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Palmyrene-Roman Empire, Vabalathus, 267 - May 272 A.D.
Vaballathus was the son of the Palmyran king Odenathus and his wife Zenobia. Through the scheming of his gifted mother, Vabalathus was given titles his father was to inherit, but which had been refused him by Gallienus. Initially, Aurelian recognized Vaballathus' rule because he was in conflict with the Gallic Empire in the west and hesitated to incite open warfare with Palmyra in the east. Coins issued by Zenobia in Vaballathus's name acknowledge Aurelian as emperor, confirming their mutual recognition. The relationship with Roman Empire deteriorated after the Palmyrene Empire invaded Egypt in October 270, followed by Galatia in 271. In 272, Aurelian advanced quickly through Anatolia while the Roman general Probus recovered Egypt. After Aurelian defeated Zenobia near Antioch, the Palmyrene armies retreated to Emesa, where they were defeated again, and then evacuated to the capital. The Romans began a siege of Palmyra. Zenobia went east to ask the Sasanian Empire for help but was captured near the Euphrates. Palmyra fell soon after. According to Zosimus, after his defeat, Vaballathus died on the way to Rome. Other sources indicate Aurelian allowed Vaballathus and his mother Zenobia to live in luxury in Rome, but only after they had been marched through the streets of Rome in a triumphal procession. This would have been humiliating, but better than death.
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