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Bulgaria, Second Empire, Ivan Alexander and Mikhail Asen, 1331 - 1355 A.D.
Ivan Alexander met Byzantine and Serbian threats, and led economic recovery and a cultural renaissance. But later he was overwhelmed by Ottoman and Hungarian invasions, and the Black Death. In an ill-fated effort to combat these problems, he divided the country between his two sons. Bulgaria would face the imminent Ottoman conquest weakened and divided.ME26458. Silver grosch, Radushev-Zhekov 1.13.3 (R2), Dimnik-Dobrinic 9.1.2, Choice EF, very nice for the type, Veliko Turnovo mint, weight 1.606g, maximum diameter 21.2mm, die axis 180o, 1331 - 1355 A.D.; obverse Christ standing facing in front of throne, nimbate, both hands raised in benediction, IC - XC (Greek abbreviation: IΗΣOúΣ XPIΣTOΣ - Jesus Christ) flanking nimbus, Alexander - Tsar monograms left and right below arms; reverse Ivan (on left) and Mikhail, his son, standing facing, each wears a stemma and holds cross scepter, both hold a staff between them topped with a banner, two stars lower inner fields, Alexander / Tsar monograms inner upper and outer lower left, pious Michael monograms inner upper and outer lower right; SOLD
REFERENCES
Dimnik, M. & J. Dobrinić. Medieval Slavic Coinages in the Balkans. (London, 2008).
Dochev, K. Coins and Coin Usage in Turnovo (XII-XIV c.). (Tirnovo, 1992).
Jordanov, I. Corpus of Byzantine Seals from Bulgaria. (Sofia, 2003).
Krause, C. & C. Mishler. Standard Catalog of World Coins. (Iola, WI, 2010 - ).
Levinson, R. The early dated coins of Europe 1234-1500. (Williston, VT, 2007).
Mouchmoff, A. Numismatique et Sigillographie Bulgares. (Sofia 1924).
Raduchev A. & G. Zhekov. Catalogue of Bulgarian Coins. (Sophia, 1999).
Romanoff, D. The Orders, Medals and History of the Kingdom of Bulgaria. (Denmark, 1982).
Youroukova P. & V. Penchev. Bulgarian Medieval Coins and Seals. (Sofia, 1990).
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