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Counterfeiting began almost immediately after the first coinage was introduced. The official Mytilene coin was solid electrum, a mixture of gold and silver. This coin is plated with electrum over a base core, struck by a criminal counterfeiter in ancient times, intended for circulation as the official prototype. The low weight identifies this as is a plated coin.GA114610. Fouree electrum plated hekte, cf. Bodenstedt 9.1, HGC 6 933 (official Mytilene mint prototype, solid electrum), VF, rough spots, weight 2.086 g, maximum diameter 10.3 mm, die axis 180o, unofficial criminal mint, 521 - 478 B.C.; obverse forepart of winged lion left; reverse incuse head of cock left, rectangular punch to right; $220.00 (€206.80)
Persian Empire, Gaza, Philistia, c. 353 - 331 B.C., Imitative of Athens Pi-Style
The Aramaic letter Mem is the symbol of Marnas, deity of Gaza. This type and other similar silver types struck under Persian rule are often described as drachms but we follow Hendin who refers to the local coinage of Philistia, Samaria and Yehud with the names that might have been used at the time they circulated. This type can be dated to about a 20 year period. It imitates the "Pi-Style" tetradrachms first struck at Athens in 353 B.C. and would not have been struck after Alexander the Great's conquest of Gaza in 331 B.C.GS114664. Silver quarter shekel, cf. Gitler & Tal V.25D, Hendin 6010 (RR), HGC 10 542 (R2), F, rough, toned, oval flan, weight 3.590 g, maximum diameter 15.8 mm, die axis 270o, Gaza mint, c. 353 - 331 B.C.; obverse helmeted head of Athena right, with profile eye, olive leaves and pi-style floral ornament on crested helmet, large round earring, mem on cheek; reverse owl standing right, head facing, olive spray and crescent upper left, AΘE downward on right, all within incuse square; ex CNG mail bid auction 84 (5 May 2010), lot 737 (part of); ex Dr. Patrick H.C. Tan Collection; very rare; $220.00 (€206.80)
Persian Empire, Gaza, Philistia, c. 353 - 331 B.C., Imitative of Athens Pi-Style
The Aramaic letter Mem is the symbol of Marnas, deity of Gaza. This type and other similar silver types struck under Persian rule are often described as drachms but we follow Hendin who refers to the local coinage of Philistia, Samaria and Yehud with the names that might have been used at the time they circulated. This type can be dated to about a 20 year period. It imitates the "Pi-Style" tetradrachms first struck at Athens in 353 B.C. and would not have been struck after Alexander the Great's conquest of Gaza in 331 B.C.GS114666. Silver quarter shekel, cf. Gitler & Tal V.25D, Hendin 6010 (RR), HGC 10 542 (R2), gF, toned, oval flan, a little rough, weight 3.724 g, maximum diameter 14.7 mm, die axis 270o, Gaza mint, c. 353 - 331 B.C.; obverse helmeted head of Athena right, with profile eye, olive leaves and pi-style floral ornament on crested helmet, large round earring, mem on cheek; reverse owl standing right, head facing, olive spray and crescent upper left, AΘE downward on right, all within incuse square; ex CNG mail bid auction 84 (5 May 2010), lot 737 (part of); ex Dr. Patrick H.C. Tan Collection; very rare; $180.00 (€169.20)
France, Bishopric and City of Cahors, 1150 - 1260 A.D.
Cahors is in the western part of Southern France. It was notorious in the 14th century for financiers widely known as Cahorsins, Christians who charged interest on their loans. The church in these times said that using money as an end in itself (usury) was a sin. Because of this Cahors became synonymous with this sin, and was mentioned in Dante's Inferno (XI.50) alongside Sodom as wicked. Today it is a popular tourist center with people coming to enjoy its medieval quarter and the 14th-century fortified Valentré bridge.FR114580. Billon denier, Duplessy féodales 1158, Roberts 4662, Boudeau 782 (2 f.), Poey d'Avant 3921, VF, toned, a few light scratches/marks, weight 0.726 g, maximum diameter 17.1 mm, die axis 180o, Cohors mint, anonymous bishops, 1150 - 1260 A.D.; obverse + CIVITAS (City, S laying down), crozier with crossed shaft (Chrismon) dividing legend, two crosslets, and A (all combined form PAX monogram, the final letter X formed by combining all elements within inner border); reverse + CA TVRCIS (of Cahors, S laying down), cross pattée; $120.00 (€112.80)
Caracalla, 28 January 198 - 8 April 217 A.D., Emesa, Syria
Emesa was famous for its Temple of the Sun, the center of worship for the ancient pagan cult El-Gebal (or Elagabal). El-Gebal, worshiped in the form of a conical black stone, was the Aramaic name for the Syrian Sun God and means God of the Mountain. Emesa was the birthplace of the Roman emperor Elagabalus and four Roman empresses, Julia Domna, Julia Maesa, Julia Mamaea, and Julia Soaemias.RY114992. Bronze AE 31, Nurpetlian Orontes 31; BMC Galatia p. 239, 15 - 16; SNG Hunterian II 3165; SNG Munchen 28 817, F, earthen encrusted, weight 19.284 g, maximum diameter 31.7 mm, die axis 0o, Emesa (Homs, Syria) mint, 215 - 217 A.D.; obverse AVT K AVP ANTΩNEINOC CEB, laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust right, seen from behind; reverse EMICΩN KOΛΩNIAC (or similar), Temple of Elagabal at Emesa: temple with six columns, flight of steps leading to central inter-columniation containing the Baetyl of El-Gabal (bell-shaped stone) flanked by parasols; in front of baetyl, sculpture of eagle with wings displayed and wreath in beak, ZKΦ or HKΦ (year 517 or 528) in exergue (off flan); ex Roma Numismatics auction 114 (23 Nov 2023), lot 778; $100.00 (€94.00)
Byzantine Empire, Duchy of Trebizond, Theodore Gabras, c. 1075 - 1126 A.D.
The general Theodore Gabras captured Trebizond and ruled it and the theme of Chaldia as a virtually autonomous state (c. 1081 - 1098). He was celebrated for his martial exploits, and was later venerated as a saint in the region. Following the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the region became the center of the new Empire of Trebizond which survived until falling to the Ottomans in 1461.BZ113699. Bronze follis, Bendall Trebizond, issue 12, pl. 7, 15 - 16; DOC IV Trebizond p. 432, 12; undertype: Bendall Trebizond, issue 11, pl. 6, 13, aVF, strong undertype effects resulting in an obscure reverse type, encrustations, porosity, clipped polygonal flan with 8 sides (as minted), weight 3.411 g, maximum diameter 23.5 mm, die axis 180o, Trebizond (Trabzon, Turkey) mint, reign of Alexius I Comnenus, c. 1100 A.D.; obverse facing bust of Christ, bearded and nimbate, larger pellet with four smaller pellets around in each limb of cross, wearing tunic and himation, Gospels in right hand, IC - XC (Greek abbreviation: Ihsoús Xristós - Jesus Christ) across field; reverse bust of St. Demetrius, beardless, nimbate, wearing tunic, breastplate and sagion, spear in right hand over right shoulder, Θ left, Δ/I/M in a column right (Greek abbreviation: St. Demetrius); first specimen of this type handled by FORVM, zero sales of this type listed on Coin Archives in the last two decade; extremely rare; $200.00 (€188.00)
Byzantine Empire, Duchy of Chaldia, Gregorios Taronites, c. 1103 - 1106 A.D., In the Name of Alexius I Comnenus
Gregorios Taronites was made Dux of Trebizond by Alexius I after military successes against the Seljuks. He almost immediately rebelled. While the emperor sought a diplomatic solution, Taronites went so far as to publicly insult the imperial family. Captured, Alexius intended to have him blinded but he was granted clemency and instead paraded through the streets of Constantinople and then thrown into the Prison of Anemas. At first, Gregory remained obstinate and continued to hurl abuse on the emperor from his cell, but was persuaded to recant and beseech the emperor's pardon. In the end, he was not only released and pardoned, but accorded even higher honors.BZ113700. Bronze follis, Bendall Trebizond p. 133, 13B & pl. 7, 19; DOC IV-1 p. 433, 13b; Schlumberger pl. ii, 5; Hendy -; Wroth BMC -; Ratto -, aVF, off center, overstruck (on Alexius I anonymous Class J?) with strong undertype effects, pitting, weight 4.175 g, maximum diameter 27.2 mm, die axis 0o, Trebizond (Trabzon, Turkey) mint, reign of Alexius I Comnenus, c. 1103 - 1106 A.D.; obverse facing bust of Christ, bearded and nimbate, wearing tunic and himation, Gospels in right hand, IC - XC (Greek abbreviation: Ihsoús Xristós - Jesus Christ) across field; reverse Latin cross on three steps, globule at end of each arm, A-Λ / B - P (Greek abbreviation: Αλεξιο Βασιλευς Ρωμαιων - Alexius king of the Romans) in angles; rare; $160.00 (€150.40)
Byzantine Empire, Duchy of Trebizond, Gregorios Taronites, 1103 - 1106 A.D.
The general Theodore Gabras captured Trebizond and ruled it and the theme of Chaldia as a virtually autonomous state (c. 1081 - 1098). He was celebrated for his martial exploits, and was later venerated as a saint in the region. Following the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the region became the center of the new Empire of Trebizond which survived until falling to the Ottomans in 1461.BZ113703. Bronze follis, Bendall Trebizond p. 133, 13B & pl. 7, 19; DOC IV-1 p. 433, 13b; undertype: anonymous follis class D, E, or F, F, off center, overstruck on a clipped anonymous follis with undertype rev. prominent on the obv., weight 3.528 g, maximum diameter 22.0 mm, die axis 180o, Trebizond (Trabzon, Turkey) mint, reign of Alexius I Comnenus, c. 1103 - 1106 A.D.; obverse facing bust of Christ Pantokrator, bearded and nimbate, wearing tunic and himation, Gospels in right hand, IC - XC (Greek abbreviation: Ihsoús Xristós - Jesus Christ) across field (all mostly off flan); undertype: part of two lines from inscription from reverse of anonymous follis [IS] XS / [BA]SILE; reverse cross potent on base and one step, a globule at the end of each arm, AΛBP (Greek: AΛΕΞIΩ BAΣIΛΕYΣ PΩMAIΩN - Alexius king of the Romans) in angles, Arab countermark 'Lillah" (For Allah); rare; $130.00 (€122.20)
Leo I, 7 February 457 - 18 January 474 A.D., Verina Reverse
Verina was the highly ambitious and capable wife of Emperor Leo I. After the death of her husband she continued to exercise great influence in the governing of the Empire. She was responsible for inciting two failed rebellions against Zeno, first by her brother Basiliscus in 475 - 476 A.D and then by Leontius in 484 - 488 A.D. She died at the fortress of Cherris in 484 A.D.MA113866. Bronze half centenionalis, cf. RIC X 713 ff., SRCV V 21435 ff., LRBC II 2272 ff., DOCLR 582 ff., Hunter V - (various mints), weight 1.054 g, maximum diameter 11.0 mm, uncertain mint, 467 - 472 A.D.; obverse D N LEO P F AVG (or similar), pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse Empress Verina standing facing, globus cruciger in right hand, transverse long scepter in left hand, b - E flanking across field, mintmark in exergue; scarce; $30.00 (€28.20)
Macedonian Kingdom, Philip II, 359 - 336 B.C.
Philip II expanded the size and influence of the Macedonian Kingdom but is perhaps best known as the father of Alexander the Great. He personally selected the design of his coins.MA113962. Bronze quarter unit, SNG Alpha Bank 412 - 425, SNG ANS 8 994 - 995, F, black patina mostly intact, weak details, reverse slightly off-centered, weight 1.338 g, maximum diameter 11.3 mm, Macedonia, Amphipolis mint, c. 359 - 336 B.C.; obverse head of Herakles left, wearing Nemean lion scalp headdress; reverse ΦIΛI/ΠΠOY (of Philip), above and below thunderbolt; $40.00 (€37.60)
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