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Home ▸ Catalog ▸ |Roman Coins| ▸ |The Late Empire||View Options:   | | | |
After the defeat of Maximus, Valentinian and his court were installed at Vienne, Gaul. Theodosius' trusted general, the Frank Arbogast, was appointed magister militum for the Western provinces (except Africa) and guardian of Valentinian. Acting in the name of Valentinian, Arbogast was actually subordinate only to Theodosius. Arbogast's domination over the emperor was considerable, he even murdered Harmonius, Valentinian's friend, suspected of taking bribes, in the emperor's presence. The crisis reached a peak when Arbogast prohibited the emperor from leading the Gallic armies into Italy to oppose a barbarian threat. Valentinian, in response, formally dismissed Arbogast. The latter ignored the order, publicly tearing it up and arguing that Valentinian had not appointed him in the first place. The reality of where the power lay was openly displayed. Valentinian wrote to Theodosius and Ambrose complaining of his subordination to his general. On 15 May 392, Valentinian was found hanged in his residence in Vienne. Arbogast maintained that the emperor's death was suicide. Most sources agree, however, that Arbogast murdered him with his own hands, or paid the Praetorians. Valentinian's Christian beliefs make suicide unlikely.RL112089. Bronze centenionalis, RIC IX Antioch 46(d)3, LRBC II 2690, cf. SRCV V 20308 (controls), Hunter V 48 (same), VF, nice desert patina with highlighting earthen deposits, weight 2.624 g, maximum diameter 19.9 mm, die axis 0o, Antioch (Antakya, Turkey) mint, 9 Aug 378 - 25 Aug 383 A.D.; obverse D N VALENTINIANVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse CONCORDIA AVGGG (harmony among the three emperors), Roma seated facing on throne, head left, helmeted, left leg bare, globe in right hand, reversed spear in left hand, Θ (control) left, ANTΓ in exergue; from the Michael Arslan Collection; $70.00 (€65.80)
Eudoxia, Augusta 9 January 400 - Early October 404 A.D., Wife of Arcadius
The Christogram (also called a Monogramma Christi or Chrismon) is a ligature of Chi (X) and Rho (P), the first two letters of Christ in Greek. It was among the earliest symbols of Christianity. The crucifix was rarely used in early Christian iconography, perhaps because most people then had personally witnessed its gruesome use for public execution.RL110194. Bronze centenionalis, Hunter V 4 (also 3rd officina), RIC X Arcadius 104 (S), LRBC II 2800, DOCLR 288, SRCV V 20895, VF, dark green patina, earthen encrustation, weight 3.216 g, maximum diameter 16.5 mm, die axis 135o, 3rd officina, Antioch (Antakya, Turkey) mint, 401 - 403 A.D.; obverse AEL EVDOXIA AVG, diademed and draped bust right with hand of God holding wreath over her head; reverse SALVS REIPVBLICAE (health of the Republic), Victory seated right on cuirass, inscribing Christogram on shield resting on cippus, ANTΓ in exergue; scarce; $60.00 (€56.40)
Valentinian II, 17 November 375 - 15 May 392 A.D.
After the defeat of Maximus, Valentinian and his court were installed at Vienne, Gaul. Theodosius' trusted general, the Frank Arbogast, was appointed magister militum for the Western provinces (except Africa) and guardian of Valentinian. Acting in the name of Valentinian, Arbogast was actually subordinate only to Theodosius. Arbogast's domination over the emperor was considerable, he even murdered Harmonius, Valentinian's friend, suspected of taking bribes, in the emperor's presence. The crisis reached a peak when Arbogast prohibited the emperor from leading the Gallic armies into Italy to oppose a barbarian threat. Valentinian, in response, formally dismissed Arbogast. The latter ignored the order, publicly tearing it up and arguing that Valentinian had not appointed him in the first place. The reality of where the power lay was openly displayed. Valentinian wrote to Theodosius and Ambrose complaining of his subordination to his general. On 15 May 392, Valentinian was found hanged in his residence in Vienne. Arbogast maintained that the emperor's death was suicide. Most sources agree, however, that Arbogast murdered him with his own hands, or paid the Praetorians. Valentinian's Christian beliefs make suicide unlikely.RL112090. Bronze centenionalis, RIC IX Antioch 46(d)3, LRBC II 2690, cf. SRCV V 20308 (controls), Hunter V 48 (same), Choice F, well centered, highlighting earthen deposits, weight 2.082 g, maximum diameter 18.4 mm, die axis 0o, 3rd officina, Antioch (Antakya, Turkey) mint, 9 Aug 378 - 25 Aug 383 A.D.; obverse D N VALENTINIANVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse CONCORDIA AVGGG (harmony among the three emperors), Roma seated facing on throne, head left, helmeted, left leg bare, globe in right hand, reversed spear in left hand, Θ (control) left, ANTΓ in exergue; from the Michael Arslan Collection; $60.00 (€56.40)
Byzantine Empire, Anastasius I, 11 April 491 - 1 July 518 A.D.
Half folles and folles of this period can be dated before or after 512 A.D. because a larger flan was introduced that year. This coin is a large module type dated after 512 A.D.BZ112946. Bronze half follis, DOC I 24a, Wroth BMC 50, Tolstoi 38, Hahn MIB I 33, SBCV 25, Morrisson BnF I 1/Cp/AE/42 var. (no 1st officina), Sommer 1.22 var. (same), Ratto -, F, well centered on a broad flan, porosity, weight 8.368 g, maximum diameter 28.7 mm, die axis 180o, 1st officina, Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey) mint, 512 - 517 A.D.; obverse D N ANASTASIVS P P AVC, diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse large K (20 nummi), cross left, A (1st officina) right; $50.00 (€47.00)
Theodosius I, 19 January 379 - 17 January 395 A.D.
VOT X MVLT XX abbreviates Votis Decennalibus Multis Vicennalibus. This inscription indicated that Theodosius had completed his vows (prayers) to thank God on the tenth anniversary of his rule, and made more vows to God that they might help him achieve his twentieth anniversary. They type was, however, likely issued early in his reign and the inscription had lost it meaning by this time.RL113303. Bronze half centenionalis, cf. SRCV V 20579 ff. (various mints), VF, brown tone, tight flan, mintmark off flan, weight 1.070 g, maximum diameter 12.9 mm, die axis 180o, uncertain mint, c. 279 - 283 A.D.; obverse D N THEODO-SIVS AVG, pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse VOT / X / MVLT / XX (L reversed) in wreath, mintmark in exergue; ex Pegasi Numismatics; $50.00 (€47.00)
Honorius, 23 January 393 - 15 August 423 A.D.
On 23 January 393, Theodosius I proclaimed his son Honorius, age 8, co-ruler (Augustus) of the Western Roman Empire.MA114430. Bronze maiorina, RIC IX Cyzicus 28(c)2, LRBC II 2573, SRCV V 20988, Cohen VIII 20, DOCLR -, F, green patina, a little rough, tight flan, weight 4.331 g, maximum diameter 19.7 mm, die axis 180o, 2nd officina, Cyzicus (Kapu Dagh, Turkey) mint, 23 Jan 393 - 17 Jan 395 A.D.; obverse D N HONORIVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse GLORIA ROMANORVM (glory of the Romans), Emperor standing facing, head right, diademed, in military dress, standard in right hand, globe in left hand, SMKB in exergue; $18.00 (€16.92)
Gratian, 24 August 367 - 25 August 383 A.D.
Gratian aroused the contempt and resentment of his Roman troops by taking a bodyguard of barbarian Alans and appeared in public in the dress of a Scythian warrior. General Magnus Maximus took advantage of this feeling to raise a revolt in Britain and invaded Gaul with a large army. Gratian, who was then in Paris, was deserted by his troops and fled to Lyon where he was delivered by the governor to rebel general, Andragathius, and assassinated on 25 August 383.MA114432. Bronze centenionalis, RIC IX Cyzicus 17(a), VF, well centered, green patina, highlighting earthen deposits, scratches, weight 1.945 g, maximum diameter 19.2 mm, die axis 0o, 2nd officina, Cyzicus (Kapu Dagh, Turkey) mint, 9 Aug 378 - 25 Aug 383 A.D.; obverse D N GRATIANVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse CONCORDIA AVGGG (harmony among the three emperors), Roma seated facing, head left, globe in right hand, spear in left hand, cross right, SMKB in exergue; scarce; $8.00 (€7.52)
Marcian, 24 August 450 - 31 January 457 A.D.
To repudiate the Second Council of Ephesus, Marcian convened the Council of Chalcedon, the fourth council of the early church, in 451. Pulcheria may have made the convention a requirement during her negotiations to marry Marcian. about 370 bishops attended, most Eastern, but four were sent by Pope Leo I. This council reversed the decision of the Second Council of Ephesus that Jesus had one divine united nature, and instead agreed that Jesus had "a divine nature (physis) and a human nature, united in one person (hypostasis), with neither division nor confusion." The council also condemned Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria, who had overseen the Second Council of Ephesus. The council repeated the importance of the See of Constantinople, giving it the right to appoint bishops in the East, over the objection of Pope Leo I. Marcian issued edicts confirming the decisions. One edict ordered the repression of Eutychianists, barring them from holding state offices, forbidding them from criticizing the Council of Chalcedon, and ordering their literature, alongside that of the Nestorians, to be burned. The result was numerous violent religious revolts which Marcian suppressed with military force. A large number of Christians who disagreed migrated to the Sassanid Empire.MA113867. Bronze half centenionalis, cf. SRCV V 21393 ff. (various mints), aF, green patina, porous/rough, weight 1.065 g, maximum diameter 11.4 mm, die axis 0o, uncertain mint, obverse D N MARCIANVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse Marcian monogram (RIC monogram 1)
in wreath, mintmark in exergue; scarce emperor; $7.00 (€6.58) Procopius, 28 September 365 - 27 May 366 A.D.
In 363, as a general under Julian II, Procopius, together with Sebastianus, was entrusted with controlling the upper Tigris with 30,000 men and, if possible, he was to join King Arsaces II of Armenia and march southward, to reach Julian's army in Assyria. However, when Procopius reached the main Roman army near Thilsaphata, between Nisibis and Singara, Julian had died and he met the new emperor, Jovian.MA114426. Bronze centenionalis, LRBC II 2331, RIC IX Nicomedia 10.2 (R3), Cohen VIII 8, SRCV V 19884, F, green patina, scratches, edge ragged with many chips, weight 2.618 g, maximum diameter 20.5 mm, die axis 0o, 3rd officina, Nicomedia (Izmit, Turkey) mint, 28 Sep 365 - Apr 366 A.D.; obverse D N PROCO-PIVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed draped and cuirassed bust left; reverse REPARATIO FEL TEMP (happy times restored), Procopius standing facing, head right, labarum in right hand, resting left hand on grounded shield, uncertain object at feet,
(Christ monogram) in upper right field, SMNΓ in exergue; very rare; $5.00 (€4.70) Theodosius I, 19 January 379 - 17 January 395 A.D.
Between 389 and 392, Theodosius promulgated the "Theodosian decrees," instituting a major change in his religious policies, which removed non-Nicene Christians from church office and abolished the last remaining expressions of Roman religion by making its holidays into workdays, banned blood sacrifices, closed Roman temples, and disbanded the Vestal Virgins. The practices of taking auspices and witchcraft were punished. Theodosius refused to restore the Altar of Victory in the Senate House, as asked by non-Christian senators.MA114427. Bronze maiorina, RIC IX Antioch 63(d)2, LRBC II 2757, SRCV V 20507, Cohen VIII 54, VF/F, dark patina, near centered, mild roughness, weight 4.226 g, maximum diameter 22.3 mm, die axis 0o, 2nd officina, Antioch (Antakya, Turkey) mint, c. 387 - 392 A.D.; obverse D N THEODOSIVS P F AVG, rosette-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right; reverse VIRTVS EXERCITI (courage of the army), emperor standing right, vexillum in right hand, globe in left hand, left foot on bound captive kneeling right before him and looking back at him, ANTB in exergue; $5.00 (€4.70)
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