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Home ▸ Catalog ▸ |Themes & Provenance| ▸ |Personifications| ▸ |Roma||View Options:  |  |  | 

Roma on Ancient Coins

Roma was a female deity who personified the city of Rome and more broadly, the Roman state. The earliest certain cult to dea Roma was established at Smyrna in 195 B.C., probably to mark the successful alliance against Antiochus III. In 30/29 B.C., the Koinon of Asia and Bithynia requested permission to honor Augustus as a living god. "Republican" Rome despised the worship of a living man, but an outright refusal might offend their loyal allies. A cautious formula was drawn up, non-Romans could only establish a cult for divus Augustus jointly with dea Roma. In the city of Rome itself, the earliest known state cult to dea Roma was combined with Venus at the Hadrianic Temple of Venus and Roma. This was the largest temple in the city, probably dedicated to inaugurate the reformed festival of Parilia, which was known thereafter as the Romaea after the Eastern festival in Roma's honor. The temple contained the seated, Hellenised image of dea Roma with a Palladium in her right hand to symbolize Rome's eternity.

Claudius, 25 January 41 - 13 October 54 A.D., Ephesos, Ionia

|Claudius|, |Claudius,| |25| |January| |41| |-| |13| |October| |54| |A.D.,| |Ephesos,| |Ionia||cistophorus|
In 30/29 B.C., the Koinon of Asia and Bithynia requested permission to honor the Augustus as a living god. "Republican" Rome despised the worship of a living man, but an outright refusal might offend their loyal allies. A cautious formula was drawn up, non-Romans could establish cults and build temples for divus Augustus jointly with dea Roma. Communitas Asiae (Community of Asia) was pro-consular Roman province comprised of Lydia, Iconia, Caria, Mysia, Phrygia, and Hellespontus.
SL113456. Silver cistophorus, RPC Online I 2221, RIC I 120 (R3, Pergamon), RSC II 3, BMCRE I 228, SRCV I 1838, NGC F, strike 5/5, surface 3/5 (2400265-002), weight 10.53 g, maximum diameter 26 mm, die axis 180o, probably Ephesos (near Selçuk, Turkey) mint, 41 - 42 A.D.; obverse TI CLAVD CAES AVG, bare head left; reverse Temple of Roma and Augustus, two columns, podium with four steps, within temple Augustus and Roma stand facing, Augustus in military garb with spear in right hand and shield in left, Fortuna crowns him with wreath in right hand and holds cornucopia in left hand, ROM ET AVG (Roma and Augustus) on entablature, COM - ASI (Communitas Asiae) across field at center; from a Virginia Collector, ex Eastern Numismatics Inc. (Garden City, NY, 17 Jan 2013, $1695); NGC| Lookup; very rare; $1700.00 (€1598.00)
 


Hierapolis, Phrygia, c. 1st Century B.C.

|Hierapolis|, |Hierapolis,| |Phrygia,| |c.| |1st| |Century| |B.C.||AE| |19|
Hierapolis (Greek: "Holy City") was located on hot springs in Phrygia in southwestern Anatolia. Its ruins are adjacent to modern Pamukkale in Turkey and are designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The hot springs have been used as a spa since the 2nd century B.C., with many patrons retiring or dying there. The large necropolis is filled with sarcophagi. In A.D. 17, during the rule of the emperor Tiberius, a major earthquake destroyed the city.
The unusual seated figure on the reverse of this Apollo type has variously been described as Athena, Roma, Tyche, or a "City-goddess," none of which have found full acceptance among numismatists. Leo Weber in his 1911 XAPITEΣ article, "Zur Münzprägung des phrygischen Hierapolis" was decidedly against the attribution to Athena based on the absence of her iconic helmet. An unnamed city goddess, as tentatively proposed by Barclay Head in BMC Phrygia, seemed to Weber the closest identification of those he knew. That said, discussed later in the article was a pseudo-autonomous issue (i.e. RPC III 2350) inscribed ΘEA PΩMH ("the Goddess Roma") on the reverse. Although the designs are different in many ways and (supposedly) similar to the seated Athena type of the Pergamene kings, they undeniably capture the spirit of the old Hierapolis Greek type.
GB113956. Bronze AE 19, BMC Phrygia p. 228, 2-3; HGC 7 696 (R2), cf. SNG Tübingen 4019 (uncertain monogram), gF, well centered, attractive dark green patina with good contrast, weight 6.802 g, maximum diameter 19.1 mm, die axis 0o, Hierapolis (near Pamukkale, Turkey) mint, c. 58 - 40 B.C.(?); obverse laureate head of Apollo right; reverse IEPO/ΠOΛITΩN downwards in right and left fields, respectively, Roma(?) seated left on pile of three shields, holding wreath-bearing Nike in right hand supported by scepter in left; letters ΦI in lower right field.; very rare; $110.00 (€103.40)
 


Pergamon, Mysia, c. 40 - 60 A.D.

|Pergamon|, |Pergamon,| |Mysia,| |c.| |40| |-| |60| |A.D.||AE| |18|
Interesting autonomous series which does not bear the name of the issuing city; however, a large hoard of these coins was found near Pergamon in 1827.
RP113541. Bronze AE 18, RPC Online I 2375 (13 spec.); BMC Mysia p. 134, 211; SNG BnF -; SNG Cop -; SNGvA -, VF, dark green patina, off center, earthen deposits, weight 2.948 g, maximum diameter 17.5 mm, die axis 0o, Pergamon (Bergama, Turkey) mint, c. 40 - 60 A.D.; obverse ΘEON CYN-KΛHTON, draped bust of the Senate right, linear border; reverse ΘEAN PΩ-MHN (clockwise from upper right), turreted and draped bust of Roma right, lituus right below chin, linear border; $90.00 (€84.60)
 


Valentinian II, 17 November 375 - 15 May 392 A.D.

|Valentinian| |II|, |Valentinian| |II,| |17| |November| |375| |-| |15| |May| |392| |A.D.||centenionalis|
After the defeat of Maximus, Valentinian and his court were installed at Vienne, Gaul. Theodosius' trusted general, the Frank Arbogast, was appointed magister militum for the Western provinces (except Africa) and guardian of Valentinian. Acting in the name of Valentinian, Arbogast was actually subordinate only to Theodosius. Arbogast's domination over the emperor was considerable, he even murdered Harmonius, Valentinian's friend, suspected of taking bribes, in the emperor's presence. The crisis reached a peak when Arbogast prohibited the emperor from leading the Gallic armies into Italy to oppose a barbarian threat. Valentinian, in response, formally dismissed Arbogast. The latter ignored the order, publicly tearing it up and arguing that Valentinian had not appointed him in the first place. The reality of where the power lay was openly displayed. Valentinian wrote to Theodosius and Ambrose complaining of his subordination to his general. On 15 May 392, Valentinian was found hanged in his residence in Vienne. Arbogast maintained that the emperor's death was suicide. Most sources agree, however, that Arbogast murdered him with his own hands, or paid the Praetorians. Valentinian's Christian beliefs make suicide unlikely.
RL112089. Bronze centenionalis, RIC IX Antioch 46(d)3, LRBC II 2690, cf. SRCV V 20308 (controls), Hunter V 48 (same), VF, nice desert patina with highlighting earthen deposits, weight 2.624 g, maximum diameter 19.9 mm, die axis 0o, Antioch (Antakya, Turkey) mint, 9 Aug 378 - 25 Aug 383 A.D.; obverse D N VALENTINIANVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse CONCORDIA AVGGG (harmony among the three emperors), Roma seated facing on throne, head left, helmeted, left leg bare, globe in right hand, reversed spear in left hand, Θ (control) left, ANTΓ in exergue; from the Michael Arslan Collection; $80.00 (€75.20)
 


Valentinian II, 17 November 375 - 15 May 392 A.D.

|Valentinian| |II|, |Valentinian| |II,| |17| |November| |375| |-| |15| |May| |392| |A.D.||centenionalis|
After the defeat of Maximus, Valentinian and his court were installed at Vienne, Gaul. Theodosius' trusted general, the Frank Arbogast, was appointed magister militum for the Western provinces (except Africa) and guardian of Valentinian. Acting in the name of Valentinian, Arbogast was actually subordinate only to Theodosius. Arbogast's domination over the emperor was considerable, he even murdered Harmonius, Valentinian's friend, suspected of taking bribes, in the emperor's presence. The crisis reached a peak when Arbogast prohibited the emperor from leading the Gallic armies into Italy to oppose a barbarian threat. Valentinian, in response, formally dismissed Arbogast. The latter ignored the order, publicly tearing it up and arguing that Valentinian had not appointed him in the first place. The reality of where the power lay was openly displayed. Valentinian wrote to Theodosius and Ambrose complaining of his subordination to his general. On 15 May 392, Valentinian was found hanged in his residence in Vienne. Arbogast maintained that the emperor's death was suicide. Most sources agree, however, that Arbogast murdered him with his own hands, or paid the Praetorians. Valentinian's Christian beliefs make suicide unlikely.
RL112090. Bronze centenionalis, RIC IX Antioch 46(d)3, LRBC II 2690, cf. SRCV V 20308 (controls), Hunter V 48 (same), Choice F, well centered, highlighting earthen deposits, weight 2.082 g, maximum diameter 18.4 mm, die axis 0o, 3rd officina, Antioch (Antakya, Turkey) mint, 9 Aug 378 - 25 Aug 383 A.D.; obverse D N VALENTINIANVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse CONCORDIA AVGGG (harmony among the three emperors), Roma seated facing on throne, head left, helmeted, left leg bare, globe in right hand, reversed spear in left hand, Θ (control) left, ANTΓ in exergue; from the Michael Arslan Collection; $70.00 (€65.80)
 


Probus, Summer 276 - September 282 A.D.

|Probus|, |Probus,| |Summer| |276| |-| |September| |282| |A.D.||antoninianus|
Roma was a female deity who personified the city of Rome and more broadly, the Roman state. The earliest certain cult to dea Roma was established at Smyrna in 195 B.C., probably to mark the successful alliance against Antiochus III. In 30/29 B.C., the Koinon of Asia and Bithynia requested permission to honor Augustus as a living god. "Republican" Rome despised the worship of a living man, but an outright refusal might offend their loyal allies. A cautious formula was drawn up, non-Romans could only establish a cult for divus Augustus jointly with dea Roma. In the city of Rome itself, the earliest known state cult to dea Roma was combined with Venus at the Hadrianic Temple of Venus and Roma. This was the largest temple in the city, probably dedicated to inaugurate the reformed festival of Parilia, which was known thereafter as the Romaea after the Eastern festival in Roma's honor. The temple contained the seated, Hellenised image of dea Roma with a Palladium in her right hand to symbolize Rome's eternity.
RA112893. Billon antoninianus, RIC V-2 737H; Cohen VI 556; Pink VI-1, p. 50; SRCV III -, aVF, well centered, green patina, scattered tiny pits, rev. a little rough, tiny edge cracks, weight 3.212 g, maximum diameter 22.4 mm, die axis 0o, 2nd officina, Siscia (Sisak, Croatia) mint, 277 A.D.; obverse IMP C M AVR PROBVS P F AVG, radiate bust left in consular robe, eagle-tipped scepter in right; reverse ROMAE AETERNAE (to eternal Rome), hexastyle temple, statue of Roma seated left inside, Victory in her right hand, long scepter vertical in her left hand, shield leaning against seat, three steps, wreath on pediment, XXIS in exergue; $70.00 (€65.80)
 


City of Rome Commemorative, 330 - 333 A.D.

|Roma|, |City| |of| |Rome| |Commemorative,| |330| |-| |333| |A.D.||reduced| |centenionalis|
On some examples of the VRBS ROMA series, a symbol is found on the wolf's shoulder. It might look like the letter Θ (at Thessalonica and Alexandria) or a flock of hair. We don't know of any symbols on earlier depictions (Republic and early empire) of the she-wolf.
RL85737. Billon reduced centenionalis, RIC VII Thessalonica 187, SRCV IV 16516, LRBC I 838, Cohen VII 17, Hunter V 7, gVF, well centered and struck, tight flan, some porosity, weight 2.078 g, maximum diameter 17.1 mm, die axis 0o, 5th officina, Thessalonica (Salonika, Greece) mint, 330 - 333 A.D.; obverse VRBS ROMA, helmeted bust of Roma left wearing imperial mantle; reverse she-wolf standing left, head turned back right, suckling the infant twins Romulus and Remus, two stars above, SMTSE in exergue; SOLD


Flavius Nepotianus, 10 May - 7 June 351 A.D.

|Nepotianus|, |Flavius| |Nepotianus,| |10| |May| |-| |7| |June| |351| |A.D.||AE| |3|
On this obverse die the legend is spelled CONSTANTNS in error.
SH22812. Bronze AE 3, RIC VIII Rome 203 var. (obv legend error), VF+, weight 5.398 g, maximum diameter 24.5 mm, 5th officina, Rome mint, 10 May - 7 Jun 351 A.D.; obverse FL NEP CONST-ANTNS AVG, laurel and rosette diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse VRBS ROMA (City of Rome), Roma seated left on cuirass, holding spear and Victory on globe, RE in exergue; extremely rare; SOLD


Jovinus, 411 - August 413 A.D.

|Jovinus|, |Jovinus,| |411| |-| |August| |413| |A.D.||siliqua|
RIC X reports the reverse legend break O-R, as on this example, is known only from a single die.
SH01636. Silver siliqua, RIC X 1712, RSC V 4+a, VF, weight 1.30 g, maximum diameter 15.5 mm, die axis 0o, Treveri (Trier, Germany) mint, obverse D N IOVIN-VS P F AVG, pearl diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse VICT-O-RIA AVGG, Roma seated left on throne, holding Victory on globe and reversed spear, TRMS in exergue; nicely toned; very rare (R4); SOLD


Alexander Tyrannus, 308 - 311 A.D.

|Alexander| |Tyrannus|, |Alexander| |Tyrannus,| |308| |-| |311| |A.D.||follis|
From the Aiello Collection.
SH03787. Copper follis, RIC VI Carthago 75, Aiello collection 574 (this coin), VF, weight 3.92 g, maximum diameter 20.6 mm, die axis 0o, Carthage (near Tunis, Tunisia) mint, 308 - 311 A.D.; obverse IMP ALEXANDER P F AVG, laureate head right; reverse ROMAE AETERNAE (to eternal Rome), Roma within standing left within hexastyle temple holding globe in right hand and scepter in left, P*K in ex; of greatest rarity!; SOLD







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