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Euboia, separated from the mainland of Greece by the narrow Euripus channel, is the second largest Greek island, after Crete. It was an important source of grain and cattle. Euboia's two principal cities, Chalcis and Eretria, both were Ionian settlements from Attica. Their early importance is shown by their numerous colonies in Magna Graecia, Sicily, and Macedonia. In 490 B.C., Eretria was utterly ruined and its inhabitants transported to Persia. It was restored after the Battle of Marathon, but it never regained its former eminence. In 506 B.C., Athens defeated Chalcis, established 4,000 Attic settlers, and reduced the island to dependence. In 446 B.C., when Euboia endeavored to throw off the yoke, it was reduced by Pericles. In the north, the inhabitants of Histiaea were expelled and replaced by settlers. The Athenians recognized its importance, for supplying them with grain and cattle and, because of its proximity to the coast of Attica, for securing their commerce against piracy. In 410 B.C. the island regained its independence. After this Euboia took sides with other leading states, until, after the Battle of Chaeronea, it passed to Philip II of Macedon, and finally to Rome.
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