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Home ▸ Catalog ▸ |Greek Coins| ▸ |Hellenistic Monarchies| ▸ |Kingdom of Chalkis||View Options:  |  |  |   

Kingdom of Chalkis

The Kingdom of Chalkis in Coele Syria was established during the collapse of the Seleukid Empire (c. 85 B.C.) by Ptolemaios son of Mennaios (also called Ptolemy I), an Ituraean Arab dynast. In 64 B.C., Ptolemaios bribed Pompey the Great to forego annexing his kingdom and was allowed to rule as Tetrarch. In 40 B.C., Ptolemaios was succeeded by his son Lysanias, who foolishly supported Mattathias Antigonos against Herod the Great and the Romans, resulting in his execution in 36 B.C. Mark Antony gave the kingdom to Cleopatra VII. She leased the kingdom to Zenodoros, who may have been a son of Lysanias. After Cleopatra's suicide in 30 B.C., Augustus allowed Zenodoros to rule as Tetrarch. In 23 B.C., after complaints from Chalkis' neighbors, Augustus deposed Zenodoros and gave his lands to Herod the Great. After Herod's death, Chalkis appears to have been made part of the Roman province of Syria, but may have been ruled by Herodian tetrarchs. In 37 A.D., Caligula allowed Herod of Chalcis to rule with the title basileus (king). He was succeeded by Herod Agrippa II in 48 A.D., who was in turn succeeded by Aristobulus of Chalcis in 53 A.D. After the death of Aristobulus of Chalcus in 92 A.D., Chalkis became part of the Roman province of Syria.

Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator, 51 - 30 B.C., Chalkis, Syria

|Cleopatra| |VII|, |Ptolemaic| |Kingdom| |of| |Egypt,| |Cleopatra| |VII| |Thea| |Philopator,| |51| |-| |30| |B.C.,| |Chalkis,| |Syria||tetrachalkon|
Chalkis, Syria was one of the cities Cleopatra received from Marc Antony in 36 B.C.

Cleopatra VII Philopator was a Hellenistic ruler of Egypt, originally sharing power with her father Ptolemy XII and later with her brothers/husbands Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV; eventually gaining sole rule of Egypt. As Pharaoh, she consummated a liaison with Gaius Julius Caesar that solidified her grip on the throne. After Caesar's assassination, she aligned with Mark Antony. Her reign marks the end of the Hellenistic Era and the beginning of the Roman Era in the eastern Mediterranean. She was the last Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
SH26037. Bronze tetrachalkon, RPC I 4773, Svoronos -, SNG Cop -, VF/F, a little rough, weight 4.949 g, maximum diameter 18.8 mm, die axis 0o, Chalkis ad Libanon (near Majdal Anjar, Lebanon?) mint, 32 - 31 B.C.; obverse BACIΛICCIC KΛE-OΠATPAC, diademed bust of Cleopatra VII right; reverse ETOYC KA TOY KAI v ΘEAC NEWTEPAC, Athena advancing left, holding spear and shield; good portrait for the type, green patina; very rare; SOLD


Tetrarchy of Chalkis, Coele Syria, Ptolemaios, 85 - 40 B.C., Cleopatra Countermark

|Kingdom| |of| |Chalkis|, |Tetrarchy| |of| |Chalkis,| |Coele| |Syria,| |Ptolemaios,| |85| |-| |40| |B.C.,| |Cleopatra| |Countermark||AE| |19|
When Aristobulus II was murdered by Pompey's party in Judaea (49 B.C.), his sons and daughters found protection with Ptolemaios (Ant. xiv. 7, § 4; B. J. i. 9, § 2). It may be that the national Jewish party at that time depended for support on the Itureans in Chalcis, and perhaps the following statement has reference to that fact: "On the 17th of Adar danger threatened the rest of the Soferim in the city of Chalcis, and it was salvation for Israel" (Meg. Ta'an. xii.).
CM85831. Bronze AE 19, Herman 7.c (same inscription var. & countermark); HGC 9 1441 (S) var. (inscription); BMC Galatia p. 279, 2 var. (same); Lindgren III 2130 var. (same), VF, centered on a tight flan; c/m: VF, weight 6.715 g, maximum diameter 19.4 mm, die axis 0o, Chalkis sub Libano (Qinnasrin, Syria) mint, 85 - 40 B.C.; countermark: c. 36 - 30 B.C.; obverse laureate head of Zeus right; countermark: bust of Cleopatra VII right in oval punch; reverse eagle flying right, NE monogram between wing and tail, ΠTOΛEMAIO / TETPAPXH / AXP (AX ligate) in three lines below; ex Sayles & Lavender; scarce; SOLD


Tetrarchy of Chalkis, Coele Syria, Zenodoros, c. 36 - 23 B.C.

|Kingdom| |of| |Chalkis|, |Tetrarchy| |of| |Chalkis,| |Coele| |Syria,| |Zenodoros,| |c.| |36| |-| |23| |B.C.||AE| |19|
The tetrarch of Chalkis Lysanias was executed in 36 B.C. after foolishly supporting Mattathias Antigonos against Herod the Great and Rome. Mark Antony gave the tetrarchy to Cleopatra VII. She leased the tetrarchy to Lysanias' son Zenodoros. After Cleopatra's suicide, Octavian allowed Zenodoros to rule as Tetrarch, but in 23 B.C., after complaints from Chalkis' neighbors, Augustus deposed him and gave his lands to Herod the Great.
GB70823. Bronze AE 19, Herman 19, RPC I Supplement 4776A, HGC 9 1457 (R2), SNG Cop -, BMC Galatia -, aVF, dark green patina, weight 3.738 g, maximum diameter 18.5 mm, die axis 0o, Chalkis ad Libanon (near Majdal Anjar, Lebanon?) mint, c. 36 - 23 B.C.; obverse diademed head of Lysanias(?) right; reverse ZHNOΔOPOY, Athena Parthenos standing left, Nike offering wreath in right hand, left hand on grounded shield behind; ex Heritage auctions 231407, lot 64057; very rare; SOLD


Tetrarchy of Chalkis, Coele Syria, Lysanias, 40 - 36 B.C.

|Kingdom| |of| |Chalkis|, |Tetrarchy| |of| |Chalkis,| |Coele| |Syria,| |Lysanias,| |40| |-| |36| |B.C.||AE| |19|
The ΠTO monogram has been interpreted to indicate the head is posthumous portrait of Ptolemaios (Ptolemy I), Lysanias' father and predecessor as tetrarch and high priest. RPC notes that the diademed portrait is odd as neither Lysanias nor Ptolemaios was king, but this is incorrect. Ptolemaios was king before he was forced to by Pompey to accept Roman hegemony and the title tetrarch.
RY17525. Bronze AE 19, Herman 12.a (same countermark); Lindgren III 1244 (same); RPC I 4770; HGC 9 1449 (R1); SNG Cop 415; BMC Galatia p. 280, 6, F, weight 4.179 g, maximum diameter 19.0 mm, die axis 0o, Chalkis sub Libano (Qinnasrin, Syria) mint, obverse diademed head of Ptolemaios of Chalkis (his father) right, PTO monogram behind; countermark: monogram in rhombus punch; reverse ΛYΣANIOY TEPAPXOY KAI APXIEPEΩΣ, Athena Parthenos standing facing, head left, Nike in right hand, spear and grounded shield behind in left hand, ΦΛ right; rare; SOLD


Tetrarchy of Chalkis, Coele Syria, Ptolemaios, 85 - 40 B.C.

|Kingdom| |of| |Chalkis|, |Tetrarchy| |of| |Chalkis,| |Coele| |Syria,| |Ptolemaios,| |85| |-| |40| |B.C.||AE| |23|
Ptolemaios (also known as Ptolemy I) was succeeded by his son Lysanias, who was put to death by Marc Antony for supporting Mattathias Antigonus over Herod the Great, the Roman nominee for the Judaean throne. Antony gave the tiny kingdom of Chalkis to Cleopatra as a gift. Attribution of the countermark to Cleopatra is speculative, but the evidence seems to fit. Similar countermarks are known for Antioch, Chalkis, Seleukia and Laodicea.
GY113386. Bronze AE 23, Herman 7; BMC Galatia p. 279, 2; Lindgren 2134A; HGC 9 1441 (S), aVF, rough areas, green patina, oval flan, edge split, weight 6.470 g, maximum diameter 23.1 mm, die axis 0o, Chalkis sub Libano (Qinnasrin, Syria) mint, 85 - 40 B.C.; countermark: c. 36 - 30 B.C.; obverse laureate head of Zeus right; countermark: bust right in oval punch; reverse eagle flying right, NE monogram between wing and tail, ΠTOΛEMAIOY / TETPAPXOY / AXP (AX ligate) in three lines below; ex Nilus Coins (Austin, TX); SOLD


Tetrarchy of Chalkis, Coele Syria, Ptolemaios, 85 - 40 B.C., Cleopatra Countermark

|Kingdom| |of| |Chalkis|, |Tetrarchy| |of| |Chalkis,| |Coele| |Syria,| |Ptolemaios,| |85| |-| |40| |B.C.,| |Cleopatra| |Countermark||AE| |20|
Ptolemaios son of Mennaios (also known as Ptolemy I), an Ituraean Arab dynast, established the Kingdom of Chalkis, c. 85 B.C., during the collapse of the Seleukid Empire. The kingdom, with its capitol at Chalcis sub Libano at the foot of Antilibanus, included Heliopolis, the valley of the Marsyas, and the mountainous region of Ituraea. In 64 B.C., he bribed Pompey the Great to forgo annexing his kingdom into the new Roman province of Syria and to allow him to continue ruling his territory as Tetrarch. Ptolemaios was succeeded by his son Lysanias, who was put to death by Marc Antony for supporting Mattathias Antigonus over Herod the Great. Antony gave the tiny kingdom of Chalkis to Cleopatra as a gift.
CM87461. Brass AE 20, Herman 7; BMC Galatia p. 279, 2; Lindgren 2134A; HGC 9 1441 (S), aVF/aF, countermark: VF; centered on a tight flan, dark tone rubbed to bare brass on some high points, bumps and scratches, reverse inscription flattened by countermarking, weight 6.572 g, maximum diameter 20.2 mm, die axis 0o, Chalkis sub Libano (Qinnasrin, Syria) mint, 85 - 40 B.C.; countermark: c. 36 - 30 B.C.; obverse laureate head of Zeus right; countermark: bust of Cleopatra VII right in oval punch; reverse eagle flying right, NE monogram between wing and tail, ΠTOΛEMAIO / TETPAPXH / AXP (AX ligate) in three lines below; scarce; SOLD


Tetrarchy of Chalkis, Coele Syria, Ptolemaios, 85 - 40 B.C.

|Kingdom| |of| |Chalkis|, |Tetrarchy| |of| |Chalkis,| |Coele| |Syria,| |Ptolemaios,| |85| |-| |40| |B.C.||AE| |15|
The whole of Galilee had once been in the possession of the Itureans, and had been taken away from them in 103 B.C. by Aristobulus I (Josephus, Ant. xiii. 11, § 3). Ptolemaios attempted to recover this lost territory and sent expeditions (Strabo, xvi. 2, § 10); that subjugated several districts on the Phoenician coast, once held Paneas, and threatened Damascus (Josephus, Ant. xv. 10, §§ 1-3). The Jews thought themselves oppressed by Ptolemaios, and hence Aristobulus II, at that time still prince and sent by his mother, Alexandra, undertook an expedition against Damascus to protect it against Ptolemaios (ibid. 16, § 3; idem, B. J. i. 5, § 3).
GB37791. Bronze AE 15, Herman 3, HGC 9 1446 (R1), Lindgren III 1223, SNG Cop -, VF, green patina, weight 3.275 g, maximum diameter 14.9 mm, die axis 0o, Chalkis sub Libano (Qinnasrin, Syria) mint, obverse head of Hermes right, wearing petasos; reverse club ending in caduceus; very rare; SOLD


Tetrarchy of Chalkis, Coele Syria, Lysanias, 40 - 36 B.C.

|Kingdom| |of| |Chalkis|, |Tetrarchy| |of| |Chalkis,| |Coele| |Syria,| |Lysanias,| |40| |-| |36| |B.C.||AE| |20|
The ΠTO monogram has been interpreted to indicate the head is posthumous portrait of Ptolemaios (Ptolemy I), Lysanias' father and predecessor as tetrarch and high priest. RPC notes that the diademed portrait is odd as neither Lysanias nor Ptolemaios was king, but this is incorrect. Ptolemaios was king before he was forced to by Pompey to accept Roman hegemony and the title tetrarch.
RY18504. Bronze AE 20, Herman 12.a (same countermark); Lindgren III 1244 (same); RPC I 4770; HGC 9 1449 (R1); SNG Cop 415; BMC Galatia p. 280, 6, VF, countermark VF, weight 4.202 g, maximum diameter 19.8 mm, die axis 0o, Chalkis sub Libano (Qinnasrin, Syria) mint, obverse diademed head of Ptolemaios of Chalkis (his father) right, PTO monogram behind; countermark: monogram in rhombus punch; reverse ΛYΣANIOY TEPAPXOY KAI APXIEPEΩΣ, Athena Parthenos standing facing, head left, Nike in right hand, spear and grounded shield behind in left hand, ΦΛ right; rare; SOLD


Tetrarchy of Chalkis, Coele Syria, Ptolemaios, 85 - 40 B.C.

|Kingdom| |of| |Chalkis|, |Tetrarchy| |of| |Chalkis,| |Coele| |Syria,| |Ptolemaios,| |85| |-| |40| |B.C.||AE| |19|
Ptolemy I was succeeded by his son Lysanias, who was put to death by Marc Antony. Antony gave the tiny kingdom of Chalkis to Cleopatra as a gift.
GB37802. Bronze AE 19, Herman 4.e (same reverse legend arrangement), Lindgren III 1219, HGC 9 1440 (S), VF, dark green patina, weight 4.951 g, maximum diameter 19.2 mm, die axis 0o, Chalkis sub Libano (Qinnasrin, Syria) mint, 85 - 40 B.C.; obverse laureate head of Zeus (or Ptolemy) right; reverse ΠTOΛEMAIOY TETPAPΠXOY KAI APXIIEP, the Dioscuri standing half left and right, heads turned to each other, all within wreath; SOLD


Tetrarchy of Chalkis, Coele Syria, Ptolemaios, 85 - 40 B.C.

|Kingdom| |of| |Chalkis|, |Tetrarchy| |of| |Chalkis,| |Coele| |Syria,| |Ptolemaios,| |85| |-| |40| |B.C.||AE| |19|
Ptolemaios son of Mennaios (also known as Ptolemy I), an Ituraean Arab dynast, established the Kingdom of Chalkis, c. 85 B.C., during the collapse of the Seleukid Empire. The kingdom, with its capitol at Chalcis sub Libano at the foot of Antilibanus, included Heliopolis, the valley of the Marsyas, and the mountainous region of Ituraea. In 64 B.C., he bribed Pompey the Great to forgo annexing his kingdom into the new Roman province of Syria and to allow him to continue ruling his territory as Tetrarch. Ptolemaios was succeeded by his son Lysanias, who was put to death by Marc Antony for supporting Mattathias Antigonus over Herod the Great. Antony gave the tiny kingdom of Chalkis to Cleopatra as a gift.
GY86696. Bronze AE 19, Herman 4; SNG Cop 414; BMC Galatia p. 280, 5; Lindgren I A2134B; HGC 9 1440 (S), VF, green patina, earthen deposits, light marks and scratches, high points bare copper, weight 3.506 g, maximum diameter 18.5 mm, die axis 0o, Chalkis sub Libano (Qinnasrin, Syria) mint, 63 - 62 B.C.; obverse laureate head of Zeus right; reverse the Dioscuri standing facing, center legs crossed, heads turned confronted, each leaning on spear in outer hand, LB (year 2 Pompeian Era) Δ / ΠTOΛEMA right, TETPAPΠX left, APXE below, all within wreath; ex J.S. Wagner Collection; SOLD




  




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REFERENCES

Burnett, A., M. Amandry and P.P. Ripollès. Roman Provincial Coinage I: From the death of Caesar to the death of Vitellius (44 BC-AD 69). (1992 and supplement).
Herman, D. "The Coins of the Ituraeans" in INR 1 (2006), pp. 51 - 72.
Hoover, O. D. Handbook of Syrian Coins, Royal and Civic Issues, Fourth to First Centuries BC, HGC Vol. 9. (Lancaster, PA, 2009).
Lindgren, H & F. Kovacs. Ancient Bronze Coinage of Asia Minor and the Levant. (San Mateo, 1985).
Lindgren, H. Lindgren III: Ancient Greek Bronze Coins from the Lindgren Collection. (1993).
Mionnet, T. Description de Médailles antiques grecques et romaines. (Paris, 1806-1837).
Sear, D. Greek Coins and Their Values, Volume 2, Asia and Africa. (London, 1979).
Sear, D. The History and Coinage of the Roman Imperators 49 - 27 BC. (London, 1998).
Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Denmark, The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum, Vol. 7: Cyprus to India. (West Milford, NJ, 1982).
Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Great Britain IV, Fitzwilliam Museum, Leake and General Collections, Part 8: Syria - Nabataea. (London, 1971).
Wroth, W. A Catalog of the Greek Coins in the British Museum, Galatia, Cappadocia, and Syria. (London, 1899).

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