. She was courted aLd carried away by Boreas, king of Thrace, as she crossed the Ilissus, and became mother of Cleo- patra, Chione, Zetes, and Calais. Apollon. 1, Apollod. 3, c. 15. Orpheus. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 706. Fatt. 5, v. 204. Pans. 1, c. 19. 1. 5, c. 19. One of the Nereides. A daughter of Cecrops, who bore Eoropus to Macedon. One of the Amazons, famous for her warlike spirit. Jiutin. 2, c. 4. OR!TAS, one of the hunters of the Calydo- ain boar. Ovid. Met. 8. fab. 8. ORTTHUS, son of Phineus. 463 O R OniuNDUS, ariverof Illyricum. Liv. 44, c. 31 ORIUS, a centaur killed by Hercules. ORMENUS, a king of Thessaly, son of Cerca- phus. He built a town which was called Or- meuium. A man who settled at Rhodes. A son of Eurypilus, &c. ORNEA, a town of Argolis. ORNEIA, feasts of Priapus, celebrated at Or- nea and Colophon. This god had none but married women for his ministers. ORNEUS, a centaur, son of Izion and the Cloud. Oiid. Met. 12, v. 302. A son of Erechtheus, king of Athens, who built Orneain Peloponnesus. Paus. 2, c. 25. ORNITHIC, a north vriml which blows in the spring. Colum. 11, c. 2. ORNITHON, a town of Phoenicia, between Tyre and Sidon. ORNITUS, a friend of .(Eneas, killed by Ca- milla in the Rutulian wars. Virg. fan. 11, v. 677. ORNITHUS, an inhabitant of Cysica, killed by the Argonauts. Vol. Place. 35, v. 173. ORNOSPADES, a Parthian driven from his country by Artabanus. He assisted Tiberius, and was made governor of Macedonia, &c. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 37. ORNYTTON, a son of Sysiphus, king of Co- rinth. Paus. 9, c. 17. OROANDA, now Haviran, a town of Pisida. T. L. 38, c. 18. OROBIA, a town of Euboea. ORODES, a prince of Parthia, who murdered his brother Mithridates, and ascended his throne. He defeated Crassus, the Roman tri- umvir, and poured melted gold down the throat of his fallen enemy, to reproach him of his ava- rice and ambition. He followed the interest of Cassius and Brutus at Philippi. It is said, that when Orodes became old and infirm, his thirty children applied to him, and disputed, in his presence, their right to the succession. Phraates, the eldest of them, obtained the crown from his father, and to hasten him out of the world, he attempted to poison him. The poi- son had no effect, and Phraates, still deter- mined on his father's death, strangled him with his own hands about 37 years before the Chris- tian era. Orodes had then reigned about fifty years. Justin. 42, c. 4. Paterc. 2, c. 30. Another king of Parthia, murdered for his cru- elty. Jotephus 18. Jurl. A son of Artabanus, king of Armenia. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 33. One of the friends of ^Eneas in Italy, killed by Me- zentius. Virg. JH. 10, v. 732, &c. OH(ZTES, a Persian governor of Sardis, fa- mous for his cruel murder of Polycrates. He died B.C. 521. OROMASDE, or OROMASE, the prince or god of wealth, according to Zoroaster, who allowed another chief author of evil, named Arimanes. OROMEDON, a lofty mountain in the island of Cos. ORONTAS, a relation of Artexeries, sent to Cyprus, where he made peace with Evagoras, &c. Polyten. 7. ORONTES, a satrap of Mysia, B. C. 385, who O R rebelled from Artaxerxes, &c. Id. A go- vernor of Armenia. Id. A king of the Ly- cians during tbe Trojan war, who followed ./Eneas, and perished in 'a shipwreck. Virg. Mn. 1, v. 117. 1. 6, v. 34. A river of Sy- ria, rising in Co;losyria, and falling after a ra- pid and troubled course, into the Mediterra- nean, below Antioch. According to Strabo, who mentions some fabulous accounts concern- ing it, the Orontes disappeared under ground for the space of five miles. Dionys. Perieg. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 248. Strab. 16,Paus. 8, c. 20. OROPHBRNES, a man who seized the king- dom of Cappadocia. He died B. C. 154. OROPUS, a town of Bceotia on the borders if Attica, near the Euiipus, which received its fcame fromOropus, a son of Macedon. It was the frequent cause of quarrels between the Boeotians and the Athenians, whence some have called it one of the cities of Attica, and was at last confirmed in the possession of the Athe- nians by Philip, kinsr of Macedon. Amphia- O R sight of the upper regions of the air when he forgot his promises, and turned back to look at his long lost Eurydice. He saw her, but she hiitantly vanished from his eyes. He at- tempted to follow her, but he was refused admission, aud the only romfort he could find was to sooth Ins grief at the sound of his mu- sical instrument in grottos or on the moun- tains. He totally separated himself from the society of mankind, and the Thracian women whom he had offended by his coldness to their amorous passion, or according to others by his unnatural gratifications, and impure in- dulgencies, attacked him while they celebrated Hie orgies of Bacchus, and after they had torn his body to pieces they threw his head into the Hebrus, which still articulated the words Eurydice! Eurydice! as it was carried down the stream into the ^Egean sea. Orpheus was one (.f the Argonauts, of which celebrated ex- pediti^n he wrote a poetical account still ex- tant. This is doubted by Aristotle, who says according to Cicero, that there never'ex- , . - , - raus had a temple there. Pans. 1, c. 34 I isted an Orpheus, but that the poems which Strab. 9. A small town of Euboea. ther in Macedonia. -Ano- pass under his name, are the compositions of a Pythagorean philosopher named Cercops. According to some of the moderns, the Argo- nautica, and the other poems attributed to Orpheus, are the production of the pen of Ono- macritus, a poet who lived in the age of Pisis- tratus tyrant of Athens. Pausanias, however, and Diodorus Siculus speak of Orpheus as a great poet and musician, who rendered himself equally celebrated by his knowledge of the art of war, by the extent of his understanding, and by the laws which he enacted. Some He received a lyre from Apdlo, or, according maintained that he was killed by a thunderbolt. to some, from Mercury, upon which he played He was buried at Pieria in Macedonia, -" with such a masterly hand that even the most rapid rivers ceased to flow, the savage beasts, OROSIUS, a writer, A. D. 416, who published an universal history in 7 books, from the creation to his own times, in which, though learned, diligent, and pious, he betrayed a great ignorance of the knowledge of historical facts, and of chronology. The best edition is that of Havercamp, 4to. L. Bat. 1767. ORPHEUS, a son of ^Eger by the muse Cal- liope. Some suppose him to be the son of Apollo, to render his birth more illustrious. of the forest forgot their wildness, and the mountains came to listen to his song. All na- cording to Apollodorus. The' inhabitants of Dion boasted that his tomb was in their city ; and the people of mount Libethrus in Thrace, laimed the same honour, and further observed ture seemed charmed and animated, and the that the nightingales which built their nests nymphs were his constant companions. Eu- near his tomb, sang with greater melody thbtn rydice was the only one who'made a deep im- all other birds. Orpheus, as some report, after pression on the melodious musician, and their death received divine honours, ths muses 1 gave nuptials were celebrated. Their happiness, however, was short, Aristaeus became ena- moured of Eurydice, and, as she fled from her pursuer, a serpent, that was lurking in the grass, bit her foot, and she died of the poisoned wound. Her loss was severely felt by Or- pheus, and he resolved to recover her or perish in the attempt. With his lyre in his hand, he entered the infernal regions, and gained an easy admission to the palace of Pluto. The "Iking of hell was charmed with the melody of liis strains, and according to the beautiful ex- pressions of the poets, the wheel of Ixloa an honourable burial to his remains, and' bii* lyre became one of the constellations in the heavens. The best edition of Orpheus is that ' af Gesner, 8vo. Lips. 1764. Diod. 1, &C. Pans. 1, &c.Apollod. 1, c. 9, &c. Cie. de. Nat. D. 1, c. 38. Apollon. 1. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 645. G. 4, v. 457, &.c.Hygin. fab. 14, &c. Ond. Met. 10, fab. 1, &c. 1. 11, fab. 1. Plato Polit. 10. Herat. 1, od. 13 & 35 Oiyheits. ORASPEDA, a mountain of Spain. Strab. 3. ORPHICA, feasts of Bacchus, were called thu because Oruheus had them brought from stopped, the stone of Sisyphus stood still, Egypt to Greece. lantalus forgot his perpetual thirst, and even ORPHNEUS, one of the horses of Pluto. the Furies relented. Pluto and Proserpine OnsKnlcft, a daughter of Cinyras. ere moved with his sorrow, and consented to ( OUSEIS, a nymph who married Hellen restore him Eurvdice, provided he forebore I Apoilod. looking behind till he had come to the ex- tremest borders of hell. The conditions were gladly accepted, and Orpheus was already in 464 ORSI i, i, us, a Persian who fled to Alexander, when Bessus murdered Carius. Curt. 5, c. 31, OHSH.OCHUS, a son of Idomeneus, killed O R O S by Ulysses in the Trojan war, &c. A son ORSES, a Trojan warrior, killed by Rapon of the river Alpheus. A Trojan, killed JEneia. 10. fcy Camilla in the Rutunan wars, &c. An. 11, v. 636 & 690. ORSINES, one of the officers of Darius, at the battle of Arbela. Curt. 10, c. 1. ORSIPPUS, a man of Megara, who was pre- vented from obtaining a prize at the Olympic games because his clothes were entangled as he ran. This circumstance was the cause that for the future, all the combatants were obliged to appear naked. Paus. 1, c. 44. M. OBTALUS, a grandson of Hortensius, who was induced to marry by a present from Au- gustus, who wished that ancient family not to be extinguished. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. oT. Val. Max. 3, c. 5. ORTHAQORAS, a man who wrote a treatise on f miia, &c. Milan, de Aiiim. - A musician in the age of Epamiuondas. - A tyrant of Sky on. OKTHE, a town of Magnesia. ORTHJF.A, a daughter of Hyacinthus. - Apollaa. O a surname of Diana at Sparta. In her sacrifices it was usual for boys to be whipped. [Vid. Diamastigosis.] Plut. in Thes. &c. ORSI, a name which the Persians gave to the Supreme Being, ORSILOCHB, that is to say Hospitality, a sur- name given by Irony to Diana, a goddess wor- shipped at Taurida. ORTHANA or ORTHONA, a divinity to whom they rendered the same worship as Priapus. ORTHESIA, a surname of Diana, taken from the worship which they rendered her on mount Orthesus in Arcadia. ORTHOSIA, a town of Caria. T. L. 45, c. 5. A town of Phoenicia. Plin. 5, c. 20 ORTBUS, a famous dog, of Typhon and Echidna, and brother of Cerberus and the Lernean Hydra, who guarded the flocks of Geryon, and was killed by Hercules. Theog. 3lO.Apollod. 2, c. 5. .ORTONA. Vid. Artona. OSCHOPHORIA, a festival observed by the Athenians. Its original institution is thug mentioned by Pint, in The*. Theseus at his re- turn from Crete, forgot to hang out the white sail, by which his father was to be apprized of success. This neglect was fatal to who threw himself into the sea and perished. Theseus no sooner reached the land, than he ORTHRUS, or Orthos, a dog which belonj-eJ sent a herald to inform his father of his safe to Geryon. He had two heads, and was oprung return, and in tke meantime he began to make from the union of Echidna and Typhon. He the sacrifices which he vowed when he first was destroyed by Hercules. Hesiod. Thug set sail from Crete. The herald, on his en. Apollod. 2, c. 5. j trance into the city, found the people in great ORTYGIA, a grove near Ephesus. Tacit. I agitation. Some lamented the king's death, Ann. 3, c. 61. A small island of Sicily, within while others, elated at the sudden news of the the bay of Syracuse, which formed once one of I victory of Theseus, crowned the herald with the four quarters of that great city. It was ir gejland in demonstration of their joy. The this island that the celebrated fountain Are- herald carried back the garlands on his staff to thusa arose. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 694. An an- the sea shore, and after he iiad waited till cient name of the island of Delos. Some sup- pese that it received this name from Latona, who fled thither when changed into a quail Jupiter, to avoid the pursuits of Juno. Diana was called Ortygia as being born there. Quid. Met. 1, v. 651. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 124. ORTYGITJS, a Rutulian killed by ^Eneas. Virg. n. 9, v. 573. ORUS, or Horns, one of the gods of the Egyptians, son of Osiris and of Isis. He as- sisted his mother in avenging his fatther, who bad been murdered by Typhon. Orus was skilled in medicine, he was acquainted with futurity, and he made the good and the hap- piness of his subjects the sole object of his government. He was the emblem of the sun among the Egyptians, and he was generally represented as an infant, swathed in variegated clothes. In one hand he holds a staff, which terminates in the head of a hawk, in the other had finished his sacrifice, related the melancholy story of. the king's death. Upou this, the people ran in crouds to the city, showing their grief by cries and lamentations. From that circumstance therefore, at the feast of Oschophoria, not the herald but his staff is crowned with garlands, and all the people that are present always exclaim i\t\tv, tot, low, the first of which expresses haste, and the others a consternation or depression of spirits. The historian further mentions, that Theseus, when he went to Crete, did not take with him the usual number of virgins, but that instead of two of them, he filled up the number with two youths of his acquaintance, whom he made pass for women, by disguising their dress, and by using them to the ointments and perfumes of women, as well as by a long and successful imitation of their voice. The imposition suc- ceeded, their sex was not discovered in Crete, and when Theseus had triumphed over tl.c a whip with two thongs. Her, dot. 2. Plut. de ( Minotaur, he, with these two youths, led a pro- Jtid. if Os. Diod. 1. - The first king of True- | cession with branches in their hands, in f he zene. Paus. 2, c. 30. same habit which is still used at the celebratioa ORYANUER, a satrap of Persia &c. Po~ \ of the Oschophoria. The branches which wer lyten. 7. \ carried, were in honour of Bacchus or Ariadne, ORY-X, a place of Arcadia, ci he Ladoii. I or because Uiey returned in autumn, when tlm glares were ripe. Besides tiiis procession, 465 H ii Paul. 8, c. 25. O S there was also a race exhibited, in which only young men, whose parents are both alive, were permitted to engage. It was usual for them to run from the temple of Bacchus, to that of Minerva, which was on the sea shore. Osci, a people between Campania and the country of the Volsci, who assisted Turnus against ^Eneas. Some suppose that they are the same as the Opici, the word Osci, being a diminutive or abbreviation of the other. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 730. Oscius, a mountain with a nver ol tli dame name in Thrace. Oscus, a general of the fleet of the emperor Otho. OSACES, a general of the Parthians, mortally wounded by Cassius. Cic. ad Att. 6. ep. 10. OSCA, now Huesoa, a town of Spain in Ar- lagon. T. L. 54, c. 10. OSINIUS, a king of Clusium who assisted ^Eneas against Turnus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. o pieces of her husband's body, the genitals ex- cepted, which the murderer had thrown into the sea ; and to render him all the honour which Ilia humanity deserved, she made as manj statues of wax as there were mangled pieces of hia body. Eacli statue contained a piece ot the flesh of the dead monarch, and Isis, aftei she ha'l summoned in her presence one by one / the priests of all the different deities in her dominions, gave them each a statue, intimating that in doing that she had preferred them to all the other communities of Egypt, and she bound them by a solemn oath that they would keep secret that mark of her favour, and endeavour to shew their sense of it by establishing ? form of worship, and paying divine honours to the remains of their prince. They were further directed to choose whatever animals they pleased to represent the person and the divinity of Osiris, and they were enjoined to pay the greatest reverence to that representative of OSIRIS, a great deity of the Egyptians, son ( divinity, and to bury it when dead with thf of Jupiter and Niobe. All the ancients greatly | gieatest solemnity. To render their establish- differ in their opinions concerning this cele- ment more popular, each sacerdotal body had a brated god, but they all agree that as king of I certain portion of land allotted to them to main Egypt, he took particular care to civi'izehis tain them, and to defray the expences which subjects, top;lish their morals, to give them necessarily attended the sacrifices and cere- good and salutary laws, and to teach them monial rites. That part of the body of Osiris agriculture. After he had accomplished a re- form at home, Osiris resolved to go and spread civilization in the other purls of the earth. He left his kingdom to the care of his wife Isis and of her faithful minister Hermes or Mercury. which had not been recovered was treated witb more particular attention by Isis, and she or dered that it should receive honours more solemn ana at the same time more mysterious than the other members. [Vid. Phallica.'] As The command of his troops at home was left to I Osiris had particularly instructed his subjects the trust of Hercules, a warlike officer. In his in cu'tivating the ground, the priest chose the expedition Osiris was accompanied by his bro- ox to represent him, and paid the moat super- ther Apollo, and by Annbis, Macedo, and Pan. stitious veneration to that animal. \Vid. Apis.'] His march was through ^Ethiopia, where his Osiris, according to the opinion of some my- army was encreased by the addition of the Satyrs, a hairy race of monsters who made dancing and playing on musical instruments their chief study. He afterwards passed through Arabia and visited the greatest part of the kingdoms of Asia and of Europe, where he en- lightened the minds of men by introducing among them the worship of the gods, and a reverence for the wisdom of a supreme being. At his return home Osiris found {he minds of his subjects roused and agitated. His brother T yphon had raised sedi.ions, and endeavoured to make himself popular. Osins, whose senti- ments were always of the most pacific nature, endeavoured to convince his brother of his ill conduct, but he fell a sacrifice to the attempt. Typhon murdered him in a secret apartment, and cut his body to pieces, which were divided among the associates of his guilt. Typhon, according to Plutarch, shut up his brother in a coffer and threw him into the Nile. The en- quiries of Isis discovered the body of her hus- band on the coasts of Phoenicia, w here it had been conveyed by the waves, but Typhon stole it as it was carrying to Memphis, and he divided it among his companions as v;as before ob- served. This cruelty incensed Isis; she re- venged her husband's death, and with her son Orus, she defeated Typhon and the partisans f his conspiracy. She recovered the mangled 466 thologists, is the same as the sun, and the adoration which is paid by different nations to an Anubis, a Bacchus, a Dionysius, a Jupiter, a Pan, &c. is the same as that which Osiris received in the Egyptian temples. Isis also after death received divine honours as well as her husband, and as the ox was the symbol of the sun, or Osiris, so the cow was the emblem of the moon or of Isis. Nothing can give a clearer idea of the power and greatness of Osiris than this inscription which has been found on some ancient monuments : Saturn the youngest of all the gods was my father. 1 am Osiris who conducted a large and numerous arum as far as the desarts of India, and travelled over the greatest part of the world, and visited the streuim of the Isther, and the remote shores of the ocean, diffusing benevolence to alt the inhabitants of the earth. Osiris was generally represented with a cap on his head l.ke a mitre with two horns ; he held a stick in his left hand, and in his right a whip, with three thongs. Sometimes he ap pears with the head of a hawk, as that birti, by its quick and piercing eyes, is a proper emblem of the sun. flat, in Isid. $ Os. herodot. 2, c. 144. Diod. 1. Homer. Od. 1$. Elian, dt. Anim. S.Lucian. de Deo. Syr.Plm. 8. A Persian general who lived 450, B. C. A liend of Turnus killed in the Kutuliuu war. I'irg. /E. 12, v. 458. o s OSATMA, little figures which they hung up at the image of Saturn to render themselves favourable to him. Feasts in honour of Bacchus, or in honour of Icona and Erigona, in which they balanced themselves, either with a rope tied to a tree, or with a girt. OSCINES. augurs, thus called after the noise of birds from which they took their auguries. Gsi, a people of Germany. Tac. de Germ. 28, C. 43. Osc:, a people of Italy who inhabited a country situated between Campania and the country of the Volsci. Some people confound them with the Opici of which they pretend that Osci is the abbreviation. Ancient authors often make mention of the bon mots, and keen procedures of this people, and pretend that the word (obscene) is a derivation of their name obscenum, (as oscenum. ) Tac. An. 4, c. 14 Cic.adfam. 7, ep. 1. '/'. L. 10, c. 20. Strab. 5 Piin. 5, c. 5.JEneid. 7, v. 730. OSISMII, a people of Gallia. Celtica. Mela, 3, c. 2. OSPHAGUS, a river of Macedonia. Liv. 31, c. 3,_ OSRHOENE, a country of Mesopotamia, which received this name from one of its kings called Osrhoes. OSSA, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the Centaurs. It was formerly joined to mount Olympus, but Hercules, as some report, separated them, and made between them the celebrated valley of Tempe. This separation of the two mountains was more pro- bably effected by an earthquake, which hap- pened as fabulous accounts represent about 1885 years before the Christian era. Ossa was one of those mountains which the giants, in their wars against the gods, heaped up one on the other, to scale the heavens with more fa- cility. Mela, 2, c. 3. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 155. 1. 2, v. 225. 1. 7, v. 224. Fast. 1, v. 307. 1. 3, v. 441 Strab. 9.Luean. 1 & 6.Vrrg. G. 1, v. 281. A town of Macedonia. OSRILLAGO, a goddess whom the Romans invoked against fractures and sprains. They also called her Ompanga. OSSUARTA, an urn where they kept the bont- s of the dead, which the fire had not con- sumed. OSTEODES, a neighbouring island of Lipwi. OSTIA, a town built at the mouth of the river Tiber by Ancus Martius, king of Rome, about 15 miles distant from Rome. It had a celebrated Harbour, and was so pleasantly situated, that the Romans generally spent a part of the year there as in a country seat. There was a small tower in the port like the Pharos of Alexandria built upon the wreck of a large ship which had been sunk there, and which contained the obelisks of Egypt with which the Roman emperors intended to adorn the capital of Italy. In the age of Strabo the and and mud deposited by the Tiber had choked the harbour, and added much to the size of the holy islands which sheltered the ships at the entrance of the river. Ostia and her har- 467 O T bour called Portut became gradually separated and are now at a considerable distance from the sea. Ftor. I, c. 4 Liv. 1, c. 33. Mela, 2, c 4. Sueton. Plix. OsroRius SCAPULA, a man made governor of Britain. He died A. D. 55 Tacit. OSTRACINA, a town of Egypt on the confines of Palatine. OSIRACISMUS, a kind of judgment in use at Athens, thus called from a Greek word which signifies shell, because the citizens gave their sufferings in writing, the name of the accused on a shell, OSYMANDYAS, a magnificent king of Egypt in a remote period. OTACILIUS, a Roman eonsul sent against tin Carthaginians, &c OTANES, a noble Persian, one of the seven who conspired against the usurper Smerdis It was through him that the usurpation was first discovered. He was afterwards ap- pointed by Darius over the sea coast of Asia minor. He took Byzantium. Herodot. 3, c 70, &c. OTHO, M. SALVIUS, a Roman emperor, de- scended from the ancient kings of Etruria. Ha was one of Nero's favourites, and as such he was raised to the highest offices of the state , and made governor of Pannonia by the interest of Seneca, who wished to remove him from Rome, lest Nero's love for Poppaea should prove his ruin. After Nero's death, Otho con- ciliated the favour of Galba the new em- peror ; but when he did not gain his point, and when Galba had refused to adopt him as hia successor, he resolved to make himself absolute without any regard to the age or dignity of hia friend. The great debts which he had con- tracted encouraged his avarice, and he caused Galba to be assassinated, and he made him self emperor. He was acknowledged by the senate and the Roman people, but the sudden revolt of Vitellius in Germany rendered hia situation precarious, and it was mutually re- solved that their respective right to the empire should be decided by arms. Otho obtained three victories over his enemies, but in a general engagement near Brixellum, his forces were defeated, and he stabbed himself when all hopes of success were vanished, after a reign of about three months, on the 20th of April A. D. 69. It has been justly observed that the last moments of Otho's life were those of a philoso- pher. He comforted his soldiers who lamented his fortune, and he expressed his concern for their safety when they earnestly solicited to pay him the last friendly offices before he stab- bed himself, and he observed that it was better that one man should die, than that all should be involved in ruin for his obstinacy. His nephew was pale and distressed, fearing the anger and haughtiness of the conqueror,but Otho comforted him, and observed, that Viteilius would be gind and affectionate to the friends anil re- lations of Otho since Otho was not ashamed to say, that in the time cf their greatest enmity, the mother of Vitellius had received every HH2 O V friend y treatment from his hands. He also burnt the letters which by falling into the hands of Vitellius might provoke his resent- ment against those who had favoured the cause of an unfortnnate general. These noble and humane sentiments in a man who was the as- sociate of Nero's shameful pleasures, and who stained his hand in the blood of his master, have appeared to some wonderful, and passed for the feature? of policy and not of a naturally virtuous and benevolent heart. Plut. in vita. Suet. Tacit. 2, Hist. c. 50, &c. Juv. 2, v. 90. Roscius, a tribuue of the people, who, in Cicero's consulship, made a regulation to per- mit the Roman knights at public spectacles to have the 14 first rows after the seats of the senators. This was opposed with violence by some, but Cicero ably defended it, &c. Herat. ep. 4, v. 10. The father of the Roman emperor Otho, was the favourite of Clau- dius. OTHRYADES, one of the 300 Spartans who fought against 300 Argives, when those two nations disputed their respective right to Thyrea. Two Argives, Alcinor and Cronius, and Othryades survived the battle. The Ar- gives went home to carry the news of their vic- tory, but Othryades, who had been reckoned among the number of the slain on account of his wounds, recovered himself and carried some of the spoils of which he had stripped the Ar- gives, into tke camp of his countrymen ; and after he had raised a trophy, and had written with his own blood the word vlci on his shield, he killed himself, unwilling to survive the death of liis countrymen. Val. Max. 3, c. 2. Plut. _ Parall. A patronymic given to Pantheus, ', the Trojan priest of Apollo, from his father : Otuyras. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 319. OTHHYONEUS, a Thracian who came to the Trojan war in hopes of marrying Cassandra. | He was killed by Idomeneus. Homer. II. 13. OTHRYS, a mountain, or rather a chain of mountains in Thessaly. Strab. 9. Herodot. 7, c. 129. Virg. Jn. 7, v. 675 OTREUS, a king of Phrygia in the age of Jason. OTROZDA, a small town on the confines of Bithynia. OTUS and EPHIALTES, sons of Neptune. Vul. Aloides. OTVS, a prince of Paphlagonia, who revolted from the Persians, to Agesilaus. P. Ovloiua NASO, a celebrated Roman poet bom at Sulmo. As he was intended for the bar, his father sent him early to Rome, and re- moved him to Athens in the sixteenth year of his age. The progress of Ovid in the study of eloquence was great, but the father's expecta- tions were frustrated ; his son was born a poet, and nothing could deter him from pursuing his natural inclination, though he was often .re- minded that Homer lived and died in the greatest poverty. Every thing he wrote was expressed in poetical numbers, as he himself Hays, et quod tentabam tcribere versus erat. A livmljr genius and a ferule imagination soon O V gained him admirers ; the learned became hi* friends; Virgil, Propertius, Tibullus, and Ho- race honoured him with their correspondence, and Augustus patronized him with the most unbounded liberality. These favours, however were but momentary, and the poet was soon after banished to Tomos on the Eurine sea, by the emperor. The true cause of this sudden exile is unknown. Some attributed it to a shameful amour with Livia the wife of Au- gustus ; while others support that it arose from the knowledge which Ovid had of the un- pardonable incest of the emperor with his daughter Julia, These reasons are indeed merely conjectural, the cause was of a very private and very secret nature, of which Ovid himself is afraid to speak. It was, however, something improper in the family and court of Augustus. In his banishment, Ovid betrayed his pu- sillanimity, and however afflicted and dis- tressed his situation was, yet the flattery and impatience which he showed in his writings are a disgrace to his pen, and expose him more to ridicule than pity. Though he prostituted his pen and his time to adulation, yet the em- peror proved dead to all entreaties, and refused to listen to his most ardent friends at Rome, who wished for the return of the poet. Ovid, who undoubtedly wished for a Brutus to de- liver Rome of her tyrannical Augustus, con- tinued his flattery even to meanness ; and when the emperor died, he was so mercenary as to consecrate a small temple to the departed ty- rant, on the shore of the Euxine, . 4to. Amst. 1727; of L. Bat. 1670, in 8vo. and of Utrecht, in 12mo. 4 vols. 1713. Ovid. Trist. 3 & 4, &c. Paterc. 2. Martial, 3 & 8. A man who accompanied his friend Csonius when ba- nished from Rome by Nero. Martial, 7, ep. 43. OVINIA LEX, was enacted to permit the cen- sors to elect and admit among the number of the senators the best and the worthiest of the people. o z OVINIUS, a freedinan, Ckc. OXAUTES, the brother of Darius, greatly honoured by Alexander. Another Persian. who favoured the cause of Alexander. Curt. ' OXIDATES, a Persian whom Darius con- demned to death. Alexander took him pri- soner, and some time after made him governor of Media. He became oppressive and" was re- moved. Curt. 8, c. 3. 1. 9, c. 8. OXIMES, a people of Europea Sannatia. OXION, a nation of Germans, whom su- perstitious traditions represented as having the countenance human, and the rest of the body like that of beasts. Tacit, de Get Oxus, a large river of Bactriana. Ano- ther in Scythia. OXVARES, a king of Bactriana, who sur- rendered to Alexander. OXYCANLS, an Indian prince in the age of Alexander, &c. OXYDRAC*, a nation of India. Curt. 9, c. 4. OXYLUS, a leader of the Heraclidae, when they recovered the Peloponnesus. He was rewarded with the kingdom of Elis. Paus. 5, c. 4. OXYNTHES, a king of Athens, B.C. 1149. He reigned 12 years. OXYPORUS, a son of Cinyras and Metharme. OXYRYNCHUS, a town of Egypt on the Nile. OZINES, a Persian, imprisoned by Craterus, because he attempted to revolt from Alexan- der. Curt. 9, c. 10. OZOL* or OZOLI, a people who inhabited the eastern parts of ^tolia, which were called Ozolea. This tract of territory lay at the north of the bay of Corinth, and extended about 12 miles northward. They received their name from the bad stench (ofy) of their bodies and of their clothing, which was the raw hides of wild beasts. The name of Ozolae, on account of its indelicate signification, highly displeased the inhabitants, and they exchanged it soon for that of ^Etolians. Pans. 10, c. 38. Hrodot 8, c. 32. PA PACATIANUS, Trrui JULIUS, a general of the Roman armies who proclaimed himself emperor in Gaul, about the latter part of Phi- lip's reign. He was soon after defeated, A. D. 249, and put to death, &c. PACCIUS, an insignificant poet in tte age of Domitian. Juv. 7, v. 12. PACHES, an Athenian who took Mitylene, &c. ^rirt. Polit. 4. PACHINUS, or PACHYNHS, now t-assaro, a promontory of Sicily, projecting about two P A miles into the sea, in the form of a peninsula, at the south-east corner of the island, with a small harbour of the same name. Strab. 6. Mela, 2, c. 7. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 699. Pans. 5, c.25. M. PACCONIUS, a Roman put to death by Ti- berius, &c. Suet, in Tib. 61. A stoic philo- sopher, son of the preceeding. He was ba- nished from Italy by Nero, and he retired from Rome with the greatest composure and indiffer- ence. Arrian, 1, c. 1. P A PACORUS, the eldest of the thirty sons oi Orode, king of Parthia, sent against Crassiu , whose army he defeated, and whom he took prisoner. He took Syria irom the Romans, and supported the republican party of Pom- pey, and of the murderers of Julius Caesar. He was killed in a battle by Ventidius Bassus, B. C. 39, on the same day (9th of June) that Crassus had been defeated. Flor. 4, c. 9. Horat, 3, od. 6, v. 9. A king of Parthia, who made a treaty of alliance with the Ro- mans, &c. Another, intimate with king De- cebalus. PACTOLUS, a celebrated river of Lydia, rising in mount Tmolus, and falling into the Hermus after it has watered the city of Sardes. It was in this river that Midas washed himself when he turned into gold whatever he touched, and from that circumstance, it ever after rolled golden sands, and received the name of Chry- sorrhoas. It is called Tmolus by Pliny. Strabo observes that it had no golden sand in his age. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 142. Strab. 18 Ovid. Met. 11, v. 86. Herodot. 5, c. 110. P/w. 33, c. 8. PACTYAS, a Lydian entrusted with the care of the treasures of Croesus at Sardes. The im- mense riches which he could command cor- rupted him, and to make himself independent, lie gathered a large army. He laid siege to the citadel of Sardes, but tue arrival of one of the Persian generals soon put him to flight. He re- tired to Cumae, and afterwards to Lesbos, where he was delivered into the hands of Cyrus. He- rodot. 1, c. 154, &c. Pans. 2, c. 35. PACTYES, a mountain of Ionia, near Ephesus. Strab. 14. PACUVIUS, M. a native of Brandusium, son of the sister of the poet Ennius, who distin- guished himself by his skill in painting, and by his poetical talents. He wrote satires and tra- gedies which were represented at Rome, and of some of which the names are preserved, as Pe- riboea, Hermione, Atalanta, Ilione, Teucer, Au- tiope, &c. Orestes was considered as the best finished performance; the style, however, though rough, and without either purity or ele- gance, deserved the commendation of Cicero and Quintilian, who perceived strong rays of genius and perfection frequently beaming through i.he clouds of the barbarity and ignorance of the times. The poet in his old age retired to Ta- rentum, where he died in his 90th year, about 131 years before Christ Of all his composi- tions, about 437 scattered lines are preserved in the collections of Latin poets. Cir. de Horat. 9. ad Heren. 2, c. 27. Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 66. Quintil. 10, c. 1. PAI>I, an Indian nation, who devoured their nick before they died. Herodot. 3, c. 99. PAUIJJUM, now Bondeno, a town on the Po, where it begins to branch into different channels. Plin. 3, c. J5. PADUA, a town called also Patavium, in the country of the Venetians, founded by Antenor, immediately after the Trojan war. It was the native place of the historian Livy. The inha- bitants were once so powerful, that they could 470 P A levy an army of 20,000 men. Strab. 5. Vel ,, 2, c. 4. Virg. Mn. 1, v. 251 PADUS, (now called the Po), a river in Italy, known also by the name of Eridamu, which forms the northern boundary of the territories of Italy. It lises in mount Vesulus, one of the highest mountains of the Alps, and after it has collected in its course the waters of above thirty rivers, discharges itself in an eastern direction into the Adriatic sea by seven mouths, two of which only, the Plana or Volano, and the Pa- dusa, were formed by nature. It was formerly said, that it rolled gold dust in its sands, which was carefully searched by the inhabitants. The consuls C. Flaminius Nepos and P. Furius Philus, were the first Roman generals who crossed it. The Po is famous for the death of Phaeton, who, as the poets mention, was thrown down there by the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Oind. Met. 2, v. 258, &c. Mela, 2, c. 4. Lu- can. 2, &c. Virg. &n. 9, v. 680. Strab. 5. Plin. 37, c. 2. , PADUS A, the most southern mouth of thePo, considered by some writers as the Po itself. [Fid. Pud, c-. 13, &c. P^ONIA, a country of Macedonia at the west of the Strymon. It received its name from Paeon, a son of Endymioii, who settled there. Liv. 42, c. 51. 1. 45, c. 29. A small lowu of Attica. P*ONIDES, a name given to the daughters n* Pierus, who were defeated by the Muses, be- cause their mother was a native of Paeonia Ovid. Met. 5, ult.fab. P A P*os, a small town of Arcadia. I*sos, a town of the Hellespont, called also Av. Cuss. 53.ltal. 12, v. 709,Juv. 9, v. 23. Martial, 1, ep. 71. Furro deL. L. 4, c.3. Cic. in CatiL 1. Apollo, who was worship- ped on the Palatine hill, was also called Pala- tinm. His temple there had been built by Augustus, who had enriched it with a library, valuable for the various collections of Greek and Latin manuscripts which it contained. Harat. 1, ep. 3, v. 17. PALANTIUM, a town of Arcadia. PALEIS, or PAL*, a town in the island of Ce- phallenia. Pans. 6, c. 15. PALES, the goddess of sheepfolds and of pas- tures among the Romans. She was worshipped with great solemnity at Rome, and her festi- vals, called Palilia, were celebrated the very day that Romulus began to lay the founda- tion of tbe city of Rome. Virg. G. 3, v. 1 & 294. Ovid. Fait. 4, v. 722, &c. Pater. 1, c. 8. PALFURIUS SURA, a writer removed from the senate by Domitian, who suspected him of attachment to Vitellius, &c. Juu. 4, v. 53. PALICI, or PALISCI, two deities, sons of Ju- piter by Thalia, whom ^Eschylus calls .. PALLANTEUM, a town of Italy. Virg. fen. 8, v. 54. PALLANTIAS, a patronymic of Aurora, as being related to the giant Pallas. Ovid. Met. 9, fab. 12. PALLANTIDES, the fifty sons of Pallas, the son of Pandion, and the brother of ^Egeus. They were all killed by Theseus, the son of jEgeus, whom they opposed when he came to take possession of his father's kingdom. This opposition they showed in hopes of succeeding to the throne, as .JCgeus left no children, ex- cept Theseus, whose legitimacy was even dis- puted, as he was born at Troezene. Pltit. in Thes.Paus. 1. PALLAS, a freedman of Claudius, famous for the power and the riches he obtained. He ad- vised theemperoi, his master, to marry Agrip- pina, and to adopt her son Nero for his successor. It was by his means and those of Agrippina, that the death of Claudius was hastened, and that Nero was raised to the throne. Nero for- got to whom, he was indebted for the crown. He 373 PA discarded Pallas, and some time after caused him to be pt to death, that he might make himself master of his great riches, A. D. 61 Tacit. Arm. 12, c. 53. PALLAS, (avis) a daughter of Jupiter, the same as Minerva. The goddess received thi name either because she killed the giant Pallaj, or perhaps from the spear which she seems to brandish in her hands, (irahXeiv.) For the functions, power, and character of the goddess. Vvl. Minerva. PAI.LAS, (antis,) a son ol king Evander, sent with some troops to assist ^Kneas. He was killed by Turnus, the king of the Rutuli, after he had made a great slaughter of the enemy Virg. JEn. 8, v. 104, &c. One of the giants, son of Tartarus and Terra. He was killed by Minerva, who covered herself with his skin, whence, as some suppose, she is called Pallas, Apollod. 3, c. 12. A son of Crius and Eu- rybia, who ma:ried the nymph Styx, by whom he had Victory, Valor, &c. Hesiod. Theog. A son of Lycaon. A son of Pandion, father of Clytus and Butes. Ovid. Met. 7, fab. iT.-ApntM. PAI.LENE, a small peninsula of Macedonia formerly called Phlegra, situate above the bay of Thermae on the Jgean sea, and containing five cities, the principal of which is called Pallene. It "was in this place, according to some of the ancients, that an engagement hap- red between the gods and the giants. Vir-r. 4> v . s->i.0vid. Met. 15, r. 357. A village of Attica, where Minerva had a temple, and where the Pallantides chiefly resided. Herodot. 1, c. 161. Plut. in Thes. PALMA, a governor of Syria. PALMYRA, the capital of Palmyrene, a country on the eastern boundaries of Syria, now railed Tliendenun; or Tadmar. It is famous for Being the seat of the celebrated Zenobia, and of Odenatus, in the reign of the emperor Aurelian. It is now in .ruins, and the splen- dour and magnificence of ks porticos, temples, and palaces, are now daily examined by the curious and the learned. PALPHURIUS, one of the flatterers of Domi- tian. Juv. 4, v. 53. PAMISOS, a river of Thessaly. PAMMENES, an Athenian general, sent to assist Megalopolis, against the Mantineans, &c. An astrologer. PAMMON, a son of Priam and Hecuba. Apollod. PAMPA, a village near Tentyra in Thrace^ Juv. 15, v. 76. PAMPHILUS, a celebrated painter of Mace donia, in the age of Philip. He was founder of the school for painting at Sicyoii, and he made a law which was observed not only in. Sicyon, but all over Greece, that none but the children of noble and dignified persons should be permitted to learn painting. Apelles was one of his pupils. Diog. PAMPHOS, a Greek poet, supposed to have lived before Hesiod's age. PAMPHYLA, a Greek won.an, who wrot a PA general history in 33 books, in Nero's reign. This history, so much commended by the an- cients, is lost. PAMPHYLIA, a province ot Asia Minor, an- ciently called Mopsopia, and bounded on the south by a part of the Mediterranean, called the Pamphylian sea, west by Lycian, north by Pisidia, and east by Cilicia. It abounded with pastures, vines, and olives. It was peopled by a Grecian colony. Strab. 14. Mela, 1. Pous. 7, c. 3. P/in. 5,c. 26. PAN, was the god of shepherds, of hunts- men, and of all the inhabitants of the country. He was the son of Mercury by Dyrope, ac- cording to Homer. Some give him Jupiter and Callisto for parents, others Jupiter and Ybis or Oneis. Lucian, Hyginus, &c. sup- port that he was the son of Mercury and Pene- lope, the daughter of Icarius, and that the god gained the affections of the princess under the form of a goat, as she tended her father's flocks on mount Taygetus, before her marriage with the king of Ithaca. Some authors main- tain that Penelope became mother of Pan, during the absence of Ulysses in the Trojan war ; and that he was the offspring of all the Fuitors which frequented the palace of Pene- lope, whence he received the name of Pan, which signifies all or every thing. Pan was a moaster in appearance ; he had two small horns on his head, his complexion was ruddy, his nose flat, and his legs, thighs, tail, and feet, were those of a goat. The educution of Pan was entrusted to a nymph of Arcadia, called Sinoe, but the nurse, according to Homer, terrified at the sight of such a monster, fled away and left him. He was wrapped up in the skin of beasts by his father, and carried to heaven, where Jupiter and the gods long en- tertained themselves with the oddity of his appearance. Bacchus was greatly pleased with him, and gave him the name of Pan. The god of shepherds chiefly resided in Arcadia, where the woods and the most rugged mountains were his habitation. He invented the flute with seven reeds, which he called Syrinx, in honour of a beautiful nymph of the same name, to whom he attempted to offer violence, and who was changed into a reed. He was con- tinually employed in receiving the neighbouring nymphs, and often with success. Though de- formed in his shape and features, yet he had the good fortune to captivate Diana, and of gaining her favour, by transforming himself into a beautiful white goat. He was also enamoured of a nymph of the mountains called Echo, by whom he had a son called Lynx. He a/so paid his addresses to Omphale, queen of Lydia, and it is well-known in what manner he was received. [Vid. Omphate.] The worship of Pan was well established, particularly in Arcadia, where he gave oracles on mount Ly- cjvus. His festivals, called by the Greeks Lycaea, were brought to Italy by Evander, and they were well known at Rome, by the name of the Lupercalia. \Vid. Lupercalia.] The worship, and the different functions of Pan, are 474 P A derived from the mythology of the ancient Egyptians. This god was one oi the eight great gods of the Egyptians, who ranked before the other 12 gods, whom the Romans called Consentes. He was worshipped with the greatest solemnity all over Etrypt. His statues represented him as a goat, not because he was really such, but this was done for mysterious reasons. He was the emblem of fecundity, and they looked upon him as the principle of all things. His horns, as some observe, re- presented the rays of the sun ; and the bright- ness of the heavens was expressed by the vivacity and the ruddiness of his complexion. The star which he wore on his breast, was the symbol of the firmament ; and his hairy legs and fee. denoted the inferior parts of the earth, such as the woods and plants. Some suppose that he appeared as a goat, because, when the gods fled into Egypt, in their war against the giants, Pan transformed himself into a goat, an example which was immediately followed by all the, deities. Pan, according to some, is the same as Faunus, and he is the chief of all the Satyrs. Plutarch mentions, that in the reign of Tiberius, an extraordinary voice was heard near the Echinades in the Ionian sea, which exclaimed, ;;iat the great Pan was dead. This was readily believed by the emperor, and the astrologers were consulted, but they were unable to explain the meaning of so super- natural a voice, which probably proceeded from the imposition of one cf the courtiers who at- tempted to terrify Tiberius In Egypt, in the town of Menaes, which word also signifies a goat, there was a sacred goat kept, with the most ceremonious sanctity. The death of this animal was always attended with the greatest solemnities, and like that of another Apis, be- came the cause of an universal mourning. As Pan usually terrified the inhabitants of the neighbouring country, that .kind of fear which often seizes men, and which is only ideal and imaginary, has received from him the name of panic fear. This kind of terror has been ex- emplified not only in individuals, but in nu- merous armies, such as that of Brennus, which was thrown into the greatest consternation at Rome, without any cause or plausible reason. Ocitl. Fast. 1, v. 396. 1. 2, v. 277. Met. 1, v. 689. Virg. G. 1, v. 17. JEn. 8, v. 343. G. 3, v. 392. Jut;. 2, v. 142. Pans. 8, c. 30. Varro de L. L. 5, c. 3. Lit'. 1, c. 5. Dionys. Hal. l.Herodot. 2, c. 46 & 145, &.c.Diod. 1. Orpheut. Hymn. 10. Homer. Hymn in Pan. Lucian. Dial. Merc, et Pan.ApolM. 1, c. 4. PANACEA, a goddess, daughter of ^Eseu- lapius, who presided over health. Lucau. 9, v. -918. PANJETIUS, a stoic philosopher of Rhodes, 138 B. C. He studied at Athens for some time, of which he refused to become a citizen, observing, that a good and modest man ought to be satisfied with one country. He came to Rome, where he reckoned among his pupils La?lius and Scipio the second Africanus. To PA the latter he was attached by the closest ties of friendship and familiarity ; he attended him in his expeditions, and partook of all his plea- sures and amusements. To the interest of their countrymen at Rome, tke Rhodians were greatly indebted for their prosperity, and the immunities which they for some time enjoyed. Panaetius wrote a treatise on the duties of man, whose merit can be ascertained from the en- comiums which Cicero bestows upon it. Cic. de ofKc. &c. A tvrant of Leontini in Sicily. B. C. 613. PAN ARES, a general of Crete, defeated by Metellus, &c. PANARISTE, one of the waiting women of Berenice, the wife of king Antiochus. PANATHEN.TA, festivals in honour of Mi- nerva the patroness of Athens. They were hrst instituted by Erichtheus or Orpheus, and called Atht-naea, but Theseus afterwards re- newed them; and caused them to be celebrated and observed by all the tribes of Athens, which lie had united into one, and from which reason the festivals received their name. Some sup- pose that they are the same as the Roman Qidnquatria, as they are often called by that name among the Latins. In the first years of the institution, they were observed only during one day, but afterwards the time was prolonged, and the celebration was attended with greater pomp and solemnity. The festivals were two ; the great Panathensa a t yaXa, which were ob- served every 5th yean, beginning on the 22d of the month called Hecatnmbaecni, or 7th of July, and the lesser Panutlienaa, picoa, which were kept every 3d year, or rather annually, beginning on the 21st or 20th of the month called Thargelion, corresponding to the 5th or 6th day of the present month of May. In the lesser festivals there were three games, con- ducted by ten presidents chosen from the ten tribes of Athens, who continued four years in office. On the evening of the first day there was a race with torches, in which men on foot, and afterwards on horseback, contended. The same was also exhibited in the greater festivals. The second combat was gymnical, and ex- hibited a trial of strength and bodily dexterity. The last was a musical contention, first in- stituted by Pericles. In the songs they cele- brated the generous undertaking of Harmodius and Aristogiton, who opposed the Pisistratida;, and of Thrasybulus, who delivered Athens from its thirty tyrpnts. Phrynis of Mitylene was the first who obtained the victory, by playing upon the harp. There were besides other mu- sical instruments, on which they played in concert, such as flutes, &c. The poets con- tended in four plays, called from their number rtrpaXoyia. The last of these was a satire. There was also at Sunium an imitation of a naval fight. Whoever obtained the victory in any of these games was rewarded with a ves- sel of oil, which he was permitted to dispose of in whatever manner he pleased, and it was unlawful for any other person to transport that commodity. The conqueror also received a crown of the olives which giew in the groves 475 PA of Academus, and were sacred to Minerva, find called fiopnai, trom fiopoi;, death, in remem- brance of the tragical end of Hallirhotius the son of Neptune, who cut his own legs when he attempted to cut down the olive which had given the victory to Minerva in preference to his father, when these two deities contended about giving a name to Athens. Some sup- pose that the word is derived from ntpof, a part, because these olives were given by con- tribution hy all such as attended at the fes- tivals. There was also a dance called Pyr- rhirhia, performed by young boys in armour, in imitation of Minerva, who thus expressed her trinmph over the vanquished Titans. Gladia- tors were also introduced when Athens became tributary to the Romans. During the celebra- tion, no person was permitted to appear in dyed garments, and if any one transgressed, he was punished according to the discretion of the president of the games. After these things, a sumptuous sacrifice was offered, in which every one of the Athenian boroughs contributed an ox, and the whole was concluded by an en- tertainment for all the company with the flesh that remained from the sacrifice. In the greater festivals, the sairie" rites and ceremonies wt-re usually observed, but with more solemnity and magnificence. Others were also added, particularly the procession, in which Minerva's sacred TrtTrXoc.. or garment, was carried. This garment was woven by a select number of virgins, called tpyasricat, from ipyov, uxrrk. They were superintended by two of the crpoj0oooi, or young virgins, not under eleven yenrs of age, nor above seventeen, whose gar- ments were white and set off with ornaments of gold. Minerva's peplus was of a white colour, without sleeves and embroidered with gold. Upon it were described the achievements of the goddess, particularly her victories over the giants. The exploits of Jupiter and the other gods were also represented there, and from that circumstance men of courage and bravery are said to be oiot 7r7r\ov, worthy to be pour- trayed in Minerva's sacred garment. In the procession of the peplus, the following ceremo- nies were observed. In the ceramicus, without the city, there was an engine built in the form of a a ship, upon which Minerva's garment was hung as a sail, and the whole was conducted, not by beasts, as some have supposed, but by subterraneous machines, to the temple of Cere* Eleusinia, and from thence to the citadel, where the peplus was placed upon Minerva's statue, which was laid upon a bed woven or strewed with flowers, which was called ir\af. Persons of all ages, of every sex and quality, attended the procession, which was led by old men and woii.en, carrying olive branches in their hands, from which reason they were called 3-aXXo0opoi, bearers of green boughs. Next followed men of full age, with shields and spears. They were attended by the ^croteot, orfareigners, who carried small boats as a token of their foreign origin, and from that account they were called ffKaQytyoooi, boat bt.arert. Af- ter them came the women atientlea by the P A wires of the foreigners called itiutfopoi, be- cause they carried water pots. Next to these came young men crowned with millet and singing hymns to the goddess, and after them followed select virgins of the noblest families, called icav>j0opoi, basket bearers, because they carried baskets, in which were certain things necessary for the celebration, with whatever utensils were also requisite. These several necessaries were generally in the possession of the chief manager of the festival called apx&tupog, who distributed them when oc- casion offered. The virgins were attended by the daughters of the foreigners, who carried umbrellas and little seats, from which they were named 8i(f>pntlu> colum retinet, Lachesis net, occat. Atropos The name of the Parcae, according to Varro, is derived a partii or parturiend*), because they presided over the birth of men, and by corrup- tion the word parca is rirmed from parta or partut. The power of the Parcae was great and extensive. Some suppose that they were sub- jected to none of the gods but Jupiter, whilst MO P A others support that even Jupiter nimself ww obedient to their commands, and indeed we see the father of the gods in Homer's Iliad un- willing to see Patroclus perish, yet obliged by the superior power of the Fates to abandon him to his destiny. According to the more received opinions, they were the arbiters of the life and death of mankind, and whatever good or evil befals us in the world, immediately proceeds from the Fates or Parcae. Some make them ministers of the king of hell, and represent them as sitting at the foot of his throne, others represent them as placed on radiant thrones, amidst the celestial spheres, clothed in robes spangled with stars, and wearing crowns on their heads. According to Pausanias, the names of the Parcae were different from those already mentioned. The most ancient of all, as the geographer observes, was Venus Urania, who presided over the birth of men, the second was Fortune, Ilithia was the third. To these some add a fourth, Proserpine, who often dis- putes with Atropos the right of cutting the thread of human life. The worship of the Parcas was well established in some cities of Greece, and though mankind were well oon- viuced that they were inexorable, and that i* was impossible to mitigate them, yet they were eager to show a proper respect to their divinity, by raising them temples and statues. They re- ceived the same worship as the Furies, and their votaries yearly sacrificed to them black sheep, during which solemnity the priests were obliged to wear garlands of flowers. The Parcae were generally represented as three old women with chapleU made with wool, and interwoven with the flowers of the Narcissus. They were covered with a white robe, and fillet of the same colour, bound with chaplets. One of them held a distaff, another the spindle, and the third was armed with scissors, with which she cut the thread which her sisters had spun. Their dress is differently represented by some authors. Clotho appears in a variegated robe, and on her head is a crown of seven stars. She holds a distaff in her hand reaching from heaven to earth. The robe which Lachesis wore, was variegated with a great number of stars, and near her were placed a variety of spindles. Atro- pos was clothed in black ; she held scissors in her hand, with clues of thread of different size, according to the "length and shortness of the lives, whose destinies they seemed to contain. Hyginus attributes to them the invention of these Greek letters, a, ft, *;, r, v, and others call them the secretaries of heaven, and the keepers of the archives of eternity. The Greeks call the Parcae by the different names of p,oipa, aura, KJJO, eifia^uivr], which are expressive of heir power and of tiieir inexorable decrees. HesM. Theog. % sen:. Her.- Pays. 1, c. 40. I. 3. c. 11. L 5, c. 15 Homer. II. 20. 04. 7. ITieocrit. 1. Callimach. Vi Dian. dZliatt. Anim. 0. Pimlar. Olymp. 10, A T *".. 7. Eurip. in phig. Pint, de facie in orbe Luna:, Hygw. in n-ctf. sab. $fab. 277. Varro. Orph. hymn, 58, Ajjollon. 1, ~hasius has deceived Zeiuis himself. Parrhasius ;rew so vain of his art, that he clothed himself n purple, and wore a crown of gold, calling bimself the king of painters. He was lavish in s own praises, and by his vanity too often ex- posed himself to the ridicule of hia enemies. Pint, in Tltes. de Poet. and. Pans. 1, c. 28. Plin. 35, v. 10. Horat. 4, od. 8. A son of Jupiter, or according to some, of Mars, by a nymph called Philonomia. PARTHJVMISIIUS, a king 1 of Armenia, in the reign of Trajan. PARTHAON. a son of Agenor and Epicaste, lio married Euryte, daughter of Hippodamus, by whom he had many children, among whom were (Eneus and Sterope. Parthaon was bro- ther to Demonice, the mother of Evenus by Mars, and also to Molus, Pylus, and Thes- tius. He is called Portheus by Homer. //. 14. AyolluA. \, c.7. Hyg'ui. fab. 129 & 239. A son of Peripetus, and father of Aristas. Paus. 8. PARTHEMJE and PARTHENII, a certain num- ber of desperate citizens of Sparta. During the Messenian "tar, the Spartans were absent from their city for the space of ten years, and it was unlawful for them to return, as they had bound themselves by a solemn oath not to revisit Sparta before they had totally subdued Messenia. This long absence alarmed the Lacedemonian wo- men, as well as the magistrates. The Spartans were reminded by their wives, that if they con- 'tbued in their resolution, the state must at last decay for want of citizens ; and when they had duly considered this embassy, they empowered all the young men in the army who had come to the war while yet under age, and who there- fore were not bound by the oath, to return to Sparta, and by a tamiliar and promiscuous in- tercourse with all the unmarried women of the state, to raise a future generation. It was car- ried into execution, and the children that sprang from this union were called Parthenia?, or sont "f virgins, (irapStvog.) The war with Messe- nia was some time after ended, and the Spar- tans returned victorious ; but the cold indiffer- ence with which they looked upon tiie Parthe- niae, was attended with serious consequences, The Parthenife knew they had no legitimate fa- thers, and no inheritance, and that therefore their life depended upon their own exertions. This drove them almost to despair. They joined with the Helots, whose maintenance was as precarious as their own, and it was mutually agreed to murder all the citizens of Sparta, and to sieze their possessions. This massacre was to be done at a general assembly and the sig- nal was the throwing of a cap into th air. The whole, however, was discovered through the I It P A diffidence and appreliensions of the Helots ; and when the people had assembled, the Par- theniae discovered that all was known by the voice of a crier, who proclaimed that no man should throw up his cap. The Partheniae, though apprehensive of punishment, were not visibly treated with greater severity ; their ca- lamitous condition was attentively examined, and the Spartans, afraid of another conspiracy, and awed by their numbers, permitted them to sail for Italy, with Phalantus, their ringleader, at their head. They settled in Magna Graecia, and built Tarentum, about 707 years before Christ. Justin. 3, c. 5. Strab. 6. Paiw. in Lacon, &c. Pint, in Apirph. PARTHENIA, a river of Peloponnesus, flow- ing by Elis. Poiw. 6, c. 21. PARTHENION, a mountain of Peloponnesus at the north of Tegea. Pans. PARTHENIUS, a river of Paphlagonia, which, after separating Bithynia, falls into the Euxine sea near Sesamum. It received its name either because the virgin Diana (irapSrivos) bathed herself there, or perhaps it received it from the purity and mildness of its waters. Herodot, 2, c. 104. Plin. 6, c. 2. A mountain of Arca- dia, where Telephus had a temple. Atalanta was exposed on its top, and brought up there. Pans. 8, c. 5 1. Mian. V. H. 13. Apollod. 2, c. 7. A favourite of the emperor Domitian. He conspired against his imperial master, and assisted to murder him. A river of Euro- pean Sarmatia. Odd. ex Pont. 4, el. 10, v. 49. A friend of yneas killed in Italy. Virg. JEii. 10, v. 748. A Greek writer whose ro- mance de Amatariu Ajfectionibus, has been edited in 12mo. Basil. 1531. PARTHENON, a temple of Athens, sacred to Minerva. It was destroyed by the Persians, and afterwards rebuilt by Pericles in a more magnificent manner. All the circumstance* which related to the birth of Minerva were beautifully and minutely represented in bass- relief, on the front of the entrance. The statue of the goddess was 26 cubits high, and made of gold and ivory. It passed for one of the master-pieces of Phidias. Pl.in. 34. PARTHENOF/EUS, a son of Meleager and Ata- lanta, or according to some, of Milanion and another Atalauta. He was one of the seven chiefs who accompanied Adrastus, the king of Argos, in his expedition against Thebes. He was killed by Amphidicus. Apollod. 3, c. 9. Pans. 3, c. 12. 1. 9, c. 19.' A son of Talaus. PARTIIENOPE, one of the sirens. A daughter of Stymphalus. Apollod. A city of Campania, afterwards called Neapolis, or the new citi/, when it had been beautified and enlarged by a colony from Euboea. It is now called Naples. It received the name of Par- thenope from one of the Sirens, whose body was found on the sea-shore there. Virg. G. 4, v. 564. Strafe. 1 & 5. Paterc. 1, c.4. Homer. Od. 12. PARTHIA, a celebrated country of Asia, bounded on the west by Media, south by Car- mania, north by Hyrcania, and east by Aria, 484 P A &C containing, according to Ptolemy, 25 large cities, the most capital of which was called Hecatompylos, from its hundred gates. Some suppose that the present capital of the country is built on the ruins of Hecatompylos. Accord- ing to some authors, the Parthians were Scy- thians by origin, who made an invasion on the more southern provinces of Asia, and at last fixed their residence near Hyrcania. They long remained unknown and unnoticed, and became successively tributary to the empire of the As- syrians, Medes, and Persians. When Alexan- der invaded Asia, the Parthians submitted, like the other dependent provinces of Persia, and they were for some time under the power of Eumenes, Antigonus, Seleucus, Nicanor, and Antiochus, till the rapacity and oppression of Agathocles, a lieutenant of the latter, roused their spirit, and fomented rebellion. Arsaces, a man of obscure origin, but blessed with great military powers, placed himself at the head of his countrymen, and laid the foundation of the Parthian empire, about 250 years before the Christian era. The Macedonians attempted in vain to recover it: a race of active and vigilant princes, who assumed the surnames of Arsaci- des, from the founder of their kingdom, increased its power, and rendered it so formidable, that it even disputed the empire of the world with the Romans, and could never be subdued by that nation, which had seen no people on earth unconquered by their arms. It remained a kingdom till the reign of Artabanus, who was killed about the year 229 of the Christian era, and from that time it became a province of the newly-established kingdom of Persia, under Ar- taxerxes. The Parthians were naturally strong and warlike, and were esteemed the most ex- pert horsemen. and archers in the world. The peculiar custom of discharging their arrows while they were retiring full speed, has been greatly celebrated by the ancients, particularly by the poets, who all observe, that their flight was more formidable than their attacks. This manner of fighting, and the wonderful address and dexterity with which it was performed, gained them many victories. They were ad- dicted much to drinking, and to every manner of lewdness, and their laws permitted them to raise children even by their mothers and sisters. S f rab. 2, 6, &c. Lucan. 3, 7, 8, &c. Curt, d, C. 11. Flor. 3, c. 5. Virg. G. 3, v. 31, &c. jEn. 7, v. 606. Ovid. Art. Am. 1, &c. Fast. 5, v. 580. Dio. Cass. 40.Ptcl. 6, c. 5. Plin. 6, c. 25. Polyb. 5, &c. Narcellin. Herodian. 3,&c. PARTHYENE, a province of Parthia. PARYSADES, a king of Pontus, B. C. 310 DM. A king of the Cimmerian Bosporus who flourished 284, B. C. PARYSAUES, a Persian princess, wif 01 Da- rius Ochus, by whom she had Artaxerxes, Memnon, and Cyrus the younger. She was so extremely partial to her younger son, that she committed the greatest cruelties to encourage his ambition, and she supported him with all her interest in his rebellion against his brother Memnon. The death of Cyrus at the battle of P A Cuimxa, was revenged with the greatest barba- rity, and Parysatis sacrificed to her resentment all such as she found concerned in his fall. She also poisoned Statira, the wife of her son Ar- taxerxes, and ordered one of the eunuchs of the court to be flayed alive, and his skin to be stretched on two poles before her eyes, be- cause he had, by order of the king, cut off the hand and the head of Cyrus. These cruelties offended Artaxerxes, and he ordered his mother to be confined in Babylon ; but they were soon after reconciled, and Parysatis regained all her power and influence till the time of her death. Plut. in Art.Ctes. PASARGADA, a town of Persia, near Carma- nia, founded by Cyrus 011 the very spot where he had conquered ^styages. The kings of Persia were always crowned there. Strah. 15. PA SEAS, a tyrant of Sicyon in Peloponnesus, father to Abantidas, &c. Pint, in Arat. PASICLES, a grammarian, &c. PAWCRATES, a king of part of the island of Cyprus. Plut. PASIPHAE, a daughter of the Sun and of Per- seis, who married Minos king of Crete. She disgraced herself by her unnatural passion for a bull, which, according to some authors, she was enabled to gratify by means of the artist Daedalus. This celebrated bull had been given to Minos by Neptune, to be offered on his al- tars. But as the monarch refused to sacrifice the animal on account of his beauty, the god revenged his disobedience by inspiring Pasi- phae with an unnatural love for it. This fabu- lous tradition, which is universally believed by the poets, who observe that the minotaur was the fruit of this infamous commerce, is refuted by some writers, who suppose that the infidelity of Pasiphae to her husband, was betrayed in her affection for an officer called Taurus, and that Dasdalus, by permitting his house to be the asylum of the two lovers, was looked upon as accessary to the gratification of Pasiphae's lust. From this amour with Taurus, as it is farther remarked, the (jueen became mother of twins, and the name of Minotaurut arises from the resemblance of the children to the husband and the lover of Pasiphae. Minos had four tons by Pasiphae, Castreus, Deucalion, Glau- cus, and Androgeus, and three daughters, He- cate, Ariadne, and Phaedra. [Rd. Minotaurus.] Plato de Min. Plut. in Thes. Ajwllon. 2, c. 1. Virg. n. 6, v. 24. Hygin. fab. 40. DM. 4. Ovid. Herald. 4, v.57 & 165. PASITHEA, one of the Graces. She is ako called Aglaia. Pans. 9, c. 35. One of the Nereides. Hesind. A daughter of Atlas. PASH IORIS, a river of Persia. PASSARON, a town of Epirua. PASSIENUS, a Roman, who reduced Numidia, &c. Tacit. Ann. PASUS, a Thessalian in Alexander's army, &c. PATARA, atown of Lycia, situate on the east- ern side of the mouth of the river Zanthus, with a capacious harbour, a temple, and an orarle of Apollo, surnamed Patarens. The god was sup- posed by some to reside for the six winter 435 P A months at Patara, and the rest of the year at Delphi. The city was greatly embellished by Ptolemy Philadelphus, who attempted in vain to change its original name into that of his wife Arsinoe. Lie. 37, '. 15. Strab. 14. Paits. 9, c. 41. Harat. 3, o<<. 14, v. 64. Ovid. Met, i, v. 516. Mela. PATAVIUM, a city of Italy, called also Pa- dua. (Via. Padua.] It is the birth-place of Livy, from which reason some writers have de- nominated Patannity those peculiar expressions and provincial dialect, which they seem to discover in the historian's style not strictly agreeable to the purity and refined language of the Roman authors who nourished in or near the Augustan age. PATERCULUS, a Roman, whose daughter was pronounced the chastest matron at Rome. Plin . 7, c. 35. Velleius, an historian. Vid. Vel- leius. PATIZITHES, one of the Persian Magi, who raised his brother to the throne because he re- sembled Smerdis, the brother of Cambysen, &c. Heradot. 3, c. 61. PATMOS, one of the Cyclades, with a smal town of the same name, situate at the south o! Icaria, and measuring thirty miles in circumfe- rence, according to Pliny, or only eighteen ac- cording to modern travellers. It has a large harbour, near which are some broken columns, the most ancient in that part of Greece. The Romans generally banished their culprits there. It is now called Pai-mosa. Strab. PATR^E, a town at the north-west of Pelo- ponnesus, anciently called Aroe. Diana had there a temple, and a famous statue of gold and ivory. Pans. 7, c. 6. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 417. Mela, 2, c. 3. PATIUCA, a Roman authority, which was not mixed with that of the patricians. They had not had any of them since the last one in the time of the republic, and under the first empe- rors. It was Constantine the Great who cre- ated the dignity of Patrica, and he granted it to those who formed his counsel, or who had ren- dered important services to the empire, after having exercised it in the first ranks. This dignity has been since that time one of the most eminent in the empire. PATRICIA, a name under which Isis had a temple at Rome. PATRO, a daughter of Thestius. PATROA, a surname of Diana amongst the in- habitants of Syciona. PATROCLES, an officer of the fleet of Seleucus and Antiochus. He discovered several coun- tries, and it is said that he wrote an history of the world. Strab. Plin. 6, c. 17. PATROCM, a small island on the coast of At- tica. Paus. 4, c. 3. PATROCLUS, one of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan war, son of Menoetius by Sthenele, whom some call Philomela, or Polymela. The accidental murder of Clysonymus, the son of Amphidamus, in the time of his youth, obliged him to fly from Opus, where his father reigned, lie retired to the court of Peleus, king of 1'hthia, where he was kindly received, auollod. 3, c. 13. Hygin. fab. 97 & 275. Oiid. Met. 13, v. 273. A son of Hercules. Apotlod. An officer of Ptolemy Philadelphus. PATRON, an Arcadian at the games exhibited by JEneas in Sicily. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 298. PATROMJS SODALITII, the name of a chief of the grand college of Sylvain at Rome. They preserved in their college the household gods, and the images of emperors. PATROUS, a surname of Jupiter among the Greeks, represented by his statues as having three eyes, which some suppose to signify that lie reigned in three different places, in heaven, on earth, and in hell. Pans. 2. PATULCIUS, a surname of Janus, which he ?:.. iy ( ;d apateo, because the doors of his temple P A were always tyeti in the time of w*r. J*o:rts suppose, that he received it because he pre- sided over ga'.es, or because the year began by the celebration of his festivals. Ovid. Fait. 1 , v. 129. PAULA, the first wife of the emperor Helio- gabalns. She was daughter of the prefect of the Pretorian band. The emperor divorced her, and Paula retired to solitude and obscurity with composure. PAULINA, a Roman lady who married Satur- ninus, a governor of Syria, in the reign of the emperor Tiberius. Her conjugal peace was disturbed, and violence was offered to her vir- tue by a young man called Mundus, who was enamoured of her, and who had caused her to come to the temple of Isis by means of ths priests of the goddess, who declared that Aim- bis wished to communicate to her something of moment. Saturninus complained to the empe- ror of the violence which had been offered to his wife, and the temple of Isis was overturned, and Mundus banished, &c. The wife of the philosopher Seneca, who attempted to kill herself, when Nero had ordered her husband to die. The emperor however prevented her, and she lived some years after in the greatest me- lancholy. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 63, &c. A sis- ter of the emperor Adrian. The wife of the emperor Maximinus. PAULINUS POMPEIUS, an officer in Nero's reign. Suetonius. A Roman general, the first who crossed mount Atlas with an army. He wrote an history of this expedition in Africa, which is lost. Paulinus also distinguished him- self in Britain, &c. He followed the arms of Otho against Vitellius. Plin. 5, c. J. 'Vale- rius, a friend of Vespasian. PAULITS JEsiYLius, a Roman celebrated for his victories, and surnamed Macedonian from his conquest of Macedonia. In the early part of life, he distinguished himself by his uncommon application, and by his fondness for military dis- cipline. His first appearance in the field was attended with great success, and the barbarians that had revolted in Spain, were reduced with the greatest facility under the power of the Ro- mans. In his first consulship, his arms were directed against the Ligurians, whom he totally subjected. His application for a second con- j sulship proved abortive ; but when Perseus, the J king of Macedonia, had declared war against ' Rome, the abilities of Paulus were remem- bered, and he was honoured with the consul- ship about the 60th year of his age. After thi* appointment, he behaved with uncommon vi- gour, ;ind soon a general engagement was fought near Pydna. The Romans obtained a victory, and Perseus saw himself deserted by all his subjects. In two days the conqueror made himself master of all Macedonia, and soon after the fugitive monarch was brought into his pre- sence. Paulus did not exult over his fallen ene- my ; but when he had gently rebuked him for his temerity in attacking the Romans, he ad dressed himself in a pathetic speech to the offi- cers of hisar.Tiy who surrounded him, and feel- ingly enlarged on the instability of fortune, and P A the vicissitude of all human affairs. When he had finally settled the government of Macedo- nia with ten commissioners from Rome, and after he had sacked seventy cities of Epirus, and divided the booty among his soldiers, Pau- lus returned to Italy. He was received with the usual acclamations ; and though some of the seditious soldiers attempted to prevent his triumphal entry into the capitol, yet three days were appointed to exhibit the fruits of his vic- tories. Perseus, with his wretched family, adorned the triumph of the conqueror, and as they were dragged through the streets before the chariot of Paulus, they drew tears of com- passion from the people. The riches which the Romans divided from this conquest were im- mense, and the people were freed from all taxes till the consulship of Hirtius and Pansa ; but while every one of the citizens received some benefit from the victories of Paulus, the con- queror himself, was poor, and appropriated for his own use nothing of the Macedonian trea- sures except the library of Perseus. In the of- fice of censor, to which he was afterwards elect- ed, Paulus behaved with the greatest modera- tion, and at his death, which happened about 168 years before the Christian fra, not only the Romans, but their very enemies confessed, *w their lamentations, the loss which they had sus- tained. He had married Papiria, by whom he had two sons, one of whom was adopted by the family of Maximus, and the other in that of Sci- pio Africanus. He had also two daughters, one of whom married a son of Cato, and the other itlius Tubero. He afterwards t'ivorced Papi- ria, and when his friends wished to reprobate his conduct in doing so, by observing that she was young and handsome, and that she had made him father of a fine family, Paulus re- plied, that the shoe which he then wore was new and well made, but that he was obliged to leave it off, though no one but himself, as he *>:iid, knew where it pinched him. He married a second wife, by whom he had two sons, whose sudden death exhibited to the Romans, in the most engaging view, their father's philosophy and stoicism. The elder of these sons died five days before Paulus triumphed over Perseus, and the other three days after the public proces- sion. This domestic calamity did not shake the firmness of the conqueror; yet, before he re-> tired to a private station, he harangued the? people; and in mentioning the severity of for lu.i." upon his family, he expressed his wish that every e.il might be averted from the republic l>y the sacrifice of the domestic prosperity of an individual. Pint, in vita. Liv. 43, 44, &c. Justin. 33, c. 1, &c. Samosatemus, an au- thor in the reign of Gallienus. Maximus. fid. MMWUIS Fubitis. yEgineta, a Greek physician, whose work was edited aptid Aid, fol. 15S28. L. /Emylius, a consul killed at the iiattle of Cannae. Harat. od. 12, v. 38. Liv. ~'2, c. 39. Julius, a Latin poet in the age of Adrian and Antoninus. He wrote pome poeti- CM! pieces recommended by A. Gellius. PAULUS. Vid. jT'.mylius. 487 PA PAVOK, an emotion of the maul which re- ceived divine honours among the Romans, and was considered of a most tremendous power, as the ancients swore by her name in the most solemn manner. Tullus Hostilius, the third king of Rome, was the first who built her temples, and raised altars to her honour, as also to Pallor, the goddess of paleness. Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 17. PAUSANIAS, a Spartan general, who greatly signalized himself at the battle of Plataea, against the Persians. The Greeks were very sensible of his services, and they rewarded his merit with the tenth of the spoils taken from the Persians. He was afterwards set at the head of the Spartan armies, and extended hia conquests in Asia ; but the haughtiness of his behaviour created him many enemies, and the Athenians soon obtained a superiority in the affairs of Greece. Pausanias was dissatis- fied with his countrymen, and he offered to betray Greece to the Persians, if he received in marriage, as the reward of his perfidy, the daughter of their monarch. His intrigues were discovered by means of a youth, who was en- trusted with his letters to Persia, and who re- fused to go, on the recollection that such as had been employed in that office before, had never returned. The letters were given to the Ephori of Sparta, and the perfidy of Pausanias laid open. He fled for safety to a temple of Minerva, and as the sanctity of the place screened him from the violence of his pursuers, the sacred building was surrounded with heaps of stones, the first of which was carried there by the indignant mother of the unhappy man. He was starved to death in the temple, and died about 471 years before the Christian era. There was a festival, and solemn games insti- tuted in his honour, in which only free-born Spartans contended. There was also an ora- tion spoken in his praise, in which his action* were celebrated, particularly the battle of Platsea, and the defeat of Mardonius. C. Nep. in vita. Pint, in Arist. $ Them. Herodot. 9. A favourite of Philip king of Macedonia. He accompanied the prince in an expedition against the Illyrians, in which he was killed. Another, at the court of king Philip, very intimate with the preceding. He was grossly and unnaturally abused by Attains, one of the friends of Philip, and when he complained of the injuries he had received, the king in some measure disregarded his remonstrances, and wished them to be forgot. This incensed Pau- sanias, he resolved to revenge himself, and when he had heard from his master Hermo- crates the sophist, that the most effectual way to render himself illustrious, was to murder a person who had signalized himself by uncommon actions, he stabbed Philip as he entered a public theatre. After this bloody action he attempted to make his escape to his chariot, which waited for him at the door of the city, but he WM stopped accidentally by the twig of a vine, and fell down. Attains, Perdiccas, and other friends of Ptulip, who pursusd him, immediately, fell P A upon him and dispatched him. Some support that Pausanias committed this murder at the instigation of Olympias, the wife of Philip, and of her son Alexander. Diod 16. Justin 9. Pint, in Apnph. A king of Macedonia, de- posed by Amyntas, after a year's reign. Diod. Another who attempted to seize upon the kingdom of Macedonia, from which he was pre- vented by Iphicrates the Athenian. A friend of Alexander the Great, made governor of Sardis. A physician in the age of Alexander. Pint. A celebrated orator and historian, who settled at Rome, A. D. 170, where he died in a very advanced age. He -wrote an history of Greece, in ten books, in the Ionian dialect, in which he gives, with great preci- sion and geographical knowledge, an account of the situation of its different cities, their an- tiquities, and the several curiosities which they contained. He has also interwoven mythology in his historical account, and introduced many fabulous tra iitions and superstitious stories. In each book the author treats of a separate country, such as Attica, Arcadia, Messenia, Elis, &c. Some suppose that he gave a similar description of Phoenicia and Syria. There was another Pausanias, a native of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, who wrote some declamations, and who is often confounded with the historian of that name. The best edition of Pausanias is that of Khunius, fol. Lips. 1696. A Lacede- monian who wrote a partial account of his country. A statuary of Apollonia, whose abilities were displayed in adorning Apollo's temple at Delphi. 'Pans. 10, c. 9. -A king of Sparta, of the family of the Eurvsthe- rirhv, who died 397 B. C. after a reign "of 14 year.-*. PAVSEBASTOS, a precious stone consecrated to Venus, and which they also called Paniros. PAUSIAS, a painter of Sicyon, the first who understood how to apply colours to wood or ivory by means of tire. He made a beautiful painting of his mistress Glycere, whom he re- presented as sitting on the ground, and making garlands with flowers, and from this circum- stance the picture, which was bought after- wards by Lucullus for two talents, received the name of Stephannptocon. Some time after the death of Pausias, the Sicyonians were obliged to part with the picture they possessed to de- Jiver themselves from an enormous debt, and M. Scaurus the Roman bought them all, in which were those of Pausias, to adorn the theatre, which had been built during his aedile- ship. Pausias lived about 350 years before Christ. Plin. 35, c. 11. PAUsn,Ypus, a mountain near Naples ; its name, which in Greek signifies a ceasing of sorrow, answers to the beauty of its situation. Its inhabitants show there the tomb ef Virgil, a tomb for which they held the greatest vene- ration. The grotto is a road nearly two miles long, dug under the mountain, an admirable work attributed to the Romans, but which ! * j ni3 to be more ancient than the Koman g<>- vunrnent itself. Two skilful vent-holes la the 488 PE arch show a Ikde light. The direction of th* grotto is such, that towards the end of October, when the sun sets, it shews itself entirely through it. Stat. 4. Sylv. 4, v. 52 Plin. 9, c. 55. Sir ah. 5.Se>iec. ep. 5 & 57. PAUSUS, a god of the cessation of work, the god of repose, opposed by Bellona and Mars. PAUPKRTAS, an allegorical divinity, daughter of Juxa and Sloth. PAVENTIA, a Roman divinity who presided over fear, and whom people invoked to guard themselves against those effects. PAX, an allegorical divinity among the an- cients. The Athenians raised her a statue, which represented her as holding Plutus the god of wealth in her lap, to intimate that peace gives rise to prosperity and opulence, and they were the first who erected an altar to her ho- nour after the victories obtained by Timotheus over the Lacedemonian power, though Plutarch asserts it had been done after the conquests of Cimon over the Persians. She was represented among the Romans with the horn of plenty, and also carrying an olive branch in her hand. The emperor Vespasian built her a celebrated temple at Rome, which was consumed by fire in the reign of Commodus. It was customary for men of learning to assemble in that temple, and even to deposit their writings there, as in a place of the greatest security. Therefore when it was burnt, not only books, but also many valuable things, jewels, and immense treasures were lost in the general conflagra- tion. C. Nep. in Timoth. 2. Plut. in dm. Pans. 9, c. 16. PAXOS, a small island between Ithaca and the Echinades in the Ionian sea. P/EAS, a shepherd, who, according to some, set on fire the pile on which Hercules waa burnt. The hero gave him his bow aud arrows. Apollod. 2. PBCILA. Vid. Psecila. PECUNIA, a goddess of money, whom the Romans invoked, in order to have an abund- ance of it. St. Augustin pretended '.hat Pe- cunia was a surname of Jupiter. De. Civ. Dei. c. 21. PEDJ.US, an illegitimate son of Antenor. Homer. II. 7. PEDACIA, a woman of whom Horace, 1, Sat. 8, v. 39, speaks of as a contemptible cha- racter. PEDANI. Vid. Pedum. PJEDANIUS, a prefect of Rome, killed by one of his slaves, for having denied him his liberty, &c. Tacit. 14, Ann. c. 42. PEDARETUS, a Spartan, who having solicited a situation in a body of 300 people, and not being able to obtain it, said that he rejoiced to find that Sparta had in it 300 citizens better than himself. Plut. in Lye. PEDASA, a town of Caria, near Halicarnassus T. L. 33, 30. PEDASUS. a son of Bucolion, the son of Lao- medon. His mother was one of the Naiads. He was killed in the Trojan war by Euryalus. ' Hoiner. 11. 6, v. 21. One of the four horses PE of Achilles. As he was not immortal like the other three, he was killed by Sarpedon. Id. 16. A town near Pylos, in the Pelopon- nesus. PEDIADIS, a part of Bactriana, through which the Oxus flows. Polyb. PEDIAS, the wife of Cranaus. PEDIUS BLSSUS, a Roman, accused by the people of Cyrene, of plundering the temple of yEsculapius. He was condemned under Nero, &c. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 18. A nephew of Julius Caesar, who commanded one of his le- gions in Gaul, &c. Poplicola, a lawyer in the age of Hoiace. His father was one of J. Caesar's heirs, and became consul with Augus- tus after Pansa's death. PEDO, a lawyer patronized by Domitian. Juv. 7, v. 129. Albinovanus.' [FiW. Albi- novanus.] PEDOTROPHA, that is to say, she who nou- rishes children. They gave this name to Diana because she presided every where to those who ifourished tbem. PEDIANUS ASCONILS, flourished A. D. 76. PEDUM, a town of Latium, about 10 miles from Rome, conquered by Camillus. The in- habitants were called Peduni. Liv. 2, c. 39. 1. 8, c. 13 & 14. Horat.l,ep. 4, v. 2. PKG>E, a fountain at the foot of mount Ar- ganthus in Bithynia, into which Hylas fell. Propert. 1, el. 20, v. 33. PEG ASIDES, a name given to the muses from the horse Pegasus, or from the fountain which Pegasus had raised from the ground, by striking it with his foot. Ovid. Her. 15. v. 27. PEGASIS, a name given to jEnone by Ovid, (Her. 5.) because she was daughter of the river (7T7jy?j) Cebrenus. PEGASIUM STAGNUM, a lake near Ephesus, which arose from the earth when Pegasus struck it with his foot. PEGASOA, a cape of Magnesia, thus called because Argo built it there ; he had in this place a temple of Apollo, from whence this g)d takes the name of Pegasian. It was from tlience where the Argonauts embarked. This place has since bore the name of Aphoteus. PEGASUS, a winged horse sprung from the blood of Medusa, when Perseus had cut off her head. He received his name from bis being born, according to Hesiod, near the sources (irrjyrj) of the ocean. As soon as born he left the earth, and flew up into heaven, or rather, according to Ovid, he fixed his residence on mount Helicon, where, by striking the earth with his foot, he instantly raised a fountain, which has been called Hippocrene. He became the favourite of the Muses ; and being after- wards tamed by Neptune or Minerva, he was given to Bellerophon, to conquer the Chimrera. No sooner was this fiery monster destroyed, than Pegasus threw down his rider, because he was a mortal, or rather, according to the more received opinion, because he attempted to fly to heaven. This act of temerity in Beilerophon, wa punished by Jupiter, who sent an insect to PE torment Pegasus, which occasioned the melan. choly fall of his rider. Pegasus continued his flight up to heaven, and was placed among the constellations by Jupiter. Perseus, according to Ovid, was mounted on the horse Pegasus, when he destroyed the sea monster which was going to devour Andromache. Hesiod. Theog 282. Herat. 4, od. 11, v. 20. Homer. II. t>, v. 179. Apollod. 2, c. 3 & 4. Lycophr. 17. Paw. 12, c. 3 & 4. Ovia. Met. 4, v. 785. Hv-rin. fab. 57. PELAGO, an eunuch, one of Nero's favourites,. &c. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 59. PELAGON, a man killed by a wild boar. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 360. A son of Asopus and Me- tope. A Phocian, one of whose men con- ducted Cadmus, and shewed him where, ac- cording to the oracle, he was to build a city. PELAGONIA, one of the divisions of Ma- cedonia at the north. Liv. 26, c. 25. 1. 31, c. 28. PEL ARC E, a daughter of Potneus, who re- established the worship of Ceres in Boeotia. She received divine honours after death. Pans. 9, c. 25. PELASGI, a people of Greece, supposed to be one of the most ancient in the world. They first inhabited Argolis in Peloponnesus, which tus, became enamoured of him ; and when she found him insensible to her passionate de- claration, she accused him of attempts upon her virtue. The monarch partially believed the ac- cusations of his wife, but not to violate the laws of hospitality, by putting him instantly to death, lie ordered his officers to conduct him to mount Pelion, on pretence of hunting, aud there to tie him to a tree, that he might become the prey of the wild beasts of the place. The orders of Acastus were faithfully obeyed, but Jupiter, who knew the innocence of his grandson Pe- leus, ordered Vulcan to set hjm at liberty. As soon as he had been delivered from danger, Pe leus assembled his friends to punish the ill treatment which he had received from Acastus. He forcibly took lolchos, drove the king from his possessions, and put to death the wicked Astydamia. After the death of Antigone, Pe- leus courted Thetis, of whose superior charms, Jupiter himself had been enamoured. His pre- tensions, however, were rejected, and as he was a mortal, the goddess fled from him with the greatest abhorrence, and the more effectually to evade his inquiries, she generally assumed the shape of a bird, or a tree, or of a tigress. 1'e- 4'JO PE !eus became more animated from her refhsal, lie offered a sacrifice to the gods, and Proteus in- formed him that to obtain Thetis he must sur- prise her while she was asleep in her grotto. iear the shores of Thessaly. This advice was mmediately followed, and Thetis unable to escape from the grasp of Peleus, at last con- sented to marry him. Their nuptials were ce- "ebrated with the greatest solemnity, and all ;he gods attended, and made them each the most valuable presents. The goddess of discord was the only one of the deities who was not present, and she punished this seeming neglect jy throwing an apple into the midst of the as- sembly of the gods, with the inscription of, detur pulchrioii. [Vid. Discordia.] From the marriage of Peleus and Thetis was born Achilles, whose education was early entrusted to the Cen- taur Chiron, and afterwards to Phoenix, the son of Amyntor. Achilles went to the Trojan war, at the head of his father's troops, and Peleus gloried in having a son who was superior to all the Greets in valour and intrepidity. The death of Achilles was the source of grief to Peleus, and Thetis to comfort her husband, promised him immortality, and ordered him to retire into the grottos of the island of Leuce, where he would see and converse with the manes of his son. Peleus had a daughter called Polydora, by Antigone. Homer. II. Eurip. in Androm. Catu.ll. de Nupt. Pet. et Thet.Ovid Heroid. 5, Fa^t. 2. Met. 11, fab. 7 & 8. Apoltod. 3, c. 12. Paws. 2, c. 29. Diod. 4>.Hyoin. fab. 54. PEHADBS, the daughters of Pelias. rid. Pelias. PELIAS, the twin brother of Neleus, was sou of Neptune by Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus. His birth was concealed from the world by his mother, who wished her father to be ignorant of her incontinence. He was exposed in the woods, but his life was preserved by shepherds, and he received the name of Pelias, from a spot of the colour of lead in his face. Sometime after this adventure, Tyro married Crethfius, son of itolus, king of lolchos, and became mo- ther of three children, of whom /Eson was the eldest. Meantime Pelias visited his mother, and was received in her family, and after the death of Cretheus, he unjustly seized the king- dom, which belonged to the children of Tyro, by the deceased monarch. To strengthen him- self in his usurpation, Pelias consulted the ora- cle, and when he was told to beware of one of the descendants of ^Ek)lus, who should come to his court with one foot shod, and the other bare, he privately removed the son of ^Eson, after he had publicly declared that he was dead. These precautions proved abortive. Jason, the son of JEsort, who had been edu- cated by Chiron, returned to lolchos, when, arrived to the years of maturity, and as he had lost one of his shoes in crossing the river Anau- rus or the Evenus, Pelias immediately perceived that this was the person whom he was advised so much to dread. His unpopularity prevented him from acting with violence against a stranger, PE whose uncommon d.4. A Trojan chief wounded by Ulysses during the Trojan war. He survived the ruin of his country, and followed the fortune of /Eneas. I irg. /En. 2, v. 435. The ship Argos is called Petias arbor, built of the trees of mount Pelion. The pear of Achilles. Vid. Pelim. PELIDES, a patronvmic of Achilles, and Pyr- "491 P E rhus, as being descended from Peleus. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 264. PEI.ICNI, a people of Italy, who dwelt near the Sabines and Maisi. Corsinium and Suhno, were the chief towns of this country. The most expert magicians were among the Peligni, according to Horace. Ovid, ex Pont. 1, el. 8, v. 42. Strab. 5,Hnrat. 3, od. 19. PELIGNUS, a friend of the emperor Claudius, made governor of Cappadocia. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 49. PELIN/F.US, a mountain of Chios. PELI>N/F,UM, a town of Macedonia. PELION & PELIOS, a celebrated mountain of Thessaly, whose top is covered with pine trees. In their wars against the gods, the giants, as the poets mention, placed mount Osso upon Pelion, to scale the heavens with more facility. The celebrated huge spear of Achilles, which none but the hero could wield, had been cut down on this mountain, and thence called Pe- lias. It was a present from his preceptor Chiron, who like the other Centaurs had fixed his resi- dence here. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 155. 1. 13, v. 199. Mela, 2, c. 3. Strab. 9. Virg. G. 1, v. 281. 1. 3, v. 94. Senec. in Here. % Med. PELIUM, a town of Macedonia. PELLA, a celebrated town of Macedonia which became the capital of the country after the ruin of Edessa. Philip king of Macedonia was educated there, and Alexander the Great was born there, whence he is often called Pel- Itfus juvenii. The tomb of the poet Euripides was in the neighbourhood. Mela, 2, c. 3. Strab. 7,Lwan. 3, v. 233. 1. 10, v. 52. PELLANE, a town of Laconia witk a fountain, whose waters have a subterraneous commu- nication with the waters of another fountain. Pans. 3, c. 21 . PELLENE, a town of Achaia in the Pelo- ponnesus, at the west of Sicyon, famous for its wool. It was built by the giant Pallas, and was the country of Proteus the sea god. Strab. Q.Paus. 7, c. 26. PELOPEA, or PELOPIA, a daughter of Thy- estes the brother of Atreus. She had a son by her father who had offered her violence in a wood without knowing that she was his own daughter. Some support that Thyestes pur- posely committed this incest, as the oracle had informed him that his wrong should be avenged, and his brother destroyed by a son who should be born from him and his daughter. This proved too true. Pelopea afterwards married her uncle Atreus, wlro kindly received in his house his wife's illegitimate child, called /Egysthus, because preserved by goats, (ai-yec.) when exposed in the mountains .Egysthus became his uncle's murderer. [ Vid. jEgysthus.1 Hugin. fab. 87, &c. yK/iun. V. H. 12. Of id. in' Ib. v. 3/>9. Seneca in Agam. PKLOTEIA, a festival observed by the peo- ple of Elis in honour cf Pelops. It was kept in imitation of Hercules, who sacrificed to Pelops in a trench, as it was usual when the manes and the infernal gods were the obje.ls of worship. PE PBL6PU, a daughter of Niobe. A daughter of Pelias. The mother of Cycnus. PELOPIDAS, a celebrated general of Thebes on of Hippoclus. He was descended of an illustrious family, and was remarkable for his immense possessions, which he bestowed with great liberality to the poor and necessitous. Many were the objects of his generosity, but parta prevailed at Thebes, and the friends )f liberty and national independence been banished from the city, than Pelopidas, who was in the number of the exil< s, resolved to free his country from foreign slavery. His plan was bold and animated, and his delibera- tions were slow. Meanwhile Epaminondas, who had been left by the tyrants at Thebes, as being in appearance a worthless and insignificant philosopher, animated the youths of the city, and at last Pelopidas, with eleven of his as- sociates, entered Thebes, and easily massacred the friends of the tyranny, and freed their country from foreign masters. After this suc- cessful enterprise, Pelopidas was unanimously placed at the head of the government, and so confident were the Thebaas of his abilities as a general and a magistrate, that they suc- cessively re-elected him 13 times to fill the honourable office of governor of Boeotia. Epaminondas shared with him the sovereign power, and it was to their valour and prudence that theThebans were indebted for a celebrated victory at the battle of Leuctra. In a war which Thebes carried on against Alexander tyrant of Phera?, Pelopidas was appointed com- mander, but his imprudence in trusting him- self unarmed into the enemy's camp nearly proved fatal to him. He was taken prisoner, but Kpaminondas restored him to liberty. The perfidy of Alexander irritated him, and he was killed bravely fighting in a celebrated battle in which his troops obtained the victory, B. C. 564 years. He received an honourable burial ; the Thebans shewed their sense of his merit by their lamentations ; they sent a powerful army to revenge iiis death by the de- struction of the tyrant of PhenB and his re- lations, and his children were presented with immense donations by the cities of Thessaly. Pelopidas is admired for his valour, as he never engaged an enemy without obtaining the ad- Tan tage. The impoverished state of Thebes before his birth, and after his fall, plainly de- monstrates the superiority of his genius and of his abilities, and it has been justly observed, that with Pelopidas and Epaminondas the glory and the independence of the Thebans rose and set. Pint. & C. Xep. in >itn.--Xeiu>ph. Hitt. G. DM. 1.5. P(u!>. PELOPONNKSIACUM BUI.I.UM, a celebrated war which continued for 27 years between the Athenians and the inhabitant* o!' i'clopon- nesuswith their respective allies. It is the most famous and the most interesting of all the wars which have happened between the in- habitants of Greece, and for the minute and circumstantial description which we have of the events and revolutions which mutual ani- mosity produced, we are indebted more par- ticularly to the correct and authentic writings of J'hucydides, and of Xenophon. The cir- cumstances which gave birth to this memora- ble war are these: the power of Athens under the prudent and vigorous administration of Pericles, was already extended over Greece, and it had procured itself man v admirers and more enemies, when the Corcyreans, who had been planted by a Corinthian colony, refused to pay to their founders' those marks of respect and reverence, which among the Greeks every colony was obliged to pay to its mother country. Hie Corinthians wished to punish that infidelity, andwhen the people of Epidam- nus, a considerable town on the Adriatic, had been invaded by s-ome of the barbarians of Illyricum, the people of Corinth gladly granted to the Epidamnians that assistance which had in vain been solicited from the Corcyreans, their founders aud their patrons. The Cor- cyreans were offended at the interference of Corinth in the affairs of their colony ; they manned a fleet and obtained a victory over the Corinthian vessels which had assisted the Epidamnians. The subsequent conduct of the Corcyreans, and their insolence to some of the Elians who had furnished a few ships to the Corinthians, provoked the Pelopon- nesiana, and the discontent became general. Ambassadors were sent by both parties to Athens to claim its protection, and to justify these violent proceedings. The greatest part of the Athenians heard their various reasons with moderation and with compassion, but the enterprising ambition of Pericles prevailed, and when the Corcyreans had reminded the people of Athens, that in all the estates of Pelopon- nesus they had to dread the most malevolent enemies, and the most insidious of rivals, they were listened to with attention and were pro- mised support. This step was no sooner taken than the Corinthians appealed to the other Grecian states, and particularly to the Lace- daemonians. Their complaints were accom- panied by those of the people of Megara and of vllgina, who bitterly inveighed against the cruelty, injustice, and insolence of the Athe- nians. This had due weight with the Lace- daemonians, who had long beheld with concern and with jealousy, the ambitious power of the Athenians, and they determined to support the cause, of the Corinthians. However, before they proceeded to hostilities an embassy was sent to Athens to represent the danger of en- tering into a war with the most powerful and flourishing of all the Grecian states. This alarmed the Athenians, but when Pericles had eloquently spoken of the resources and the actual strength of the republic, and of the weakness of the al.ies, the clamours of hLi t r.euik'S were silenced, and the answers which P E was returned to the Spartans was taken as a declaration of a war. The Spartans were supported by all the republics of the Pelopon- nesus except Argos and part of Achaia, besides the people of Megara, Boeotia, Phocis, Locris, Leucas, Ambracia, and Anactorium. The Pla- tajans, the Lesbians, Carians, Chians, Mes- seniaiis, Acarnanians, Zacynthians, Corcyreaus, Dorians, and Thracians were the friends of the Athenians, with all the Cyclades except Euboea, Samos, Melos, and Thera. The first blow had already been struck, May 7, B. C. 4.31, by an attempt of the Boeotians to surprise 1'lata-a, and therefore Archidamus king of Sparta, who had in vain recommended mo- deration to the allies, entered Attica at the head of an army of 60,000 men, and laid waste the country by fire and sword. Peiicles who was at the head of the government, did not at- tempt to oppose them in the field, but a fleet of 150 ships set sail without delay to ravage the coasts of the Peloponnesus. Megara was also depopulated by an army of 20,000 men, and the campaign of the first year of the war was concluded in celebrating with the most solemn pomp the funerals of such as had nobly fallen in battle. The following year was remarkable for a pestilence which raged in Athens, and which destroyed the greatest part of the in habitants. The public calamity was still heightened by the approach of the Pelopon- nesian army, on the borders of Attica, and by the unsuccessful expedition of the Athenians against Epidaurus and in Thrace. The pesti- lence which had carried away so many of the Athenians, proved also fatal to Pericles, and he died about two years and six months after the commencement of the Peloponnesian war. The following years did not give rise to new events, but the revolt of Lesbos from the al- liance of the Athenians was productive! of new troubles. Mitylene, the capital of the island, was recovered, and the inhabitants treated with the greatest cruelty. The island of Corcyra became also the seat of new seditions, and those citizens who had been carried away prisoners by the Corinthians, and for political reasons treated with lenity, and taught to de- spise the alliance of Athens, were no sooner returned home than they raised commotions, .and endeavoured to persuade their countrymen to join the Peloponnesian confederates. This was strongly opposed, but both parties ob- tained by turns the superiority, and massacred with the greatest barbarity all those who ob- structed their views. Some time after, De- mosthenes the Athenian general invaded /Etolia, where his arms were attended with the greatest success. He also fortified Pylos in the Peloponnesus, and gained so many advantages . Arist. Li/sks. Iwciates. C. Nep. in Lys. A'.cib. cue. Cic. in off. 1,24. PELOPONN!SIIS, a celebrated peninsula, which comprehends the most southern parts of Greece. It received this name from Pelops, who settled there, as the name indicates (TTJ/XOTTOC. vijff^Q, the island nj' Pelnps.) It had been called before, Argia, Pelasgia, and Ar- golis. Its present name is Morea, which seems to be derived either from the Greek word fiopta, or the Latin mortis, which signifies a mulberry tree, which is found there in gieat abundance. The ancient Peloponnesus was divided into six different provinces, Messenia, Laconia, Elis, Arcadia, Achaia propria, and Argolis, to which some add Sicyon. These provinces all bordered on the sea shore, ex- cept Arcadia. The Peloponnesus was con- quered some time after the Trojan war, by the Heraclidffi, who had been forcibly expelled "from it. The inhabitants of this peninsula rendered themselves illustrious like the rest of the Greeks by their genius, their fondness for the fine arts, the cultivation of learning, and the profession of arms, but in nothing more than by a celebrated war which they carried on against Athens and her allies for 27 years, and which from them received the name of the Peloponnesian war. \_Vid. Pe/opoimesiacum Mlum.l The Peloponnesus scarce extended 200 miles in length, and 140 in breadth. It was separated from Greece by the narrow isth- mus of Corinth, which the emperor Nero at- tempted in vain to cut, to make a communica- tion between the bay of Corinth, and the Suro^ P E nicus sinus. Strab. 8. Thucifd. Diod. 12, &c. Paws. 3, c. 21, I. 8. c.l.Mela, 2, c. 3. Plin. 4, c.4. flernlM. 3, c. 10. Pans. 3, c. 12. Homer. It.$ Od.Ond. Ilerrid. 1, Net.Jrittri. Hut, Anim. 8. Hu^.'.i. fab. 127. iristoph. in Avt6 P(in.37. P E PKNEUS, a rivrof Thessaly, rising on roou'it Pirulus, and falling into the Thertneau gulf, af- ter a wandering course between mount Ossa and Olympus, through the plains of Tempe. It re- ceived its name from Peneus, a son of O< eanus end Tethys. The Peneus ancient'y inundated the plains of Thessaly, till an earthquake sepa- rated the mountains Ossa and Ol}r.pus. and farmed the beautiful vale of Tempe, where the v.-aters formerly stagnated. From this circum- stance, therefore, it obtained the name of A raxes, ab apaffffw scindo. Daphne, the daugh- ter of Peneus, according to the fables of the my. thoiogists, was changed into a laurel on the banks of this river. -This tradition arises from the quantity of laurels which spring near the Peneus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 452, &LC.Strab. 9. AMa, 2, c. 3. Virg. G. 4, v. 316. DM. 4. Also a small river of Peloponnesus. PENIDAS, one of Alexander's friends, who went to examine Scythia under the pretence of an embassy. Curt. 6, c. 6. PENINJE AI.PES, a certain part of the Alps. PENTAPOLIS, a town of India. A part of Africa near Cyrene. It received this name on account of they've cities which it contained ; Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemais or Barce, and Apollonia. Plin. 5, c. 5. PENTHESILEA, a queen of die Amazons, daughter of JVlars. She came to assist Priam in the last years of the Trojan war, and fought against Achilles, by whom she was slain. 'Ihe hero was so struck with the beauty of Penthe- eilea, when he stripped her of her arms, that he even shed tears for having too violently sa- crificed her to his fury. Thersites laughed at the partiality of the hero, for which ridicule he was instantly killed. Lycophron says, that Achilles slew Thersites because he had put out the eyes of Pentbesilea when she was yet alive. lb scholiast of Lycophron differs from that opinion, and declares, that it was commonly believed, that Achilles offered violence to the body of Penthesilea when she was dead, and that Thersites was killed because he had reproached the hero of this infamous action in the presence of all the Greeks. The death of Thersites so offended Diomedes, that he dragged the body of Penthesilea out of the camp, and threw it into the Scamander. It is generally supposed, that Achilles was enamoured of the Amazon be- fore he fought with her, and that she had by him a son called Cayster. Dictys. Cret. 3 fit 4. Pans. 10, c. 31. Q. Calab. 1. Firg. J.n. 1, v. 425. 1. 11, v. 662. Dares. Phmg. Lycophr, in Cass. 995, Suc.Hiigi't. fab. 1 12. PENTHEUS, son of Echion and Agave, was king of Thebes in Bceotia. His refusal to ac- knowledge the divinity of Bacchus, was attended with the most serious consequences. He for- bad his subjects to pay adoration to this new god ; and when the Thebau women had gone out of the city to celebrate, the orgies of Bac- chus, Pentheus, apprised of the debauchery which attended the solemnity, ordered the god himself, who conductod the religions multitude, to be seized. His orders were obeyed with re- luctance ; but when the floors of the orison in 497 P E which Bacchus was confined opened of their owii accord, Pentheus became more irritated, and commanded his soldiers to destroy the whole band of the bacchar *ls. This, however was not executed, for Bacchus inspired the m narch with the ardent desire of seeing the cel< bration of the oigies. Accordingly he hid him- self in a wood on mount Cithaeron, from whence he could see all the ceremonies unperceived. But here his curiosity soon proved fatal ; he was descried by the bacchanals, and they all rushed upon liim. His mother was the "first who attacked him, and her example was in- stantly followed by her two sisters, Ino and Au- tonoe, and his body was torn to piac&a. Ew pides introduces Bacchus among iiis prie*esse8, when Pentheus was put to death ; but Ovid, who relates the whole in the same manner, dif- fers fr->m the Greek poet only in saying, that no*. Bacchus himself, but one of his priests wer present. The tree on which the bacchanal* found Pentheus, was cut down by the Corinth- ians, by order of the oracle, and with it two statues of the god of wine were made, and placed in the forum. Hi/gin, fab. 184. Tlw crit. 26. Ovid. Met. 3, fab. 7, 8, 6c 9. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 469 c. 5. v. 469. Pant. 1, c. S.ApoUod. 3, Eurip. in Bacch. Seiiec. in Photos, et PKXTHILUS, a son of Orestes hy Erigone, th daughter of ^Egysthus, who reigned conjointly with his brother Tisamenus at Argos. He was driven some time after from his tin one by tht Heraclidae, and he retired to Achaia, and thence to Lesbos, where he planted a colony. Puns 4* Strab. 13. Pater. 1, c. 1. PENTHYLUS, a prince of Paphos, who as- sisted Xerxes with 12 ships. He was seized by the Greeks, to whom he communicated many important things concerning the situation of the Persians, &c. Hercdot. 7, c. 195. PEPARETHOS, a small island of the ^Egean sea, on the coast of Macedonia, about twenty miles in circumference. It abounded in olives, and its wine s have always been reckoned ex- cellent. They were not, however, palatable before they were seven years old. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 470. PEPHNOS, a town of Laconia. Paw. S, c. 26. PEPHREDO, a sea nymph, daughter of Phor- cys and Ceto. PER* A, a country of Judea, near Egypt. - A part of Caria, opposite to Rhodes. - A co- lony of the Mityleneans in yolia. PERASIPPUS, an ambassador sent by Dariuf to the Lacedaemonians, &c. Curt. 3, c. 15. PERCOPE, a city which assisted Priam during the Trojan war. Fid. Percote. PERCOSIUS, a man acquainted with futurity He attempted in vain to dissuade his two sous to go to the Trojan war, by telling them that they should perish there. PERCOTE, a town on the Hellespont, between Abydos and Lampascus, near the sea shore. Artaxerxes gave it to Themistocles to maintain hi* wardrobe. lr is sometimes called Percone. Uerndot. I.e. 1? //<"- KK P E Ppnnirf AS, the fourth king o f Macedonia, B. C. 729, was descended from Temenus. He increased his dominions by conquest, and in the latter part of his life, he showed his son Argeus where he wished to be buried, and told him that as long as the bones of his descend- ants and successors on the throne of Mace- donia were laid in the same grave, so long would the crown remain in their family. These injunctions were observed till the time of Alex- ander, who was buried out of Macedonia. He- rodot. 7 & 8. Justin. 7, c. 2. Another, king of Macedonia, son of Alexander. He reigned during the Pelopounesian war, and assisted the Lacedaemonians against Athens. He behaved with great courage on the throne, and died B. C. 413, after a long reign of glory and independence, during which he had sub- dued some of his barbarian neighbours. Another, king of Macedonia, who was sup- ported on his throne by Iphicrates the Athe- nian against the intrusions of Pausanias. He was killed in a war against the Illyrians, B. C. 360. Justin. 7, &c. One of the friends and favourites of Alexander the Great. At the king's death he wished to make himself abso- lute, and the ring which he had received from the hand of the dying Alexander, seemed in some measure to favour his pretensions. The better to support his claims to the throne, he married Cleopatra, the sister of Alexander, and strengthened himself by making a league with Eumenes. His ambitious views were easily discovered by Antigonus, and the rest of the generals of Alexander, who all wished like Perdiccas to succeed to the kingdom and ho- nours of the deceased monarch. Antipater, Craterus, and Ptolemy, leagued with Anti- gonus against him, and after much bloodshed on both sides, Perdiccas was totally ruined, and at last assassinated in his tent in Egypt by his own officers, about 321 years before the Christian era. Perdiccas had not the pru- dence and the address which were necessary to conciliate the esteem and gain the attach- ment of his fellow soldiers, and this impro- priety of bis conduct alienated the heart of his friends, and at last proved his destruction. Pint, in Aiex.Diod. 17 & 18. Curt. 10 C. Nep. Eum.mian. V. H. 12. PERDIX, a young Athenian, son of the sister of Daedalus. He invented the saw, and seemed to promise to become as great an artist as ever lived. His uncle was jealous of his rising fame, and he tlirew him down from the top of a tower, and put him to death. Perdix was changed into a bird which bears his name. Hygin. fab. 39 & 274.Apollod. 3, c. 15. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 220, 6cc. PERENMA. Vid. Anna. PERENNIS, a faTOurite of the emperor Corn- modus. He is described by some as a virtuous and impartial magistrate, while others paint him as a cruel, violent, and oppressive tyrant, who committed the greatest barbarities to en- rich himself. He was put to death for aspiring to the empire. Herodian. 498 P E PEREUS, a son of Elatus and Laodice, grand- son of Areas. Pans. 8, c. 4. PERGAS, a town of Syria. PF.HGAMUS, Pergama, (;)Zur.) the citadel of the city of Troy. The word is often used for Troy. It was situated in the most elevateO part of the town, on the shores of the rivet Scamander. Xerxes mounted to the top of this citadel, when he reviewed his troops as he inarched to invade Greece. Herodot. 7, c. 43t Virg. lEn. 1, v. 466, &c. PERGAMUS, a town of Mysia, on the banks of the Caycus. It was the capital of a cele- brated empire called the kingdom of Pergamus, which was founded by Philaeterus, an eunuch, whom Lysimachus after the battle of ipsus had entrusted with the treasures which he had obtained in the war. Philaeterus made himself master of the treasures and of Ptrgamus, in which ithey were deposited, B. C. 283, and laid the foundations of an empire, over which he himself presided for 20 years. His suc- cessors began to reign in the following or- der: His nephew Eumenes ascended the throne 263 B.C. ; Attalus, 241 ; Eumenes the Second, 197; Attalus Philadelphus, 1.59; Attalus Phi- lomator, 138, who, B. C. 133, left die Roman people heirs to his kingdom, as he had no children. The right of the Romans, however, was disputed by an usurper who claimed the empire as his own, and Aquilius, the Roman general, was obliged to conquer the different cities one by one, and to gain their submission by poisoning the waters which were conveyed to their houses, till the whole was reduced intc the form of a dependent province. The ca- pital of the kingdom of Pergamus was famous for a library of 200,000 volumes, which had been collected by the different monarchs who had reigned there. This noble collection was afterwards transported to Egypt by Cleopatra, with the permission of Antony, and it adorned and enriched the Alexandrian library, till it was most fatally destroyed by the Saracens, A. D. 642. Parchment was first invented and made use of, at Pergamus, to transcribe books, as Ptolemy king of Egypt had forbidden the exportation of papyrus from bis kingdom, in order to prevent Eumenes from making a library as valuable and as choice as that of Alexandria. From this circumstance parch- ment has been called charta pergamena. Ga- lenus the physician, and Apollodorus the my- thologist were born there. ^Esculapius was the chief deity of the country. Plin. 5 & 15 hid. 6, c. 11. -Strab. 13. A sou of Neop* tolemus and Andromache, who, as some sup- pose, founded Pergamus in Asia. Pans. 1, c. 11 PERGE, a town of Pamphylia. Strab. 14. FERGUS, a lake of Sicily near Enna, where Proserpine was carried away by Pluto. Ovid, Met. 6, fab. 11. PERIANDER, a tyrant of Corinth, son of Cypsolus. The first years of his government were mild and popular, but he soon learnt to become oppressive, when he had consulted the tyrant of Sicily, about the surest way of reign- P E Ing. He received no other, answer but what- ever explanation he wished to place on the Sicilian tyrant's having, n messenger, plucked in the presence of Lis field all the ears of corn which seemed to tower above the rest. Periander understood the meaning of this an- swer. He immediately surrounded himself with a numerous guard, and put to death the richest and most powerful citizens of Corinth. He was not only cruel to his subjects, but also liis family were objects of his vengeance. He committed incest with his mother, and put o death his wife Melissa, upon false accusation. He also banished his son Lycophron to the island of Corcyra, because the youth pitied the miserable end of his mother, and detested the barbarities of his father. Periander died about 585 years before the Christian aera, and by the meanness of his flatterers, he was reckoned one of the seven wise men of Greece. Though he was tyrannical, yet he patronized the fine arts ; he was fond of peace, and he shewed himself the friend and the protector of genius and learning. He used to say, that a man ought solemnly to keep his word, but not to hesitate to break it if ever it clashed with bis PE also attacked Cimon, and caused him to be banished by the ostracism. Thucydides, also, who had succeeded Cimon on his banishment, shared the same fate, and Pericles remained for 15 years the sole minister, and as it may be said the absolute so. creign of a republic which always shewed itself so jealous of its liberties, and which distrus'M so much the honestj- of her magistrates, ia his ministerial capacity Pericles did not enrich himself, but the pros- perity of Athens was the object of his admi- nistration. He made war against the Lace- daemonians, and restored the temple of Delphi to the care of the Phocians, who had been il- legally deprived of that honourable trust. He obtained a victory over the Sicyonians near Ne- maea, and waged a successful war against the inhabitants of Samos at the request of his favourite mistress, Aspasia. The Pelopon- nesian war was fomented by his ambitious views, [ Vid. Pelopmnesiacum bellum,] and when he had warmly represented the flourishing state, the opulence, and actual power of his country, the Athenians did not hesitate a mo- ment to undertake a war against the most powerful republics of Greece, a war which con- interest. He said also, that not only crime i tinued for 27 years, and which was concluded ought to be punished, but also every wicked by the destruction of their empire, and the de- and corrupted thought. Diog, in vita. Arist. 5. 1 molition of their walls. The arms of the Athe- Polit. POIIS. 2. A tyrant of Ambracia. i nians were for some time crowned with success, PERIARCHUS, a naval commander of Sparta I but an unfortunate expedition raised clamours conquered by Conon. DM. , the second wife of CEneus, king of Calydon, was daughter of Hipponous. She became mother of Tydeus : some suppose that (Eneus debauched her, and afterwards mar- ried her. Hygin. fab. 69. A daughter of Alcathous, sold by her father on suspicion that she was courted by Telamon, son of ^Eacus, king of ^Egina. She was carried to Cyprus, where Telamou the founder of Salamis married her. She became mother of Ajax. married Theseus, according to some. Pata. 1, c. 17 & 42. Hygin. 97. The wife of Po- lybus, king of Corinth, who educated (Edipus as her own child. A daughter of Eury- medon, who became mother of Nausithcus hy Neptune, The mother of Penelope, accord- ing to some authors. PERIBOMIUS, a noted debauchee, &o. Jut). 2, v. 16. PERICLES, an Athenian of a noble family, son of Xanthippus and Agariste. He was naturally endowed with great powers, which he improved by attending the lectures of Demon, of Zeno, and of Anaxagoras. Under these celebrated masters he became a commander, a statesman, and an orator, and gained the af- fections of the people by his uncommon ad- dress and well directed liberality. When he took a share in the administration of public affairs, he rendered himself popular by op- posing Cimon, who was the favourite of the nobility, and to remove every obstacle which stood in the way of his ambition, he lessened the dignity and the power of the court of the Areopagus, whom the people had been taught for ages to respect and to venerate. He 499 against Pericles, and the enraged populace at- tributed all their losses to him, and to make atonement for their ill success, they condemned him to pay 50 talents. This loss of popular favour by republican caprice, did not so much affect Pericles as the recent death of all his children, and when the tide of unpopularity was passed by, he condescended to come into the public assembly, and to view with secret pride the contrition of his fellow citizens, who universally begged his forgiveness for the vio- lence which they had offered to his ministerial character. He was again restored to all his honours, and, if possible, invested with more power and more authority than before, but the dreadful pestilence which had diminished the number of his family, proved fatal to him, and about 429 years before Christ, in his 70th year, he fell a sacrifice to that terrible malady, which robbed Athens of so many of her citizens. Pericles was for 40 years at the head of the administration, 25 years with others, and 15 alone, and the flourishing state of the empire during his government, gave occasion to the Athenians publicly to lament bis loss, and ve- nerate his memory. As he was expiring, and seemingly senseless, his friends that stood around his bed expatiated with warmth on the most glorious actions of his life, and the victories which he had won, when he suddenly inter- rupted their tears and conversation, by saving that in mentioning the exploits that he had achieved, and which were common to him with all generals, they had forgot to mention a cir- cumstance which reflected far greater glory upon him as a minister, a general, and above II T. 1 ., alia. It is, says he, that not a citizen K K * P E in Athens has been obliged to put on mourning on my account. The Athenians were so pleased with his eloquence that they compared it to thunder and lightning, and as to another father of the gods, they gave him the surname of Olympian. The poets, his flatterers, said that the goddess of persuasion, with all her charms and her attraction, dwelt upon his tongue. When he marched at the head of the Athenian armies, Pericles observed that he had the command of a free nation that were Greeks and citizens of Athens. He also declared that not only the hand of a magistrate, but also his eyes and his tongue should be pure and unde- filed. Yet great and venerable as this character may appear, we must not forget the follies of Pericles. His vicious partiality for the courte- zan Aspasia, subjected him to the ridicule and the censure of his fellow citizens; but if he triumphed over satire and malevolent remarks, the Athenians had occasion to execrate the. memory of n man who by his example cor- rupted the purity and innocence of their mo- rals, and who made licentiousness respectable, and the indulgence of every impure desire the qualification of the soldier as well as of the senator. Pericles lost all his legitimate chil- dren by the pestilence, and to call a natural son by his own name he was obliged to repeal a law which he hadmade against spurious child- ren, and which he had enforced with great severity. This son, called Pericles, became one of the ten generals who succeeded Al- cibiades in the administration of affairs, and Jike his colleagues he was condemned to death by the Athenians, after the unfortunate battle of Arginusae. Pans. 1, c. 25. Pint, in vita. Quintil. 12, c. 9. Czc. de Orat. 3. /Elian. V. H. 4, c. 10. Xenoph. Hist. G Thitcyd. PERICI.YMENUS, a son of Neleus, brother to Nestor, killed by Hercules. He was one of the Argonauts, and had received from Neptune the power of changing himself into whatever shape he pleased. Apollod. PERIDIA, a Theban woman, whose son was killed by Turnus in the Rutulian war. Virg. JEn. 12,"v. 515. PERIEGETES DIONYSIIJS, a poet. Fid. Dio nysius. _ PERIERES, a son of ^Dolus, or according to others of Cynortas. Apoliud. PERIGENES, an officer of Ptolemy, &c. PERIGONE, a woman who had a son called Melanippus, by Theseus. She was daughter of Synnis, the famous robber, whom Theseus killed. She married Deioneus the son of Eu- rytus, by consent of Theseus. Plut. PERILAUS, an officer in the army of Alex- ander the Great. Curt. 1<). A tyrant of Argos. PERILOUS, a son of Icarius and Periboea. PERILLA, a daughter of Ovid the poet. She was extremely fond of poetry and literature. Ovid. Fast. 3, el. 7, v. 1. PERILLUS, an ingenious artist at Athens, who made a brazen bull for Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigeutum. This machine was fabricated to 500 P E put criminals to death by burning them alive, and it was such that their cries were like the roaring of a bull. When Perillus gave it Pha- laris, the tyrant made the first experiment upon the donor, and cruelly put him to death by lighting a slow fire under the belly of the bull. Plin. 34, c. 8. OIK/, in art. am. 1. v. 653, ih 439. A lawyer and usurer in the age of Horace. Hvat. 2, sat. 3, v. 75. PERIMEDE, ? daughter of Aeolus, who mar- ried Achelous. The wife of Licymnius. A woman skilled in the knowledge of herbs and of enchantments. PERIMELA, a daughter of Hippodamaa, thrown into the sea for receiving the addresses of the Achelous. She was changed into an island in the Ionian sea, and became one of the Echinades. PERINTHUS, a town of Thrace, in the Pro- pontis, anciently surnamed Mygdonica. It was afterwards called Heraclea, in honour of Her- cules. Mela, 2, c. 2. Paus. 1, c. 29. Plin. 4, c. 11. PERIPATETIC i, a sect of philosophers at Athens, disciples to Aristotle. They received this name from the place where they were taught, called Peripaton in the Lyceum, or be- cause they received the philosopher's lectures as they walked (TrtpiTrarowvrtc.). The Peripa- tetics acknowledged the dignity of human nature, and placed their summum bonum not in the pleasures of passive sensation, but in the due exercise of the moral and intellectual fa- culties. The habit of this exercise when guided by reason, constituted the highest ex- cellence of man. The philosopher contended that our own happiness chiefly depends upon ourselves, and though he did not require in his followers that self-command to which otbers pretended ; yet lie allowed a moderate degree of perturbation, as becoming human nature, and he considered a certain sensibility of passion totally necessary, as by resentment we are enabled to repel injuries", and the smart which past calamities have inflicted, renders us care- ful to avoid the repetition. Cic. Acad. 2, &c. PERIPHAS, a man who attempted, with Pyr- rhus, Priam's palace, &c. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 476. A son of yEgyptus. Apollod. 2, c. 1. One of the Lapithae. Ovirl. Met. 12, v. 449. One of the first kings of Attica, before the age of Cecrops, according to some authors. PERIPHATUS, a robber of Attica, a son of Vulcan, destroyed by Theseus. PERIPHEMUS, an ancient hero of Greece, to whom Solon sacrificed at Salamis, by order of the oracle. PERtSAnES, a people of Illyricum. PERISTHENES, a son of yEgyptus. Ap. PERITANUS, an Arcadian who enjoyed the company of Helen after her eldpement with Paris. Pi n IT AS, a favourite dog of Alexander tl* Great, in whose hoiOur the monarch built k city. PERITONIUM, a town of Egypt, on tr waslern bide of the Nile, esteemed of great PE importance, as being one of the keys of the country. Antony was defeated there oy C. Callus, the lieutenant of Augustus. PERO, or PERONE, a daughter of Neleus, king of Pylos, by Chloris. She married Bias, son of Amythaon, because he had, according to her father's desire, recovered some oxen which Hercules had stolen away. Homer. PEROE, a fountain of Bceotia, called after Peroe, a daughter of the Asopus. Paus. 9, c. 4. PERMESSUS, a river of Bceotia, rising in mount Helicon, and flowing all round it. It received its name from Permessus the father of a nymph called Aganippe, who also gave her name to one of the fountains of Helicon. The river Permessus as weli as the fountain Aga- nippe, were sacred to the Muses. Strah. 8. I'nifiert. 2, el. 8. PEROLA, a Roman who meditated the death of Hannibal in Italy. His father Pacuvius dis- suaded him from assassinating the Cartha- ginian general. PERPENNA, M. a Roman who conquered Aristonicus in Asia, and took him prisoner. He died B. C. 130. Another who joined the rebellion of Sertorius, and opposed Pompey. He was defeated by Metellus, and some time after he had the meanness to assassinate Ser- torius, whom he had invited to his house. He fell into the hands of Pompey, who ordered him to be put to death. Plut. in Sert. Puterc. 2, c. SO. A Greek who obtain- ed the consulsliip at Ryme. Vat. Max. 3, c. 4. PERPERENE, a place of Phrygia, where, as some suppose, Paris adjudged the prize of beauty to Venus. PERRANTHES, a hill of Epirus near Am- bracia. Liv. 38, c". 4. PERRH^BIA, a part of Thessaly, situate on the borders of the Peneus, extending between the town of Artax and the vale of Tempe. The inhabitants were driven from their possessions by the Lapithae, and retired into ^Etolia, where part of the country received the name of Per- rhsebia. Proper*. 2, el. 5, v. 33. Strab. 9. PERSA or PERSEIB, one of the Oceanides, mother of jEetes, Circe, and Pasiphae by Apollo. Hesiod. Theogn.Ajtollod. 3. PERSX, the inhabitants of Persia. Vid. Persia. PERSEUS, a philosopher intimate with An- tigonus, by whom he was appointed over the Acrocorinth. He nourished B. C. 274. PERSEE, a fountain near Mycenae, in Pelo- ponnesus. Paws. 2, c. 16. PERSEIS, one of the Oceanides. A pa- tronymic of Hecate as daughter of Perses. Ovid._ Met. r, v. 69. PERSEPHONE, a daughter of Jupiter and Ceres, called also Proserpine. [ Vid. Proserpina.] The mother of Amphion by Jasus. PERSEPOLIS, a celebrated city, the capital of the Persian empire. It was laid in ruins by Alexander after the. conquest of Darius. The reason of this is unknown. Diodoms says that the sight of about 800 Greeks, whom the Per- S01 P E sians had shamefully mutilated, so irritated Alexander, that he resolved to punish the bar- barity of the inhabitants of Cersepolis, and of the neighbouring country, by permitting his soldiers to plunder their capital. Others sup- pose that Alexander set it on fire at the instiga- tion of Thais, one of his courtezans, when he had passed the day in drinking, and in riot and debauchery. The ruins of Persepolis still asto- nish the modern traveller by their grandeur and magnificence. Curt. 5, c. 7.Diod. 17, &c. Arrian. Plut. in Alet. Justin. 14, c. 14. PERSES, a son of Perseus and Andromeda. From him the Persians, who were originally called Cephenes, received their name. Herodot. 7, c. 61. A king of Macedonia. Vid. Perseus. PERSEUS, a son of Jupiter and Danae, the daughter of Acrisius. As Acrisius had con- fined his daughter in a brazen tower to prevent her becoming a mother, because he was to perish, according to the words of an oracle, by the hands of his daughter's son, Perseus was no sooner born [Vid Danae.] than he was thrown into the sea with his mother Danae. The hopes of Acrisius were frustrated, the slender boat which carried Danae and her son was driven by the winds upon the coasts of the island of Seriphos, one of the Cyclades, where they were found by a fisherman called Dictys, and carried to Polydectes the king of the place. They were treated with great hu- manity, and Perseus was entrusted to the care of the priests of Minerva's temple. His rising genius and manly courage, however, soon displeased Polydectes, and the monarch, who wished to offer violence to Danae, feared the resentment of her son. Yet Polydectes re- solved to remove every obstacle. He invited all his friends to a sumptuous entertainment, and it was requisite that all such as came, should present the monarch with a beautiful horse. Perseus was in the number of the in- vited, and the more particularly so as Poly- dectes knew that he could not receive from him the present which he expected from all the rest. Nevertheless Perseus, who wished not to appear inferior to the others in magnificence, told the king that as he could not give him a horse, he would bring him the head of Medusa, the only one of the Gorgons who was subject to mortality. The offer was doubly agreeable to Polydectes, as it would remove Perseus from Seriphos, and on account of its seeming im- possibility, the attempt might perhaps end in his ruin. But the innocence of Perseus was patronized by the gods. Pluto lent him his helmet, which had the wonderful power of making its bearer invisible. Minerva gave him her buckler, which was as resplendent as glass, and he received from Mercury, wings and the talaria, with a short dagger made of dia- monds, and called kerpe. According to some it was from Vulcan, and not from Mercury that he received the herpe, which was in form like a scythe. With these arms Perseus began his expedition, and traversed the air, conducted by the goddess Minerva. He went to the Graite, P E tfie sisters of the Gorgons, who, according to the poets, had wings like the Gorgons, but only one eye and one tooth between them all, of which they made use of, each in her turn. They were three in numher according to JEs- thylus and Apollodorus : or only two, according o Ovid and Hesiod. With Plato's helmet, which rendered him invisible, Perseus was enabled to steal their eye and their tooth while they were asleep, and he returned them only when they had informed him where their sis- ters the Gorgons resided. When he had re- ceived every necessary information, Perseus flew to the habitation of the Gorgons, which was situate beyond the western ocean, accord- ing to Hesiod and Apollodorus ; or in Lybia ac- cording to Ovid and Lucan ; or in the deserts of Asiatic Scythia, according to ^Eschylus, he found these monsters asleep, and as he knew that if he fixed his eyes upon them, he should be instantly changed into a stone, he continu- ally looked on his shield, which reflected all the objects as clearly as the best of glasses. He approached them, aud with a courage which the goddess Minerva supported, he cut off Me- dusa's head with one blow. The noise awoke the two immortal sisters, but Pluto's helmet rendered Perseus invisible, and the attempts of the Gorgons to revenge Medusa's death proved fruitless ; the conqueror made his way through the air, and from the blood which dropped from Medusa's head sprang all those innumerable serpents which have ever since infested the gandy deserts of Libya. Chrysaor also with his golden sword, sprung from these drops of blood, as well as the horse Pegasus, which im- mediately flew through the air and stopped on mount Helicon, where he became the favourite of the Muses. Meantime Perseus had conti- nued his journey across the deserts of Libya, but the approach of night obliged him to alight in the territories of Atlas, king of Mauritania. He went to the monarch's palace, where he hoped to find a kind reception by announcing himself as the son of Jupiter, but in this he v,-as disappointed. Atlas recollected that according to an ancient oracle, his gardens were to be robbed of their fruit by one of the sons of Ju- piter, and therefore he not only refused Perseus the hospitality he demanded, but he even of- fered violence to his person. Perseus finding himself inferior to his powerful enemy, showed him Medusa's head, and instantly Atlas was changed into a large mountain which bore the same name in the deserts of Africa. On the morrow Perseus continued his flight, and as he passed across the deserts of Libya, he dis- covered on the coasts of ./Ethiopia, the naked Andromeda, exposed to a sea monster. He was struck at the sight, and offered her father Cepheus to deliver her from instant death if he obtained her in marriage as a reward for his la- bours. Cepheus consented, and immediately Perseus raising himself in the air, flew towards the monster, which was advancing to devour Andromeda, and he plungud his dagger in his ri^ht shoulder, and destroyed it. This happy event was attended with the greatest rejoicings. P E Perseus raised three altars to Mercury, Jupiter, and Pallas, and aftei he had offered the sacri- fice of a calf, a bullock, and a heifer, the nup- tials were celebrated with the greatest festivity. The universal joy, however, was soon disturbed. Phineus, Andromeda's uncle, entered the pa- lace with a number of armed men, and at- tempted to carry away the bride, whom he had courted and admired long before the arrival of Perseus. The father and mother of Andromeda interfered, but in vain ; a bloody battle ensued, and Perseus must have fallen a victim to the rage of Phineus, had not he defended himself at last with the same arms which proved fatal to Atlas. He shewed the Gorgon's head to his adversaries, and they were instantly turned to stone, each in the posture and attitude in which he then stood. The friends of Cepheus, and such as supported Perseus shared not the fate of Phineus, as the hero had previously warned them of the power of Medusa's head, and of the services which he received from it. Soon after this memorable adventure, Perseus retired to Seriphos, at the very moment that his mother, Danae, fled to the altar of Minerva, to avoid the pursuit of Polydectes, who attempted to offer her violence. Dictys, who had saved her from the sea, and who, as some say, was the brother of Polydectes, defended her against the attempts of her enemies, and therefore Per- seus, sensible of his merit and of his humanity, placed him on the throne of Seriphos, after he had with Medusa's head turned into stones the wicked Polydectes, and the officers who were the associates of his guilt. He afterwards re- stored to Mercury his talaria and his wings, to Pluto his helmet, to Vulcan his sword, and to Minerva her shield ; but as he was more parti- cularly indebted to the goddess of wisdom for her assistance and protection, he placed the Gorgon's head on her shield, or rather, accord- ing to the more received opinion, on her aegis. After he had finished these celebrated exploits, Perseus expressed a wish to return to his native country, and accordingly he embarked for the Peloponnesus with his mother and Andromeda. When he reached the Peloponnesian coasts he was informed that Teutamias, king of Larissa, was then celebrating funeral games in honour of his father. This intelligence drew him to La rissa to signalize himself in throwing the quoit, of which, according to some, he was the in- ventor. But here he was attended by an ev& fate, and had the misfortune to kill a man with a quoit which he had thrown in the air. This was no other than his grandfather Acrisius, who on the first intelligence that his grandson had reached the Peloponnesus, fled from his kingdom of Argos to the court of his friend and ally Teutamias, to prevent the fulfilling of the oracle which had obliged him to treat his daughter with so much barbarity. Some sup- pose with Pausanias, that Acrisius had gone to Larissa to be reconciled to his grandson, whose fame had been spread in every city of Greece , aud Ovid maintains that the grandfather was under the strongest obligations to his sou-iu- law, as through him he had received his king- P E dom, from which he had been forcibly driven ty the sons of his brother Proetus. This unfor- tunate murder greatly depressed the spirits of Perseus ; by the death of Acrisius he was en- titled to the throne of Argos, hut he refused to reign there, and to remove himself from a place which reminded him of the parricide he had unfortunately committed, he exchanged his kingdom for that of Tirynthus, and the maritime coast of Argolis, where Megapenthes the son of Proetus then reigned. When he had finally set tied in this part of the Peloponnesus, he deter- mined to lay the foundations of a new city, which he made the capital of his dominions, and which he called Myceniz, because the pommel of his sword, called by the Greeks myces, had fallen there. The time of his death is unknown, yet it is universally agreed that he received divine honours like the rest of the an- cient heroes. He had statues at Mycenae, and in the island of Seriphos, and the Athenians raised him a temple, in which they consecrated an altar in honour of Dictys, who had treated Danae and her infant son with so much pa- ternal tenderness. The Egyptians also paid particular honour to his memory, and asserted that he often appeared among them wearing shoes two cubits long, which was always inter- preted as a sign of fertility. Perseus had by Andromeda, Alceus, Sthenelus, Nestor, Elec- tryon, and Gorgophone, and after death, ac- cording to some mythologists, he became a con- stellation in the heavens. Herodat. 2, c. 91. ApolM. 2, c. 4 &c. Pans. 2, c. 16 % 18. 1. 3, c. 17, &c. Apollm. Arg. 4. Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 16. 1. 5, fab. 1, &c. Lucan. 9, v. 668.Hygin. fab. 64. Hesiod. Theog. % Scut. Here. Find. Pyth. 7. & Olymp. 3.Ital. 9.Prapert. 2. Athen. 13. Homer. II. 14. Tzeti. in Lycoph. 17. A son of Nestor and Anaxibia. Apollod. 1, c. 9. A writer who published a treatise on the republic of Sparta. A philosopher, disciple to Zeno. Vid. Persaeus. PERSEUS or PERSES, a son of Philip king of Macedonia. He distinguished himself like his father, by his enmity to the Romans, and when he had made sufficient preparations, he declared war against them. His operations, however, were slow and injudicious ; he wanted courage and resolution, and though he at first obtained some advantages over the Roman armies, yet his avari ce and his timidity proved destructive to his ca use ". When Paulus was appointed to the com man d o f the Roman armies in Mace- donia, Perseus shewed his inferiority by his im- prudent encampments, and when he had at last yielded to t i ie a d v ice of his officers, who recom- mended a general engagement, and drawn up his forces near the walls of Pydna, B. C. 168, he was the first who ruined his own cause, and by flying as soon as the battle was begun, ne left the enemy masters of the field. From Pydna, Perseus fled to Samothrace, but he was soon discovered in his obscure retreat, and brought into the presence of the Roman con- queror, where the meanness of his behaviour exposed him to ridicule and not to meicy. He was carried to Rome, and dragged along the 503 P E streets of the cuy, to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. His family were also exposed to the sight of the Roman populace, who shed tears on viewing in their streets, dragged like a slav a monarch who 'iad once defeated their armies, and spread alarm all over Italy, by the greatness of his military preparations, and by his bold un- dertakings. Perseus died in prison, or accord- ing to some he was put to a shameful death the first year of his captivity. He had two sons, Philip and Alexander, and one daughter, whose name is not known. Alexander the younger of these was hired to a Roman carpenter, and led the greatest part of his life in obscurity, till his ingenuity raised him to notice. He was af'er- wards made secretary to the senate. Liv. 40, &c. Justin. 33, c. 1, &c. Plut. in Paulo. F/or. 2, c. 12. Propert. 4, el. 12, v. 39. PERSIA, a celebrated kingdom of Asia, which in its ancient state extended from the Hellespont to the Indus, above 2800 miles, and from Poutus to the shores of Arabia above 2000 miles. As a province, Persia was but small, and according to the description of Pto- lemy, it was bounded on the north by Media, west by Susiana, south by the Persian gulf, and east by Carmania. The empire of Persia, or the Persian monarchy, was first founded by Cyrus the Great, about 559 years before the Christian era, and under the succeeding mo- narchs it became one of the most considerable and powerful kingdoms of the earth. The kings of Persia began to reign in the following orders Cyrus, B. C. 559 ; Cambyses 529 ; and after the usurpation of Smerdis for 7 months, Darius 521; Xerxes the Great 485; Artabanus 7 months, and Artaxerxes Longimanus 464 ; Xerxes II. 425; Sogdianus 7 months, 424; Darius II. or Nothus 423 ; Artaxerxes II. or Memnon 404 ; Artaxerxes IE. or Ochus 358 ; Arses or Arogus 337 ; and Darius III. or Co- domanus 335 ; who was conquered by Alex- ander the great 331. The] destruction of the Persian monarchy by the ' Macedonians was easily effected, and from that time Persia be- came tributary to the Greeks. After the death of Alexander, when the Macedonian empire was divided among the officers of the deceased conqueror, Seleucus Nicanor made himself mas- ter of the Persian provinces, till the revolt of the Parthians introduced new revolutions in the east. Persia was partly re-conquered from the Greeks, and remained tributary to the Par- thians for near 500 years. After this, the so- vereignty was again placed into the hands of the Persians, by the revolt of Artaxerxes, a common soldier, A. D. 229, who became the founder of the second Persian monarchy, which proved so inimical to the power of the Roman emperors. In their national character, the Persians were warlike, they were early taught to ride, and to handle the bow, and by the manly exercises of bunting, they were inured to bear the toils and fatigues of a military life. Their national valour, however, soon degene- rated, and their want of employment at home soon rendered them unfit for war. In the reign of Xerxes, when the empire of Persia was in P E its most flourishing state, a small number of Greeks were enabled repeatedly to repel for three successive days, an almost innumerable army. This celebrated action . which happened at Thermopylae, shews in a strong light the su- periority of the Grecian soldiers over the Per- sians, and the battles that before, and a short time after, were fought between the two nations at Marathon, Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale, are again an incoutestible proof that these Asiatics had mere reliance upon their numbers and upon the splendour and richness of their arms, than upon the valour and the discipline of their troops. Their custom, too prevalent among eastern nations, of introducing luxury iu the camp, proved also in some measure destructive to their military reputation, and the view which the ancients give us of the army of Xerxes, of bis cooks, stage-dancers, concubines, musicians, and perfumers, is no very favourable sign of the sagacity of a monarch who in a moment could call millions of men to flock to his standard. In their religion the Persians were very super- stitious, they paid the greatest veneration to the sun, the moon, and the stars, and they of- fered sacrifices to fire, but the supreme deity was never represented by statues among them. They permitted polygamy, and it was no incest among them to marry a sister, or a mother. In their punishments they were extremely severe, even to barbarity. The monarch always ap- peared with the greatest pomp and dignity ; his person was attended by a guard of 15,000 men, and he had besides, a body of 10,000 chosen horsemen, called vnmnrtal. He styled himself, like the rest of the eastern monarchs, the King of kings, as expressive of his great- ness and his power. The Persians were an- ciently called Cephenes, Achsmenians, and Artaei. They received the name of Persians from Perses, the son of Perseus and Andro- meda, who is supposed to have settled among them. Persepolis was the capital of tbe coun- try. Curt. 4, &c. Plut. in Artax. Aler, c. Me/a, 1, &ic.Strab. 2, li.Xenoph.Cyrap. Herodot. 1, c. 125, &c. Apollod. 2. Mar- cel. 23. PERsIcim MARE, or Persicus Sinus, a part of the Indian ocean on the coast of Persia and Arabia, mow called the gulf of Balgora. PBRSJS, a province of Persia bounded by Media, Carmania, Susiana, and the Per- sian gulf. It is often taken for Persia itself. AULUS PBRSIUS FLACCUS, a Latin poet of Volaterrae. He was of an equestrian family, and he made himself known by his intimacy with the most illustrious Romans of the age. The early part of his life was spent in his na- tive town, and at the age of sixteen he was re- moved to Rome, where he studied philosophy under Cornutus the celebrated stoic. He also teceived the instructions of Palemon the gram- toarian, and Virginius the rhetorician. Na- brally of a mild disposition, his character was animpeached, his modesty remarkable, and bis j benevolence universally admired. He tlis- I tinguished himself by his satirical humour, and J P E made the faults of the orators and poets of lii age the subject of his poems. He did not even spare Nero, and the more effectually to expose the emperor to ridicule, he introduced into his satire* some of his verses. The torva mimal- Loneis implerunt cornua bomhis, with the three following verses, are Nero's according to some- But though he was so severe upon the vicious and ignorant, he did not forget his friendship for Cornutus, and he showed his regard for his character and abilities by making mention of his name with great propriety in his satires. It was by the advice of his learned preceptor that he corrected one of his poems, in which he had compared Nero to Midas, and at his re- presentation, he altered the words Auriculas asini Mida rex habet, into Auriculas asini quis nan habet ? Persias died in the 30th year of his age A. D. 62, and left all his books, which con- sisted of seven hundred volumes, and a large sum of money, to his preceptor, but Cornutus only accepted the books, and returned the; money to the sisters and friends of the deceased. The satires of Persius are six in number, blamed by some for obscurity of style and of language. But though they may appear almost un- intelligible to some, it ought to be remembered that they were read with pleasure and with avidity by his contemporaries, and that the only difficulties which now appear to tbe mo- derns, ar.se from their not knowing the various characters which they described, the vices which they lashed, and the errors which they censured. The satires of Perseus are generally printed with those of Juvenal, the best editions of which will be found to be Hennin. 4to. L. Bat. 1605, and Hawkey, 12mo. Dublin. 1746. The best edition of Persius, separate, is that of Meric Casaubon, 12mo. Lond. 1647. A man, whose quarrel with Rupilius, is mentioned in a rediculous manner by Horat. Sat. 7. He is called Hybrida, as being son of a Greek by a Roman woman. PERT!NAX, Publius Helvius, a Roman em- peror after the death of Commodus. He was descended of an obscure family, and like his father, who was either a slave, or the son of a manumitted slave, he for some time followed the mean employment of drying wood and making charcoal. His indigence, however, did not prevent him from receiving a liberal edu- cation, and indeed he was for some time em- ployed in teaching- a number of pupils the Greek and the Roman languages in Etruria. He left this laborious profession for a military life, and by his valour and intrepidity he gra- dually rose to offices of the highest trust in the army, and was made consul by M. Aurelius for his eminent services. He was afterwards in- trusted with the government of Moesia, and at last he presided over the city of Rome as governor. When Commodus was murdered, Pertinax was universally selected to succeed to the imperial throne, and his refusal, and the plea of old age and increasing infirmities, did not prevent his being saluted emperor and Au- gustus. He acquiesced with reluctance, but P E his mildness, his economy, anil the popularity of Iris administration, convinced the senate and the people, of the prudence and the justice of their choice. He forbad his name to be in- icrihed on Much places or estates as were part of the imperial domain, and exclaimed that they belonged not to him but to the public. He melted all the silver statues which had been raised no his vicious predecessor, and he ex- posed to public sale, all his concubines, his horses, his arms, and all the instruments of his pleasure and extravagance. With the money raised from these several goods he en- riched the empire, and was enabled to abolish all the taxes which Commodus had laid on the rivers, ports, and highways through the empire. This patriotic administration gained him the af- fection of the worthiest and most discerning of his subjects, but the extravagant and luxurious raised their clamours against him, and when Pertinax attempted to introduce among the pretorian guards that discipline which was so necessary to preserve the peace and tranquillity of Rome, the flames of rebellion were kindled, and the minds of the soldiers totally alienated. Pertinax was apprized of this mutiny, but he refused to fly at the heur of danger. He scorned the advice of his friends, who wished him to withdraw from the impending storm, Td he unexpectedly appeared before tbe se- ditious pretorians, and without fear or concern, b->!dly asked them whether they, who were bound to defend the person of their prince and emperor, were come to betiay him and to shed his blood. His undaunted assurance and his intrepidity, would have had the desired effect, and the soldiers had already begun to retire, when one of the most seditious advanced and darted his javelin at the emperor's breast, ex- claiming, the soldiers send you this. The rest im- mediately followed the example, and Pertinax muffling up his head, ind calling upon Jupiter to avenge his death, renaiued unmoved and was instantly dispatched. His head was cut off and carried upon the point of a spear as in triumph to the camp. This happened on the 28th of March, A. D. 193. Pertinax reigned only 87 days, and his death was the more universally lamented as it proceeded from a seditious tumult, and robbed the Roman em- pire of a wise, virtuous, and benevolent em- peror. Dia. Herrfian. Capital. PERUSIA, an ancient town of Etruria on the Tyber, built by Ocnus. L. Antonius was be- sieged there by Augustus, and obliged to sur- render. Strab. 5. Lucan. 1, v. 41 . Paterc. 2, c. 74. PESCENNIUS. Fid. Niger. A man inti- mate with Cicero. PESslNus(untis,) a town of Phrygia, where Atys, as some suppose, was buried. It is par- nicularly famous for a temple and a statue of Ihe goddess Cybele, who was from thence tailed Pexinnntiu. Strab. 12. Pans. 7, c. 17. PBTALIA, a town of Eubcea. PfcTALL's, a man killed by Perseus at 'he ourt of Cepheus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 115. PtTkHA. a town. Vid. 1'etilm. 50.3 P E P FILM MS LACUB. a lake near on* of the gates of Rome. Liv. 6, c. 80. PETKON, a town of Boeotia. Strab. 9. PETEUS, a son of Orneus, and grandson of Erfechtheus. He reigned in Attica, and be- came father of Mnestheus, who went with the Greeks to the Trojan war. He is represented by some of the ancients as a monster, half a man and half a beast. Apollnd. ?, c. 10. Paus. 10, c. 35. PKTILIA, a town of Magna Grascia, the capi- tal of Lucania, built, or perhaps only repaired, by Philoctetes, who, after his return from the Trojan war, left his country Melibcea, be-, cause his subjects had revolted. Mela, 2, c. 4. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 402. Strab. 6. PETILIA LEX was enacted by Petilius the tri- bune, to make an inquiry, and to know how much money had been obtained from the con- quests over king Antiochus. PETILII, two tribunes who accused Scipio Africanus of extortion. He was acquitted. PETILIUS, a praetor who persuaded the peo- ple of Rome to burn the books which had been found in Numa's tomb, about four hundred years after his death. His advice was fol- lowed. Plut. in Num. A plebeian decem- vir, &c. A governor of the capitol, who stole away the treasures entrusted to his care. He was accused, but though guilty, he was acquit- ted as being the friend of Augustus. HRIA, a village of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 55. PHXDRUS, one of the disciples of Socrates. Cic. de Nat. D. 1. An Epicurean philoso- pher. A Thracian, who became one of the 507 PH freed -men of the emperor Augustus. He trans- lated into Iambic verses the fables of jEsop, in the reign of the emperor Tiberius. They are divided into five books, valuable for their pre- cision, purity, elegance, and simplicity. They remained long buried in oblivion, till they were discovered in the library of St. Remi, at Rheims, and published by Peter Pithou, a Frenchman, at the end of the 16th century. Phaedrus was for some time persecuted by Sejanus, because this corrupt minister believed that he was satirized and abused in the encomiums which the poet every where pays to virtue. TLe best editions of Phaedrus are those of Burman, 4to. Leyd. 1727; Hoogstraten, 4to. AmsU 1701; and Barbou, 12mo. Paris, 1754. PHJT.DYMA, a daughter of Otanes, who first discovered that Smerdis, who had ascended the throne of Persia at the death of Cambyses, was an impostor. Herodrt. 3, c. 69. PH^MONOE, a priestess of Apollo. PH*NAHETE, the mother of the philosopher Socrates. She was a midwife by profession. PH.KNIAS, a peripatetic philosopher, disciple of Aristotle. He wrote an history of tyrants. PH^ENNA, one of the Graces worshipped at Sparta. , Puiis. 9, c. 35. PH^NNIS, a famous prophetess in the age of Antiochus. Pans. 10, c. 15. PH*SANA, a town of Arcadia. PH^ESTIJM, a town of Crete. Another of Macedonia. PHAETON, a son of the Sun, or Phoebus and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was son of Cephalus and Aurora, according to Hesiod and Pausanias, or of Tithonus and Aurora, ac- cording to Apollodorus. He is, however, more generally acknowledged to be the son of Phoebus and Clymene. Phaeton was na- turally of a lively disposition, and a handsome figure. Venus became enamoured of him, and entrusted him with the care of one of her temples. This distinguishing favour of the goddess, rendered him vain and aspiring, and when Epaphus, the son of lo, had told him, to check his pride, that lie was not the son of Phoebus, Phaeton resolved to know his true origin, and at the instigation of his mother he visited the palace of the sun. He begged Phoebus, that if he really were his father, he would give him incontestible proofs of his pa- ternal tenderness, and convince the world of his legitimacy. Phoebus swore by the Styx, that he would grant him whatever he required, and no sooner was the oath uttered, than Phae- ton demanded him to drive his chariot for one day. Phoebus represented the impropriety of such a request, and the dangers to which it would expose him; but in vain, and as the oath was inviolable, and Phaeton unmoved, the father instructed his son how he was to pro- ceed in his way through the regions of the air. His explicit directions were forgotten, or little attended to, and no sooner had Phaeton re- ceived the reins from his father, than he be- trayed his ignorance and incapacity ot guiding the chariot. The flying horses became sen- sible of the confusion of their driver, and ton- P H mediately departed from the uannl track. Phaeton repented too late of his rashness, and already heaven and earth were threatened with an universal conflagration, when Jupiter, who had perceived the disorder of the horses of the sun, struck the rider with one of his thun- derbolts, and hurled him headlong from heaven into the river Po. His body consumed with the tire, was found by the nymphs of the place, and honoured with a decent burial. His sisters mourned his unhappy end, and were changed into poplars by Jupiter. [Vid. Phae~ iontiailes.1 According to the poets, while Phae- ton was "unskilfully driving the chariot of his father, the blood of the ^Ethiopians was dried up and their skin became black, a colour which is still preserved among the greatest part of the inhabitants of the torrid zone. The terri- tories of Libya were also parched up, according to the same tradition, on account of their too great vicinity to the sun, and ever since Africa, unable to recover her original verdure and fruit- fulness, has exhibited a sandy country, and un- cultivated waste. According to those who explain this poetical fable, Phaeton was a Li- gurian prince, who studied astronomy, and in whose age the neighbourhood of the Po was visited with uncommon heats. The horses of the Sun are called Phaetmitis equi, either because they were guided by Phaeton, or from the Greek word (0<(W) which expresses the splendour and lustre of that luminary, fig. JEn. 5, v. 105. HesM. Tlwg.Oiid. Met. 1, fab. 17. 1. 2, fab. 1, txc.Apollon. 4, Arg. Htn-at. 5, od. 11. Settee, in Medea. Ajiollod. Hugin. fab. 156. PHAETONTIADES, or PHAETONTIDES, the sisters of Phaeton, who were changed into poplars by Jupiter. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 346. I' id. Hf-liHdes. PHAETUSA, one of the Heliades changed into poplars, after the death of their brother Phaeton. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 346. PHX.VB, a town of Peloponnesus. PHAGESIA, a festival among the Greeks, ob- served during the celebration of the Dionysia. It received its name from the good eating and living that then universally prevailed, (jtayuv. PHALJE, wooden towers at Rome erected in the circus. Jut;. 6, v. 589. PHAL-ECUS, a general of Phocis against the Boeotians, killed at the battle of Cheronita. Diod. 16. PHAL/ESIA, a town of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 35. PHALANTHUS, a Lacedsmonian, who founded Tarentum in Italy, at the head of the Par- thenia). His father's name was Aracus. As he went to Italy he was shipwrecked on the coast, and carried to shore by a dolphin, and from that reason, there was a dolphin placed near his statue in the temple of Apollo at Delphi. [Vid. Parriieniae.] He received di- vine honour* after death. Justin. 3, c. 4. Puns. 10. c. 10. Horat. 2, od. 6. A town and mountain of the same name in Arcadia. PtiSiTia from QtiSopat pareo,) denotes. Per- sons of all ages were admitted ; the younger fre- quented it as a school of temperance and so- briety, where they were trained to good man- ners and useful knowledge, by the example and the discourse of the elders. PHIDON, a man who enjoyed the sovereign power at Argos, and is supposed to have in- vented scales and measures, and coined silver at ^Egina. He died B. C. 854. Arist Herodot. 6, c. 127. An ancient legislator of Co- rinth. PHIDYLE, a female servant of Horace, to whom he addressed 3, od. 23. PHIGALEI, a people of Peloponnesus, near Messenia. They were naturally fond of drinking, and negligent of domestic affairs. Pans. 8, c. 39. PHILA, the eldest daughter of Antipater, who married Craterus. She afterwards married Demetrius, and when her husband had lost the kingdom of Macedonia, she poisoned herself. Pint. PHILADELPHIA, a town of Lydia. Ano- ther in Cilicia. PHILADELPHIA, a king of Paphlagonia, who followed the interest of M. Antony. The surname of one of the Ptolemies, king of Egypt by Antiphrasis, because he destroyed all his brothers. Vid. Ptolemseus, id. PHIL*, a town of Egypt in Thebais. A small island of Egypt in the Nile. One of theSporades. PHIL/ENI, two brothers of Carthage. \Vhen a contest arose between the Cyreneans and Car- thaginians, about the extent of their territories, it was mutually agreed, that at a stated hour, two men should depart from each city, and iha when- ever they met, there they should fix the boun- *aries of their country. The Philaeni accordingly *eparted from Carthage, and met the Cyreneans when they had advanced far into their territories. This produced a quarrel, and the Cyreneans sup- ported, that the Philseni had left Carthage before the appointment, and that therefore they must re- tire, or be buried in the sand. The Philami Defused, upon which they were overpowered by the Cyreneans, and accordingly buried in the and. The Carthaginians, to commemorate tke ,atriotic deeds of the Phiiseni, who cri- Jiced their lives, that the extent of theii roui>- P II try might not be diminished, raised two altar* on the place where thoir bodies had been bu- ried, which they called Philamonan ara.. These altars were the boundjvies of the Carthaginian dominions, which on the other side extended as far as the columns of Hercules, which is abont 2000 miles, or according to the accurate ob- servation of the modems, only 1420 geogra- phical miles. SMtist. ae bell. Jug. PHILJEUS, a son of Ajax by Lyside the daugh- ter of Coronus, one of the Lapiths. Miltiades, as some suppose, was descended from him. A son of Augeas, who upbraided his father for not granting what Hercules justly claimed for cleaning his stables. [Vid. Angeai>.~\ He was placed upon his father's throne by Hercules. Apollnd. PHILALETHES, that is to say, the friend of truth, one of the surnames of Jupiter. PHILAMMON, a celebrated musician, son of Apollo and Chione. A man who murdered Arsinoe, and who was slain by her female at- tendants. PHIHRCHUS, a hero who gave assistance to the Phocians when the Persians invaded Greece. PHILEMON, a comic poet of Greece, con- temporary with Menander. , He obtained some poetical prizes over Menander, not so much by the merit of his composition as by the in- trigues of his friends. Plautus imitated some of his comedies. He lived to his 97th year, and died, as it is reported, of laughing on seeing an ass eat figs, B. C. 274. His son who bov the same name, wrote 54 comedies, of which some few fragments remain, which do not seem to entitle him to great rank among the Greek comic writers. VaL Mat. 9, c. 12. Quintil. 10. Pint, de ira coh. Strab. 14. A poor man of Phrygia. [Fid. Baucis.] An illegi- timate son of Priam. PHILENE, a town of Attica between Athens and Tanagra. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 102 . PHILERIS, an immodest woman whom Philo- crates the poet lampooned. PHILEROS, a town of Macedonia. Plin. PHILESIUS, a leader of the 10,000 Greeks after the battle of Cunaxa. PHU.ETJERDS, an eunuch made governor of Pergamus by Lysimachus. He quarrelled with Lysimachus, and made himself master of Per- gamus, where he laid the foundations of a kingdom called the kingdom of Pergamus, B. C. 283. He reigned there for 20 years, and at his death he appointed his nephew Eumenes as his successor. Strab. 13 Pa?' event bein^ blown away by the wind. sEliatt. V< H. P H 8. c. 1.4 Ovid. Post. 1, el. 5. An his- torian. PmLETrns, a faithful steward of Ulysses. PHILIDAS, a friend of Pelopidas, who fa- voured the: conspiracy formed to expel the Spartans from Thebes. He received the con- spirators in his own house. PHILIDKS, a dealer in horses in the age of I lit mistocles, &c. Pint, in Them. PHII.INNA, a courtezan, mother of Aridaeus, by Philip the father of Alexander. PHII.INUS, a native of Agrigentum, who fought with Anuibal against the Romans. He wrote a partial history of the Punic wars. C. Ne/). in Annih. Polifb. PHILIPPEI or PHILIPPI, certain pieces of money coined in the reign of Philip of Mace- donia, and with his image. Harat. 2, ep. 1. T. 284. PHILIPPI, a town of Macedonia, anciently i ailed Dates, and situate at the east of the Strymon on a rising ground, which abounds with springs and water. It was called Philippi, after Philip, king of Macedonia, who fortified it against the incursions of the barbarians of 'J brace, and became celebrated for two battles which were fought there in October, B. C. 42, at the interval of about 20 days, between Au- gustus and Antony, and the republican forces of Brutus and Cassius, in which the former OD- tained die victory. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 824 Fior. 4, c. 7. Paterc. 2, c. 7, id. Met. 6, fab. 9 & W.n-g. G. 4, v. 1 5 & 5 M . A daughter of Actor, king of the Myrmidons. PHILOMELUS, a person, who under pretext assisting the Phociana, usurped the sovereign power in their town. Polyaen. PHILOMELUS, a general of Phocis v who P M plundered the temple of Delphi, and died 13. C. 351. Vid. P hoc is. PHILOMELUM, a town of Phrygia. Cic. ad Attic. 5, ep. 20. in Verr. 3, c. 83. PHILOMETOR, a surname of Demetrius III. king of Syria, aud of Ptolemy VI. king of Egypt. PHII.OMORAX, that is to say, a lover of children, a surname of Diana. PHILOE, a general of some Greeks, who settled in Asia. PHILONIDES, a courier of Alexander, who ran from Sicyon to Elis, 160 miles, in nine Lours, and returned the same journey in fifteen hours. Pirn. 2, c. 71. PHILONIS, a name of Chione daughter of Dedalion, made immortal by Diana. PHILONOE, a daughter of Tyndarus, king of Sparta. Apollod. A daughter of lobbies, king of Lycia, who married Bellerophon. Id. 2. PHILONOME, a daughter of Nyctimus, king ^f Arcadia, who threw into the Erymanthus two children, whom she had by Mars. The children were preserved. Pint, in Per. The second wife of Cycnus the son of Nep- tune. She became enamoured of Tennes her husband's son by his first wife Proclea, the daughter of Clytius, and when he refused to gratify her passion, she accused him of attempts upon her virtue. Cycnus believed the accu- sation, and ordered Teunes to be thrown into the sea, &c. Pans. 10, c. 14. PHILONOMUS, a son of Electryon, king of Mycenae. PHILONUS, a village of Egypt. PHILOPATOR, a surname of one of the Ptolemies, king of Egypt. Vid. Ptolemaeus. PHILOPIIRON, a "general, who with 5000 soldiers defended Pelusium against the Greeks, who invaded Egypt. Dial. PHILOPCSMEN, a celebrated general of the Achiean league, born at Megalopolis. His father's name was Grangis. His education was begun and finished under Cassander, Ec- demus, and Demophanes, and he early dis- tinguished himself in the field of battle, and appeared fond of agriculture and a country life. He proposed himself Epaminondas for a model, and he was not unsuccessful in imi- tating the prudence and the simplicity, the dis- interestedness and activity of this famous Theban. When Megalopolis was attacked by the Spartans, Philopoemen, then in the 30th year of his age, gave the most decisive proofs of his valour and intrepidity. He afterwards assisted Antigonus, and was present in the famous battle in which the ^Etolians were de- ieated. Raised to the rank of chief com- mander, he shewed his ability to discharge "Jiat important trust, by killing with his own .aand Mechanidas, the tyrant of Sparta, and if he was defeated in a naval battle by Nahis, he soon after repaired his losses by taking the ca- pital of Laconia, B. C. 188, and by , bolisbing the laws of Lycurgus, which had flourished Biere for such a length of time. Sparta after Is conquest became tributary to the Achaeans, 518 r H and Pliilopoemen enjoyed the triumph of having reduced to ruins, one of the greatest and most powerful of the cities of Greece. Some time after the Messenians revolted from the Achaean league, and Philopoemen, who headed the Achseans, unfortunately fell from his horse, and was dragged to the enemy's camp. Dino- crates, the general of the Messenians, treated him witli great severity : he was thrown into a dungeon, and obliged to drink a dose of poison. When he received the cup from the hands of the executioner, Philopoemen asked him how his countrymen had behaved in the field ef battle, and when he heard that they had ob- tained the victory, he drank the whole with pleasure, exclaiming that this was comfortable news. The death of Pliilopoemen, which hap- pened abour 183 years before the Christian era, in his 70th year, was universally lamented, and the Achaeans, to revenge lus death, immediately marched to Messenia, where Dinocrates, to avoid their resentment, killed himself. The rest of his murderers were dragged to his tomb, where they were sacrificed, and the peo- ple of Megalopolis, to shew farther their great sense of his merit, ordered a bull to be yearly offered on his tomb, and hymns to be sung in his praise, and his actions to be celebrated in a panegyrical oration. He had also statues raised to his memory, which some of the Romans attempted to violate, and to destroy, to no pur- pose, when Mummius took Corinth. Philo- poemen has been justly called by his country- men, the last of the Greeks. Pint, in vita. Justin. 32, c. 4.Pnlyb. A native of Perga- mus, who died B. C. 138. PHILOSTRATUS, a famous sophist, born at Lemnos, or according to some at Athens. He came to Rome, where he lived under the pa- tronage of Julia the wife of the emperor Se. verus, and he was entrusted by the empress with all the papers which contained some ac- count, or anecdotes of Apollonius Thyanaeus, and he was ordered to review them, and with them to compile an history. The life of Apol- lonius is written with elegance, but the impro- bable accounts, the fabulous stories, and ex- aggerated details which it gives, render it dis- gusting. There is besides, another treatise remaining of his writings, &c. He died A. D. 244. The best edition of his writings, is that of Olearius, fol. Lips. 1709. His nephew, who lived in the reign of Heliogabalus, wrote an account of sophists. A philosopher in the reign of Nero. Another in the age of Augustus. PHILOTAS, a son of Parmenio, distinguished in the battles of Alexander, and at last accused of conspiring against his life. He was tortured, and stoned to death, or according to some, stuck through with darts by the soldiers, B. C. 330. Curt. 6, c. 11. Pint. Arrian. An officer in the army of Alexander. Another who was made master of Cilicia, after Alex- ander's death. A physician in the age of Antony. He ridiculed the expenses and the extravagance of this celebrated Roman. Plut. PIIILOTEIIA, the mother of Milo, &c. P H PHILOTHKRA, a town of Coelosyria. PHILOTIMUS, a freed man of Cicero. PHILOTIS, a servant maid at Rome, who saved her countrymen from destruction. After the siege of Rome by the Gauls, the Fidenates assembled an army, and marched against the capital, demanding all the wives and daughters in the city, as the conditions of peace. This extraordinary demand astonished the senators, and when they refused to comply, Philotis ad- vised them to send all their female slaves dis- guised in matron's clothes, and she offered to march herself at the head. Her advice was followed, and when the Fidenates had feas'ed late in the evening, and were quite intoxicated, and fallen asleep, Philotis lighted a torch as a signal for her countrymen to attack the enemy. The whole was successful ; the Fidenates were conquered, and the senate, to reward the fide- lity of the female slaves, permitted them to appear in the dress of the Roman matrons. Ptut. in Rom. Varro de L. L. 5. Ovid, de art. am. 2. PHILOXENUS, an officer of Alexander, who received Cilicia, at the general division of the provinces. A son of Ptolemy, who was given to Pelopidas as an hostage. A dithy- rambic poet of Cythera, who enjoyed the favour of Uionysius, tyrant of Sicily, for some time, till he offended him by seducing one of his female singers. During his confinement, Phi- loxenus composed an allegorical poem called Cyclops, in which he had delineated the cha- racter of the tyrant under the name of Poly- phemus, and represented his mistress under the name of Galataea, and himself under that of Ulysses. The tyrant, who was fond of writing poetry, and of being applauded, removed Phi- loxenus from his dungeon, but the poet refused to purchase his liberty by saying things un- worthy of himself, and applauding the wretched verses of Dionysius, and therefore he was sent to the quarries. When he was asked his opi- nion at a feast about some verses which Dio- nysius had just repeated, and which the cour- tiers had received with the greatest applause, Philoxenus gave no answer, but he ordered the guards that surrounded the tyrant's table to take him back to the quarries. Dionysius was pleased with his pleasantry, and with his firmness, and immediately forgave him. Phi- loxenus died at Ephesus about 380 years be- fore Christ. Plut. A celebrated musician of Ionia. A painter of Eretria. A philo- sopher who wished* to have the neck of a crane, that he might enjoy the taste of his aliments longer, and with more pleasure. Arist. eth. 3. PIIILLYLLIUS, a comic poet. PHILYRA, one of the Oceauides, who was met by Saturn in Thrace. The god, to escape from the vigilance of Rhea, changed himself into a horse, to enjoy the company of Philyra, by whom he had a son, half a man and half a horse, called Chiron. Philyra was so ashamed of giving birth to such a monster, that she entreated the gods to change her nature. She was metamorphosed into a tree, 519 PH called by her name among the Greeks. Hugin. fab. 138 The wife of Nauplius. PHILYRES, a people near Pontus. PHII.YRIDES, a patronymic of Chiron, the son of Philyra. Ovid. art. am.Virg. G. 3, v. PHINKUS, a son of Agenor, king of Phoe- nicia, or according to some of Neptune, who became king of Thrace, or as the greater part of the mythologists support, of Bithynia. He married Cleopatra, the daughter of Boreas, whom some call Cleobula, by whom he had Plexippus and Pandion. After the death of Cleopatra, he married Idaea, the daughter of Dardanus. Idsea, jealous of Cleopatra's chil- dren, accused them of attempts upon their father's life and crown, or according to some, of attempts upon her virtue, and they were im- mediately condemned by Phineus to be de- prived of their eyes. This cruelty was soon after punished by the gods, Phineus suddenly became blind, and the Harpies were sent by Jupiter to keep him under continual alarm, and to spoil the meats which were placed on his table. He was some time after delivered from these dangerous monsters by his brothers-in- law, Zetes and Calais, who pursued them as far as the Strophades. He also recovered his ight by means of the Argonauts, whom he had received with great hospitality, and instructed in the easiest and speediest way by which they could arrive in Colchis. The causes of the blindness of Phineus are a matter of dispute among the ancients, some supposing that this was inflicted by Boreas, for his cruelty to his grandson, whilst others attribute it to the anger of Neptune, because he had directed the sons of Phryxus how to escape from Colchis to Greece. Many, however, think that it pro- ceeded from his having rashly attempted to de- velop futurity, while others assert that Zetes and Calais put out his eyes on account of his cruelty to their nephews. The second wife of Phineus is called by some Dia, Eurytia, Da- nae, and Idothea. Phineus was killed by Her- cules. Arg. 2.Apotlod. 1, c. 9. 1. 3, c. 15. Diod. 4. Hygin. fab. 19. Orpheus. Place. The brother of Cepheus, king of ^Ethio pia. He was going to marry his niece Andro- meda, when her father Cepheus was obliged to give her up to be devoured by a sea monster, to appease the resentment of Neptune. She was, however, delivered by Perseus, who mar- ried her by the consent of her parents, for having destroyed the sea monster. This mar- riage displeased Phineus: he interrupted the ceremony, and with a number of attendants, attacked Perseus and his friends. Perseus de- fended himself, and turned into stone Phineus, and his companions, by showing them the Gorgon's head. Apollod. 2, c. 1 & 4. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 1 & 2 Hygin. fab. 64. A son of Melas. A son of Lycaon, king of Ar- cadia. A son of Belus and Ancbinoe. PHI NT A , a king of Messenia, &c. Pans. 4, c. 4. PHINHTE, now Fign, a small island situated be:ween Corsica and Sardinia. P H FHINTIAS, called also Pithias, Pitithias, and Phytias, a man famous for his unparalleled friendship for Damon. Vid. Damon. A ty- rant of Agrigentum, B. C. 282. PHLA, a small island in the lake Tritonis. Hewlot. 4, c. 178. PHJ.EGELAS, an Indian king beyond the Hy- daspes, who surrendered to Alexander. Curt. 9, c. 1. PHLEGETHON, a river of hell, whose waters were burning, as the word ^XfysS'w, from which the name is derived, seems to indicate. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 550. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 532. Senec. in Hipp.Sil. 13, v. 564. PHLEGIAS, a man of Cyzicus when the Argo- nauts visited it, &c. Place. PHLEGON, a native of Tralles in Lydia, one of the emperor Adrian's freed men. He wrote different treatises on the long lived, on wonder- ful things, besides an historical account of Si- cily, sixteen books on the olympiads, an ac- count of the principal places in Rome, three books of Fasti, &c. Of these some fragments remain. His style was not elegant, and he wrote without judgment or precision. His works have been edited by Meursius, 4to. L. Bat. \ 620. One of the horses of the sun. The word signifies burning. Quid. Met. 2. PHLEGRA, or PHLEGRJEUB CAMPUS, a place of Macedonia, where the giants attacked the gods, and were defeated by Hercules. The combat was afterwards renewed in Italy, in a place of the same name near Cumae. Sit. 8, v. 538. 1. 9, v. 505. Strab. 5.Diod. 4 & 5. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 151. 1. 12, v. 378. 1. 15, v. 532. PHLEGY.S, a people of Thessaly. Some au- thors place them in Boeotia. They received their name from Phlegyas, the son of Mars, with whom they plundered and burned the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Few of them escaped to Phocis, wliere they settled. Paus. 9, c. 3d. Homer. 11. 13. Strab. 9. PHI.EGYAS, a son of Mars, king of the La- pithae in Thessaly. He was father of Ixion and Boronis, to whom Apollo offered violence. When the i'ather heard that his daughter had been so wantonly abused, he marched an army against Delphi, and reduced the temple of the god to ashes. This was highly resented; Apollo killed Phlegyas and placed him in hell, where a huge stone hangs over his head, and keeps him in continual alarms, by its appear- ance of falling every moment. Pans. 9, c. 36. Ajwllod. 3, c. 5. Pindar. Pyth. 3. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 87. Virg. lEn. 6, c. is. PHLIAS, one of the Argonauts, son of Bac- chus and Ariadne. Paws. 2, c. 12. PHI.IUS, a town in Peloponnesus, in the ter- ritory of Sicyon. Another in Elis. Ano- ther in Argoli. PHI,*A, a name which the Lacedsemonians gave to Proserpine. PHI.CEUS, a surname of Bacchus. PHOBE, an Amazon killed by Hercules. PHOBETOR, one of the sons of Somnus, and liis principal minister. His office was to as- sume the shape of serpents and w Jd beasts, to MO P H inspire terror in the minds of men. as his name intimates (^o/Ssw.) The other two ministers of Somnus were Phantasia and Morpheus. Ovid. Met. 11, c. 640. PHOBOS, son 'id. 2. Fast. 2, v. 273. A female servant, of Cretan origin, given with her two sons to Sergestus, by JEneas. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 285. A courtezan in the age of Horace. Horat. I, od. 36, v. 7. PHOLUS, one of the Centaurs, son of Silenus and Melia, or according to others, of Lrion and the cloud. He kindly entertained Hercules when he was going against the boar of Eriman- thus, but he refused to give him wine, as that which he had belonged to the rest of the Cen- taurs. Hercules, upon this, without ceremony, broke the cask, and drank the wine. The smell of the liquor drew the Centaurs from the neigh- bourhood to the house of Pholus, but Hercules stopped them when they forcibly entered the habitation of his friend, and killed the greatest part of them. Pholus gave the dead a decent funeral, but he mortally wounded himself with one of the arrows which were poisoned with the venom of the hydra, and which he attempted to extract from the body of one of the Centaurs. Hercules, unable to cure him, buried him when dead, and called the mountain where his remains were deposited, by the name of Pholoe. Apol- M. l.Pam. 3. Virg. G. 2, v. 456. JEn. 8, v. 294. Diod. 4. Ital. 1. Lncan. 3, 6, & 7. Stat. Theb. 2. One of the friends of JEneas, killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 12, v, 341. PHORBAS, a son of Priam and Epithesia, killed during the Trojan war by Menelaus. The god Somnus borrowed his features when he deceived Palinurus, and threw him into the sea, on the coast of Italy. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 842. A son of Lapithus, who married Hyrmine, the daugh- ter of Epeus, by whom he had Actor, &c. Diod. 2. Pans. 5, c. 1. A shepherd of Polybus, king of Corinth. A man who profaned Apollo's temple, &c. Ovid. Net. 11, v. 414. A king of Argoe. A native of Syrene, son of Methion, killed by Perseus. Ovid. Met. 5 fab. 3. PHORBUS, father of Pronoe, wife of Etolus. PHORCUS, or PHORCYS, a sea deity, son of Pontus and Terra, who mairied his sieter Ceto, P H hy whom he had the Gorgons, the dragon that ^.ept the apples of the Hesperides, and other monsters. Hesiod. Theog.Apoltod. One of the auxiliaries of Priam, killed by Ajax during Ihe Trojan war. Homer. II. 17. A man whose seven sons assisted Turnus against .Eneas. Vir*. .En. 10, v, 328. PHORCYNIDES, Gorgons, daughters of Phor- cus. PIIORCYNIS, Medusa, daughter of Phorcus. PHOSPHORUS, a god of the Grecians, the same as the Lucifer of the Latins ; they celebrated feasts to his honour, called Phosphoros. Rac. P/i,. lux, Pherc. PHOUMIO, an Athenian general, whose fa- ther's name was Asopicus. He impoverished himself to maintain and support the dignity of bis army. His debts were some time after paid by the Athenians, who wished to make him their general, an office which he refused while he had so many debts ; observing, that it was unbecoming an officer to be at the head of an army, when he knew that he was poorer than the meanest of his soldiers. A general of Crotona. A Peripatetic philosopher of Ephe- BUS, who once gave a lecture upon the duties of an officer, and a military profession. The phi- losopher was himself ignorant of the subject which he treated ; upon which Hannibal the great, who was one of his auditors, exclaimed, that he had seen many doating old men, but never one worse than Phormio. Cie. de Nat. D. 2. An Athenian archon. A disciple cf Plato, chosen by the people of Elis to make a reformation in their government, and their ju- risprudence. PHORMIS, an Arcadian who acquired great riches at the court of Gelon and Hiero in Si- cily. He dedicated the brazen statue of a mare to Jupiter Olympius in Peloponnesus, which so much resembled nature, that horses came near it as if it had been alive. Paws. 5, c. 27. PHORONEUS, the god of a river of Pelopon- nesus of the same name. He was son of the liver Inachus, by Melissa, and he was the se- cond king of Argos. He married a nymph called Cerdo, or Laodice, by whom he had Apis, from whom Argolis was called Apia, and Niobe, the first woman of whom Jupiter became ena- moured. Phoroneus taught his subjects the utility of laws, and advantages of a social life, and of friendly intercourse, whence the inhabit- ants of Argolis are called Phirrmuei. Pausanias relates, that Phoroneus, with the Cephisus, As- terion, and Inachus, were appointed as umpires in a quarrel between Neptune and Juno, con- cerning their right of patronizing Argolis. Juno gained the preference, upon which Neptune, in a fit of resentment, dried up all the four rivers, whose decision he deemed partial. He after- Wards restored them to their dignity and conse- quence. Phoroneus was the first who raised a (emple to Juno. He received divine honours after death. His temple still existed at Argos under Antoninus thn Roman emperor. Pans. 9, c. 15, &c. ApoH*J. 2. c. 1. Hygiit. fab. 143. 524 P H PHORONIS, a patronymic of lo as sister of Phoroneus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 625. PHORONIUM, a town of Argolis, built by Pho- roneus. PHOTINUS, an eunuch who was prime nunis- tej to Ptolemy, king of Egypt. When Pom- pey fled to the court of Ptolemy after the battle of Pharsalia, Photinus advised his mas- ter not to receive him, but to put him to death. His advice was strictly followed. Julius Caesar some time after visited Egypt, and Pho- tinus raised seditions against him, for which he was put to death. When Caesar triumphed over Egypt and Alexandria, the picture of Pho- tinus and some of the Egyptians, were carried in the procession at Rome. Pint. PHOTIUS, a son of An tonina, who betrayed to Bellisarius his wife's debaucheries. A pa- trician in Justinian's reign PHOXUS. a general of the Phocians, who burnt Lampsacus, &c. A tyrant of Chalcis, ba- nished by his subjects, &c. PHRA, a name under which the Egyptians worshipped the sun, before they gave it that of Osiris, which signifies author of time . PHRAATES 1st, a king of Parthia, who suc- ceeded Arsacesthe 3d, called alsoPhriapatius. He made war against Antiochus, king of Syria, and was defeated in three successive battles. He left many children behind him, but as they were all too young, and unable to succeed to the throne, he appointed his brother Mithridates king, of whose abilities and military prudence he had often been a spectator. Justin. 41, c. 5. - The 2d, succeeded his father Mithridates as king of Parthia, and made war against the Scythians, whom he called to his assistance against Autiochus, king of Syria, and whom lie refused to pay, on pretence that they came too late. He was murdered by some Greek merce- naries who had been once his captives, and who had enlisted in his army, B. C. 129. Justin. 42, c. 1. Pint, in Piwp. The 3d, succeeded his father Pacorus on the throne of Parthia, and gave one of his daughters in marriage to Ti- granes, the son of Tigranes king of Armenia. Soon after he invaded the kingdom of Armenia, to make his son-in-law sit on the throne of his father. His expedition was attended with ill success. He renewed a treaty of alliance which his father had made with the Romans. At his return to Parthia, he was assassinated by his sons Orodes and Mithridates. Justin. The 4th, was nominated king of Parthia by his father Orodes. whom he soon after murdered, as also his own brothers. He made war against M. Antony with great success, and obliged him to retire with much loss. Some time after he was dethroned by the Parthian nobility, but he soon regained his power, and drove the usurper, called Tiridates. The usurper claimed the pro- tection of Augustus the Roman emperor, and Phraates sent ambassadors to Rome to plead his cause, and gain the favours of his powerfu udge. He was successful in his embassy ; he made a treaty df peace and alliance with the Roman emperor restored the ensigns and stand- ards which the Parthians had taken from Cms- P H sus and Autony, and gave up his four sons mth their wires as hostages, till his engagements were performed. Some suppose that Fhraates delivered his children into the hands of Augus- tus to be confined at Rome, that he might reign with greater security, as he knew his subjects would revolt as soon as they found any one of his family inclined to countenance their rebel- lion, though at the same time, they scorned to support the interest of any usurper who was not of the royal house of the Arsacida?. He was, however, at last murdered by one of his concu- bines, who placed her son, called Phraatices, on the throne. Val. Mat. 7, c. 6. Justiu 42, e. 5. Dio. Cos. 51, &c. Plut. in Anton. &c. Tacit. An. 6, c. 32. A prince of Parthia in the reigii of Tiberius. A satrap of Parthia. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 42. PHRAATICES, a son of Phraates 4th. He with his mother murdered his father, and took possession of the vacant throne. His reign was short ; he was deposed by his subjects, whom he had offended by cruelty, avarice, and op- pression. PHRADATBS, an officer in the army of Darius at the battle of Arbela. PHRAOAND.E, a people of Thrace. Liu. 26, c 25. PHRAHATES, the same as Phraates. Vid. Phraates. PHRANICATES, a general of the Parthian ar- mies, &c. PHRAORTES, succeeded his father Deioces on the throne of Media. He made war against the neighbouring nations, and conquered the greatest part of Asia. He was defeated and killed in a battle by the Assyrians, after a reign of 22 years, B. C. 625. Paus.H&odot. I, c. 102. A king of Italy remarkable for his frugality. PHRASICLBX, a nephew of Themistocles, whose daughter Nicomacha he married. Pint. in Them. PHRASIMUS, the father of Praxithea. Applied. PHHASIUS, a Cyprian soothsayer, sacrificed on an altar by Busiris, king of Egypt. PHRATAPHERNES, a general of the Massage- tae, who surrendered to Alexander. Curt. 8. A satrap, who, after the death of Darius, fled to Hyrcania, &c. Id. PHRATICA, a festival which the Greeks gave at Athens to preserve union and friendship. These festivals were appointed by Solon. PHRATIUS, one of the surnames of Jupiter among the Athenians. PHHEATIS, or PHREATIUM, an ancient tribu- nal of the Athenians, established to juilge those who were already banished for murder, having committed it a second time. The accused ap* peared on the sea, in a place called the Wells, from whence this tribunal takes its name. There he defended himself without throwing the an- chor, or quitting his raft. If he was convicted, they inflicted upon hinr> punishments instituted on voluntary murder ; if ne was innocent, he returned an exile on account of his first mur- der. Tencer was the first who justified himself P H in tnir> way, and who proved thut he was Ti,,t guilty of the death of Ajax. PHRIAPATIUS, a king of Parthia, who flou- rished B. C. 125. PHRICIUM, a neighbouring town of Thermo- pylis. T. L. 56, c. 13. PHRIXU B, a river of Argolis. There is also a small town of that name in Elis, built by the Minyae. Herodot. 4, c. 148. PHRONIMA, a daughter of Etearchus, king of Crete. She was delivered to a servant to be thrown into the sea, by order of her father, at the instigation of his second wife. The er- vant was unwilling to murder the child, but a* he was bound by an oath to throw her into the sea, he accordingly let her down into tte water by a rope, and took her out again unhurt. Phro- nima was afterwards in the number of the con- cubines of Polymnestus, by whom she became mother of Battus, the founder of Cyrene. He- rodot. 4, c. 154. PHRONTIS, the pilot of the ship of Menelaus, after the Trojan war, was killed by Apollo. Pans. 10, c. 25. One of the Argonauts. Apollod. i. PHR;NON, a Grecian hero, who, disputing with Pittacus, king of Mitylene, the property of cape Sigea, proposed to him to end this quarre'. by single combat. Pittacus used a stratagem to conquer his adversary. He enveloped him in a net, and overcome him in the combat by this surprise. PHRURI, a Scythian nation. PHRURON, a name which the Egyptians gave to the Nile at the time of its inundation. PHRYGES, a river of Asia Minor, dividing Phrygia from Caria, and falling into the Hennus. PHRYGIA, a country of Asia Minor, generally divided into Phrygia Major and Minor. Ita boundaries are not properly or accurately de- fined by ancient authors, though it appears that was situated between Bithynia, Lydia, Cap- padocia, and Caria. It received its name from the Bryges, a nation of Thrace, or Macedonia, who came to settle there, and from their name, by corruption, arose the word Phn/gia. Cybele was the chief deity of the country, and her fes- tivals were observed with the greatest solemni- y. The invention of the pipe, of reeds, and of 11 sorts of needlework, is attributed to the in- abitants, who are represented by some authors as stubborn, imprudent, effeminate, servile, and voluptuous, and to this Virgil seems to allude, ~ . 9, v. 617. Mela, 1, c. 19. Strab. 2, &c. Ovi/l. Met. 13, v. 429, &c. Cic. 7, ad Fam. ep. 16.Horat. 2, od. 9, v. 16. Pans. 5, c. 25. Hermit. 7, c. 73. A city of Thrace. PHRYGIA, feasts in honour of Cybele. PHRYNE, a celebrated prostitute who flou- rished at Athens about 328 years before the Christian era. She was mistress to Praxiteles, who drew her picture. This was one of his t>est pieces, and it was placed in the temple of Apollo at Delphi. It is said tha* Apelles painted his Venus Anadyomene after he had seen Phryne on the sea shore naked, and with 1 dishevelled hair. Phryne became so rich by PH vhe liberality of her lovers, that she offered to rebuild at her own expense Thebes, which Alex- ander had destroyed, provided this inscription was placed on the walls : Aleiander diruit, s,ed meretru Phri/ne refecit. This was refused. Plin. 34, c. 8. There was also another of the same name who was accused of impiety. When she saw that she was going to be condemned, she unveiled her bosom, which so influenced her judges, that she was immediately acquitted. QuintU. PHRYNICUS, a general of Samos, who endea- voured to betray his country, &c. A flat- terer at Athens. A tragic poet of Athens, disciple to Thespis. He was the first who in- troduced a female character on the stage. Strab. 14. PHRYNIS, a musician of Mitylene, the first who obtained a musical prize at the Panathe- na>a, at Athens. He added two strings to the lyre, which had always been used with seven by all his predecessors, B. C. 458. It is said that he was originally a cook at the house of Hiero, king of Sicily. A writer in the reign of Commodus, who made a collection in 36 books of phrase* and sentences from the best Greek authors, &c. PHRYNO, a celebrated general of Athens, who died B. C. 590. PHRYXUS, a son of Athamas, king of Thebes, by Nephele. After the repudiation of his mo- ther, he was persecuted with the most invete- rate fury by his step-mother Ino, because he was to sit on the throne of Athamas, in prefer- ence to the children of a second wife. He was apprised of Ino's intention upon his life, by his mother Nephele, or, according to others, by his preceptor ; and the better to make his escape, he secured part of his father's treasures, and privately left Boeotia with his sister Helle, to go to their friend and relation ^Eetes, king of Col- chis. They embarked on board a ship, or, ac- cording to the fabulous account of the poets and mythologists, they mounted on the back of a ram whose fleece was of gold, and proceeded on their journey through the air The height to which they were carried made Helle giddy, and she fell into the sea. Phryxus gave her a de- cent burial on the sea shore ; and after he had called the place Hellespont from her name, he continued his flight, and arrived safe in the kingdom of yEetes, where he offered the ram on the altars of Mars. The king received him with great tenderness, and gave him his daugh- ter Chalciope in marriage. She had by him Phrontis, Melias, Argos, Cylindrus, whom some call Cytorus, Catis, Lorus, and Helen, Some time after he was murdered by his father-in- law, who envied him the possession of the golden fleece ; and Chalciope, to prevent her children from sharing their father's fate, sent- them privately from Colchis to Boeotia, as no- thing was to be dreaded there from the jealousy or resentment of Jno, who was then dead. The fable of the flight of Pliryxus to Colchis on a ram, has beer, explained by some, who observe, that the ship on which lie embarked was cither called by that name, or carried on her prow the P H figure of that animal. The fleece of gold is ex- plained by recollecting, that Phyrxus carried ^ away immense treasures from Thebes. Phryxus was placed amongst the constellations of heaven after death. The ram which carried him to Asia, is said to have been the fruit of Neptune's amour with Theophane, the daughter of Altis. This ram had been given to Athamas by the gods, to reward his piety and religious life, and Nephele procured it for her children just as they were going to be sacrificed to the jealousy of Ino. The murder ofPhiyxus was some time after amply revenged by the Greeks. It gave rise to a cele- brated expedition which was achieved under Jason, and many of the princes of Greece, and which had for its object the recovery of the golden fleece, and the punishment of the king of Colchis for his cruelty to the son of Athamas. Diod. 4.Herodot. 7, c. 197. Apollim. Arg. Orpheus. Flacctts. Strab. ApolLod. 1, c. 9 Pindar. Pyth. 4,.Hygin. fab. 14, 188, &c. Ovid. Heroid. 18. Met'. 4. PHTHIA, a town of Phthiotis, at the east of mount Othrys, in Thessaly, where Achilles was born, and from which he is often railed Pktliius Heros. Horat. 4, od. 6. Onid. Met. 13, v. 156. Mela, 2, c. 3. A nymph of Achaia, be- loved by Jupiter, who, to seduce her, disguised himself under the shape of a pigeon. J.lian. V. H. l, c. 15. PHTHIOTIS, a small province of Thessaly, between the Pelasgicus sinus and the Maliacus sinus, Magnesia, and mount (Eta. It was also called Achaia. Pans. 10, c. 8. PHTHIRES, a mountain of Caria, PIITHIUS, a Grecian hero who gave his name to a country of Thessaly. PHTHONOS, envy, which the Grecians had made a deity. PHYA, a tall and beautiful woman of Attica, whom Pisistratus, when he wished to re-estab- lish himself a third time in his tyranny, dressed like the goddess Minerva, and led to the city on a chariot, making the populace believe that the goddess herself came to restore him to power. The artifice succeeded. Heradot. \, c. 59. Pulyan. 1, c. 40. PHYCUS, a promontory near Cyrene. Lu- PHYLACE, a town of Thessaly, built by Phy- lacus. Protesilaus reigned there. Lucan. 6, v. 252. A town of Arcadia. Paus.8, c. 51. A town of Macedonia. PHYLACUS, a son of Deion, king of Phocis. He married Clymene, the daughter of Myuiai', and founded Phylace. Ap)llod. PHYLARCHUS, a Greek biographer, who flou- rished B. C. 2'V1. PHYLAS, a king of Ephyre, son of Antiochus, and grandson of Hercules. PHYLA x, that is to say guardian, a surname of Hecate. PHYLE, a well fortified village of Attica, at little distance from Naples. C. Nep. in Thras. PHYI.EIS, a daughter of Thespius. PHYI.EUS, one of the Greek captains during the Trojan war. A son of Augeas. He blamed his father for refusing in pay Hercules P H what he had promised him for clpating his stables. He was placed on his father's throne by Hercules. PHYLJRA. Vid. Philyra. PHVLLA, the wife of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and mother of Stratonice, the wife ofSeleucus. PHYLI.ALIA, a part of Arcadia. A place in Fhessaly. PHYLI.EIUS, a mountain, country, and town of Macedonia. PHYLLIS, a daughter of Sithon, or according :o others, of Lycurgus, king of Thrace, iyho re- eived Demophoou, the son of Theseus, who, at iis return from the Trojan war, had stopped on er coasts. She became enamoured of him, id did not find him insensible to her passion. A fter some months of mutual tenderness and ffection, Demophoon set sail for Athens, where iis domestic affairs recalled him. He promised faithfully to return as soon as a month was ex- pired; but either his dislike for Phyllis, or the irreparable situation of his affairs, obliged him so violate his engagement, and the queen, grown -lesperate on account of tiis absence, hanged herself, or according to others, threw herself -.town a precipice into the sea, and perished. tier friends raised a lomb over her body, where i here grew up certain trees, whose leaves, at a particular season of the year, suddenly became wet, as if shedding tears for the death of Phyl- lis. According to an old tradition, mentioned by Servius, Virgil's commentator, Phyllis was changed by the gods into an almond tree, which is called phylla by the Greeks. Some days af- ter this metamorphosis, Demophoon revisited Thrace, and when he heard of the fate of Phyl- lis, he ran and clasped the tree, which, though at that time stripped of its leaves, suddenly shot forth and blossomed as if still sensible of ten- derness and love. The absence of Demophoon from die house of Phyllis, has given rise to a beautiful epistle of Ovid, supposed to have een written by the Thracian queen about the fourth mdnth after her lover's departure. Ovid. Heraid. 2. de Art. Am.%, v. 353. Trist. 2. Hy- :. fab. 59. A country-woman introduced u Virgil's eclogues. The nurse of the em- peror Domitian. Suet, in Dom. 17. A coun- try of Thrace near mount Pangaeus. Herodat. 7, c. 113. PHYLLIUS, a young Boeotian uncommonly fond of Cygnus, the son of Hyria, a woman of Boeotia. Cygnus slighted his passion, and told iim that to obtain a return of affection, he must previously destroy an enormous lion, take alive two large vultures, and sacrifice on Jupiter's altars a wild bull that infested the country. This he easily effected by means of artifice, aud by the advice of Hercules he forgot his parti- ality for the son of Hyria. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 372. Nicand. in Heter. S. A Spartan remarkable for the courage witli which he fought against Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. PHYLLODOCE, one of Cyrene's attendant nymphs. Virg. G. 4, v. 336. PHYLLOS, a country of Arcadia. A town f Thessaly, near Larissa, where Apollo had a mple. 527 PH PIIYI.LUS, a general of Phocis during the Phociun or sacred war against the Tbebans. He had assumed the command after the death of his brothers Philomelus and Onomarchus. He is called by some Phayllus. Vid. Phocis. PjivsctLLA, a town of Macedonia. Mela, 2, c. 3. PHYSCION, a famous rock of Bceotia, which was the residence of the Sphynx. PLut. PHYSCOA, a woman of Elis, mother of Nir- ceus, by Bacchus. Puns. 5, c. ]6. PHYKCON, a surname of one of the Ptolemies kings of Egypt, from the great promujeiicy at his belly, (tpvffKT), venter.) PHY sco s, a town of Caria, opposite Rhodes. PHYSCUS, a river of Asia, falling into the Tygris. The ten thousand Greeks crossed it in their return from Cunaxa. PHYTAL!DES, the descendants of Phytalus, a man who hospitably received and entertained Ceres, when she visited Attica. Plut. in Thes. PHYTON, a general of the people of Rhe- gium against Diouysius, the tyrant of Sicily. He was taken by the enemy, and tortured, R> C. 387, and his son was thrown into the sea. Viod. 14. PHYXIUM, a town of Elis. Pi A, or Pi ALIA, festivals instituted in hononr of Adrian, by the emperor Antoninus. They were celebrated at Puteoli, on the second year of the olympiads. PIASUS, a general of the Pelasgi. PICENI, the inhabitants of Picenum, called also Picentes. They received their name from picus, a bird by whose auspices they had settltd in that part of Italy. Jtal, 8, v. 423. Strab. j. Mela, 2, c. 4. PICENTIA, the capital of Pkenum. PICENTINI, a people of Italy near Lucauia. They are different from the Piceni or Picentes, who inhabited Picenum. PICENUM, or PICENUS ACER, a country of Italy tear the Umbrians and Sabiues. Harat. 2, sat. 3, v. 272. Mart. 1, ep. 44. PICRA, a lakeot Africa, which Alexander crossed when he went to consult the oracle of Ammon. PICT*, or PICTI, a people of Scythia, called also Agaihyrsae. They received this name from their painting their bodies with different co- lours, to appear more terrible in the eyes of their enemies. A colony of these, according to Servius, Virgil's commentator, emigrated to the northern parts of Britain, where they still pre- served their name and their savage manners. Plin. 4, c. 12. Mela, 2, c. 1. PICTAVI, or PICTGNES, a people of Gaul. Cftar. 7, bell. C. c. 4. PICTAVIUM, a town of Gaul. FABIUS PICTOH, a consul under whom silver was first coined at Rome, A. U. C. 485. PICUMNUS, and PILUMNUS, two deities at Rome, who presided over the auspices, that were required before the celebration of nuptials. Pilumnus was supposed to patronize children, as his name seems in some manner to indicate, qiu>d j/ellat mala infantiif. The manuring of lands was first invented by Picumuus, from which V 1 reason he is called Sterquilinius. Pilumnus is alao invoked as the god of bakers and millers, as he is said to have first invented how to grind corn. Turnus boasted of being one if his lineal descendants. Virg. n. 9, v 4. FiWTO. Picus, a king of Latium, son of Saturn, who married Venilia, who is also called Canens, by whom he had Faunus. He was tenderly loved fay the goddess Pomona, and he returned a mu- tual affection. As he was one day hunting in the woods, he was met by Circe, who became deeply enamoured of him, and who changed him into a woodpecker, called by the name of picus among tho Latins. His wife Venilia was BO disconsolate when she was informed of his death, that she pined away. Some suppose that Picus was the son of Pilumnus, and that he gave out prophecies to his subjects, by means of a favourite woodpecker, from which circumstance originated the fable of his being metamorphosed into a bird. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 48, 171, &c. Olid. .Wet. 14, v. 320, &c. PIDORUS, a town near mount Athos. Heiodot. 7, c. 122. PIDYTES, a man killed by Ulysses during the Trojan war. PIELUS, a son of Neoptolemos, king of Epi- rus, after his father. Paws. 1, c. 11. PIERA, a fountain of Peloponnesus, between Elis and Olympia. Pans. 5, c. 16. PIERIA, a small tract of country in Thessaly or Macedonia. A place between Cilicia and Syria. One of the wives of Danaus, mother of six daughters called Actea, Podarce, Diox- ippe, Adyte, Ocypete, and Pilarge. Apollod. 2. The wife of Oxylus, the son of Hremon. Pans. 5, c. 3. The daughter of Pythas, a Milesian, &c. PIERIDES, a name given to the Muses, either because they were born in Pieria, in Thessaly ; or because they were supposed by some to be the daughters of Pierus, a king of Macedonia, who settled in Boeotia. Also the daughters of Pierus, who challenged the Muses to a trial in music, in which they were ( onquered, and changed into magpies. It nniy perhaps be supposed, that the victorious Mu.ses assumed the name of the conquered daughters of Pierus, and ordered themselves to be called Pierides, in the same manner as Minerva was called Pallas, because she had killed the giant Pal'as. Ocid. Met. 5, v. 300. PiEnis, a mountain of Macedonia. Paws. 9, c. 29. PIERUS, a mountain of Thessaly, sacred to the Muses who were from thence, as some ima- gine, called Pierides. A rich man of Thes- saly, whose nine daughters called Pierides, challenged the Muses, and were changed into magpies, when conquered. Pans. 9, c. 29. A river of Achaia, in Peloponnesus. A town of Thessaly. Paus. 7, c. 22. A mountain vith a lake of the same name in Macedonia. PiEtas, a virtue which denotes veneration for the deity, and love and tenderness to our friends. It received divine honours among .the Romans, and was made one of their gods. 528 P I Acilius Glabrion first erected a temple to thiit new divinity, on the spot where a woman had fed with her own milk her aged fatlier, who had been imprisoned by the order of the senate, and deprived of all aliments. Cic. tie Div. 1 . Val Max. 5, c. 4. PIGEA, one of the Ionian nymphs who had a temple on the banks of the river Cythera. PIGHES & MATTYAS, two brothers, Sac. He rodot. The name of three rivers. PILUMNUS, the god of bakers at Rome. Vit. Picumnus. Pi M PL A, a mountain of Macedonia, on th* confines of Thessaly, near Olympus, sacred to the Muses, who on that account are often called Pimplea and Pimpleades. Herat. 1, od. 26. St'rab. 10. PIMPRANA, a town on the Indus. PIN ARE, an island of the ^Egean sea. PINARICS & POTITIUS, two old men of Ar- cadia, who came with Evander to Italy. They were instructed by Hercules who visited tho court of Evander, how they were to offer sarri- fices to his divinity, in the morning, and in the evening, immediately at sun-set. The morning sacrifice they punctually performed, but on the evening Potitius was obliged to offer the scri- fice alone, as Pinarius neglected to come till after the appointed time. This negligence of- fended Hercules, and he ordered, that for the future, Pinarius and his descendants should preside over the sacrifices, but that Potitius. with his posterity, should wait upon the priests as -servants, when the sacrifices were annually offered to him on mount Aventiue. TLis was religiously obseived till the age of Appius Clau- dius, who persuaded the Potitii by a large bribe, to discontinue their sacred office, and to have the ceremony performed by slaves. For this negligence, as the Latin authors observe, the Potitii were deprived of sight, and the family was a little time after totally extinguished. Liv. 1, c. 7. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 269, &c. Victor, de arig. PINARIUS, a pretor, who conquered Sardinia, and defeated the Corsicans. Cic. de oral. 2. A river fallinginto the sea near Issus, after flowing between Cilicia and Syria. PINDARUS, a celebrated lyric poet, of Thebes. He was carefully trained from his earliest years to the study of music and poetry, and he was taught how to compose verses with elegance and simplicity, by Myrtis and Corinna. When he was young, it is said that a swarm of bees settled ou his lips, and there left some honey- combs as he reposed on the grass. This was universally explained as a prognostic of his future greatness and celebrity, and indeed h seemed entitled to notice when he had con- quered Myrtis in a musical contest. He was not however so successful against Corinna, who obtained five times, while he was competitor, a poetical prize ; which, according to some, was rather adjudged to the charms of her person than to the brilliancy of her genius, or the su- periority of her composition. In the public as- semblies of Greece, where females were no 1 permitted tc contend, Pindar was rewarded p I \\ith the prize, in preference to every other competitor, and as the conquerors at Olympia were the subject of his compositions, the poet was courted by statesmen and princes. His hymns and pasans were repeated before the most crowded assemblies in the temples of Greece, and the priestess of Delphi declared that it was the will of Apollo, that Pindar should receive tiie half of all the first fruit offerings that were annually heaped on his altars. This was not the only public honour which he re- ceived ; after his death, he was honoured with ever} mark of respect, even to adoration. His statue was erected at Thebes in the puhlie place where the games were exhibited, and six centuries after it was viewed with pleasure and admiration, by the geographer Pausanias. The honours which had been paid to him while alive, were also shared by his posterity, and at the cele. 'ration of one of the festivals of the Greeks, a portion of the victiin which had been offered in sacrifice, was reserved for the de- scendants of the poet. Even the most invete- rate enemies of the Thebans, shewed regard for Jiis memory, and the Spartans spared the house in which the prince of 'Lyrics had inhabited when they destroyed the houses and the wails of Thebes. The same respect was also paid him by A lexander the Great, when Thebos was reduced to ashes. It is said that Pindar died at the advanced age of 86, B. C. 435. The great- est part of his works have perished. He had written some hymns to the gods, poems in ho- nour of Apollo, dithyrambics to Bacchus, and odes on several victories obtained at the four greatest festivals of the Greeks, the Olympic, isthmian, Pythian, ana Nemean games. Of all these, the odes are the only compositions ex- tant, admired for sublimity of sentiments, gran- deur of expression, energy and magnificence cf style, boldness of metaphors, harmony of numbers, and elegance of diction. In these ods which were repeated with the aid of mu deal instruments, and accompanied by the va- rious inflections of the voice, with suitable atti- tud; s, and proper motions of body, the poet has not merely celebrated the place where the vic- tory was won, but has introduced beautiful epi- sodes, and by unfolding the greatness of his heroes, the dignity of their characters, and the glory of the several republics where they flou- rished, he has rendered the whole truly beau- tiful and in the highest degree interesting. Horace has not hesitated to call Pindar inimi- table, and his panegyric shall not perhaps ap- pear too offensive, when we recollect that suc- ceeding critics have agreed in extolling his beauties, his excellence, the fire, animation, and enthusiasm of his genius. He has been Censured for his affectation in composing an ode, from which the letter S was excluded. The best editions of Pindar are those of Heyne, 4to. Gottingen, 1773 ; of Glasgow, 12mo. 1744; and of Schaiidius, 4to. Witteberg, 1616; A then. Quintil. 10, c. \.-Horat. 4, od. 2 sElian. V. H. 3. Pans. 1, c. 8. I. 9, c. 23. u ul. Max. 9, c. 12. Pint, in Alex. Curt. 1, c. 3. A tyrant of Elphesus, who killed his 529 P I master at his own request, after the battle of Philippi. flat. PINDASUS, a mountain of Troas. PINDENISSUS, a town of Cilicia, on the borders of Syria. Cicero, when proconsul in Asia, besieged it for 25 days and took it. Ctc. ad M. Ctfluim. PINDUS, a mountain, or rather a chain of mountains, between Thessaly, Macedonia, and Epirus. It was greatly celebrated as being sa- cred to the Muses and to Apollo. Ov'ul. Met. l,v.57Q.Strab.l3. Firg. Eel. W.Lucan. 1, v. 674. 1. 6, v. 339. Mela, 2, c. 3. A town of Doris in Greece, called also Cyphas, It was watered by a small river of the same name which falls into the Cephisus, near Lilsea. Herodo'.. 1, v. 56. PINGUS, a river of Mysia which runs into the Danube. Plin. 3, c. 26. PINNA, a town of Italy. Sil. 8, v. 518. PINTHIAS. Vid. Phinthias. PINTIA, a town of Spain which they suppose is now Vailadolid. PION, one of the descendants of Hercules, who huilt Pionia near the Caycus in Mysia. It is said that smoke issued from his tomb as often as sacrifices were offered to him. Paws. 9, c. 18. PIONE. one of the Naiades. Apollod. PIONIA, a town of Mysia, near the Caycus. PIRXUS, or PIRIJEEUS, a celebrated harbour at Athens, at the mouth of the Cephisus, about ree miles distant from the city. It was joined the town by two long walls, one of which was built by Pericles, and the other by The- :"..^_i__ npi. _ j _ i i i mistocles. The towers which were raised on the walls to serve as a defence, were turned Into dwelling-houses, as the population of Athens gradually increased. It was the most capacious of all the harbours of the Athenians, and was naturally divided into three large basins, called Cantharos, A phrodisium, and Zea, im- proved by the labours of Themistocles, and made sufficiently commodious for the reception of a fleet of 400 ships in the greatest security. The walls which joined it to Athens with all its fortifications, were totally demolished when Ly- sander put an end to the Peloponnesian war by the reduction of Attica. Pans. 1, c. 1. Strab. 9.C. Nop. in Them Flor. 3, c. 5. Justin. 5, c. 8 Ovid. Met. 6, v. 446. PIRENE, a daughter of Danus. A daugh- ter of CEbalus, or according to others, of the Achelous. She had by Neptune two sons called Leches and Cenchrius, who gave their name to two of the harbours of Corinth. Pirene was so disconsolate at the death of her son Cen- chiius, who had been killed by Diana, that she pined away, and was dissolved by her continual weeping into a fountain of the same name which was still seen at Corinth in the age ol Pausanias. The fountain Pirene was sacred to the Muses, and according to some, the hcrse Pegasus was then drinking some of its waters when Bellerophon took it to go and conquer the Chimasra. Paus. 2, c. 3. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 240. PIRITIIOUS, a son of Txio-i and the cloud, or RI M p I according to others, of Dia the daughter of Deioneus. Some make him son of Dia, by Jupiter, who assumed the shape of a horse whenever lie paid his addresses to his mistress. He was king of the Lapithae, and as an ambi- tious prince he wished to become acquainted with Theseus king of Athens, of whose fame and exploits he had heard so many reports. To see him, and at the same time to be a witness of his valour, he resolved to invade his territo- ries with an army. Theseus immediately met him on the borders of Attica, but at the sight of one another the two enemies did not begin the engagement, but struck with the appearance of each other, they stepped between the hostile armies. Their meeting was like that of the most cordial friends, and Pirithous, by giving Theseus his hand as a pledge of his sincerity, promised to repair all the damages which his hostilities in Attica might have occasioned. From that time, therefore, the two monarchs became the most intimate and the most at- tached of friends, so much, that their friend- ship, like that of Oreites and Pylades, is be- come proverbial. Pirithous some time after married Hippodamia, and invited not only the heroes of his age, but also the gods themselves. and his neighbours the Centaurs, to celebrate his nuptials. Mars was the only one of the gods who was not invited, and to punish this neglect, the god of war determined to raise a el among the guests, and to disturb the festivity of the entertainment. Eurythion cap- tivated with the beauty of Hippodamia, and intoxicated with wine, attempted to offer vio- lence to the bride, but was prevented by The- seus and immediately killed. This irritated the rest of the Centaurs, the contest became gene- ral, but the valour of Theseus, Pirithous, Her- cules, and the rest of the Lapithae, triumphed over their enemies. Many of the Centaurs were slain, and the rest saved their lives by flight. \_Vid. Lapithus.] The death of Hip- podamia left Pirithous very disconsolate, and he resolved, with his friend Theseus, who had likewise lost his wife, never to marry again, except to a goddess, or one of the daughters of the gods. This determination occasioned the rape of Helen by the two fritnds, the lot was drawn, and it fell to the share of Theseus to have the beautiful prize. Pirithous upon this undertook with his friend to cany away Pro- serpine and to marry her. They descended into the infernal regions, but Pluto, who was apprized of their machinations to disturb his conjugal peace, stopped the two friends, and confined them there. Pirithous was tied to his father's wheel, or according to Hyginus, he was delivered to the Furies to be continually tormented. Hia punishment, however, was short, and when Hercules visited the kingdom of Pluto, he obtained from Proserpine the par- den of Pirithous, and brought him back to his kingdom safe and unhurt. Some suppose that he was torn to pieces by the dog Cerberus. [Vid Theseus.-] Ovid Met. 12, fab. 4. & 5. iledod. in Scut. Her. Homer. II. 2. Pans. 5, c. 530 PI 10. Apoltod. I, t. 8. 1. 2, c. 5. Hygin. fab, 14, 79, \55.~Diod. 4. Pint, in Thes Harat. 4, od. 7. Vng. JEn. 7, v. 304. Mart. 7, ep. 23. PIHUS, a captain of the Thracians during the Trojan war, &c. PISA, a town of Elis on the Alpheus at the west of the Peloponnesus, founded by Pisus the son of Perieres, and grandson of ^Eolus. Its inhabitants accompanied Nestor to the Tro- jan war, and they enjoyed long the privilege of presiding at the Olympic games which were celebrated near their city. This honourable appointment was envied by the people of Elis, who made war against the Piseans, and after many bloody battles took their city, and totally demolished it. It was at Pisa that CEnomaus murdered the suitors of his daughter, and that he himself was conquered by Pelops. The in- habitants were called Pisai. oome have doubted (he existence of such a place as Pisa, but this doubt originates from Pisa's having been de- stroyed in so remote an age. The horses of Pisa were famous. The year on which the Olympic games were celebrated, was often called Pisceiis anmis, and the victory which was obtained there was called Pistece ramus oliree. Vid. Olympia. Strub. U.Ovid. Trist. 2, v. 386. 1. 4, el. 10, v. 95. Mela, 2. Virg. G. 3, v. 180. Ktat. Theb. 7, v. 416. Paus. 6, e. 22. Pisx, a town of Etruria, built by a colony from Pisa in the Peloponnesus. The inhabi- tants were called Pissaii>. Dionysius of Hali- carnassus affirms that it existed before the Tro- jan war, but others support that it was built by a colony of Piseans who were shipwrecked on the coast of Etruria at their return from the Trojan war. Pisaa was once a very powerful and flourishing city, which conquered the Ba- leares, together with Sardinia and Corsica. The sea on the neighbouring coast was called the bay of Pisae. Virg. ln. 10, v. 179. Strab. 5. LJ army when the whole had been made public, and instead of taking proper measures for his preservation, either by proclaiming himself em- peror, as his friends advised, or by seeking a retreat in the distant provinces of the empire, he retired to his own house, where he opened the veins of both his arms, and bled to deaih. Lucius, a senator who followed the em- peror Valerian into Persia. He proclaimed himself emperor after the death of Valerian, but he was defeated and put to death a few few weeks after, A. D. 261, by Valens, &c, Lucinianus, a senator adopted by the em- peror Galba. He was pnt to death by Otho's orders. A son-in-law of Cicero. A pa- trician, whose daughter married Julius Caesar. Uorat. T-ucit. Ann. et Hist. Vol. Ma*. Liv. Sueton. Cic. de otiic. \c. Plnt. m Cies. &ac. One of the thirty tyrants appointed over Athens by Lysander. Pisdms VILLA, a place near Baise in Cam- pania, which the emperor Nero often fre- quented. Tacit. An. 1. PISSIRUS, a town of Thrace, near the river Nestus. Herod. 7, c. 109. Pisron, a s-uiname given tc Jupiter by the Romans, signifying baker, because when their city was taken by the Gauls, the god persuaded them to throw down loaves from the Tarpeian hill where they were besieged, that the enemy might from thence suppose, that they were not in want of provisions, though in reality they were near surrendering through famine. This decei -ed the Gauls, and they soon after raised the siege. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 350, 394, &c. Pisi's, a son of Aphareus, or according to others of Perieres. Apo/lotl. 3. Pans. 5. Pist'THNES, a Persian satrap of Lydia, who revolted from Darius Nothus. His father's name whs Hystaspes. Pint, in Art. PITANE, a town of ^Eolia, in Asia Minor. The inhabitants made bricks which swam on the surface of the water. Strab. 13. Vitruv. 2, c. 3. Mela, 1, c. 18. Ovid. Met. 7, 357. PiTHEcUSA.a small island on the coast of Etruria, anciently called /Enaria and Inarina, with a town of the same name, on the top of a mountain. The frequent earthquakes to which it was subject, obliged the inhabitants to leave it. There was a volcano in the middle of the island, which has given occasion to the ancients to say, that the giant Typhon was buried there. Some suppose that it received its name from iridrjicoi, monkeys, into which the inhabitants were changed by Jupiter. Ovid. Met. 14, v. yo. Plin. 3, c. 6. Pindar. Pyth. 1. Strab. 1. PITHEUS. Vid. Pittheus. PITIIO, the goddess of persuasion among the Romans, supposed to be the daughter of Mer- cury and Venus. She was represented with a diadem on her head, to intimate her influence over the hearts of men One of her arms ap- pears raised, as in the attitude of an orator haranguing in a public assembly, and with the other she holds a thunderbolt and fetter?. made with flowers, to signify the powers of reasoning and the uttractions of eloquence. A caduceus, as a symbol of persuasion, appears at her feet, with the writings of Demosthenes and Cicero, the two most celebrated among the ancients, who understood how to command the attention of their audience, and to rouse and animate their various passions. A Roman courtezan. She received this name on account of the allurements which her charms possessed, and of her winning expression-'. PITHOLAUS and LYCOPHRON, seized upon the sovereign power of Pherae, by killing Alexander. They were ejected by Philip of Macedonia. Diod. 16. PITHOI.EON, an insignificant poet of Rhodes, who mingled Greek and Latin in his com- positions. He wrote some epigrams. Herat. 1, sat. 10, v. 21. PITHON, one of the body guards of Alex* ander, put to death by Antiochus, PITHYS, a nymph beloved by Pan. Borea was also fond of her, but she slighted his ad- dresses, upon which he dashed her against & rock, and she was changed into a pine tree. PITTACUS, a native of Mitylene in Lesbos, was one of the seven wise men of Greece. His father's name was Hyrradius. With the as. sistance of the sons of Alcaeas, he delivered his country from the oppression of the tyrant Me- lanchrus, and in the war with the Athenians waged against Lesbos he appeared at the head of his countrymen, and challenged to single combat Phrynon, the enemj's general. As the event of the, war seemed to depend upon this combat, Pittacus had recourse to artifice, and when he engaged, he entangled his adversary in a net, which he had concealed under his shield, and easily dispatched him. He wa amply rewarded for this victory, and his coun- trymen, sensible of his merit, unanimously ap- pointed him governor of their city with un- limited authority. In this capacity Pittacus behaved with great moderation and prudence, and after he had governed his fellow citizens with the strictest justice, and after he had es- tablished and enforced the most salutary laws, he voluntarily resigned the sovereign power after he had enjoyed it for 10 years, observing that the virtues and innocence of private life were incompatible with the power and in- fluence of a sovereign. His disinterestedness gained him many admirers, and when the Mity- leneans wished to reward his public services by presenting him with an immense tract of terri- tory, lie refused to accept more land than what should be contained in the distance to which he could throw a javelin. He died in the 82d year of his age, about 570 years before Christ, after he had spent the last 10 years of his life in literary ease and peaceful retirement. One of his favourite maxims was, that man ought to provide against misfortunes to avoid them, but that if they ever happened he ought to support them with patience and resignation. In pros- perity friends were to be acquired, and in the hour of adversity their faithfulness was to be tried. He also observed, that in our action* P L it was imprudent to make others acquainted with our designs, for if we failed we had ex- posed ourselves to censure and to ridicule. Many of his maxims were inscribed on the walls of Apollo's temple at Delphi, to shew to the world hjow great au opinion the Mityleneans entertained of his abilities as a philosopher, a moralist, and a man. By one of his laws, every fault committed by a man when intoxicated, deserved double punishment. Diog. Aristot. Polit. Pint, in sifmp. Paws. 10, c. 24. /Elian. V. H. 2, &c. Val. Max. 6, c. 5. A grand- son of Porus king of India. PITTHEA, a town near TroDzene. Hence the epithet of Pittheus in Ovid. Met. 15, v. 296. PITTHEUS, a king of Troczene in Argolis, son of Pelops and Hippodamia. He was universally admired for his learning, wisdom, and applica- tion ; he publicly taught in a school at Troezene, and even composed a book, which was seen by Pausauias the geographer. He gave his daugh- ter ^Ethra in marriage to JEge.ua, king of Athens, and he himself took particular care of the youth, and education of his grandsou The- seus. He was buried at Trcezene, which he had founded, and on his tomb was seen, for many ages, three seats of white marble, on which he sat with two other judges, whenever he gave laws to his subjects, or settled their disputes. Paus. 1 & 2. Pint, in 'Dies. Strab. 8. PITUANIUS, a mathematician in the age of Tiberius, thrown down from, the Tarpeian rock, &c. Tacit. Ann. 2. PITULANI, a people of Umbria. Their chief town was culled Pitulum. PITYX.A, a town of Asia Minor. PiTYASsys, a town of Pisidia. PITYONESUS, a small island on the coast of Peloponnesus, near Epidarus. PITY us A, a small island on the coast of Argolis. Two small islands in the Mediter- ranean, near the coast of Spain, of which the larger was called Ebusus, and the smaller Ophinsa. Mela, 2, c. 7. Pius, a surname given to the emperor An- toninus, on account of his piety and virtue. A surname given to a son of Metellus, be- cause he interested himself so warmly to have his father recalled from banishment. PI.ACENTIA, an ancient town and colony near the Po. Another, near Lusitania. PLACIDEIANUS, a gladiator in Horace's age. tSat.7. PI.ACIDIA, a daughter of Theodosius the \Sreat, sister to Honorius and Arcadius. She married Adolphus king of the Goths, and after- wards Constantius, by whom she had Yalen- cnian the 3d. She died A. D. 449. PLACIDIUS, JULIUS, a tribune of a co- hort, who imprisoned the emperor Vitellius, PLANASIA, a small island of the Tyrrhene sea. Another, on the coast of Gaul, where Tiberius ordered Agrippa, the grandson of Au- gustus, to be put to death. Tacit. Ann. 1, c. -A town on the Rhone. 534 P L PLANCINA, a woman celebrated for her in- trigues and her crimes, who married Piso, and was accused with him of having murdered Ger- manicus, in the reign of Tiberius. She wan acquitted either by means of the empress Livia, or on account of the partiality of the emperor for her person. She had long supported thf> spirits of her husband, during his confinement, but, when she saw herself freed from the accu- sation, she totally abandoned him to his fate. Subservient in every thing to the will of Livia, she, at her instigation, became guilty of the greatest crimes, to injure the character of Agrippina. After the death of Agrippina, Pilancina was accused of the most atrocious villanies, and, as she knew that she could not elude justice, she put herself to death, A. D 33. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 26, &c. L. PLANCUS MUNATIUS, a Roman, who ren- dered himself ridiculous by his follies and hia extravagance. He had been consul, and had presided over a province in the capacity of governor, but he forgot all his dignity, and be- came one of the most servile flatterers of Cleo- patra and Antony. At the court of the Egyp- tian queen in Alexandria, he appeared in the character of the meanest stage dancer ; and, in comedy, he personated Glaucus, and painted i his body of a green colour, dancing on a public J stage quite naked, only with a crown of green reeds on his head, while he tied behind his back, the tail of a large sea fish. This exposed him to the public derision, and, when Antony had joined the rest of his friends in censuring him for his unbecoming behaviour, he dese: ted to Octavius, who received him with great marks of friendship and attention. It was he who proposed in the Roman senate, that the title of Augustus should be conferred on his friend Octavius, as expressive of the dignity and the reverence which the greatness of his exploits seemed to claim. Horace has dedi- cated 1 od. 7 to him ; and he certainly de- served the honour, from the elegance of his letters, which are still extant, written to Cicero. He founded a town in Gaul, which he called Lugdunum. Pint, in Anton. A patrician, proscribed by the s r cond triumvirate. His ser- vants wished to save him from death, but he refused it, rather than to. expose their persons to danger. Plangon, a courtesan of Miletus, in Ionia. PI.ATJEA, a daughter of Asopus, king of Boeotia. Paus. 9, c. 1, &c. An island on the coast of Africa, in the Mediterrariean It belonged to the Cyreneans. - Henxlot. 4, c. 157. PLATX.K, (arum,) a town of Boeotia, near mount Citheron, on the confines of Megasis and Attica, celebrated for a battle fought there between Mardonius the commander of Xerxea king of Persia, and Pausanias the Lacedaemo- nian, and the Athenians. The Persian army consisted of 300,000 men, 3000 of which scarcely escaped with their lives by flight. The Grecian army, which was greatly inferior, lost but few men, and among these 91 Spartana 52 Athenians, and 16 Tegeans were the only PL soldiers found in the number of the slain. The phnder which the Greeks obtained in the Persian camp was immense. Pausanias re- ceived the tenth of all the spoils, on account of his uncommon valour during the engagement, and the rest were rewarded each according to their respective merit. This battle was fought on the 22d of September, the same day as the battle of Mycale, 479 B. C. and by it Greece was totally delivered for ever from the con- tinual alarms to which she was exposed on ac- count of the Persian invasions, and from that time none of the princes of Persia dared to ap- pear with a hostile force beyond the Hellespont. The Plataeans were naturally attached to the interest of the Athenians, and they furnished them with a thousand soldiers when Greece was attacked by Datis, the general of Darius, Plateea was taken by the Thebans, after a fa- mous siege, in the beginning of the Pelopon- nesian war, and destroyed by the Spartans, 13. C. 427. Alexander rebuilt it, and paid great encomiums to the inhabitants on account of their ancestors, who had so bravely fought against the Persians at the battle of Mara- thon, and under Pausanias. Herodot. 8, c. 50. Paus. 9, r. 1. Pint, in Alex. &c. C. Nep. &c. Cic. de Offic. 1, c. 18. Strab. Juttm. PI.ATANIUS, a river of Bceotia. Paus. 9, c. 24. PLATO, a celebrated philosopher of Athens, son of Ariston and Parectonia. His original name was Aristocles, and he received that of Plato from the largeness of his shoulders. As one of the descendants of Codrus, and as the offspring of a noble, illustrious, and opulent family, Plato was educated with care, his body was formed and invigorated with gymnastic exercises, and his mind was cultivated and en- lightened by the stndy of poetry and of geom- etry, from which he derived that acuteness of judgment, and warmth of imagination, which have stamped his character as the most subtle and flowery writer of antiquity. He first be- gan his literary career by writing poems and tragedies ; but he was soon disgusted with his own productions, when, at the age of 20, he was introduced into the presence of Socrates, and when he was enabled to compare and ex- amine, with critical accuracy, the merit of his compositions with those of his poetical pre- decessors. He, therefore, committed to the flames these productions of his early years, which could not command the attention or gain the applause of a maturer age. During eight years he continued to be one of the pu- pils of Socrates ; and, if he was prevented by a momentary indisposition from attending the philosopher's last moments, yet he collected from the conversation of those that were pre- sent, and from his own accurate observations, the minutest and most circumstantial accounts, which can exhibit, in its truest colours, the concern and sensibility of the pupil, and the firmness, virtues, and moral sentiments, of the dying philosopher ; After the death of So- P L crates, Plato retired from Athens, and, to ac- quire that information which the accurate ob- server can derive in foreign countries, he began to travel over Greece. He visited Megara, Thebes, and F.lis, where he met with the kindesl reception from his fellow disciples, whom the violent death of their master had likewise removed from Attica. He afterwards visited Magna Graecia, attracted by the fams of the Pythagorean philosophy, and by the learn- ing, abilities, and reputation, of its professors. He afterwards passed into Sicily, and examined the eruptions and fires of the volcano of that island. He also visited Egypt, where then the mathematician Theodorus flourished, and where he knew that the tenets of the Pythagorean philosophy and metempsychosis had been fos- tered and cherished. When he had finished his travels, Plato retired to the groves of Aca- demus, in the neighbourhood of Athens, where his lectures were soon attended by a crowd of learned, noble, and illustrious pupils ; and the philosopher, by refusing to have a share in the administration of affairs, rendered his name more famous, and his school more frequented. During forty years he presided at the head of the academy, and there he devoted his time to the instruction of his pupils, and composed those dialogues which have been the admiration of every age and country. His studies, however were interrupted for a while, whilst he obeyed the pressing calls and invitations of Dionysius, and whilst he persuaded the tyrant to become a man, the father of his people, and the friend of liberty. [Vid. Dionysius 2d.] In his dress the philosopher was not ostentatious, his man- ners were elegant, but modest, simple, without affectation, and the great honours which hie learning deserved were not paid to his ap- pearance. When he came to the Olympian games, Plato resided, during the celebration, m a family who were totally strangers to him. He eat and drank with them, he partook of their innocent pleasures and amusements, but, though he told them his name was Plato yet he never spoke of the employment he pursued at Athens, and never introduced the name of that philo- sopher whose doctrines he followed, and whose death and virtues were favourite topics of con- versation in every part of Greece. W hen he Re- turned home, he was attended by the family which had so kindly entertained him ; and, as being a native of Athens, he was desired to shew them the great philosopher whose name he bore : their surprise was great when he told them that he himself was the Plato whom they wished to behold. In his diet he was moderate, and, indeed, to sobriety and temperance in the use of food, and to the "want of those pleasures which enfeeble the body and enervate the mind, some have attributed his preservation during the tremendous pestilence which raged at Athens with so much fury at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. Plato was never sub- ject to any long or lingering indisposition, and though change of climite had enfeeebled a constitution naturally ttrong and healthy, tLe P L to an advanced age, and was often heard to say, when his physicians advised him to leave his residence at Athens, where the air was impregnated by the pestilence, that he wouli not advance one single step to gain the top of mount Athos, where he assured to at- tain the great longevity which the inhabitants of that mountain were said to enjoy above the reet of mankind. Plato died on his birth-day, in the 81st year of his age, about 348 years before the Christian era. His last moments were easy and without pain ; and, according to some, he expired in the midst of an entertain- ment, or, according to Cicero, as he was writ- ing. The works of Plato are numerous ; they are all written in the form of a dialogue, except 12 letters. He speaks always by the mouth of others, and the philosopher has no where made mention of himself except once, in his dialogue entitled Phsdon, and, another time, in his apology for Socrates. His writings were so celebrated, and his opinion so respected, that he was called divine; and, for the elegance, melody, and sweetness of his expressions, he ras distinguished by the appellation of the Athenian bee. Cicero had such an esteem for him, that, in the warmth of panegyric, he ex- claimed erritre mehercule malo cum Platmie, quam mm islis vera sentire ; and Quiutilian said, that ! when he read Plato, he seemed to hear not a man, but a divinity, speaking. His style, how- ever, though admired and commended by the best and most refined of critics among the an- cients, has not escaped the censure of some of the moderns ; and the philosopher has been blamed, who supports that fire is a pyramid tied to the earth by numbers, that the world is a figure consisting of 12 pentagons, and who, io prove the metempsychosis and the im- mortality of the soul, asserts, that the dead are born from the living, and the living from the dead. The speculative mind of Plato was em- ployed in examining things divine and human, and he attempted to fix and ascertain, not only the practical doctrine of morals and politics, ftut the more subtle and abstruse theory of mystical theogony. His philosophy was aniversally received and adopted, and it has not Only governed the opinions of the speculative oart of mankind, but it continues still to in- luence the reasoning, and to divide the senti- ments of the moderns. In his system of philo- *ophy, he followed the physics of Heraclitus, the metaphysical opinions of Pythagoras, and the morals of Socrates. He maintained the ex- istence of two beings, one self- existent, and the other formed by the hand of a pre -existent creature, god and man. The world was created by that self-existent cause, from the rude in- digested mass of matter which had existed from all eternity, and which had ever been animated by an irregular principle of motion. The origin of evil could not be traced under the govern- Jnent of a deity, without admitting a stubborn mtractibility and wildness congenial to matter ; and from these, consequently, could be de- monstrated the deviation from the laws of na- ture, and from thence the extravagant passions ! 556 P L and appetites of men. From materials likt these were formed the four elements, and the beautiful structures of the heavens and the earth, and into the active, but irrational principle of matter, the divinity infused a rational soul. The s;-uls of men were formed from the re- mainder of the rational soul of the world, which had previously given existence to the invisible gods and demons. The philosopher, therefore, supported the doctrine of ideal forms, and the pre-existenre of the human mind, which he considered as emanations of the Deity, which can never remain satisfied with objects or things unworthy of their divine original. Men could perceive, with their corporeal senses, the types of immutable things, and the fluctuating objects of the material world ; but the sudden changes to which these are continually ob- noxious, create innumerable disorders, and hence arises deception, and, in short, all the terrors and miseries of human life. Yet, in whatever situation man may be, lie is still an object of divine concern, and to recommend himself to the favour of the pre-existent cause, he must comply with the purposes of his crea- tion, and, by proper care and diligence, he can recover those immaculate powers with which he was naturally endowed. All .science the philo- sopher made to consist in reminiscence, and in recalling the nature, forms, and proportions, of those perfect and immutable essences, with which the human mind had been conversant. From observations like these, the sumrrit of felicity might be attained by removing from the material, and approaching nearer to the in- tellectual world, by curbing and governing the passions, which were ever agitated and inflamed, by real or imaginary objects. The passions were divided into two classes; the first con- sisted of the irascible passions, which originated in pride or resentment, and were seated in the breast: the other, founded on the love of plea- sure, was the concupiscible part of the soul, seated in the belly, and inferior parts of the body. These different orders, induct d the philosopher to compare the soul to a srmill re- public, of which the reasoning and judging powers were stationed in the head, as in a firm citadel, and of which the senses were its guards and servants. By the irascible part of the soul, men asserted their dignity, repelled in- juries, and scorned dangers ; and the concu- piscible part provided the support and the necessities of the body, and, when governed with propriety, it gave rise to temperance. Just ce was produced by the regular dominion of reason, and by the submission of the passions; and prudence arose from the strength, acute- ness, and perfection of the soul, without which, all other virtues could not exist. Hut, amidst all this, w sdomwas not easily attained , at their creation, all minds were not endowed with the same excellence, the bodies which they animated on earth, were not always in harmony with the divine emanation ; some might be too weak, others too strong, and on the first years of a rm.n's life oepended his future con- sequence, as =n efttimuate and licentious PL education seemed calculi ted to destroy tle purposes of the divinity, while the contrar produced different effects, and tended to cul tivate and improve the reasoning and judging faculty, and to produce wisdom and virtue Plato was the first who supported the im- mortality of the soul, upon arguments solid am permanent, deduced from truth and experience lie did not imagine that the diseases, and the death of the body, could injure the principle o liff and destroy the soul, which of itself, was of divine origin, and of an uncorrupted an immutable essence ; which, though inherer for awhile in matter, could not lose that power which was the emanation of God. From doc- trines like these, the great founder of Platonism concluded, that there might exist in the world a community of men, whose passions could be go- verned with moderation, and who, from knowing the evils and miseries which arise from ill-con- duct might aspire to excellence, and attain that perfection, which can be derived from the pro- per exercise of the rational and moral powers. To illustrate this more fully, the philosopher wrote a book, well known by the name of the republic of Plato, in which he explains with acuteness, judgment, and elegance, the rise and revolution of civil society ; and so respected was his opinion as a legislator, that his scholars were employed in regulating the republics of Arcadia, Elis, and Cnidus, at the desire of those states, and Xenocrates gave political rules for good and impartial government to the con- queror of the east. 'Die best editions of Plato, are those of Francof. fol. 1602; and Bi- pont. 12 vols. 8vo. 1788. Plato Dial. Sue Cic. de nffif. 1 , &c. Pint, in Sal. &c, Seneca ep Qnintil. 10, c. 1, &c. Milan. V. H. 2 & 4. Pans, 1, c. 30. Ding. A son of Lycaon, of Arcadia. A Greek poet, called the prince of the middle comedy, who flourished B. C. 44.">. Some fragments remain of his pieces. PLAUTIA LEX, was enacted by M. Plautius, the tribune, A. U. C. 6C4. ltrequired every tribe annually to choose fifteen persons of their body, to serve as judges, making the honour common to all the three orders, according to the majority of votes in every tribe. Another, called also Plotia, A. U. C. 675. it punished with the interdictin ignis $ aqua, all persons who were found guilty of attempts upon the state, or the senators, or magistrates, or such as ap- peared in public armed with an evil design, or such as forcibly expelled any person from his legal possessions. PLAimrs, a Roman, who became so dis- consolate at the death of his wife, that he threw himself upon her burning pile. I'al. MOJC. 4, c. 6. C'aius, a consul sent against the Pri- vemates, &c. Aulus, a governor of Britain, who obtained an ovation for the conquests he had obtained there over the barbarians. One of Otho's friends. He dissuaded him from killing himself. Lateranus, an adulterer of Messaliua, who conspired against Nero, and was capitally condemned. Aulus, a general who defeated the Umbrians and the Etrurians. - Caius, another general, defeated in Lu- ! .So? P L sitania. A man put to death by order of Caracalla. M. Sylvanus, a tribune, who made a law to prevent seditions in the public assemblies. Rubellius, a man accused be- fore Nero, and sent to Asia, where he was assassinated. PLAUTIANUS, Fui.vins, an African of mean birth, who was banished for his seditious be- haviour in the years of his obscurity. In his banishment, Plautianus formed an acquaintance with Severus, who, some years after, ascended the impenal throne. This was the beginning of his prosperity; Severus paid the greatest attention to him, and if we believe some au- thors, tbeir familiarity and intercourse was carried beyond the bounds of modesty and pro- priety. Plautianus shared the favours of Se- verus in obscurity as well as on the throne. He was invested with as much power as his patron at Rome, and in the provinces; and, indeed, he wanted but the name of emperor to be his equal. His table was served with more delicate meats than that of the emperor; when he walked in the public streets he re- ceived the most distinguishing honours; and a number of criers ordered the most noble citi- zens, as we'll as the meanest beggars, to make way for the favourite of the emperor, and not to fix their eyes upon him. He was concerned in all the rapine and destruction whkh was committed through the empire, and he en- riched himself with the possessions of those who had been sacrificed to the emperor's cruelty or avarice. To complete his triumph, d to make himself still greater, Plautianus married his favourite daughter Plautilla to Ca- acalla, the son of the emperor, and so eager vas the emperor to indulge his inclinations in this, and in every other respect, that he de- clared he loved Plautianus so much, that he ould even wish to die before him. The mar- riage of Caracalla with 1'lautiila was attended ith serious consequences. The sou of Se- -erus had complied with great reluctance, and, .hough Plautilla was amiable in her manner, :ommanding in aspect, and of a beautiful coun- :enance, yet the young prince often threatened o punish her haughty and imperious behaviour s soon as he succeeded to the throne. Plau- tilla reported the whole to her lather, and to save his daughter from the vengeance of Ca- acaDa, Plautianus conspired against the em- jeror and his son. The conspiracy was dis- overed, and Severus forgot his attachment to 'lautianus, and the favours he had heaped pon him, when he heard of his perfidy. The vicked minister was immediately put to death, d Plautilla banished to the island of Lipari vith her brother Plautius, where, seven year* ifter, she was put to death by order of Ca- acalla, A. D. 211. Plautilla had two child- son, who died in his childhood, and daughter, whom Caracalla murdered in the arms of her mother. Dion. Cass. PLAUTILLA, a daughter of Plautianus, the favourite minister of Severus. Vid. Plautiiiuus. The mother of the emperor Nerva, de- scended of a noble family. PL M. Accius PLAUTUS, a comic poet born fit Sarsina, in Umbria. Fortune proved nrkind to him, and, from competence, he was reduced to the meanest poverty, by engaging in a com- mercial line. To maintain himself, he entered into the family of a baker as a common servant, and, while he was employed in grinding corn, he sometimes dedicated a few moments to the comic muse. Some, however, confute this account as false, and support that Plautus was never obliged to the laborious employments of a bakehouse for his maintenance. He wrote 25 comedies, of which only 19 are extant. He died about 184 years before the Christian era, and Varro, his learned countryman, wrote this stanza, which deserved to be engraved on his tomb: Postquam morte captus est Plautus, Cammoedia luget, scena est rieserta; Delude rims, Indus, jociisque, et numeri Innumeri siinul omnes caltacrymanmt. The plays of Plautus were universally esteemed at Rome, and the purity, the energy, and the elegance of his language, were to other wri- ters, considered as objects of imitation ; and Varro, whose judgment is great, and generally decisive, declares, that if the Muses were willing to speak Latin, they would speak in the lan- guage of Plautus. In the Augustan age, how- ever, when the Roman language became more pure and refined, the comedies of Plautus did not appear free from inaccuracy. The poet, when compared to the more elegant expressions of a Terence, was censured for his negligence in versification, his low wit, execrable puns, and disgusting obscenities. Yet, however, censured as to language or sentiments, Plautus continued to be a favourite on the stage ; if his expressions were not choice or delicate, it was universally admitted that he was more happy than other comic writers in his pictures, the incidents of his plays were more varied, the cts more interesting, the characters more truly displayed, and the catastrophe more natural. In the reign of the emperor Diocletian, his comedies were still acted on the public theatres, and no greater compliment can be paid to his abilities as a comic writer, and no greater cen- sure can be passed upon his successors in dra- matic composition, than to observe, that for 500 years, with ah 1 the disadvantage of obsolete language and diction, in spite of the change of manners, and the revolutions of government, he commanded, and received that applause, which no other writer dared to dispute with him. The best editions of Plautus are that of Gronovius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1664 ; that of Barbou, 12mo. in 3 vols. Paris, 1759; that of Ernesti, 2 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1760 ; and that of Glasgow, 3 vols. 12mo. 1763. Farro. apud Quintil. 10, c. 1. Cic. de offic. 1, &c. de Oral. 3, &c. Herat. 2, ep. 1, v. 58, 170. de art poet. 54 6c 270. ^Elianus, a high priest, who consecrated the capital in the reign of Vespasian. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 53. PLEIADES, or VFRGILIJE, a name given to 538 P L seven of the daughters of Atlas by Pleione or ^Ethra, one of the Oceanides. They wero placed in the heavens after death, wnere they formed a constellation called Pleiades, near the back of the bull in the Zodiac. Their -*mes were Alcyone, Merope, Maia, Electia, Tayeta, Sterope, and Celeno. They all, except Me- rope, who married Sisyphus, king of Corinth, had some of the immortal gods for their suitors. On that account, therefore, Merope's star is dim and obscure among the rest of her sisters, because she married a mortal. The name of the Pleiades is derived from the Greek word TrXittv, to sail, because that constellation shows the time most favourable to navigators, which is in the spring. The name of Vergiliae, they de- rive from ver, the spring. They are sometimes called Atlantides, from their father, or Hesperides, from the gardens of that name, which belonged to Atlas. Htigin. fab 192. P. A. 2, c. 21. Odd. Met. 13, v. 293. Fast. 5, v. 106 & 170. Heswd. irper. S; dies. Homer. Od. -j.Harat. 4, od. 14. Virg. G. 1, v. 138. 1. 4, 233. Seven poets, who, from their number, have received the name of Pleiades, near the age of Phila- delphus Ptolemy, king of Egypt, Their names, were Lycophron, Theocritus, Araius, Nicander, Apollonius, Philicus, and Homerus the younger. PLEIONF, one of the Oceanides, who married Atlas, king of Mauritania, by whom she had twelve daughters, and a son called Hyas. Seven of the daughters were changed into a constel- lation called Pleiades, and the rest into another called Hyades. Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 84. PLEMMYRIUM, a promontory, with a small castle of that name in the bay of Syracuse. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 693. PLEMNEUS, a king of Sicyon, son of Peratus. His children always died as soon as born, till Ceres, pitying his misfortune, offered herself as a nurse to his wife, as she was going to be brought to bed. The child lived by the care and protection of the goddess, and Plemncus was no sooner acquainted with the dignity of his nurse, than he raised her a temple. Paus. 2, c. 5& 11. PLEURATUS, a king of Illyricum. PLEUROV, a son of ^Etolus, who married Xantippe, the daughter of Doras, by whom he had Agenor. He founded a city in ^Etolia on, the Evenus, which bore his name. Apollod. i, c. 7. Paus. 7, c. 13. Ovid. Met. 7, v 98t. PIEXAURE, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod, PLEXIPPUS, a son of Thestius, brother to Althaea, the wife of (Eneus. He was killed by his nephew Meleager, in hunting the Caly- donian boar. His brother Toxeus shared his fate. A son of Phineus and Cleopatra, brother to Pandion, king of Athens. AjMllod. C. PLINIUS SECUNDUS, surnamed the Elder, was born at Verona, of a noble family. He distinguished himself in the field, and, after he had been made one of the augurs at Rome, he was appointed governor of Spain. In his public character, he did not neglect the pleasures of literature ; the day was employed in the atimi nistration of the affairs of his province, and th PL night was dedicated to study. Every moment of time was precious to him ; at his meals, one of his servants read to him books valuable for their information, and from them he immediately made copious extracts in a memorandum book. Even while he dressed himself after bathing, his attention was called away from surrounding objects, and he was either employed in listening to another, or in dictating himself. To a mind BO earnestly devoted to learning, nothing ap- peared too laborious, no undertaking too trouble- some. He deemed every moment lost which was not dedicated to study, and from these reasons he never appeared at Rome but in a chariot, and, wherever he went, he was always accompanied by his amanuensis. He even cen- sured his nephew, Pliny the Younger, because he had indulged himself with a walk, and sternly observed that he might have employed those moments to better advantage. But, if his lite- rary pursuits made him forget the public af- fairs ; his prudence, his abilities, and the purity and innocence of his character, made him known and respected. He was courted and admired by the emperors Titus and Vespasian, and he received from them all the favours which a virtuous prince could offer, and an ho- nest subject receive. As he was at Misenum, where he commanded the fleet, which was then stationed there, Pliny was surprised at the sudden appearance of a cloud of dust and ashes. He was then ignorant of the cause which produced it, and he immediately set sail in a small vessel for mount Vesuvius, which he at last discovered to have made a dreadful eruption. The sight of a number of boats that fled from the coast to avoid the danger, might have deterred another, but the curiosity of Pliny excited him to advance with more boldness, and, though his vessel was often covered with stones and ashes, that were con- tinually tlirown up by the mountain, yet he landed on the coast. The place was deserted by the inhabitants, but Pliny remained there during the night, the better to observe the mountain, which, during the obscurity, ap- peared to be one continual blaze. He was soon disturbed by a dreadfjl earthquake, and the contrary wind on the morrow prevented him from returning to Misenum. The irruptions of the volcano increased, and at last the fire approached the place where the philosopher made his observations. Pliny endeavoured to fly before it, but though he was supported by two of his servants, he was unable to escape. He soon fell, suffocated by the thick vapours that surrounded him, and the insupportable stench of sulphureous matter. His body was found three days after, and decently buried by his nephew, who was then at Misenum with the fleet. This memorable event happened in the 79th year of the Christian era, and the philosopher who perished by the irruptions of the volcano, has been called by some the mar- tyr of nature. He was then in the 56th year of his age. Of the works which he composed, none are extant but his natural history in 37 books. It is a work, as Pliny the Younger 539 P L says, full of erudition, and as varied as nature itself. It treats of the stars, the heavens, wind, rain, hail, minerals, trees, flowers, and plants ; besides an account of all living animals, birds, fishes, and beasts ; a geographical description of every place on the globe, and an history of every art and science, of commerce and navi- gation, with their rise, progress, and several improvements. He is ha|>py in his descrip- tions as a naturalist ; he writes with force and energy, and though many of his ideas and con- jectures are sometimes ill-founded, yet he pos- sesses that fecundity of imagination, and vi- vacity of expression, which are requisite to treat a subject with propriety, and to render an history of nature pleasing, interesting, and above all, instructive. His style possesses not the graces of the Augustan age, it has neither their purity, elegance, nor their simplii ky, but is rather cramped, obscure, and sometimes un- intelligible. Yet, for all this it has ever been admired and esteemed, and it may be called a compilation of every thing which had been written before his age on the various sub- jects which he treats, and a judicious collection from the most excellent treatises which had been composed on the various productions of nature. Pliny was not ashamed to mention the authors which he quoted ; he speaks of them with admiration, and while he pays the greatest compliment to their abilities, his encomiums show, in the strongest light, the goodness, the sensibility, and the ingenuousness of his own mind. He had written 160 volumes of re- marks and annotations on the various authors which he had read ; and so great was the opi- nion in his contemporaries of his erudition and abilities, that a man called Lartius Lutinius offered to buy his notes and observations for the enormous sum of about 3242/. English money. The philosopher, who was himself rich and independent, rejected the offer, and his compilations, after his death, came into the hands of his nephew Pliny. The best editions of Pliny are that of Harduin, 3 vols. fol. Paris, 1723; that of Brotier, 6 vols. 12mo. 1779 ; and the Variorum 8vo. in 8 vols. Lips. 1778 to 1789. Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 69. 1. 13, c. 20. 1. 15, c. 53. Plin. ep. < faithful to his prince, and as a magis- trate, he was candid, open, and compassionate. His native country shared among the rest his unbounded benevolence, and Comum, a small town of Insubria, which gave him birth, boasted of his liberality in the valuable and choice library of books which he collected there. He also contributed towards the ex- pences which attended the education of his countrymen, and liberally spent part of his estate for the advancement of literature, and tor the instruction of those whom poverty other- wise deprived of the advantages of a public education. He made his preceptor Quindlian, and the poet Martial, objects of his benevo- lence ; and when the daughter of the former was married, Pliny wrote to the father with the greatest civility, and while he observed that he was rich in the possession of learning, though poor in the goods of fortune, he begged of him to accept, as a dowry for his beloved daughter, 50,000 sesterces, about 300/. I would not, continued he, be so moderate, were I not os- tured from your modesty, and disinterestedness, that the smallness of the present will render it acceptMe. He died in the 52d year of his age, A.D. 113. He had written an history of his own times, which is lost. It is said, that Tacitus did not begin his history till he had found it impossible to persuade Pliny to undertake that laborious task, and indeed what could not have been ex- pected from the panegyrist of Trajan, if Taci- tus acknowledged himself inferior to him in delineating the character of the times. Some suppose, but falsely, that Pliny wrote the lives of illustrious men, universally ascribed to Cor- nelius Nepos. He also wrote poetry, but his verses have all perished, and nothing of his learned works remains, Lut his panegyric on the emperor Trajan, and 10 books of letters, which he himself collected and prepared for the public, from a numerous and respectable 540 P L correspondence. These letters contain many curious and interesting facts ; they abound with many anecdotes of the generosity and the hu- mane sentiments of the writer. They are written with elegance and great purity, and the reader every wher discovers that affability, that condescension and philanthrophy, which so egregiously marked the advocate of th Christians. These letters are esteemed by some, equal to the voluminous epistles of Ci- cero. In his panegyric, Pliny's style is florid and brilliant; he has used, to the greatest ad- vantage, the liberties of the panegyrist, and the eloquence of the courtier. His ideas are new and refined, but his diction is distinguished by that affectation and pomposity which marked the reign of Trajan. The best editious of Pliny, are those of Gesner 8vo. Lips. 1770, and of Lallemand 12mo. Paris apud Barbou, and of the panegyric separate, that of Schwartz 4to. 1746, and of the epistles, the Variorum L. Bat. 1669. 8vo. Plin. ep< Fossius. Suimus. PLIN THINE, a town of Egypt on the Medi- terranean. PLISTARCHI'S, son of Leonidas of the family of the Eurysthenidae, succeeded on the Spartan throne at the death of Cleombrotus. Herodot. 9, c . 10. A brother of Cassander. PLISTHANUS, a philosopher of Elis, who suc- ceeded in the school of Phajdon. Diog, PLISTHENES, a son of Atreusking of Argos, father of Menelaus and Agamemnon, according to Hesiod aud others. Homer, however, calls Menelaus and Agamemnon sons of Atreus, though they were in reality the children of Plisthenes. The father died very young, and the two children were left in the house of their grandfather, who took care of them and in- structed them. From his attention to them, therefore, it seems probable that Atreus was universally acknowledged their protector and father. Ovid. Rem. Am. v. 778. Dictys, Cret. 1. Homer. II. PLISTINUS, a brother of Faustulus the shep- herd, who saved the life of Romulus and Re- mus. He was killed in a scuffle which hap- pened between the two brothers. PLISTOANAX aud PJ.ISTONAX, son of Pan- sanias, was general of the Laceda-monian ar- mies in the Peloponnesian war. He was ba- nished from his kingdom of Sparta for 19 years, and was afterwards recalled by order of the oracle of Delphi. He reigned 58 years. He had succeeded Plistarchus. PLISTUS, a river of Phocis, falling into the bay of Corinth. PLOT*, small islands on the coast of ^Etolia. PLOTINA POMPEIA, a Roman lady who mar- ried Trajan while he was yet a private man. She entered Rome in the procession with her husband when he was saluted emperor, and distinguished herself by the affability of her behaviour, her humanity, and liberal offices to the poor and friendless. She accompanied Trajan in the east, and at his death she brought back his ashes to Rome, and still enjoyed all the honouro and titles of a Roman empress under Adrian, who, by her ineMis, had such P L ceeded to .lie vacant throne. At her death A. D. hc was ranked among the gods, and teceived divine honours, .which, according to the superstition of the times, she seemed to deserve, from her regard for the good and the prosperity of the Roman empire, and for her private virtues. Dion. PLOTINOFOLIS, a town of Thrace, built hy the emperor Trajan, and called after Plotina, the founder's wife. Another in Dacia. PLOTINUS, a platonic philosopher of Lyco- polis in Egypt. He was for eleven years a pupil of Ammonius the philosopher, and after he had profited by all the instructions of his learned preceptor, he determined to improve his knowledge, and to visit the territories of India and Persia to receive information. He accompanied Gordian in his expedition into the east, but the day which proved fatal to the emperor, nearly terminated the life of the phi- losopher. He saved himself by flight, and the following year he retired to Rome, where he publicly taught philosophy. His school was frequented hy people of every sex, age, and quality, by senators, as well as by plebeians ; and so great was the opinion of the public of his honesty and candour, that many, on their death-bed, left all their possessions to his care, and entrusted their children to him as to a su- perior being. He was the favourite of all the Romans ; and while he charmed the populace hy the force of his eloquence, and the senate by his doctrines, the emperor Gallienus courted him, aud admired the extent of his learning. It is even said, that the emperor and the em- press Salonina intended to rebuild a decayed city of Campania, and to appoint the. philo- sopher over it, that there he might experi- mentally know, while he presided over a colony of philosophers, the validity and the use of the ideal laws of the republic of Plato. This plan was not executed, through the envy and the malice of the enemies of Plotinus. The phi- losopher, at last become helpless and infirm, returned to Campania, where the liberality of his friends for a while maintained him. He died A. D. 270, in the 66th year of his age, and as he expired, he declared that he made his last and most violent efforts to give up what there was most divine in him and in the rest of the universe. Amidst the great qualities of the philosopher, we discover some ridiculous singularities. Plotinus never permitted his picture to be taken, and he observed, that to see a painting of himself in the following age, was beneath the notice of an enlightened mind. These reasons also induced him to. conceal the day, the hour, and the place of his birth. He never made use of medicines, and though his body was often debilitated by abstinence or too much study, he despised to have recourse to a physician, and thought that it would degrade the gravity of a philosopher. His writings have been collected by his pupil Porphyry. They consist of r>4 different treatises divided into six equal parts, written with great spirit Md vivacity ; but the reasonings are abstruse 341 P L and the subjects metaphisical. The best edi- tion is that of Ficinus, iol. Basil. 1580. PLOTII'S CIUSPINUS, a stoic philosopher and poet, whose verses were very inelegant Gallus, a native of Lugdunum, who taught grammar at Rome, and had Cicero among hit pupils. Cic. de Oral. Griphu*, a man made senator by Vespasian. Tacit. Hist. 3. A centurion in Caesar's army. Tucca, a friend of Horace and Virgil, who made him his heir. He was selected by Augustus, with Varius, to review the ^Eneid of Virgil. Horat. \, fiat. 5, v. 40. A poet in the age of the gr^at Marius. PLUSIOS, that is to say, rich; a surname of Jupiter. Puits. 3, c. lir. PLUTARCHUS, a native of Cheronzea, de- scended of a respectable family. His father, whose name is unknown, was distinguished for his learning and virtues, and his grandfather, called Lampms, was also as conspicuous for his eloquence and the fecundity of his genius. Under Ammonius, a reputable teacher at Del- phi, Plutarch was made acquainted with philo- sophy and mathematics, and so well established was his character, that he was appointed by his countrymen, while yet very young, to go to the Roman pro-consul in their name, upon an affair of the most important nature. This commis- sion he executed with honour to himself, and with success for his country. He afterwards travelled in quest of knowledge, and after he had visited, like a philosopher and an historian, the territories of Egypt and Greece, he retired to Rome, where he opened a school. His re- putation made his school frequented. The emperor Trajan admired his abilities, and ho- noured him with the office of consul, and ap- pointed him governor of lllyiicum. After the death of his imperial benefactor, Plutarch re moved from Rome to Cheronaea, where he lived in the greates* tranquillity, respected by his fellow- citizens and raised to all the honours which his native town could bestow. In this peaceful and solitary retreat, Plutarch closely applied himself to study, and wrote the greatest part of his works, and particularly his lives. He died in an advanced old age at Cheronaea, about the 140th year of the Christian era. Plutarch had five children by his wife, called Timoxena, four sons and one daughter. Two of the sons and the daughter died when young, and those that survived were called Plutarch and Lamprias, and the latter did honour to his father's me- mory, by giving to the world an accurate cata- logua of his writings. In bis private and pub- lic character the historian of Cheronaea was the friend of discipline. He boldly asserted the natural right of mankind, liberty; but he recommended obedience and submissive de- ference to magistrates, as necessary to pie- serve the peace of society. He supported, that the most violent and dangerous public factions arose too often from private disputes and from misunderstanding. To render himself more intelligent, he always carried a common- place book with him, and Ije preserved with the PL greatest care whatever judicious observations fell in the course of conversation. The most esteemed of his works are his lives of illustrious men, of which he examines and delineates the different characters witli wonderful skill and impartiality. He neither misrepresents the virtues, nor hides the foibles of his heroes. He writes with precision and with fidelity, and though his diction is neither pure nor elegant, yet there is energy and animation, and in many descriptions he is inferior to no historian. In some of his narrations, however, he is often too circumstantial, his remarks are often inju- dicious, and when he compares the heroes of Greece with those of Rome, the candid reader can easily remember which side of the Adriatic gave the historian birth. Some have accused him of not knowing the genealogy of his heroes, and have censured him for his superstition ; yet for all this, he is the most entertaining, the most instructive, and interesting of all the writers of ancient history, and were a man of true taste and judgment asked what book he wished to save from destruction, of all the pro- fane compositions of antiquity, he would per- haps, without hesitation, reply, the lives of Plutarch. In his moral treatises, Plutarch ap- pears in a different character, and his misguided philosophy, and erroneous doctrines, render some of these inferior compositions puerile and disgusting. They however contain many useful lessons and curious facts, and though they are composed without connexion, compiled with- out judgment, and often abound with impro- bable stories, and false reasonings, yet they contain much information, and many useful re- flections. The hest editions of Plutarch are that of Frankfort, 2 vols. fol. 1599, and that of Stephens, 6 vols. 8vo, 1572. Plut.- A native of Eretria, during the Peloponnesian war. He was defeated by the Macedonians. Pint, in Phoc. PLUTIA, a town of Sicily. PLUTO, son of Saturn and Ops, inherited his father's kingdom with his brothers, Jupiter and x'feptune. He received as his lot the kingdom of hell, and whatever lies under the earth, and as such he became the god of the infernal regions, of death, and funerals. From his functions, and the place he inhabited, he received different names. He was called Dis Hadis, or Ades, Clytopolon, Agelastus, Orcus, &c. As the place of his residence was ob- scure and gloomy, all the goddesses refused to marry him ; but he determined to obtain by force what was denied to his solicitations. As he onte visited the island of Sicily, after a vio- 'ent earthquake, he saw Proserpine, the daugh- ter of Ceres, gathering flowers in the plains of Enna, with a crowd of female attendants. He became enamoured of her, and immediately carried her away upon his chariot drawn by four horses. To make his retreat more un- known, he opened himself a passage through the earth, by striking it with his trident in the lake of Oyane in Sicily ; or, according to others, on the borders of the Cephisus in Attica. Prosperiue called upon her attendants for help, 542 P L but in vain, and she became the wife of her ra visher, and the queen of hell. Pluto is gene- rally represented as holding a trident with two teeth ; he has also keys in his hand, to inti- mate that whoever enters his kingdom can never return. He is looked upon as a hard- hearted and inexorable god, with a grim and. dismal countenance, and for that reason no temples were raised to his honour, as to the rest of the superior gods. Biack victims, and particularly a bull, were the only sacrifices which were offered to him, and their blood was not sprinkled on the altars, or received in ves- sels, as at other sacrifices, but it was permitted to run down into the earth, as if it Wt-re to pe- netrate as far as the realms of the od. The Syracusans yearly sacrificed to him black bulls, near the fountain of Cyane, where, according to the received traditions, he had disappeared with Proserpine. Among plants, the cypress, the narcissus, as also the maiden* hair, were sacred to him, and every thin 4 which was deemed in- auspicious, particularly the number two. Ac- cording to some of the ancients, Pluto sat on a throne of sulphur, from which issued the rivers Lethe, Cocytus, Phlegethon, and Acheron. The dog Cerberus watched at his feet, the harpies hovered around him, Proserpine sat on his left hand, and near to the goddess stood the Eumenides, with their heads covered with snakes. The Parcas occupied the right, ani they each held in their hands the symbols of their office, the distaff, the spindle, and the scissars. Pluto is called by some the father of the Eumenides. During the war of the gods and the Titans, the Cyclops made a helmet, which rendered the bearer invisible, and gave it to Pluto. Perseus was armed with it when he conquered the Gorgon s. Heswd. Theog. Homer. Il.Apollod. 1, kc.Hygin. fab. 155. P. A. 2.Stat. Tlieb. 8. DM. ~5.Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 6.Paus. 2, c. 36. Oiyheus. Hymn- 17", &c. Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 26. Plato ~derep. Euripid. in Med. Hijipol. A'sc/iy/. in Pers. Prom. Varro. L. / . 4.Catul.t. ep. 3. Virg. G. 4, v. 502. JEn. 6, v. 273. 1. 8, v. 296. Lvean. 6, v. 715. Herat. 2, dd. 3 & 18. Setiec. in Here, far. PLUTONIUM, a place of Phrygia. PLUTUS, son of Jason 01 Jasius, by Ceres, the goddess of corn, has been confounded by many of the mythologies with Pluto, though plainly distinguished from him, as being the god of riches. He was brought up by the god- dess of peace, and on that account Pax was represented at Athens as holding the god of weath in her lap. The Greeks spoke of him as of a fickle divinity. They represented him as blind, because he distributed riches indiscri- minately ; he was lame, because he came slow and gradually ; but had wings, to intimate that hefiew away with more velocity than he approached mankind. Luctan in Tim. Pans. 9, c. 16 &c 26.Hygin. P. A.Arutoph. in Plut.Dioi. 5. PLUVIUS, a surname of Jupiter. He was in- voked by that name among the Romans, when- 1 ever the earth was parched up by continual heat, and was in want of refreshing rains P O He had an altar in the temple on the Capitol. Tibull.l, el. 7, v. 26. PLYNTERIA, a festival among the Greeks, in honour of Aglauros, or rather of Minerva, who received from the daughter of Cecrops the name of Aglauros. The word seems to be de- rived from ir\vvuv, lavare, because, during the solemnity, they undressed the statue of the goddess, and washed it. The day on which it was observed was universally looked upon as unfortunate and inauspicious, and on that ac- count no person was permitted to appeal in the temples, as they were purposely surrounded with ropes. The arrival of Alcibiades in Athens that day, was deemed very unfortunate ; but, however, the success that ever after at- tended him, proved it to be otherwise. It was customary at this festival to bear in procession a cluster of figs, which intimated the progress of civilization among the first inhabitants of the earth, as figs served them for food after they had found a dislike for acorns. Pollia. PNIGEUS, a village of -Egypt. PNOCUS, a son of Ixion and of Nicia, who resembled Juno. PNYX, a place of the Athenians, consecrated to the assemblies of the people. POBLICIUS, a lieutenant of Pompey in Spain. PODALIRIUS, a son of vEsculapius and Epione. He was one of the pupils of the Cen- taur Chiron, and he made himself under him such a master of medicine, that during the Trojan war the Greeks invited him to thfi/ camp, to stop a pestilence which had baffled the skill of all their physicians. Some, how- ever, suppose, that he went to the Trojan war, not in the capacity of a physician in the Gre- cian army, but as a warrior, attended by his brother Machaon, in 30 ships, with soldiers from CEchalia, Ithome, and Trica. At his re- turn from the Trojan war, Podalirius was ship- wrecked on the coast of Caria, where he cured of the falling sickness a daughter of the king of that place. He fixed his habitation there, and built two towns, one of which he called Syrna, by the name of his wife. The Carians, after his death, built him a temple, and paid him divine honours. Dictijs Cret. Q. Smi/rn. 6 & 3. Ovid, de Art. Am. 2. Trist. el. 6. Pans. 3. A Rutulian engaged in the wars of ^Eneas and Turnus. Virg. /En. 12, v. 304. POIJAHCE, a daughter of Danaus. PODARCES, a son of Iphiclus, of Thessaly, who went to the Trojan war. The first name of Priam. When Troy was taken by Hercules, he was redeemed from slavery by his sister Hesione, and from thence received the name of Priam. Vid. Priamus. PODARES, a general of Mantinea, in the age of Epaminondas. Pans. 8, c. 9. PODARGE, one of the Harpies, mother of two of the horses of Achilles, by the Zephyrs. The word intimates the swiftness of her feet. PODARGUS, a charioteer of Hector. PODASIMUS, one of the daughters of Egyptus. 543 P O PODES, a son of Eetion, killed by the blow of a javelin thrown at hazard by Menelaus. PO:AN, father of Philoctetes. PCEANTIA PROLES, Philoctetes, son of Poean. PCEAS, son of Thaumacus, was among the Argonauts. The father of Philoctetes. The son is often called Paeantia Proles, on account of his father. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 45. PCECILE, a celebrated portico at Athens, which received its name from the variety (TTOI- VIKOC.) of paintings which it contained. It was there that Zeno kept his school, and the Stoics also received their lessons there, whence their name, a vas received into favour by Augustus, though he had fought in the cause of Antony. He was killed some time after by the barbarians near the Palus Ma?otis, against whom he had made war. Strab. Dion. His son of the s;ime name \vas confirmed on his father's throne by the Roman emperors, and the province of Cilicia was also added to his kingdom by Claudius. An officer in the army of Alexander, &c. Curt. 7, c. 1, &c. A rhetorician at Rome, who wrote a poem on weights and measures, still extant. He was master to Persius, the celebrated satirist, and died in the age of Nero. A sophist of Laodicea, in Asia Minor, in the reign of Adrian. He was often sent to the emperor with an embassy by his countrymen, which he executed with great success. He was greatly favoured by Adrian, from whom he exacted much money. In the 56th year of his age he buried himself alive, as he laboured with the gout. He wrote declamations in Greek. POI.ENOR, a Centaur, killed by Hercules. POLIAS, a surname of Minerva, as protectress f cities. POI.ICIIUS, son of Lycaon. POI.IEIA, a festival at Thebes in honour of Apollo, who was represented there with grey huh; (TroXioc.) contrary to the practice of ail other places. The victim was a bull, but when it happened once that no bull could be found, an ox was taken from the cart, and sa- crificed. From that time the sacrifice of la- bouring oxen was deemed lawful, though be- fore it was looked upon as a capital crime. POLIEUS, a surname of Jupiter, protector of towns. POI.IOHCETES, (destroyer of cities,) a surname given to Demetrius, son of Antigonus. Pint. in Demetr. POI.ISMA, a town of Troas, on the Simois. POI.ISTRATUS, an Epicurean philosopher, born the same day as Hippoclides, with whom lis always lived in the greatest intimacy. They Loth died at the same hour. Diog. Vol. Mai. POI.ITES, a son of Priam and Hecuba, killed DV Pyrrhus in his father's presence. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 526, &c. His son, who bore the same name, followed ^Dneas into Italy, and was one of the friends of young Ascanius. Id. 5, v. 564. POLITORIUM, a city of the Latins, destroyed by the Romans, before Christ, 639. POLIUCHOS, that is to say, he who guards ci- ties, a surname of Miuerva, among the Spar- tans. POLIUS, that is to say, beautiful and white, a surname of Jupiter. 544 P O POI.LINEA, a prostitute, &c. Jut. 2, v. 68. POLLA AnGENTAHiA, the wife of the poet Lucan. She assisted her husband in correcting the three first books of his Pharsalia. POLLENTIA, a town of Liguria in Italy, fa- mous for wool. There was a celebrated battle fought there between the Romans and Alaric, king of the Huns, about the 40od year of the Christian era, in which the former, according to some, obtained the victory. Mela, 2, c. 7. POLHO, C. ASIXIUS, a Roman consul, under the reign of Augustus, who distinguished him- s< If as much by his eloquence and writings, as by his exploits in the field. He defeated the Dalmatians, and favoured the cause of Antony against Augustus He patronized with great liberality the poets Virgil and Horace, who have immortalized him in their writings. He was the first who raised a public library at Rome, and indeed his example was afterwards followed by many of the emperors. In his library were placed the statues of all the learned men of every age, and Varro was the only person who was honoured there during his life-time. He was with J. Caesar when he crossed the Rubi- con. He was greatly esteemed by .Augustus when he had become one of his adherents, after the ruin of Antony. Pollio wrote some trage- dies, orations, and an history, which was divided into 17 books. All these compositions are lost, and nothing remains of his writings except a few letters to Cicero. He died in the 80th year of his age, A. 1). 4. He is the person in whose honour Virgil has inscribed his fourth eclogue, Pollio, as a reconciliation was effected between Augustus and Antony during his consulship. The poet, it is supposed, makes mention of a son of the consul born about this time, and is lavish in his excursions into futurity, and his predictions of future prosperity. Paterc. 2, <-* 86. Horat. 2, od. 1. Sat. 10. 1. l. Virg. Eel. 3 & 4. l'al. Mai. 8, c. 13. Qi. 10. A man accused of sedition before Tiberius, and acquitted. He afterwards conspired against Nero, &c. Tacit. 6, c. 9. 1. 15, c. 56. One of the friends of Augustus, who used to feed his fishes with human flesh. This cruelty was discovered when one of his servants broke a glass in the presence of Augustus, who had been invited to a feast. The master ordered the servant to be seized ; but he threw himself at the feet of the emperor, and begged him to interfere, and not to suffer him to be devoured by fishes. Upon this, the causes of his appre- hension were examined, and Augustus, aston- ished at the barbarity of his favourite, caused the servant to be dismissed, all the fish-ponds to be filled up, and the crystal glasses of Pollio to be broken to pieces. A man whd poi- soned Britannicus at the instigation of Nero. An historian in the age of Constantino the Great. A sophist in the age of Pompej the Great. A friend of the emperor Ves- pasian. POLLIS, a commander of the Lacedaemonian fleet defeated at Naxos, B. C. 377. Died. Pni.rirs FEI.IX. a friend of the poet P O Statins, to whom he dedicated his second Sylva. POLIUPEX, now Final, a town of Liguria. POLI.UTIA, a daughter of L. Vetus, put tc death by order of Nero, 6cc. Tacit. 16 Ann. c. \0&ll. POI.J.UI, a son of Jupiter by Leda, the wife of Tyndarus. He was brother to Castor. [ V'ul. Castor.] A Greek writer, who flourished A. D. 186, in the reign of Commodus, and died in the 58th year of his age. He taught rhetoric at Athens, and wrote an useful work called Onoinasticon, of which the best edition is that of Hemsterhusius, 2 vols. fol. Amst. 1706. POLTIS, a king of Thrace, in the time of the Trojan war. POLUS, a celebrated Grecian actor. A so- phist of Agrigentum. POL use A, a town of Latium, formerly the ca- pital of the Volsci. The inhabitants are called Pollustini. Liv. 2, c. 39. POLY JENUS, a native of Macedonia, who wrote eight books in Greek of stratagems, which he dedicated to the emperors Antoninus and Verus, while they were making war against the Par- thians. He wrote also other books which have been lost, among whu'h was an history with a description of the cloy of Thebes. The best editions of his stratagems are those of Masvi- cius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1690, and of Mursinua, 12mo. Berlin 1756. A friend of Philopoemen. POLYNUS, a mountain of Macedonia, near Pindus. POLYARCHUS, the brother of a queen of Cy- rene, &c. Polyten. 8. POLYBIDAS, a general after the death of Age- sipolis the Lacedaemonian. He reduced Olyn- thus. POLYBIUS, or POLYBUS, a king of Corinth, who married Periboea, whom some have called Merope. He was son of Mercury by Chthono- phyle, the daughter of Sicyon, king of Sicyon. He permitted his wife, who had no children, to adopt and educate as her own son, (Edipus, who had been found by his shepherds exposed in the woods. He had a daughter called Lysi- anassa, whom he gave in marriage to Talaus, son of Bias, king of Argos. As he had no male child, he left his kingdom to Adrastus, who had been banished from his throne, and who had fled to Corinth for protection. Hygin. fab. 66. Paus. 2, c. 6.Ajllod. 3, c. 5. POLYBIUS, a natire of Megalopolis, in Pelo- ponnesus, son of Lycortas. He was early in- itiated in the duties, and made acquainted with the qualifications of a statesman, by his fa- ther, who was a strong supporter of the Achan .eague, and under him Philopoemen was taught the art of war. In Macedonia he distinguished himself by his valour against the Romans, and when Perseus had been conquered, he was car- ried to the capital of Italy as a prisoner of war. But he was not long buried m the obscurity of a dungeon. Scipio ana Fabius weie acquainted with his uncommon abilities as a warrior, and as a man of learning, and they made him their friend by kindness and attention. Polybius was not insensible of their merit ; ke accompa- 545 P O . nied Scipio in his expeditions and was present at the taking of Carthage and Numantia. In the midst of his prosperity, however, he fr It the distresses of his country, which had been re- duced into a Roman province, and like a true patriot, he relieved its wants, and eased its servitude, by making use of the influence which he had acquired by his acquaintance with the most powerful Romans. After the death of his friend and benefactor Sci- pio, he retired from Rome, and passed th* rest of his days at Megalopolis, where he en joyed the comforts and honours which every good man can receive from the gratitude of hia citizens, and from the self-satisfaction which at- tends a humane and benevolent heart. He died inthe82d year of his age, about 124 years be- fore Christ, of a wound which he had received by a fall from his horse. He wrote an universal history in Greek, divided into forty books, which began with the wars of Rome with the Carthagi- nians, and finished with the conquest of Mace- donia by Paulus. The greatest part of this va- luable history is lost ; the five first books are extant, and of the twelve following the frag- I ments are numerous. The history of Polybius is admired for its authenticity ; and he is, per- haps, the only historian among the Greeks, who was experimentally and professedly acquainted with the military operations and the political mea- sures of which he makes mention. He has been recommended in every age and country as the best master in the art of war, and nothing tan more effectually prove the esteem in which he was held among the Romans, than to mention that Brutus, the murderer of Casar, perused hia history with the greatest attention, epitomized it, and often retired from the field where he had drawn his sword against Octavius and Antony, to read the instructive pages which described the great actions of his ancestors. Polybius, however great and entertaining, is sometimes censured for his unnecessary digressions, for bis uncouth and ill-digested narrations, for his negli- gence, and the inaccurate arrangement of his words. But every where there is instruction to be found, information to be collected, and cu- rious facts to be obtained ; and it reflects no', much honour upon Livy for calling the historian, from whom he has copied whole books almost word for word, without gratitude or acknow- ledgment, lunul ijitaquaw spernendus auctor. Dio- nysius also, of Halicarnassus, is one of his most violent accusers; but the historian has rather exposed his ignorance of true criticism, than discovered inaccuracy or inelegance. The best editions of Polybius are those of Groncvius, 3 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1760, and of Emesti, 3 vols. 8vo. 1764. Ptut. in Phil, in Prirc. Lit. 30, c. 45 Pans. 8, C. 30. A freedman of Augus- tus. Suet. A physician. A soothsayer of Corinth. POLYBOXA, a daughter of Amyclas and Diomede, sister to Hyacinthus. Paus. 3, c 19 POLYBCETES. ('id. Polypoetes. POLY EOT ES, one of the giants who made war againat Jupiter. He was killed by Neptune, who crusned him undf r a part of the island of K N P O Cos, as he was walking across the JEgenn. Pain 1, c. 2.Hygin. in Pm. fab. POLYBUS, a king of Egypt in the time of the Trojan war. One of Penelope's suitors. Ovid. Heroid. 1. A king of Sicyon. -A king of Corinth. Fid. Polybius. POLYCAON, a son of Lelex. He received di- vine honours after death with his wife Messene, at Lacedaemon, where he had reigned. POMS. 4, c. 1, &c. A son of Butes, who married a daughter of Hyllus. POLYCARPUS, a famous Greek writer, born at Smyrna, and educated at the expense of a rich but pious lady. Some suppose that he was St. John's disciple. He became bishop of Smyr- na, and went to Rome to settle the festival of Easter, but to no purpose. He was con- demned to be burnt at Smyrna, A. D. 167. His epistle to the Philippians is simple and modest, yet replete with useful precepts and rules for the conduct of life. The best edition of Polycarp's epistle is that of Oxon. 8vo. 1708, being annexed the works of Ignatius. POLYCASTE, the youngest of the daughters of Nestor. According to some authors, she mar- ried Telemachus, when he visited her father's court in quest of Ulysses. POLYCHARES, a rich Messenian, said to have been the cause of the war which was kindled between the Spai tans and his countrymen, which was called the first Messenian war. POLYCLEA, the mother of Thessalus, &c. POLYCLES, an Athenian in the time of De- metrius, &c. Polypi, o. A famous athlete, often crowned at the four solemr games of the Greeks. He had a statue in Jupiter's grove at Olympia. Pans. 6, c. 1. - POLYCLETUS, a celebrated statuary of Sicyon, about 232 years before Christ. He was univer- sally reckoned the most skilful artist of his pro- fession among the ancients, and the second rank was given to Phidias. One of his pieces, in which he had represented the body-guard of the king of Persia, was so happily executed, and so nice and exact in all its proportions, that it was looked upon as a most perfect model, and ac- cordingly called the Rule. He was acquainted with architecture. Pans. 2 & 6. Quintil. 12, c. 10. Another who lived about 30 years after. A favourite of the emperor Nero, put to death by Galba. POLYCHTUS, an historian of Larissa. POLYCRATES, a tyrant of Samos, well known r the continual flow of good fortune which al- ways attended him. He became very power- ful, and made himself master, not only of the neighbouring islands, but also of some cities on the coast of Asia. He had a fleet of a hundred ships of war, and was so universally respected, that Amasis, the king of Egypt, made a treaty of alliance with him. The Egyptian monarch, however, terrified by his continued prosperity, advised him to chequer his enjoyments, by re- linquishing some of his most favourite objects. Polycrates complied, and threw into the sea a beautiful seal, the most valuable of his jewels. The voluntary loss of so precious a seal, afflicted kirn for some time, but a few days after, he re- 546 P O cwvcd a* a present a large fish, in whose belly the jewel was found. Amasis no sooner heard this, than he rejected all alliance with the ty- rant of Samos, and observed, that sooner or later his good fortune would vanish. Some time after Polycrates visited Magnesia on the Msander, where he had been invited by Oroetes, the go- vernor. He was shamefully put to death o22 years before Christ, merely because the govern- or wished to terminate the prosperity of Poly- crates. The daughter of Polycrates had dis- suaded her father from going to the house of Ornetes, on account of the bad dreams which she had had, but her advice was despised. Pain, 8, c. 14. Strab. 14,. Herodot. 3, c. 39, &c. A sophist of Athens, who, to engage the public attention, wrote a panegyric on Busiris and Cly- temnestra. Quintil. 2, c. 17. An ancient statuary. POLYCRETA, or POLYCRITA, a young woman of Naxos, who became the wife of Diognetus, the general of the Erythreans, &c. Polyten. 8. Another woman of Xaxos, who died through excess of joy. Plut. de Ciav. M,,l. PoLYCRlTUS, a man who wrote the life of Dionysiuc, the tyrant of Sicily. POI.YCTOR, the husband of Stygna, one of the Dauiades. Apollod. 2, c. 1. The father of Pisander, one of Penelope's suitors. An athlete of Elis. It is said that he obtained a victory at Olympia by bribing his adversary, who was superior to him in strength and cou rage. Pans. 5, c. 21. POLYDAMAS, a Trojan, son of Antenor by Theano, the sister of Hecuba. He married Ly- caste, a natural daughter of Priam. He is ac cused by some of having betrayed his country to the Greeks. Dares. Phry. A son of Pan- thous, born the same night as Hector. He was inferior to none of the Trojans except Hector, who fought against the Greeks. He was at last killed by Ajax, after he had slaughtered a great number of the enemy. Dictys. Cret. 1, &c. Homer. Jt. 12, &c. A celebrated athlete, who imitated Hercules in whatever he did. He killed a lion with his fist, and it is said that he could stop a chariot with his hand in its most rapid course. He was one day with some of his friends in a cave, when on a sudden, a large piece of rock came tumbling down, and while all fled away, he attempted to receive the fall- ing fragment in his arms. His prodigious strength, however, was insufficient, and* be was instantly crushed to pieces under the rock. Pans. 6, c. 5. One of Alexander' officers intimate with Parmenio. Curt. 4, c. 15. POLYDAMNA, the wife of Thonis, king of Egypt. It is said that she gave Helen a certain powder, which had the wonderful power of driv- ing away care and melancholy. Homer. Od. 4, v. 228. POLYDECTES, a king of Sparta, of the family of the Proclidae. He was son of Eunomus. Paw. 3, c. 7. A son of M&gnes, king of the island of Seriphos. He received with great kindness Danae and her son Perseus, who had been ex- posed on the sea by Acrisius. [ Vid. Perieus.] P He took particular care of the education of Per ecus : but when lie became enamoured of Da- uae, he removed him from his kingdom, appre- hensive of his resentment. Some time after he paid his addresses to Danae, and when she re- jected him, he prepared to offer her violence. Danae fled to the altar of Minerva for protec- tion, and Dictys, the brother of Polydectes, who Ir-id himself saved her from the sea-waters, op- posed her ravisher, and aimed himself in her defence. At this critical moment Perseus ar- rived, and with Medusa's head he turned into stones Polydectes, with the associates of his guilt. The crown of Seriphos was given to Dictys, who had shewn himself so active in the cause of innocence. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 242. II yam. fab. 63, &c. A sculptor of Greece. Pirn. POLYDEUCEA, a fountain of Laconia, near Therapne. Strab. 9. POLYDORA, a daughter of Peleus, king of Thessaly, by Antigone, the daughter of Eury- tion. She married the river Sperchius oy whom she had Mnestheus. Apollod. One of the Oceanides. Hesiad. A daughter of Melea- ger, king of Calydon, who married Protesilaus. She killed herself when she heard that her hus- band was dead. The wife of Protesilaus is more commonly called Laodctmia. [Vid. Prote- silaus.] Paus. 4, c. 2. A daughter of Peri- eres. An island near the Piopontis. POLYDKMON, an Assyrian prince, killed by Perseus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 3. POLYDORUS, a son of Alcamenes, king of Sparta. He put an end to the war which had been carried on during twenty years between Messenia and his subjects ; and during his reign, the Lacedaemonians planted two colonies, one at Crotona, and the other at Locri. He was Bniversally respected. He was assassinated by a nobleman, called Polemarchus. His son Eu- rycrates succeeded him 724 years before Christ. Paus. 3. Herndot. 7, c. 214. A celebrated carver of Rhodes. Ptin. 34. A son of Hip- pomedon, who went with the Epigoni to the second Theban war. Patts. 2. A son of Cad- mus and Hermione, who married Nycteis, by whom he had Labdacus, the father of Laius. He had succeeded to the throne of Thebes, when his father had gone to Illyricum. Apollod. 3. A brother of Jason of Pherse, who killed his brother, and seized upon his possessions. Diod. 15. A son of Priam, killed by Achil- les. Another, son of Priam by Hecuba, or according to others by Laothoe, the daughter of Altes, king of Pedasus. As he was young and inexperienced when Troy was besieged by the Greeks, his father removed him to the court of Polymnestor, king of Thrace, and also entrusted 'to the care of the monarch a large sum of mo- mey, and the greatest part of his treasures, till !his country was freed from foreign invasion. No (Sooner was the death of Priam known in Thrace, 'than Polymneslor made himself master of the riches which were rn his posstssior , and to en- sure them the better, he assassinated young Po- lydoius, and threw his body into the sea, where it was found by Hecuba. [Vid. Hecuba.] Ac- 547 P O cording to Virgil, the body of Polydorus was buried near the shore by his assassin, and there grew on his grave a myrtle, whose boughs dropped blood, when JEneas, going to Italy, at- tempted to tear them from the tree. [Vid. Polym- r.~\ Virg. JEn. 3, v. 22, &c. Apollod. 3, nest or. 12. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 432. Homer. II. 20 Dictys. Cret. 2, c. 18. POLY*NUS, bora at Macedonia, published eight Greek books on Stratagem, which he de. dicated to the emperors Antoninus and Verus. at the time when they made war with the Par- thians; he also composed the history of the town of Thebes, and several other works which are destroyed. The best editions of his Strata- gems are that of Masvicius, Amsterdam, 1690 ; and that of Mursinna, 1756. A friend of Philopcemen. POLYGIUS, a surname of Mercury. POI.YGNOTUS, a celebrated painter of Tha- sos, about 422 years before the Christian era. His father's name was Aglaophon. He adorned one of the public porticos of Athens with his paintings, in which he had represented the mosr striking events of the Trojan war. He particu- larly excelled in giving grace, liveliness, and ex- pression to his pieces. The Athenians were so E leased with him, that they offered to rewara is labours with whate* er he pleased to accept. He declined this generous offer, and the Am- phictyonic council, which was composed of the representatives of the principal cities of Greece, ordered that Polygnotus should be maintained at the public expense wherever he went. Quin- til. 12, c. 10. Plin. 33 & 34. Plut. in Cim. Pans. 10, c. 25, &c. POLYGONUS, ana TELEGONUS, sons of Pro- teus and Coronis, were killed by Hercules. Apollod. POLYHYMNIA and POLYMNIA, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over singing and rhetoric, and wa deemed the inventress of harmony. She was represented veiled in white, holding a sceptre in her lefc hand, and with her right raised up, ; as if ready to harangue. She had a crown ! of jewels on her head. Hesiod. Theng. Plut. in Symp.Horat. 1, od. 1. Ovid. Fatt. b, ! v. 9. I POI.YDJUS, a physician who brought back to I life Glaucus, the son of Minos, by applying to ! his body a certain herb, with which he had seen I a serpent restore to life another which was ! dead. \Vid. Glaucus.] Ajwllod. 3, c. 3. A son of Hercules by one of the daughters of Thestius. Apollod. A dithyrambic poet. painter, and musician. POLYLAUS, a eon of Hercules and Eury- bia. POLYMENES, an officer appointed to take care of Egypt after it had been conquered by Alex- ander. Curt. 4, c. 8. POLYMEDE, a daughter of Autolycus, who married JEaon, by whom she had Jason. She survived her husband only a few days. ApolLol. l,c. 13. POLYMEUON, one of Priam's illegitimate children. NN* P O POLVMEI.A, one of Diana's companions. She wns daughter of Phylas. She had a son by Mercury. Homer. II, 16. A daughter of JfLolus, seduced by Ulysses. A daughter of Actor. She was the first wife of Peleus, the father of Achilles. POLYMNESTES, a Greek poet of Colophon. Pans. 1, c. 14. A native of Thera, father of Battus or Aristoles, by Phronima, the daugh- ter of Etearchus, king of Daxus. Herodat. 4, c. 150. POLYMNESTOR, a king of the Thracian Cher- sonesus, who married Ilione, the eldest of Priam's daughters. When the Greeks besieged Troy, Priam sent the greatest part of his trea- sures, together with Polydorus, the youngest of Iris sons, to Thrace, where they were entrusted to the care of Polymnestor. The Thracian mo- narch paid every attention to his brother-in- law ; but when he was informed that Priam was dead, he murdered him to become master of the riches which were in his possession. At that time, the Greeks were returning victorious from Troy, followed by all the captives, among whom was Hecuba, the mother of Polydorus. The fleet stopped on the coasts of Thrace, where one of the female captives discovered on the shore the body of Polydorus, whom Polymnes- tor had thrown into the sea. The dreadful in- telligence was immediately communicated to the mother, and Hecuba, who recollected the fright- ful dreams which she had had on the preceding night, did not doubt but that Polymnestor was the cruel assassin. She resolved to revenge her son's death, and immediately she called out Po- lymnestor, as if wishing to impart to him a mat- ter of the most important nature. The tyrant was drawn into the snare, and was no sooner in- troduced into the apartments of the princess, than the female captives rushed upon him, and put out his eyes with their pins, while Hecuba murdered his two children, who had accompa- nied him. According to Euripides, the Greeks condemned Polymnestor to be banished into a distant island for bis perfidy. Hyginus, how- ever, relates the whole differently, and ob- serves, that when Polydorus was sent to Thrace, Ilione, his sister, took him instead of her son Deiphilus, who was of the same age, apprehen- sive of her husband's cruelty. The monarch was unacquainted with the imposition; he looked upon Polydorus as his own son, and treated Deiphilus as the brother of Ilione. Af- ter the destruction of Troy, the conquerors, who wished the house and family of Priam to be to- tally extirpated, offered Electra, the daughter of Agamemnon, to Polymnestor, if he would destroy Ilione and Polydorus. The monarch accepted the offer, and immediately dispatched his own son Deiphilus, whom he had been taught to regard as Polydorus. Polydorus, who passed as the son of Polymnestor, consulted the oracle after" the murder of Deiphilus, and when he was informed that his father was dead, his mother a captive in the hands of the Greeks, and his country in ruins, he communicated the answer of the god to Ilione, whom he liad al- ways reg aided v> his mother. Ilione told him the measures she had pursued to save his life, and upon this lie avenged the perfidy of Polym- nestor, by putting out his eyes. Eurip. in H- cub.Hygin. fab. 109. Virg. En. 3, v. 45, &c Ovid. Met. 13, v. 4SO, &c. A king of Area- dia, succeeded on the throne by Ecmis. Pans. 8. A young Milesian, who took a hare in run- ning, and afterwards obtained a prize at the Olympic games. POLYMUS, a Grecian, who shewed Bacchus the way to hell, when he descended there to carry away Semele. POLYNICES, a son of CEdipus, king of Thebes, by Jocasta. He inherited his father's throne with his hrother Eteocles, and it was mutually agreed between the two brothers, that they should reign each a year alternately. Eteocles first ascended the throne by right of seniority ; but when the year was expired, he refused to re- sign the crown to his brother. Polynices, upon this, fled to Argos, where he married Argia, the daughter of Adrastus, the king of the country, and levied a large army, at the head of which he marched against Thebes. The command of this army was divided among seven celebrated chiefs, who were to attack the seven gates of the city of Thebes. The battle was decided by a single combat between the two brothers, who both killed one another. [Fid. Eteocles.] AV chyl. sept, ante Theb. Eurip. Phtfniss. Seneca in Theb Dwd. 4.Hygin. fab. 63, &c. Pans. "2, c. 20. 1. 9, c. S.Apollud. 3, c. 5. POLYNOE, one of the Nereides. A]x>lltxl. 1, c. 2. POLYPEMON, a famous thief, called also Pro- crustes, who plundered all the travellers about the Cephisus, and near Eleusis in Attica. Ho was killed by Theseus. Pans. 1, c. 38. Odd. in Ib. 409. DM. 4. Pint, in The*. . POLYPERCHON, one of the officers of Alex- ander. Antipater, at his death, appointed him governor of the kingdom of Macedonia, in pre- ference to his own son Cassander. Polypc-r- chon, though old, and a man of experience, shewed great ignorance in the administration of the government. He became cruel not only to the Greeks, or such as opposed his ambitious views, but even to the helpless and innocent children and friends of Alexander, to whom he was indebted for his rise and military reputa- tion. He was killed in a battle, 309 B. C Curt. Diod. 17, &c. Justin. 13. POLYPHAGUS, that is to say, a great eater, a surname of Jupiter. POLYPHEMUS, a celebrated Cyclops, king of all the Cyclops in Sicily, and son of Neptune and Thoosa, the daughter of Phorcys. He is represented as a monster of strength, of a tall stature, and one eye in the middle of the fore- head. He fed upon human flesh, and kept his flocks on the coast of Sicily, when Ulysses, at his return from the Trojan war, was driven there. The Grecian prince, with twelve of his companions, visited the coast, and were seized by the Cyclops, who confined them in his cave, and daily devoured two of them. Ulysses would have shared the fate of his companions, had he not intoxicated the Cyclops, and out out his ov* PO with a firebrand while he was asteep. Polyphe- mus was awakened by the sudden pain; he topped the entrance of his cave, bat Ulysses made his escape by creeping between the legs of the rams of the Cyclops, as they were led out to feed on the mountains. Polyphemus became ena- moured of Galataea, but his addresses were dis- regarded, and the nymph shunned his presence. The Cyclops was more earnest, and when he saw Galataea surrender herself to the pleasures of Acis, he crushed his rival with a piece of a broken rock. Theocrit. l.Ovid. Met. 13, v. 772. Homer, od. 19. Eurip. in Cyclop. Hy- t.fab. 125. Virg. &n. 3, v. 619, &c. One of the Argonauts, son of Elatus and Hippea. Hygin. 14. POI.YPHONTES, one of the Heraclidae, who killed Cresphontes, king of Messenia, and usurped his crown. Hygin. fab. 137. One of the Theban generals, under Eteocles. &s- chyl. Sept. ante Theb. POLYPOLTKS, a son of Pirithous and Hippoda- mia. Hmner. II. 2. Pans. 10, v. 26. A son of Apollo by Pythia. One of the Trojans whom ^Eneas saw when he visited the infernal regions. Virg. &n. 6, v. 484. POLYSPERCHON. Vid. PolvpercliOTi. POLYSTRATUS, a Macedonian soldier, who found Darius after he had been stabbed by Bessus, who gave him water to drink, and carried the last injunctions of the dying mo- march to Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 13. An epicurean philosopher who flourished B. C. 233. POLYTECHNUS, an artist of Colophon, who married ^Edon, the daughter of Pandrastus. POLYTION, a friend of Alcibiades, with whom he profaned the mysteries of Ceres. Paus. 1, c. 2. POLYTIMETUS, a river of Sogdiana. Curt. 6, c. 4. POLYPHRON, a man sent by the Lacedae- monians with an army against the Arca- dians. He was killed at Orchomenus. Diod. 15. POLYXENA, a daughter of Priam and He- cuba, celebrated for her beauty and accom- plishments. Achilles became enamoured of her, and solicited her hand, and their marriage would have been consummated, had not Hec- tor, her brother, opposed it. Polyxena, ac- cording to some authors, accompanied her fa- ther when he went to the tent of Achilles to redeem the body of his son Hector. Some time after, the Grecian hero came into the temple of Apollo, to obtain a sight of the Tro- jan princess, but he was murdered there by Paris ; and Polyxenn, who had returned his af- fection, was so afflicted at his death, that she went and sacrificed herself on his tomb. Some however suppose, that that sacrifice was not vo- luntary, but that the manes of Achilles appeared to the Greeks as they were going to embark, nd demanded them the sacrifice of Polyxena. The princess, who was in the number of the captives, was, upon this, dragged to her lover's tomb, and there immolated by Neoptolemus, the ton of Achilles. Ovid. Met. 13, lab. 5, &c. 549 P O Dictys. Cret. 3 & 5.- Virg. JEn. 3, r. 31. Catull.ep. 65.~-Hygin. fab. 90. POLYXENIDAS, a Syrian general who flou- rished B.C. 192. POLYXENUS, one of the Greek princes dur- ing the Trojan war. His father's name wa Agasthenes. Homer. II. 9. Pans. 5, c. 3. A son of Medea by Jason. A young Athenian who became blind. A general of Dionysiua from whom he revolted. POLYXO, a priestess of Apollo's temple in Lemnos. She was also nurse to queen Hypsi- pyle. It was by her advice that the Lemnian women murdered all their husbands. Apollan. 1. Place. 2. Hygin. fab. 15 One of the Atlantides. A native of Argos, who married Tlepolemus, son of Hercules. She followed him to Rhodes, after the murder of his uncle Licymniua ; and when he departed for the Tro- jan war with the rest of the Greek princes, she became the sole mistress of the kingdom. After the Trojan war, Helen fled from Peloponnesus to Rhodes, where Polyxo reigned. Polyxo de- tained her, and to punish her as being the cause of a war in which Tlepolemus had pe- rished, she ordered her to be hanged on a tree by her female servants, tusgiased in the habit of Furies. [Vid. Helena.] Paus. 5, c. 19. The wife of Nycteus. One of the wives of Danaus. POLYZELUS, a Greek poet of Rhodes. He had written a poem on the origin and birth of Bacchus, Venns, the Muses, &c. Some of his verses are quoted by Athenasus. Hygin. P. A. 2, c. 14. POMAX^THRES, aParthian soldier, who killed Crassus according to some. Plut. POMETIA, POMBTII, and POMETIA SlJESS- a town of Italy, totally destroyed by die Ro- mans, because it had revolted. Virg. &n. 6, v. 775. POMBTINA, one of the tribes of the people at Rome. POMONA, a nymph at Rome, who was sup- posed to preside over gardens, and to be the goddess of all sorts of fruit-treps. She had a temple at Rome, and a regular priest, called Flamen Pamonalis, who offered sacrifices to her divinity, for the preservation of fruit. She was generally represented as sitting on a basket full of flowers and fruits, and holding a bough iu one hand, and apples in the other. Pomona was particularly delighted with the cultivation of the earth ; she disdained the toils of the field, and the fatigues of hunting. Many of the gods of the country endeavoured to gain her affection, but she received their addresses with coldness. Veitumnus was the only one who, by assuming different shapes, and intro- ducing himself in her company, under the foim of an old woman, prevailed upon her to break her vow of celibacy, and to marry him. This deity was unknown among the Greeks. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 628, &c. POMONALIS FI.AMEN, a priest of Pomona at Rome. POMPEIA, a danghter of Sextus Pompey, by Scribouia. She \vas promised to Marcelius, but P O ebe married Scribonius Lilio. A daughter of Pompey the Great, Julius Caesar's third wife. She was accused of incontinence, because Clo- dius had introduced himself in woman's clothes into the room where she was celebratihg the mysteries of Cybele. Czsar repudiated her upon this accusation. Pint. The wife of Annaeus Seneca, was the daughter of Pom- peius Paullinus. There was a portico at Rome, called Pompeia, much frequented by all orders of people. Ovid. art. am. v. 67. Mart. 11, ep.48. POMPEIA LEI, by Pompey the Great, de am- bitu, A. U. C. 701. It ordained that whatever person had been convicted of the crime of am- bitus, should be pardoned, provided he could impeach two others of the same crime, and occasion the condemnation of one of them. Another by the same, A. U. C. 701, which for- bad the use of laudatores in trials, or persons who gave a good character of the prisoner then impeached. Another by the same, A. U. C. 683. It restored to the tribunes their originaJ power and authority, of which they had been deprived by the Cornelian law. Another by the same, A. U. C. 701. It shortened the forms of trials, and enacted that the three first dajs of a trial shonld be employed in examining witnesses, and it allowed only one day to the parties to make their accusation and defence. The plaintiff was confined to two hours, and the defendant to three. This law had for its object the riots which happened from the quar- rels of Clodius and Milo. Another by the same, A. U. C. 698. It required, that the judges should be the richest of every century, contrary to the usual form. It was however requisite that they should be such as the Au- relian law prescribed. Another of the same, A. U. C. 701. Pompey was by this empowered to continue in the government of Spain five years longer. POMPEIAMJS JUPITER, a l tius rejected his father's advice, and spared t!?> lives of the enemy, after he had obliged them pass under the yoke with the greatest ignominy He was afterwards conquered, and obliged it his turn to pass under the yoke. Fabius Maxi mus defeated him, when he appeared again at the head of another army, and he was after- wards shamefully put to death by the Romans after he had adorned the triumph of the con- queror. Lit'. Cominius, a Roman whe gave information to his countrymen, who were besieged in the capitol, that Camillus had ob tained a victory over the Gauls. Plut. A Roman slave, who told Sylla in a prophetic strain, that he brought him success from Bei- lona. One of the favourites of Albucilla, He was degraded from the rank of a senator Tacit. Titus, a Roman centurion, whont Cicero de Senect. mentions as possessed of un- common strength. PONTUS, a kingdom of Asia Minor, bounded on the east by Colchis, west by the Halys, north by the Euxiue sea, and south by prt of PO Armenia. It was divided into three parU ae cording to Ptolemy, Pontus Galaticus, Pontus Polemoniacus, and Pontus Cappadocius. It was governed by kings, the first of whom was Artabazes, either one of the seven Persian no- blemen who murdered the usurper Smerdis, or one of their descendants. The kingdom of Pontus was in its most flourishing state under Mithridates the Great. When J.Caesar had con- quered it, it became a Roman province, though it was often governed by monarchs who were tributary to the power of Rome. Under the emperors a regular governor was always ap- pointed over it. Pontus produced castors, whose testicles were highly valued among the ancients for their salutary quality in medicinal nesses. Virg. G. 1, v. 58. Mela, 1, c. 1 9. Strab. 12. Cic. pro Leg. Man. Ap- pian. Pt./. 5, c. 6. A part of Mysia in Europe on the borders of the Euxine sea, where Ovid was banished. Ovid, de Pont. An an- cient deity, father of Phorcys, Thaumas, Ne- reus, Eurybia, and Ceto, by Terra. He is the same as Oceanus. Apollod. 1, c. 2. PONTUS EuxlNiis, a celebrated sea, situate at the west of Colchis between Asia and Europe, at the north of Asia Minor. It is called the BJack sea by the moderns. Vid. Euxinus. M. POPJLUIS, a consul who was informed, as he was offering a sacrifice, that a sedition was raised in the city against the senate. Upon this he immediately went to the populace in his sacerdotal robes, and quieted the multitude with a speech. He lived about the year of Rome 404. Liv. 9, c. 21. I'al. Max. 7, c. 8. Laenas, a Roman ambassador o> An- tiochus, king of Syria. He was commissioned to order the monarch to abstain from hostilities against Ptolemy, king of Egypt, who was an ally of Rome. Antiochus wished to evade him by his answers, but Popilius, with a stick which he had in his hand, made a circle round him on the sand, and bade him in the name of the Ro- man senate and people not to go beyond it be- fore he spoke decisively. This boldness in- timidated Antiochus ; he withdrew his gar- risons from Egypt, and no longer meditated a war against Ptolemy. Val. Max. 6, c. 4. Liv. 45, c. 12. Paterc. 1, c. 10. A tribune of the people who murdered Cicero, to whose eloquence he was indebted for his life when he was accused of parricide. Pint. A pretor who banished the friends of Tiberius Gracchus from Italy. A Roman consul, who made war against the people of Numautia, on pre- tence that the peace had not been firmly established. He was defeated by them. A senator who alarmed the conspirators against Caesar, by telling them that the whole plot was discovered. A Roman emperor. Vid. Nepotianus. POPLICOLA, one of the first consuls. Vid. Publicola. POPPJEA SABINA, a celebrated Roman matron, daughter of Titus Ollius. She married a Roman knight called Rufus Crispin us, by P O whom she had a son. Her persona! charms and the elegance of her figure, cativated Otho, who was then one of Nero's favourites. He carried her away and married her ; but Nero who had seen her, and had often heard her ac- complishments extolled, soon deprived him of her company, and sent him out of Italy, on pretence of presiding over one of the Roman provinces. After he had taken this step, Nero repudiated his wife Octavia, on pretence of barrenness, and married Poppaea. The cruelty and avarice of the emperor did not long permit Poppaea to share the imperial dignity, and though she had already made him father of a son, he began to despise her, and even to use her with barbarity. She died of a blow which she received from his foot, when many months advanced in her pregnancy, about the 65th year of the Christian era Her funeral was performed with great pomp and solemnity, and statues raised to her memory. It is said that she was so anxious to preserve her beauty and the elegance of her person, that 500 asses were kept on purpose to afford her milk in which she used daily to bathe. Even in her banishment she was attended by 50 of these animals for the same purpose, and from their milk she invented a kiud of ointment, or poma- tum, to preserve beauty, called popp