IX. Phoenicia
[Hill, Brit. Mus. Cat., Phoenicia, 1910; Babelon, Les Perses Achmnides ... et Phonicie, 1893; Rouvier, Numismatique des Villes de la Phnicie (Journal Intern. d'Archologie Numism., iii-vii (1900-1904).Aradus
Aradus was built on an island off the northern coast of Phoenicia. Its coinage begins about the same time as that of Tyre and Sidon, towards the end of the fifth century B.C.; but unlike those cities Aradus made use of the Persic standard for its silver staters, probably on account of its proximity to and commerce with the island of Cyprus, where alone that standard was then in use.
The early coinage of Aradus may be arranged in the following classes :
| מא (ex Arado). Phoenician fish-god, holding dolphin in each hand. | Galley with sea-horse beneath [Babe-
lon, Perses Ach., Pl. XXII. 1, &c.]
AR 55 grs., AR 27 grs.
|
| מא Half-figure of fish-god. | Prow with dolphin beneath [Ibid., Pl.
XXII. 7, &c.]. AR 11 grs.
|
| Head of Melkart laureate, of archaic style. [Babelon, No. 878.] | מא Galley on waves.
AR Attic Tetradr. 257.12 grs.
|
| Id. [Babelon, Pl. XXII. 12 f.] | Id. AR Persic Stater 165 grs., and
divisions 54, and 14.5 grs.
|
FIG. 345.
Staters similar to those of preceding period, with regnal dates (10-17) or (numeral ?) letters (Fig. 345); this is possibly the coinage of the Gero- stratus who sided with Alexander. Also bronze (size .55) with types, Fish-god, rev. Galley. Certain minute AR coins (2.3 grs. and under), obv. Bearded head, rev. Galley, Tortoise, Head of one of the Phoenician Pataekoi, &c., probably belong to both this period and the preceding.
| Head of Melkart. [Bouvier, Villes de Phonicie, No. 106.] |
עב (Abdastart). Galley.
AR Obol 10 grs.
|
On the Macedonian conquest Aradus abandoned its ancient standard
of weight for the Attic, and struck gold staters and silver tetradrachms
with Alexandrine types (Mller, Cl. II, III, and IV, Nos. 1360-79), distinguished by the monogram 
(B. M. Guide, Pl. XXVII. 3, 4). Some
of these are dated by the era of the conquest of Phoenicia (B.C. 333/2).
They probably ceased with the reign of Antiochus I (B.C. 281-261), on
some of whose tetradrachms the same monogram occurs. Probably to
the same period is to be assigned the Attic tetrobol with obv. Beardless
laureate head, rev. מא Prow (Babelon, Perses Ach., Pl. XXIII. 2).
The era of Aradus, according to which all the subsequent coins of the city are dated, commences in B.C. 259. The coins fall into the following classes:
| Head of Zeus or Melkart. | Prow with or without Athena as figure-
head. AR Tetrobol, Dr., or Diobol
|
| Head of Tyche. | Prow. AR Dr.
|
| Id. | Prow with or without Athena as figure-
head. .9-.65
|
| Id. | Stern of ship. .7
|
| Head of Zeus. | Beak of ship. .7
|
| Head of Poseidon, crowned with marine plant. [Babelon, Pl. XXIII. 14.] | ΑΡΑΔΙΩΝ Zeus standing; symbol,
palm-tree; date=B.C. 174.
AR Attic Tetradr.
|
| Bee, and dates = B.C. 174-110. [See Ephesus, p. 575.] |
ΑΡΑΔΙΩΝ Stag and palm-tree.
AR Attic Dr.
|
| Head of Zeus. | Beak of ship. .7
|
| Head of Tyche. | Poseidon seated on prow. .85
|
| Id. | Aplustre. .55
|
FIG. 346.
| Head of Tyche, veiled and turreted (Fig. 346). | ΑΡΑΔΙΩΝ Nike standing, holding
aplustre and palm; in field, Greek
date and Phoenician and Greek
letters. AR Tetradr. 239 grs.
|
| Head of Zeus. | Prow with Athena as figure-head (B.C.
130-110). AR Tetrobol
size .6 |
| Head of Tyche. | Prow (B.C. 119-109). AR Dr.
|
| Head of Gorgon. | Aplustre (B.C. 111, 110). AR Diobol
|
| Head of Astarte veiled. | Humped bull (B.C. 96). AR Drachm
|
| Id. | Id. (B.C. 94-21). .85
|
| Head of Tyche. | Poseidon seated on prow. .85
|
| Heads of Zeus and a goddess jugate. | Prow with Athena as figure-head (B.C.
137-52). .75
|
| Head of Zeus. | Prow (B.C. 84-45). .7
|
Bronze coins with the head of M. Antonius were issued in B.C. 38/7 and 35/4.
Imperial, Tiberius to Gordian. Inscr., ΑΡΑΔΙΩΝ. Usual types Head of Astarte wearing stephane and veil, before which is the head of the Emperor, smaller in size than that of the goddess, rev. Running bull; Tyche seated on rudder; Vase between two sphinxes; Cypress-tree between lion and bull, each accompanied by legionary standard.
Also occasional quasi-autonomous coins, partly with the old types, to A.D. 116. A silver tetradrachm of Caracalla of the Antiochene class (symbol, crab and crescent) may have been issued at Aradus or Ascalon (Imhoof-Blumer, Gr. Mnzen, 786).
Berytus
Berytus (Beyrout), a coast-town between Byblus and Sidon. It was a mint for AV, AR, and of Ptolemy II, III, and V (symbol, trident), and also for Seleucid AR and (Antiochus IV to Antiochus VIII). In the second century the coins hear a Phoenician inscription ללאדכא אש בכנען meaning of Laodiceia which is in Canaan (i. e. Phoenicia) (Rev. Arch., 1897, p. 302); also often the letters ΛΑ ΦΟΙ or ΒΗ ΦΟL Autonomous from second century; inscr. as above, or of Berit in Phoenician; later ΒΗΡΥΤΙWΝ. TypesHead of Tyche; Poseidon in car drawn by hippocamps; Astarte on prow, &c. Era begins B.C. 80. of Cleopatra VII (q.v.), in B.C. 31 (Svoronos, Νομ. Πτολ., 1886-9). Colonial (from circ. B.C. 15), Augustus to Salonina; also small bronze without Emperors heads. Inscr., BER., C. B., COL. BER., COL. IVL. AVG. FEL. BER., COL. ANT. AVG. FEL. BER., &c. Other inscriptions: SEC(uritas) SAEC(uli); DECENNALES ANTONINI COS III. Typesusual colonial; Astarte; Temple of Astarte; Poseidon; Temple of Poseidon; Poseidon
Botrys
Byblus
Byblus (Gebal), a coast-town at the foot of Mount Lebanon, betweenBotrys and Berytus, famous as the scene of the myth of Adonis, who washere worshipped under the name of Thammuz. Isis also was fabled tohave come to Byblus, where she sought and found the chest containingthe corpse of Osiris slain by Typhon. The earliest coins of Byblus areautonomous silver pieces of the kings of Byblus, Elpaal, Azbaal, Ainelor Enylus, the contemporary of Alexander the Great, B.C. 333 (Arrian,ii. 20. 1) and Adramelek, B.C. 315 (?) (Six, Num. Chron., 1877, p. 182).
| Galley, with horses head as figure- head, manned by three armed men; beneath, hippocamp. | Vulture standing on an incuse ram.
AR Stater and Fourth; also smaller
divisions varied. [De Luynes, Satrap.,
Pl. XVI. 46, 47.]
|
| Id. [Babelon, Perses Ach., Pl. XXVI. 12.] |
Lion devouring a bull, of which the
head is in relief and the body incuse.
Inscr. in Phoenician letters לפעל מלך גבל (= Elpaal Melek Gebal).
AR Stater and divisions.
|
| Id. [Babelon. Perses Ach., Pl. XXVI. 20, &c.] | Lion devouring bull. Inscr. in Phoeni-
cian letters עזבעל מלך גבל (= Azbaal
Melek Gebal); עינאל מלך גבל (=
Ainel Melek Gebal); or גבלאדרמלך מלך
(= Adramelek Melek Gebal).
AR 213 grs. and 13 grs.
|
The next coins of Byblus are bronze of the Seleucidae from Antiochus IV to Antiochus VIII, rev. usually Phoenician god Kronos represented as a standing figure with six wings and a horned head-dress (cf. Rev. Num., 1856, p. 394, and Imhoof, Monn. gr., p. 442).
There are also autonomous bronze coins of the first century B.C.; inscr. in Phoenician letters לגבל קדשת of Gebal the holy. Types Head of Tyche; Kronos; Isis Pharia; Crown of ΕΙCΙC; Isis-Astarte standing; Harpokrates; &c. (Imhoof, Monn. gr., p. 442). Quasi-auto- nomous , dated by Actian Era. Imperial , Augustus to Severus Alex- ander. Inscr., ΒΥΒΛΙΩΝ, ΒΥΒΛΟΥ ΙЄΡΑC, &c. Usual typesTemple of Astarte, in which her statue standing with one foot on prow; Isis Pharia; Temple with court containing conical baetyl; &c.
Caesareia ad Libanum, at the north-west foot of Mount Lebanon. Imperial, Antoninus Pius and Aurelius. Inscr., ΚΑΙCΑΡЄΙΑC ΛΙ-
Carne (or Carnos)
Carne or Carnos. To this place, the mainland port of Aradus (Strabo, 753), coins have been attributed with Phoenician dates reckoned from the era of Aradus, B.C. 259, ranging from B.C. 226-137. Inscr., ΚΑΡ or קרן. Alexandrine AR tetradrachm; AR Attic tetrobols with Aradian types or Cornucopiae; with Aradian types, also Asklepios-Eshmun crowned by Nike; Cornucopiae; &c.
Dora
Dora (Tantura), in the south of Phoenicia. Autonomous (first cen- tury B.C.) and Imperial, Vespasian to Antoninus Pius, with Greek dates computed from the Pompeian era, B.C. 64. Inscr., ΔWΡΙΤWΝ, ΔWΡ. ΙЄΡ. ΑCΥΛ. ΑΥΤΟΝ. ΝΑΥΑΡΧ[ιδοσ], ΔWΡΑ ΙЄΡΑ. TypesHead of Doros or Tyche, rev. Astarte standing holding vexillum.
Gebal
Gebal. See Byblus.
Laodiceia Phoeniciae
Laodiceia Phoeniciae. See Berytus.
Marathus
Marathus (site Amrit). This important city was the most northern coast town of Phoenicia. It was continually at feud with its near neigh- bour Aradus, which appears to have succeeded in destroying it between B.C. 149 and 145, in the reign of Alexander Bala; it was subsequently revived (perhaps as an Aradian colony).
Its earliest coins are a silver drachm of the types of the Alexandrine AV Staters (Babelon, Perses Ach., Pl. XXVIII. 1) and tetradrachms with Alexandrine types (Mller, 1396; symbol, Palm-tree), dated in the thirtieth year of the era of Aradus (B.C. 259) = B.C. 229. Shortly after this the series of the Marathenian coins begins, and extends down to circ. B.C. 150. The silver coins have Greek legends and the bronze Phoenician, nearly all being dated in the usual Phoenician manner, e.g. ΙΙΙΝΝΝשת (= Shenath 73).
FIG. 347.
| Head of the city, turreted (Fig. 347). | ΜΑΡΑΘΗΝΩΝ Marathos holding ap-
lustre and branch, seated on shields.
In front, Phoenician date 33 (= B.C.
226). AR Attic tetradr. 258 grs.
|
| Head of Queen Berenice II (?), veiled. | ΜΑΡΑΘΗΝΩΝ Marathos standing
beside column, holding aplustre.
Phoenician date 34 (= B.C. 225) and
73. AR 36 grs.
|
| Id. | מרת Asklepios-Eshmun, with serpent
staff. Dates 33 and 35. .8
|
| Id. | מרת Marathos standing. Dates 40-
108. .9
|
| Id. | Prow. Date 73. .6
|
| Bust of Ptolemy VI as Hermes. | מרת Marathos standing. Dates 80-91.
.85
|
| Bust of Tyche. | Id. Dates 103-105. .65
|
| Female bust, laureate. | מרת Nike. Dates 85-90. .65
|
| Head of Zeus. | ΜΑΡΑ or no city-name. Double cor-
nucopiae. Phoenician dates 120-
168, Greek dates 236-375. .9
|
For other types see Rouvier, Num. des Villes de la Phnicie.
Orthosia, between Aradus and Tripolis. Autonomous bronze of first century B.C., and quasi-autonomous. Inscr., ΟΡΘΩΣΙΕΩΝ; chief type Dionysos Pogon in car drawn by winged panthers. Era, Seleucid. Imperial, Nero to Severus Alexander. TypesDionysos (as on earlier coins); Temple of Astarte; &c.
Ptolemais-Ace (Akka, St. Jean d'Acre). The coinage of this city begins with Alexander the Great; staters and tetradrachms with dates 6-40, i. e. by the era of Alexander in Phoenicia, from B.C. 328/7 to 294/3; also undated, during the period 332-328. On these coins the city is named Ace (עך). It was re-named Ptolemais by Ptolemy II. The Ptolemaic coinage begins in B.C. 261 (a few undated pieces may be earlier), and continues until the acquisition of the city by Antiochus III in B.C. 200. Seleucid coinage from Antiochus IV to Antiochus XII (circ. B.C. 175-84); interrupted by a coin struck by Ptolemy VI in B.C. 148, during the struggle between Alexander Bala and Demetrius. The mint-mark is usually a monogram of ΠΤ or ΠΤΟ; we also find ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΕΝ ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΔΙ from Antiochus IV (who therefore founded a colony there named after himself) to the first century B.C. The other names survived, however; עך and ΠΤΟ are found on contemporary coins. From circa B.C. 44 the coins read ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑ(Ι)ΕΩΝ, sometimes also ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ or ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ, and are dated by the Caesarean era (B.C. 48). Coins struck probably about B.C. 4 read ΑΚΗ, usually also ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ, variously abbreviated. Under Claudius the title is ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΕΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΕΝ ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΔΙ. Types through- out the autonomous periodTriptolemos (?) with sceptre and ears of corn; Zeus; Tyche standing on rudder, holding aplustre; Perseus; &c. Claudius made it a colony between A.D. 52 and 54, with the title Colonia Claudia Felix Ptolemais. Colonial coinage from Nero to Gal- lienus. Inscr., usually COL. PTOL.; other titles CL(audia) FELIX, and under Nero also STAB(ilis?) GER(manica). Era, Caesarean. Types Emperor DIVOS CLAVD(ius) ploughing the sulcus primigenius, with standards of four legions, the III (Gallica), VI (Ferrata), X (Fretensis), and XII (Fulminata). River-god Belos, alone or at feet of Tyche, or with
Sidon. To this great maritime city, the ancient metropolis of Phoenicia, belongs the most important coinage of this part of the world down to the time of Alexander the Great. It begins about the end of the fifth century, is of the Phoenician standard, and is to be divided into the following classes. A cable border characterizes the larger coins in Classes II-IV :
FIG. 348.
| Galley with square-sail furled (Fig. 348). | Incuse square. King of Persia in chariot,
driven by charioteer; in field, fore-
part of wild goat, incuse.
AR 2 shekels, 422.5 grs.
|
| Id. | Incuse square. King shooting; in field,
heads of goat and Hes, incuse.
AR shekel, 109.1 grs.
|
| Id. | Incuse square. King running, shooting.
AR 1/16 shekel, 12.8 grs.
|
| Id. | Head of Bes. AR 1/32 shekel, 4.8 grs.
|
| Id., but sail triangular. | Incuse circle. King shooting.
AR shekel, 98 grs.
|
FIG. 349.
| Galley before fortified wall of a city. In exergue, two lions (Fig. 349). | Incuse circle. King in chariot, driven
at full speed by charioteer; beneath,
wild-goat, incuse.
AR 2 shekels, 436 grs.
|
| Id. | Incuse square. King slaying lion with
sword. AR shekel, 108.7 grs.
|
These usually bear Aramaic letters, such as עב, בע, בם, the meaning of which is not certain. To the same class belong 1/16 and 1/64 shekels, rev. type, King running, shooting; and 1/32 shekels, rev. type, King half-kneel- ing, holding bow and spear. See Rouvier in Journ. Int., 1902, p. 102 f.
(With letter ב on obverse or reverse).
| Galley with rowers, at sea. | Incuse circle. King in chariot, driven
slowly by charioteer; behind him, an
attendant in Egyptian royal costume.
On one specimen the date 14.
AR 2 shekels, 441.4 grs.
|
| Id. | Id. (without attendant). AR shekel
|
| Id. | King slaying lion. AR 1/16 shekel
|
| Id. | King kneeling, shooting. AR 1/32 shekel
|
The Egyptian king following the car of the Great King probably symbolizes the nominal subjection of Egypt to Persia after the death of Hakor in B.C. 383.
FIG. 350.
To this celebrated phil-Athenian ruler (Hicks, Gk. Hist. Inscr., iii) the following coins are to be attributed :
| Galley with rowers, at sea. Dates 1 13 (Fig. 350). | עב King in chariot, with Egyptian at-
tendant, as in preceding reign.
AR 2 shekels, 397 grs.
|
| Id. | Id. (without attendant).
AR shekel, 98 grs.
shekel, 49.4 grs.
|
| Id. (without dates) ב. | ע King slaying lion.
AR 1/16 shekel, 23.9 grs.
|
| Id. (without dates). | King in chariot, driven by charioteer.
.7
|
| Id. (with dates 3-10). | King half-kneeling with spear and bow.
.6
|
| Head of a king (Strato I ?). | Galley. Dates 11, 12. .6-.4
|
| Galley with rowers, at sea. Dates 1-4. | תע King in chariot, as in preceding
reign, but with attendant in Asiatic
dress. AR 2 shekels, 399 grs.
|
| Id. (without dates). | תע King slaying lion. AR 1/16 shekel
|
Tennes was reigning at the time of the revolt of B.C. 351, and after his betrayal of Sidon was put to death by Artaxerxes, circ. B.C. 348.
Euagoras II, after the end of the Cypriote revolt, received a ηγεμονια (Diod. xvi. 46) from the Great King, which Babelon (Ml. Num., i. p. 305) identifies with the governorship of Sidon. To him he has attributed double-shekels and 1/16 shekels, with types similar to those of Tennes, but with the letters ע ע on the reverse; the double-shekels have a star in the field of the obverse. Regnal dates 1-4.
To this king, who was deposed by Alexander the Great, are to be attributed double-shekels and half-shekels of the types of Classes V and VI, with dates 1 to 10 or 11, and letters עב. Perhaps also some 1/16 shekels similar to those of Class IV.
The inscription מז or מזדי (the letters show Aramaizing forms) on the coins of this class shows that they were issued by Mazaeus, presumably as commander-in-chief in Phoenicia; they seem to have been struck contemporaneously with the coins of the Sidonian kings, and at the same mint. They bear dates 16-21 and 1-4, representing regnal years of Artaxerxes III (died B.C. 337) and of Dareius III respectively. They are double-shekels and 1/16 shekels of the usual types.
The coinage of Sidon with Alexandrine types falls into the following classes (the mint-mark is usually ΣΙ; classes A to C, E, and F are inscribed ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ):
Partly contemporary with, but for the most part subsequent to, this Alexandrine coinage is the coinage of the Ptolemies, from Ptolemy II's twenty-fifth year (B.C. 261) to Ptolemy V.
In B.C. 202 Sidon was lost by Ptolemy V to Antiochus III, and a Seleucid coinage of bronze probably began at once at this mint; although, however, the mint-name is only found from Antiochus IV to Antiochus IX. The regal issues include AR both on the Attic and on the Phoenician standard. To this time also belongs a scanty autonomous coinage of bronze, with typesHead of Tyche; Rudder; Aplustre; Europa on bull (cf. Lucian, de dea Syr., 6: και το νομισμα, τω Σιδωνιοι χρεονται, την Ευρωην εφεζομενην εχει τω ταυρω τω Διι); &c. On some of these coins occurs a Phoenician inscription. (or ככב) אפא כת צר לצדנם אם כמב meaning belonging to [the city of] the Sidonians, the metropolis of Cambe (i. e. Carthage), of Hippo, of Citium, of Tyre. More usual is the shorter inscription לצדנם, or ΣΙΔΩΝΙΩΝ.
In B.C. 111 the autonomous era of Sidon begins, and, with it, a long series of dated silver and bronze coins of which the following are the chief varieties. (The inscriptions are as in the previous period, and also ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ, ΣΙΔΩΝΙΩΝ or ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ, ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ ΘΕΑΣ, ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ, and on the quasi-autonomous coins of the Flavian period ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ ΘΕΑΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΝΑΥΑΡΧΙΔΟΣ)
FIG. 351.
| Head of City, turreted and veiled. (Fig. 351.) | Eagle on prow of galley, palm over
shoulder. AR Tetradrachm 223.8 grs.
AR Didrachm 108.3 grs. |
The types of the bronze coins are:Head of Tyche; Head of Zeus; Heads of Zeus and Tyche jugate; War-galley; Eagle; Astarte on galley or prow; Car containing baetyl of Astarte; Europa on bull; Nike on prow; Head of young Dionysos; Dionysos standing; Dionysiac cista; Temple between two isolated columns; &c. The quasi-autonomous coinage ceases in A.D. 118/119.
Imperial, Augustus to Hadrian. Inscr., ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ, usually with the addition of ΙΕΡΑΣ, ΘΕΑΣ, or ΝΑΥΑΡΧΙΔΟΣ. TypesEuropa on bull; Car of Astarte; Kadmos on prow.
Provincial billon tetradrachms of Antiochene types under Caracalla; mint-mark, Europa on bull, or Car of Astarte.
Colonial, Elagabalus to Severus Alexander. Inscr., COL. AVR. PIA METROP. SIDON, &c. Typesthe usual colonial types; Europa on bull; Zeus seated; Amaltheia with infant Zeus and Goat; Astarte with Nike and small Marsyas of the forum; Astarte and Marsyas on a galley, with another galley alongside; Astarte riding on lion; Car containing baetyl of Astarte, sometimes within zodiacal ring; Dionysos alone or with Apollo; Demeter in serpent-car, or with serpent-torch, or with Isis (?); Asklepios sacrificing; the Argo (inscr. ARGO or ΑΡΓΟΝΑΥΤ.) with the Dioskuri on board; DIDO enthroned; Kadmos and Phoenix (CAD. POE.) confronted; Hero (Kadmos or Phoenix) attacking lion; Modius (representing Imperial donation of corn; inscr., AETERNVM BENEFICIVM); Gateway of the forum; &c. Agonistic inscr., IER(a) PERI(odica) OECV(menica) ISEL(astica) or CERT(amina) SEC(ra) PER. OECVME. ISELA, &c.
Tripolis, a joint settlement, whence its name, from Sidon, Tyre, and Aradus, established before the time of Alexander the Great. The city was situated on the coast between Aradus and Byblus. It was a mint of Ptolemy V (B.C. 205-180; Svoronos, Νομ. Πτολ., No. 1296) and of the Seleucidae from Antiochus IV (175-164) to Antiochus X (B.C. 94-83). The earliest autonomous coin is bronze, of B.C. 188 (obv. Veiled female head, rev. Caps of Dioskuri and Phoenician letters). The dominant types throughout are connected with the Dioskuri. In B.C. 112/111, as at Sidon, an era of autonomy is adopted, the following tetradrachms, which begin in that year, being dated first by the Seleucid, then by the new era for thirty-two years.
| Busts of the Dioskuri surmounted by stars. | ΤΡΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ
ΑΥΤΟΝΟΜΟV. Tyche of City stand-
ing, holding tiller and cornucopiae;
the whole in wreath.
AR Tetradrachm 233 grs.
|
Also bronze with Nemesis, Tyche, &c. Other eras used are the Pompeian (B.C. 64) and the Actian (B.C. 31); also regnal years of Cleopatra,
Quasi-autonomous (to A.D. 69) and Imperial (to Severus Alexander). Inscr., ΤΡΙΠΟΛ(Є)ΙΤΩΝ; under Elagabalus also ΝΑΥΑΡΧΙ(δος) and ΝΕΩΚ(ορου). TypesBusts or figures of Dioskuri; Astarte with one foot on prow, alone, in temple, or with Dioskuri; Temple and Great Altar of Zeus Hagios(ΔΙΟC ΑΓΙΟΥ); Figures of ΗΛΙΟC and CЄΛΗΝΗ; Galley (Argo ?); &c. Under Caracalla, billon tetradrachms of the Antiochene class; mint-mark, Caps of Dioskuri.
Tyre (Sur), reputed a colony of Sidon, and its rival in wealth and splendour. It appears to have begun to coin silver tetradrachms and small coins in the latter half of the fifth century B.C.
| Dolphin swimming above waves; be- neath, murex; illegible inscription. | Incuse square, within which Owl accom-
panied by crook and flail, Egyptian
symbols of royalty.
AR Tetradr. 215 grs.
|
| Id.; no inscription. | Similar type. AR Drachm and Obol.
|
| Dolphin, with or without murex. | AR Obol.
|
FIG. 352.
| Melkart holding bow and riding over the waves upon a sea-horse; beneath waves, a dolphin. | Owl with crook and flail; Phoenician
letters or dates sometimes in the field
(Fig. 352).
AR Tetradr. 215 grs. and Drachm.
|
| Sea-horse and dolphin. | Similar type. AR Obol.
|
The coinage with regal types was continued after the fall of Tyre, but probably not during Alexanders lifetime. The standard changes to Attic; the denominations are the didrachm and a minute coin of 8.5 grains. The only coins with Alexanders types in this period are bronze, one of which is dated 26 (= B.C. 307/6, according to the era of Alexander in Phoenicia). The silver with regal types bears Phoenician letters and
The first Ptolemaic coinage begins about B.C. 267, and is of gold or silver marked with the monogram ΤΥ combined with the club of Melkart. It continues down to the reign of Ptolemy V. To this period also belongs an Alexandrine tetradrachm of Mllers fifth class (Mller, No. 1423). The Ptolemaic coinage is succeeded from B.C. 201/200 by a Seleucid coinage of silver and bronze, the city having passed at that date into the hands of Antiochus III. The silver is either Attic (types Seleucid Apollo on omphalos; Athena standing; Zeus seated) or Phoeni- cian (typeEagle on prow), and is marked with the mon. of ΤΥΡ, usually combined with a club. From Antiochus IV onwards the bronze coins bear the mint-name ΤΥΡΙΩΝ or ΤΥΡΟΥ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ, also לצר, or לצר אם צדנם (belonging to Tyre, metropolis of the Sidonians). This Seleucid coinage ends in B.C. 126/125.
The second era of the autonomy of Tyre began B.C. 126, and from this time down to the reign of Vespasian we possess a plentiful series of Tyrian tetradrachms and didrachms and a single specimen of the gold octadrachm (now in the Berlin Museum), struck in B.C. 103 under the influence of Ptolemy X.
FIG. 353.
| Head of the city turreted and veiled. [Zeit. f. N., vi. 4.] |
ΤΥΡΟΥ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ Double
cornucopiae. Year 23.
AV Octadr. 437.4 grs.
|
| Head of Melkart-Herakles, laureate. (Fig. 353). | ΤΥΡΟΥ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ Eagle
on beak of ship. In field, dates and
symbol, a club. AR 224 grs.
AR 112 grs. |
The silver coinage ceased in A.D. 56/7. In part contemporary with it are dated autonomous and quasi-autonomous bronze coins, extending down to A.D. 195/6. Inscr. as in Seleucid period; also from A.D. 93/94 ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕWC. Mint usually indicated by monogram of ΤΥΡ. Types connected with Melkart; also Eagle; Palm-tree; Galley; &c. Imperial silver or billon of the Antiochene class from Nero to
UNCERTAIN COINS OF PHOENICIA.
| King, wearing kidaris and kandys, stabbing lion. [Macdonald, Hunter Cat., iii. p. 273, Pl. lxxvii. 17.] | בענא (Baana) Cow suckling calf; dotted
incuse square. 166.5 grs.
|
| Melkart holding up lion by tail and striking at it with club. | Similar, but monogram instead of in-
scription. [Babelon, Perses Ach., No.
318, Pl. VIII. 1.]. 170.9 grs.
|
| Cow suckling calf. [Macdonald, op. cit., Pl. lxxvii. 15.] |
Melkart (as on obverse of preceding);
incuse square. 164.2 grs.
|
| Sea-god, with bearded head, body ter- minating in fish-tail; in r. trident, in l. wreath. | אז (Az?) Lion at bay on rocky ground.
[Babelon, loc. cit., No. 320, Pl. VIII.
3]. 162.5 grs.
|
Of these, the first three are placed here in accordance with the general opinion; but their fabric suggests that they were issued by some Phoe- nician ruler in Cyprus. The fourth is Phoenician, but the suggested attributions (Ascalon, Azotus) are very doubtful.
X. Galilaea
[De Saulcy, Numismatique de la Terre-Sainte (1874).]Diocaesareia-Sepphoris, about five miles north of Nazareth. Imperial of Trajan, with inscr., ΤΡΑΙΑΝΟC ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ ΕΔΩΚΕΝ, rev. ΣΕΠΦΩΡΗΝΩΝ, Palm-tree; and of Antoninus Pius to Elagabalus, with inscr., ΔΙΟΚΑΙCΑΡЄΙΑC. TypesTemple of Zeus; Temple of Athena; &c. On some specimens is the following enigmatical inscription, ΔΙΟΚ. ΙЄΡ. ΑCΥΛ. ΑΥΤ. Π. Φ. C. ΙЄΡ. Β. C. Κ. Δ. Ρ., which has been con- jecturally restored by De Saulcy (Terre-Sainte, p. 329), ΔΙΟ[ΚΑΙ- CΑΡЄΙΑC] ΙЄΡ[ΑC] ΑCΥΛ[ΟΥ] ΑΥΤ[ΟΝΟΜΟΥ] Π[ΟΛЄΩC] Φ[ΙΛΗC] C[ΥΜΜΑΧΟΥ] ΙЄΡ[ΑC] Β[ΟΥΛΗC] C[ΥΓΚΛΗΤΟΥ] Κ[ΑΙ] Δ[ΗΜΟΥ] Ρ[ΩΜΑΙΩΝ].
Tiberias, founded by Herod Antipas, on the shores of the Lake of Gennesareth. Bronze of Herod Antipas. Inscr., ΗΡΩΔΟΥ ΤЄΤΡΑΡΧΟΥ, &c., rev. ΤΙΒЄΡΙΑC, with dates of his reign corresponding to A.D. 29-34; also of Herod Agrippa I under Claudius. Inscr., ΕΠΙ ΒΑΣΙΛΕ. ΑΓΡΙΠ. ΤΙΒΕΡΙΕΩΝ. Imperial, Claudius to Hadrian, with inscr., ΤΙΒЄΡΙЄΩΝ or ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟ ΤΙΒЄΡΙЄΩΝ; also of Commodus, with inscr., ΤΙΒ. ΚΛ. CΥΡ. ΠΑΛ. TypesHygieia; Temple of Zeus; Head of Sarapis; &c. Era begins A.D. 20 (De Saulcy, Terre-Sainte, p. 334).
XI. Samaria
[De Saulcy, Numismatique de la Terre-Sainte (1874).]Antipatris (probably Kafr Saba on the road between Jaffa and Nablous), originally Kapharsaba, refounded by Herod the Great. Im- perial of Elagabalus; inscr., ΑΝΤ. (?) ΑΝΤΙΠΑΤΡ..; typeTemple of Astarte.
Caesareia, a splendid city and seaport founded by Herod the Great. The town was called Καισαρεια, and its port Σεβαστος λιμην. Regal bronze of Agrippa I (Madden, Coins of the Jews, p. 133) and autonomous bronze. TypeAnchor. Imperial, Augustus to Nero, with inscr., ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ or ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙΑ Η ΠΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΛΙΜΕΝΙ. Imperial colonial, Vespasian to Gallienus. Inscr., COLONIA PRIMA FLAVIA AVGVSTA FELIX CAESARENSIS, or CAESAREA METROPOLIS PROVINCIAE SYRIAE PALAESTINAE, variously abbreviated. Types numerous. Among them, the Head of Sarapis; Dionysos riding on lion; Astarte, sometimes in temple; Eagle holding wreath containing letters SPQR; Altar-shaped enclosure containing two trees; &c. (De Saulcy, Terre-Sainte, pp. 112 sq.).
Diospolis-Lydda, near Joppa. Imperial, Severus to Caracalla. Inscr., Λ. CЄΠ. CЄΟΥ. ΔΙΟCΠΟΛΙC (Lucia Septimia Severiana). TypesHeads of Sarapis and Demeter; Astarte in temple; &c. Era begins A.D. 199/200 (Kubitschek, Oesterr. Jahresh., vi. pp. 50 f.).
Neapolis, situate nearly in the centre of Samaria between the two hills, Ebal and Gerizim. Imperial, Titus to Maximinus. Inscr., ΦΛΑΟΥΙ. ΝΕΑΠΟΛ. ΣΑΜΑΡΕ or ΦΛ. ΝЄΑC ΠΟΛЄΩC CΥΡΙΑC ΠΑΛΑΙCΤΙΝΗC. Era dates from A.D. 72. Imperial colonial, Philip I to Gallienus. Inscr., COL. NEAPOLI.; COL. IVL. NEAPOL.; or COL. SERGIA. NEAPOL.; COL NEAPOLI NEOCORO, &c., and on the late issues ΦΛ. ΝЄΑC- ΠΟΛЄWC ЄΠΙCΗΜΟΥ ΝЄWΚΟΡΟΥ. There are two principal types (a) a representation of Mount Gerizim (sometimes supported by an eagle) with two summits, on one of which is the temple of Zeus, approached by a flight of steps (cf. Damascius, ap. Phot. Bibl., 1055), and on the other, a small edifice or altar; (β) Simulacrum of Jupiter Heliopoli- tanus standing between two humped bulls; he usually holds in one hand a whip, and in the other ears of corn. Among the other types are the Capitoline Triad, Sarapis, Asklepios, Apollo, &c.
Nysa Scythopolis, on the northern frontier of Samaria, close to the Jordan. Imperial, Nero to Gordian. Inscr., ΝΥCΑΙЄWΝ, ΝΥCΑΙЄWΝ ΤWΝ ΚΑΙ CΚΥΘΟΠΟΛЄΙΤWΝ, or ΝΥC. CΚΥΘΟΠΟΛЄΙΤWΝ ΙЄΡΑC. Era uncertain. TypeNysa nursing infant Dionysos with others of less interest.
Sebaste, the ancient Samaria, fortified by Herod, and renamed by him Sebaste (Joseph., Ant. Jud., xv. 8. 5). Imperial, Nero to Severus Alexander. Inscr., CЄΒΑCΤΗΝΩΝ, CΕΒΑCΤΗΝWΝ CΥΡΙΑC, &c., and colonial after Sept. Severus. Inscr., COL. L. SEP. SEBASTE, Colonia Lucia Septimia Sebaste. Era dates probably from B.C. 25. Types Rape of Persephone, &c. (De Saulcy, Terre-Sainte, p. 275).
XII. Judaea
[De Saulcy, Numismatique de la Terre-Sainte (1874).]Aelia Capitolina, the ancient Jerusalem, rebuilt by Hadrian, A.D. 136, after the suppression of the second revolt of the Jews under Simon Barcochba. The new temple of Jupiter Capitolinus occupied the site of that of Jehovah. Imperial colonial, Hadrian to Valerian. Inscr., COL. AEL. CAP. or KAP., with addition, under Hadrian, of COND(ita), and after the reign of Commodus, of the title COMM(odiana) P(ia) F(elix). The most interesting types are Astarte, or perhaps the Tyche of the city, standing in her temple; Zeus enthroned in temple (Madden, Coins of the Jews, p. 247); and the Stone of Elagabal in a chariot (Z. f. N., vii. 219). For coins struck at Jerusalem before its destruction see pp. 768 and 806 ff.
Ascalon. This ancient seaport would appear to have been one of the places of mintage of gold staters and tetradrachms of Alexander the Great (Mller, Cl. III and IV, Nos. 1472-1484). Subsequently it struck Seleucid regal coins from Antiochus II to Antiochus IX. Autonomous silver and bronze from the second century B.C., mostly dated by the Seleucid era; inscr., ΑΣ or ΑΣ. ΙΕΡΑΣ; typesHead of City, rev.
FIG. 354.
Prow; Head of Goddess, rev. Dove. The city became autonomous in B.C. 104; from this year, or from B.C. 84 (see Svoronos, Νομ. Πτολ., p. 313), are dated both small bronze coins and tetradrachms bearing the portraits of the later Ptolemies, including Cleopatra VII (Fig. 354) , rev. ΑΣΚΑΛΩΝΙΤΩΝ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ, Eagle on fulmen (B. M. Guide, Pl. LXII. 18, 19). Imperial, Augustus to Severus Alexander, consisting in the main of bronze, but silver pieces are known of Claudius, Messalina, and Caracalla (Imhoof, Gr. M., pp. 757, 771). TypesZeus Nikephoros enthroned; Bust of Egyptizing deity (see below). The usual types of the bronze coins areGalley; the goddess Derceto, or perhaps the Tyche of the city, standing holding aplustre and trident, with a dove beside her; Warlike divinity (ΦΑΝΗΒΑΛΟC, see Rev. Arch., 1904, p. 139; Imhoof, Zur gr. u. rm. Mnzk., pp. 241 f.) standing facing, brandishing harpa above his head, and holding round shield and branch in his left; Divinity of Egyptian aspect, with attributes of Osiris, standing on the backs of three lions (Num. Zeit., 1884, p. 293). For other types and varieties see De Saulcy, Terre-Sainte, pp. 178 sqq. The Imperial coins of Ascalon are dated from the era of its autonomy, B.C. 104. A coin of Augustus has a second date which is reckoned from B.C. 58; regnal years of the Emperors are also given.
Eleutheropolis, about twenty miles south-west of Jerusalem. Imperial, Severus to Elagabalus. Inscr., Λ. CΕΠ. CЄΟΥΗ. ЄΛЄΥΘЄ. (Lucia Sep- timia Severiana Eleutheropolis). Era begins A.D. 199/200 (Kubitschek, Oesterr. Jahresh., vi. pp. 50 f.). TypeJupiter Heliopolitanus standing between two bulls (cf. Neapolis Samariae).
| Janiform diademed male and female heads, or head of Athena as on coins of Athens. | עזה in Phoenician characters, Owl in
incuse square, sometimes before the
fortified wall of a city. AR Dr.
|
| Id. | עז Forepart of horse; incuse square.
AR Drachm.
|
| Id. | ΑΘΕ Head of Athena; incuse square.
AR Drachm.
|
| Head of Athena. | עז Owl facing; incuse square.
AR Drachm.
|
| Female head. | Head of Seilenos facing; incuse square.
AR Drachm.
|
| Similar. | Bust of Bes facing; incuse square.
AR Drachm.
|
| Bearded helmeted head. [Brit. Mus.; Pilcher, Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., 1908, pp. 45 f.] | יהו in Phoenician characters, Jahveh
seated on car with winged wheel.
AR Dr.
|
For other early coins which may have been struck at Gaza see Babelon, Perses Achm., pp. lv ff.
After its capture by Alexander regal coins were struck there under Ptolemy II and III (Svoronos, Νομ. Πτολ., ii. pp. 123 f., p. 165), and with the letter מ (see below) under Demetrius I of Syria.
The autonomous bronze money of Gaza dates from an era commencing B.C. 61 (Schrer, Sitzungsb. Berl. Akad., 1896, xli. pp. 1065 f.). Inscr., ΓΑ, ΓΑΖΑ, ΔΗΜΟΥ ΓΑΖΑΙΩΝ, ΔΗΜΟΥ CЄΛ (?) ΤWΝ ЄΝ ΓΑΖΗ (see Macdonald, Hunter Cat., iii. p. 282), ΓΑΖΑΙΤΩΝ, ΓΑΖЄΑΤΩΝ, &c., with addition sometimes of honorific titles, ΙЄΡ. ΑCΥ. Imperial, Augustus to Gordian, dated according to the era B.C. 61, but also in Hadrians time according to a new era commencing in A.D. 128, with ΕΠΙ., probably referring to the επιδημια of Hadrian (Macdonald, op. cit., p. 283). Silver of Caracalla (Imhoof, Gr. M., p. 764) and Diadumenian (Id. Rev. Suisse, viii. p. 44). Inscr., ΓΑΖΑΙΩΝ, ΓΑΖΑ, &c., usually with the addition of the Phoenician letter מ, perhaps the initial of the divinity ΜΑΡΝΑ, whose name, as well as those of ΜЄΙΝW and ЄΙW, is met with on coins of this city. The temple of Marna at Gaza called the Marneion was identified with that of the Cretan Zeus (De Saulcy, Terre- Sainte, p. 210), and Meino and Eio are clearly Minos and Io. There is reason to suppose that these divinities were originally introduced into Crete and Greece from Phoenicia. Among the types of the coins of Gaza we may mention a Temple containing statues of Artemis and Apollo; Turreted bust of Tyche, or her entire figure, standing, with a bull at her feet; Tyche and Io joining hands; &c. (see also Num. Chron., 1862, p. 120).
Nicopolis-Emmaus. There were two cities called Nicopolis in Judaea (see L. Hamburger, Frankfurter Mnzblatter, i. (1899), Nos. 8 and 9).
Raphia, on the sea-coast between Gaza and Rhinocolura, an ancient city restored by Gabinius B.C. 58, the year from which its era dates. Imperial, M. Aurelius and Commodus to Philip Junior. Inscr., ΡΑΦΙΑ or ΙЄΡΑ ΡΑΦΙΑ. TypesArtemis standing; Female figure seated between two small figures, on the head of one of whom she places her hand; City-goddess holding infant and cornucopiae.
Kings, Princes, and Roman Procurators of Judaea
[See especially Madden, Coins of the Jews, 1881; Kennedy in Hastings Dict. of the Bible, art. Money (1900); Th. Reinach, Jewish Coins, 1903.]The history of the coins of the Jews has been so thoroughly investigated by Madden (op. cit.), Merzbacher (Zeit. f. Num., 1878), Hamburger (ib., 1892), and Th. Reinach (op. cit.), not to mention older writers, such as De Saulcy and Cavedoni, that the barest outline will suffice in the present work. Permission was given by Antiochus VII Sidetes to the Jews to strike coins in 139 BC, but was probably rescinded as soon as he felt strong enough to do so. Hyrcanus I finally minted the first coins in 132 BC.
(α) Hasmonaean Princes.
John Hyrcanus I, B.C. 135-104. Small bronze coins, initially (132-130 BC) with inscr. BASILEWS ANTIOXOU EUERGETOU flanking upside down anchor, lily reverse.
Later, Hyrcanus minted coin in his own name, usually with inscr., יהוחנן הכהן הגדל וחבר היהודים (Jehochanan Hakkohen Haggadol Vecheber Haje- hudim), Johanan the High Priest and the Commonwealth (?) of the Jews, rev. Double cornucopiae and poppy-head. (For varieties see Madden, p. 76.)
Judas Aristobulus, B.C. 104-103. Small bronze, with inscr., היהודיםיהודה הכהן גדל וחבר היהודיםיהודה הכהן , Jehudah Hakkohen Gadol Vecheber Haje- hudim (and variations), Judas the High Priest and the Commonwealth (?) of the Jews, rev. Double cornucopiae and poppy (Madden, p. 82).
Alexander Jannaeus, B.C. 103-76. Small bronze of three classes (α and β) Regal, with Hebrew and Greek inscr., יהונתן המלך (Jehona- than Hammelek), The King Jehonathan, rev. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝ- ΔΡΟΥ. TypesFlower and Anchor, or Star and Anchor. (γ) Pontifical. coins resembling those of his predecessor, but reading יהונתן הכהן הגדל וחבר היהודים , Jonathan or Jehonathan Hakkohen Haggadol Vecheber Hajehudim.
Alexandra Salome, B.C. 76-67, widow of Alexander Jannaeus. Small bronze with Star and Anchor. Inscr., ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣ. ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔ., and an obliterated Hebrew inscr. (Madden, p. 92).
John Hyrcanus II, B.C. 69, 63-57, and 47-40. Small bronze, with Star and Anchor, and bilingual inscr. (Madden, p. 93). Also bronze, obv. Flower, rev. Palm (op. cit., p. 96). Inscr., היהדיהוחנן הכהן הגדל החבר היהדיהוחנן הכהן (Jehochanan Hakkohen Haggadol Hachaber Hajehud[im]). Many of Hyrcanus' coins are overstruck on types of Jannaeus, and were prresumably minted not long afterthe latter's death. This suggests that they may have been struck in Hyrcaus' name by his mother, Salome Alexandra, who inherited Jannaeus' kingdom, but was obviously unable to become High Priest due to her gender.
Alexander II (?), B.C. 65-49. To this prince M. Reichardt would attribute small bronze coins of the Star and Anchor type, reading ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ and ....(?)עלצדרעש ג (Alexadras Gadol ?), or עלכצד[ר]עש (Madden, p. 97).
Antigonus (Mattathias), B.C. 40-37. Bronze; obv. Flower, rev. Palm. Inscr., מתתיה הכהן הגדל החבר היהד (Mattathiah Hakkohen Hag-
Herod the Great, B.C. 37-4. Bronze. Inscr., ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΗΡΩΔΟΥ. TypesHelmet, rev. Tripod or Shield; Caduceus, rev. Pomegranate; Aplustre, rev. Palm; Tripod, rev. Wreath; Anchor, rev. Two cornua- copiae; Eagle, rev. Cornucopiae; &c. (Madden, pp. 105 sqq.). Some coins bear the regnal date LΓ (year 3) and ΤΡΙ(χαλκον) in monogram. The eagle probably refers to the golden eagle which Herod set up on the pediment of the Temple at Jerusalem, thus provoking a revolt.
Herod Archelaus, B.C. 4 - A.D. 6. Bronze. Inscr., ΗΡWΔΟΥ ЄΘΝΑΡΧΟΥ, often abbreviated. TypesAnchor, rev. Wreath; Prow, rev. Wreath; Double cornucopiae, rev. Galley; Grapes, rev. Helmet; &c. (Madden, pp. 114 sqq.).
Herod Antipas, ruler of Galilaea and Peraea, B.C. 4 - A.D. 40. Bronze, usually with regnal dates. Inscr., ΗΡWΔΟΥ ΤЄΤΡΑΡΧΟΥ, Palm- branch, rev. ΤΙΒЄΡΙΑC, Wreath; or ΗΡΩΔΗC ΤЄΤΡΑΡΧΗC, Palm- branch, with name of Emperor, ΓΑΙΟΥ (Caligula) on reverse in a wreath. These coins were struck at the city of Tiberias, built by Antipas, and named after the Emperor Tiberius (Madden, p. 121).
Herod Philip II, ruler of Batanaea, Trachonitis, and Hauranitis, B.C. 4-A.D. 33. Imperial, Augustus and Tiberius, rev. ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ ΤΕΤΡΑΡΧΟΥ or ΕΠΙΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ ΤΕΤΡΑΡΧΟΥΚΤΙC(του). TypeTemple of Augustus at Caesareia-Panias (Madden, p. 125).
Herod Agrippa I, A.D. 37-44. Bronze, without or with heads of Emperors, Caius and Claudius. Inscr., ΒΑCΙΛЄWC ΑΓΡΙΠΑ (sic), Um- brella, rev. Three ears of corn and regnal date; ΒΑCΙΛЄΥC ΜЄΓΑC ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑC ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙCΑΡ, Head of Agrippa, rev. ΚΑΙCΑΡΙΑ Η ΠΡΟC [CЄΒΑCΤΩ] ΛΙΜЄΝΙ, Tyche standing, struck at Caesareia; Head of Claudius, rev. ΒΑCΙΛЄΥC ΜЄΓΑC ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑC ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙCΑΡ, Two figures in a temple.
On some specimens the alliance of Agrippa with Claudius, when all Herods kingdom was given to him, seems to be commemorated by the following inscription, which is, however, only partly legibleΔΗΜ .. ΡΩΜΑΙΩΝ Κ. CΥΜ. ΧΙ. ΑΥ. ΒΑC. ΑΓΡΙΠΑ ... ΚΛΗΤΟΝand of which no entirely satisfactory reading has been yet suggested (see Madden, p. 137).
Agrippa I and II. Bronze; obv. Head of Agrippa I, obv. [Β]ΑΙΣΙΛΕΥΙΣ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑ, rev. [ΑΓΡΙ]ΠΠΑ ΥΙΟΥ ΒΑC[ΙΛΕΩC], Agrippa II on horse- back (Macdonald, Hunter Cat., iii. p. 290).
Herod, brother of Agrippa I, was king of Chalcis A.D. 41-48. Bronze. Inscr., ΒΑΣΙΛ. ΗΡΩΔΗC ΦΙΛΟΚΛΑΥΔΙΟC (Imhoof, Portrtkpfe. Pl. VI. 20), rev. Name of Claudius.
Agrippa II, A.D. 48-100. Small bronze coin struck at Agrippias. Inscr., [ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ] ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑ ΑΓΡΙΠΠ[ΕΩΝ], Head of Agrippa II L Ε (year 5), rev. [ΒΑΣ. ΑΓΡΙΠ]ΠΑ ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙΣΑ[ΡΟΣ] (?), Two cornuacopiae crossed (Z. f. N., xiii. Pl. IV. 17). Also bronze, without or with heads of Emperors, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. The coins with the head of Nero were struck at Neronias (Caesareia Panias). Inscr., ΒΑCΙΛΕΩC ΑΓΡΙΠΠΟΥ, &c., and various types, among which are Tyche holding cornucopiae and ears of corn; Nike holding wreath and palm, or inscribing shield, &c. To A.D. 77 the coins are usually dated by an era beginning A.D. 48; afterwards by an era of A.D. 60 (Mac- donald, Hunter Cat., iii. p. 291).
Aristobulus, son of Herod king of Chalcis, and great-grandson of Herod the Great, was king of Chalcis and parts of Armenia, A.D. 54-92 (?). Bronze. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΟΒΟΥΛΟΥ, with the name of Nero or Vespasian on reverse (Rev. Num., 1883, p. 145, and 1900, p. 484).
Aristobulus and Salome, A.D. 54-92 (?). Bronze. ΒΑCΙΛΕΩC ΑΡΙCΤΟ- ΒΟΥΛΟΥ, rev. ΒΑΙCΙΛΙCCΗC CΑΛΩΜΗC, with portraits. (Imhoof, Por- trtkpfe, Pl. VI. 21 and 22).
On the occasion of the banishment of Herod Archelaus, A.D. 6, Judaea was added to the province of Syria, and the government administered by a Procurator subordinate to the Praefect of Syria. Of these Procurators (A.D. 6-66) there is a numerous class of small bronze coins resembling in style and fabric the contemporary small money of the Idumaean Princes, and dated according to the regnal years of the emperors. Augustus (years 33, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, under the Procurators Coponius, Ambivius, and Rufus); Tiberius (1 (?), 2-5, 6 (?), 11, 16-18, Procurators Valerius Gratus and Pontius Pilate); Claudius(13, 14, Procurator Felix); and Nero (year 5, Procurator Felix). These coins bear, as a rule, an inanimate object (Ear of corn, Cornucopiae, Lituus, &c.), the name of the reigning emperor or emperors, and the regnal year in Greek characters (Madden, Coins of the Jews, pp. 173 sqq.).
FIG. 355.
| שקל ישראל (Shekel Israel), Cup or chalice, above which א, ב, ג, or ד (numerals 1 to 4), referring to the official years of Simons rule corre- sponding to B.C. 139-136. On the coins of years 2-4 the numeral is preceded by ש (for Shenath, year). | ירושלם קדשה (Jerushalem Kedoshah), or
ירושלים הקדושה (Jerushalaim ha-kedo-
shah), Jerusalem the Holy, Branch
with three buds (Fig. 355)
AR Shekel 220 grs.
|
The half-shekels are similar, but read חצי השקל, Chatzi ha-shekel (half-shekel).
The epithet Holy on these coins may be compared with the ordinary Greek coin-legend ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ on the money of many Syrian cities.
Bronze of the second and third years: Obv. חרות ציון (deliverance of Zion) Vine-leaf, rev. שנת שתים or שנת שלוש (year two or three) Two-handled vase. Also base silver of year 2 of the same types (Hunter Cat., iii. p. 293). Bronze of the fourth year, with the legends, obv. שנת ארבע, רביע שנת ארבע חצי , or שנת ארבע, rev. לגאלת ציון (in the fourth year, one half or one quarterthe redemption of Zion); types(1) obv. Ethrog (citron) between lulabs (bunches of twigs), rev. Palm-tree between two baskets; (2) obv. Two lulabs, rev. Ethrog; (3) obv. Chalice, rev. Lulab between two ethrogs.
After the successful termination of the Jewish war Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian caused coins to be struck in Judaea with the legend
FIG. 356.
(1) Silver shekels, or debased Attic tetradrachms, mostly restruck on tetradrachms of Antioch of the reign of Trajan; typesobv. Portico with four columns, rev. Ethrog and lulab or Lulab alone (Fig. 356); inscr., ירושלם (Jerusalem) or שמעון (Simon), rev. שנת אחת לגאלת ישראל (first year of the redemption of Israel), ש ב לגאלת ישראל (second year of the deliverance of Israel), or לחרות ירושלם (deliverance of Jerusalem). The name of Simon occurs only on the shekels of year 2. A star above the portico alludes to his title son of the star. (2) Silver restruck over Roman denarii (Galba to Hadrian); typesVase, Palm-branch, Wreath, Bunch of grapes, Two trumpets, &c. Inscr., אלעזר הכוהן (Eleazar the Priest), rev. שנת אחת לגאלת ישראל (first year of the redemption of Israel); or obv. שמעון (Simon), rev. לחרות ירושלם (deliverance of Jerusalem), sometimes also with the date year 2. (3) Bronze of two de- nominations, undated, or of year 1 or 2; some of year 1 read שמעון נשיא ישראל (Simon, prince of Israel); some of year 2 simply ירושלם TypesAmphora, rev. Inscription in wreath.
The series of the coins of Jerusalem closes with those of the Roman
colony, Aelia Capitolina, described above (p. 803).
IX. Phoenicia
[Hill, Brit. Mus. Cat., Phoenicia, 1910; Babelon, Les Perses Achmnides ... et Phonicie, 1893; Rouvier, Numismatique des Villes de la Phnicie (Journal Intern. d'Archologie Numism., iii-vii (1900-1904).Aradus
Aradus was built on an island off the northern coast of Phoenicia. Its coinage begins about the same time as that of Tyre and Sidon, towards the end of the fifth century B.C.; but unlike those cities Aradus made use of the Persic standard for its silver staters, probably on account of its proximity to and commerce with the island of Cyprus, where alone that standard was then in use.
The early coinage of Aradus may be arranged in the following classes :
| מא (ex Arado). Phoenician fish-god, holding dolphin in each hand. | Galley with sea-horse beneath [Babe-
lon, Perses Ach., Pl. XXII. 1, &c.]
AR 55 grs., AR 27 grs.
|
| מא Half-figure of fish-god. | Prow with dolphin beneath [Ibid., Pl.
XXII. 7, &c.]. AR 11 grs.
|
| Head of Melkart laureate, of archaic style. [Babelon, No. 878.] | מא Galley on waves.
AR Attic Tetradr. 257.12 grs.
|
| Id. [Babelon, Pl. XXII. 12 f.] | Id. AR Persic Stater 165 grs., and
divisions 54, and 14.5 grs.
|
FIG. 345.
Staters similar to those of preceding period, with regnal dates (10-17) or (numeral ?) letters (Fig. 345); this is possibly the coinage of the Gero- stratus who sided with Alexander. Also bronze (size .55) with types, Fish-god, rev. Galley. Certain minute AR coins (2.3 grs. and under), obv. Bearded head, rev. Galley, Tortoise, Head of one of the Phoenician Pataekoi, &c., probably belong to both this period and the preceding.
| Head of Melkart. [Bouvier, Villes de Phonicie, No. 106.] |
עב (Abdastart). Galley.
AR Obol 10 grs.
|
On the Macedonian conquest Aradus abandoned its ancient standard
of weight for the Attic, and struck gold staters and silver tetradrachms
with Alexandrine types (Mller, Cl. II, III, and IV, Nos. 1360-79), distinguished by the monogram 
(B. M. Guide, Pl. XXVII. 3, 4). Some
of these are dated by the era of the conquest of Phoenicia (B.C. 333/2).
They probably ceased with the reign of Antiochus I (B.C. 281-261), on
some of whose tetradrachms the same monogram occurs. Probably to
the same period is to be assigned the Attic tetrobol with obv. Beardless
laureate head, rev. מא Prow (Babelon, Perses Ach., Pl. XXIII. 2).
The era of Aradus, according to which all the subsequent coins of the city are dated, commences in B.C. 259. The coins fall into the following classes:
| Head of Zeus or Melkart. | Prow with or without Athena as figure-
head. AR Tetrobol, Dr., or Diobol
|
| Head of Tyche. | Prow. AR Dr.
|
| Id. | Prow with or without Athena as figure-
head. .9-.65
|
| Id. | Stern of ship. .7
|
| Head of Zeus. | Beak of ship. .7
|
| Head of Poseidon, crowned with marine plant. [Babelon, Pl. XXIII. 14.] | ΑΡΑΔΙΩΝ Zeus standing; symbol,
palm-tree; date=B.C. 174.
AR Attic Tetradrachm
|
| Bee, and dates = B.C. 174-110. [See Ephesus, p. 575.] |
ΑΡΑΔΙΩΝ Stag and palm-tree.
AR Attic Dr.
|
| Head of Zeus. | Beak of ship. .7
|
| Head of Tyche. | Poseidon seated on prow. .85
|
| Id. | Apluster. .55
|
FIG. 346.
| Head of Tyche, veiled and turreted (Fig. 346). | ΑΡΑΔΙΩΝ Nike standing, holding
apluster and palm; in field, Greek
date and Phoenician and Greek
letters. AR Tetradr. 239 grs.
|
| Head of Zeus. | Prow with Athena as figure-head (B.C.
130-110). AR Tetrobol
size .6 |
| Head of Tyche. | Prow (B.C. 119-109). AR Dr.
|
| Head of Gorgon. | Apluster (B.C. 111, 110). AR Diobol
|
| Head of Astarte veiled. | Humped bull (B.C. 96). AR Drachm
|
| Id. | Id. (B.C. 94-21). .85
|
| Head of Tyche. | Poseidon seated on prow. .85
|
| Heads of Zeus and a goddess jugate. | Prow with Athena as figure-head (B.C.
137-52). .75
|
| Head of Zeus. | Prow (B.C. 84-45). .7
|
Bronze coins with the head of M. Antonius were issued in B.C. 38/7 and 35/4.
Imperial, Tiberius to Gordian. Inscr., ΑΡΑΔΙΩΝ. Usual types Head of Astarte wearing stephane and veil, before which is the head of the Emperor, smaller in size than that of the goddess, rev. Running bull; Tyche seated on rudder; Vase between two sphinxes; Cypress-tree between lion and bull, each accompanied by legionary standard.
Also occasional quasi-autonomous coins, partly with the old types, to A.D. 116. A silver tetradrachm of Caracalla of the Antiochene class (symbol, crab and crescent) may have been issued at Aradus or Ascalon (Imhoof-Blumer, Gr. Mnzen, 786).
Berytus
Berytus (Beyrout), a coast-town between Byblus and Sidon. It was a mint for AV, AR, and of Ptolemy II, III, and V (symbol, trident), and also for Seleucid AR and (Antiochus IV to Antiochus VIII). In the second century the coins hear a Phoenician inscription ללאדכא אש בכנען meaning of Laodiceia which is in Canaan (i. e. Phoenicia) (Rev. Arch., 1897, p. 302); also often the letters ΛΑ ΦΟΙ or ΒΗ ΦΟL Autonomous from second century; inscr. as above, or of Berit in Phoenician; later ΒΗΡΥΤΙWΝ. TypesHead of Tyche; Poseidon in car drawn by hippocamps; Astarte on prow, &c. Era begins B.C. 80. of Cleopatra VII (q.v.), in B.C. 31 (Svoronos, Νομ. Πτολ., 1886-9). Colonial (from circ. B.C. 15), Augustus to Salonina; also small bronze without Emperors heads. Inscr., BER., C. B., COL. BER., COL. IVL. AVG. FEL. BER., COL. ANT. AVG. FEL. BER., &c. Other inscriptions: SEC(uritas) SAEC(uli); DECENNALES ANTONINI COS III. Typesusual colonial; Astarte; Temple of Astarte; Poseidon; Temple of Poseidon; Poseidon
Botrys
Byblus
Byblus (Gebal), a coast-town at the foot of Mount Lebanon, between Botrys and Berytus, famous as the scene of the myth of Adonis, who was here worshipped under the name of Thammuz. Isis also was fabled tohave come to Byblus, where she sought and found the chest containingthe corpse of Osiris slain by Typhon. The earliest coins of Byblus areautonomous silver pieces of the kings of Byblus, Elpaal, Azbaal, Ainelor Enylus, the contemporary of Alexander the Great, B.C. 333 (Arrian,ii. 20. 1) and Adramelek, B.C. 315 (?) (Six, Num. Chron., 1877, p. 182).
| Galley, with horses head as figure- head, manned by three armed men; beneath, hippocamp. | Vulture standing on an incuse ram.
AR Stater and Fourth; also smaller
divisions varied. [De Luynes, Satrap.,
Pl. XVI. 46, 47.]
|
| Id. [Babelon, Perses Ach., Pl. XXVI. 12.] |
Lion devouring a bull, of which the
head is in relief and the body incuse.
Inscr. in Phoenician letters לפעל מלך גבל (= Elpaal Melek Gebal).
AR Stater and divisions.
|
| Id. [Babelon. Perses Ach., Pl. XXVI. 20, &c.] | Lion devouring bull. Inscr. in Phoeni-
cian letters עזבעל מלך גבל (= Azbaal
Melek Gebal); עינאל מלך גבל (=
Ainel Melek Gebal); or גבלאדרמלך מלך
(= Adramelek Melek Gebal).
AR 213 grs. and 13 grs.
|
The next coins of Byblus are bronze of the Seleucidae from Antiochus IV to Antiochus VIII, rev. usually Phoenician god Kronos represented as a standing figure with six wings and a horned head-dress (cf. Rev. Num., 1856, p. 394, and Imhoof, Monn. gr., p. 442).
There are also autonomous bronze coins of the first century B.C.; inscr. in Phoenician letters לגבל קדשת of Gebal the holy. Types Head of Tyche; Kronos; Isis Pharia; Crown of ΕΙCΙC; Isis-Astarte standing; Harpokrates; &c. (Imhoof, Monn. gr., p. 442). Quasi-auto- nomous , dated by Actian Era. Imperial , Augustus to Severus Alex- ander. Inscr., ΒΥΒΛΙΩΝ, ΒΥΒΛΟΥ ΙЄΡΑC, &c. Usual typesTemple of Astarte, in which her statue standing with one foot on prow; Isis Pharia; Temple with court containing conical baetyl; &c.
Caesareia ad Libanum, at the north-west foot of Mount Lebanon. Imperial, Antoninus Pius and Aurelius. Inscr., ΚΑΙCΑΡЄΙΑC ΛΙ-
Carne (or Carnos)
Carne or Carnos. To this place, the mainland port of Aradus (Strabo, 753), coins have been attributed with Phoenician dates reckoned from the era of Aradus, B.C. 259, ranging from B.C. 226-137. Inscr., ΚΑΡ or קרן. Alexandrine AR tetradrachm; AR Attic tetrobols with Aradian types or Cornucopiae; with Aradian types, also Asklepios-Eshmun crowned by Nike; Cornucopiae; &c.
Dora
Dora (Tantura), in the south of Phoenicia. Autonomous (first cen- tury B.C.) and Imperial, Vespasian to Antoninus Pius, with Greek dates computed from the Pompeian era, B.C. 64. Inscr., ΔWΡΙΤWΝ, ΔWΡ. ΙЄΡ. ΑCΥΛ. ΑΥΤΟΝ. ΝΑΥΑΡΧ[ιδοσ], ΔWΡΑ ΙЄΡΑ. TypesHead of Doros or Tyche, rev. Astarte standing holding vexillum.
Gebal
Gebal. See Byblus.
Laodiceia Phoeniciae
Laodiceia Phoeniciae. See Berytus.
Marathus
Marathus (site Amrit). This important city was the most northern coast town of Phoenicia. It was continually at feud with its near neigh- bour Aradus, which appears to have succeeded in destroying it between B.C. 149 and 145, in the reign of Alexander Bala; it was subsequently revived (perhaps as an Aradian colony).
Its earliest coins are a silver drachm of the types of the Alexandrine AV Staters (Babelon, Perses Ach., Pl. XXVIII. 1) and tetradrachms with Alexandrine types (Mller, 1396; symbol, Palm-tree), dated in the thirtieth year of the era of Aradus (B.C. 259) = B.C. 229. Shortly after this the series of the Marathenian coins begins, and extends down to circ. B.C. 150. The silver coins have Greek legends and the bronze Phoenician, nearly all being dated in the usual Phoenician manner, e.g. ΙΙΙΝΝΝשת (= Shenath 73).
FIG. 347.
| Head of the city, turreted (Fig. 347). | ΜΑΡΑΘΗΝΩΝ Marathos holding ap-
lustre and branch, seated on shields.
In front, Phoenician date 33 (= B.C.
226). AR Attic tetradr. 258 grs.
|
| Head of Queen Berenice II (?), veiled. | ΜΑΡΑΘΗΝΩΝ Marathos standing
beside column, holding aplustre.
Phoenician date 34 (= B.C. 225) and
73. AR 36 grs.
|
| Id. | מרת Asklepios-Eshmun, with serpent
staff. Dates 33 and 35. .8
|
| Id. | מרת Marathos standing. Dates 40-
108. .9
|
| Id. | Prow. Date 73. .6
|
| Bust of Ptolemy VI as Hermes. | מרת Marathos standing. Dates 80-91.
.85
|
| Bust of Tyche. | Id. Dates 103-105. .65
|
| Female bust, laureate. | מרת Nike. Dates 85-90. .65
|
| Head of Zeus. | ΜΑΡΑ or no city-name. Double cor-
nucopiae. Phoenician dates 120-
168, Greek dates 236-375. .9
|
For other types see Rouvier, Num. des Villes de la Phnicie.
Orthosia, between Aradus and Tripolis. Autonomous bronze of first century B.C., and quasi-autonomous. Inscr., ΟΡΘΩΣΙΕΩΝ; chief type Dionysos Pogon in car drawn by winged panthers. Era, Seleucid. Imperial, Nero to Severus Alexander. TypesDionysos (as on earlier coins); Temple of Astarte; &c.
Ptolemais-Ace (Akka, St. Jean d'Acre). The coinage of this city begins with Alexander the Great; staters and tetradrachms with dates 6-40, i. e. by the era of Alexander in Phoenicia, from B.C. 328/7 to 294/3; also undated, during the period 332-328. On these coins the city is named Ace (עך). It was re-named Ptolemais by Ptolemy II. The Ptolemaic coinage begins in B.C. 261 (a few undated pieces may be earlier), and continues until the acquisition of the city by Antiochus III in B.C. 200. Seleucid coinage from Antiochus IV to Antiochus XII (circ. B.C. 175-84); interrupted by a coin struck by Ptolemy VI in B.C. 148, during the struggle between Alexander Bala and Demetrius. The mint-mark is usually a monogram of ΠΤ or ΠΤΟ; we also find ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΕΝ ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΔΙ from Antiochus IV (who therefore founded a colony there named after himself) to the first century B.C. The other names survived, however; עך and ΠΤΟ are found on contemporary coins. From circa B.C. 44 the coins read ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑ(Ι)ΕΩΝ, sometimes also ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ or ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ, and are dated by the Caesarean era (B.C. 48). Coins struck probably about B.C. 4 read ΑΚΗ, usually also ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ, variously abbreviated. Under Claudius the title is ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΕΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΕΝ ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΔΙ. Types through- out the autonomous periodTriptolemos (?) with sceptre and ears of corn; Zeus; Tyche standing on rudder, holding aplustre; Perseus; &c. Claudius made it a colony between A.D. 52 and 54, with the title Colonia Claudia Felix Ptolemais. Colonial coinage from Nero to Gal- lienus. Inscr., usually COL. PTOL.; other titles CL(audia) FELIX, and under Nero also STAB(ilis?) GER(manica). Era, Caesarean. Types Emperor DIVOS CLAVD(ius) ploughing the sulcus primigenius, with standards of four legions, the III (Gallica), VI (Ferrata), X (Fretensis), and XII (Fulminata). River-god Belos, alone or at feet of Tyche, or with
Sidon. To this great maritime city, the ancient metropolis of Phoenicia, belongs the most important coinage of this part of the world down to the time of Alexander the Great. It begins about the end of the fifth century, is of the Phoenician standard, and is to be divided into the following classes. A cable border characterizes the larger coins in Classes II-IV :
FIG. 348.
| Galley with square-sail furled (Fig. 348). | Incuse square. King of Persia in chariot,
driven by charioteer; in field, fore-
part of wild goat, incuse.
AR 2 shekels, 422.5 grs.
|
| Id. | Incuse square. King shooting; in field,
heads of goat and Hes, incuse.
AR shekel, 109.1 grs.
|
| Id. | Incuse square. King running, shooting.
AR 1/16 shekel, 12.8 grs.
|
| Id. | Head of Bes. AR 1/32 shekel, 4.8 grs.
|
| Id., but sail triangular. | Incuse circle. King shooting.
AR shekel, 98 grs.
|
FIG. 349.
| Galley before fortified wall of a city. In exergue, two lions (Fig. 349). | Incuse circle. King in chariot, driven
at full speed by charioteer; beneath,
wild-goat, incuse.
AR 2 shekels, 436 grs.
|
| Id. | Incuse square. King slaying lion with
sword. AR shekel, 108.7 grs.
|
These usually bear Aramaic letters, such as עב, בע, בם, the meaning of which is not certain. To the same class belong 1/16 and 1/64 shekels, rev. type, King running, shooting; and 1/32 shekels, rev. type, King half-kneel- ing, holding bow and spear. See Rouvier in Journ. Int., 1902, p. 102 f.
(With letter ב on obverse or reverse).
| Galley with rowers, at sea. | Incuse circle. King in chariot, driven
slowly by charioteer; behind him, an
attendant in Egyptian royal costume.
On one specimen the date 14.
AR 2 shekels, 441.4 grs.
|
| Id. | Id. (without attendant). AR shekel
|
| Id. | King slaying lion. AR 1/16 shekel
|
| Id. | King kneeling, shooting. AR 1/32 shekel
|
The Egyptian king following the car of the Great King probably symbolizes the nominal subjection of Egypt to Persia after the death of Hakor in B.C. 383.
FIG. 350.
To this celebrated phil-Athenian ruler (Hicks, Gk. Hist. Inscr., iii) the following coins are to be attributed :
| Galley with rowers, at sea. Dates 1 13 (Fig. 350). | עב King in chariot, with Egyptian at-
tendant, as in preceding reign.
AR 2 shekels, 397 grs.
|
| Id. | Id. (without attendant).
AR shekel, 98 grs.
shekel, 49.4 grs.
|
| Id. (without dates) ב. | ע King slaying lion.
AR 1/16 shekel, 23.9 grs.
|
| Id. (without dates). | King in chariot, driven by charioteer.
.7
|
| Id. (with dates 3-10). | King half-kneeling with spear and bow.
.6
|
| Head of a king (Strato I ?). | Galley. Dates 11, 12. .6-.4
|
| Galley with rowers, at sea. Dates 1-4. | תע King in chariot, as in preceding
reign, but with attendant in Asiatic
dress. AR 2 shekels, 399 grs.
|
| Id. (without dates). | תע King slaying lion. AR 1/16 shekel
|
Tennes was reigning at the time of the revolt of B.C. 351, and after his betrayal of Sidon was put to death by Artaxerxes, circ. B.C. 348.
Euagoras II, after the end of the Cypriote revolt, received a ηγεμονια (Diod. xvi. 46) from the Great King, which Babelon (Ml. Num., i. p. 305) identifies with the governorship of Sidon. To him he has attributed double-shekels and 1/16 shekels, with types similar to those of Tennes, but with the letters ע ע on the reverse; the double-shekels have a star in the field of the obverse. Regnal dates 1-4.
To this king, who was deposed by Alexander the Great, are to be attributed double-shekels and half-shekels of the types of Classes V and VI, with dates 1 to 10 or 11, and letters עב. Perhaps also some 1/16 shekels similar to those of Class IV.
The inscription מז or מזדי (the letters show Aramaizing forms) on the coins of this class shows that they were issued by Mazaeus, presumably as commander-in-chief in Phoenicia; they seem to have been struck contemporaneously with the coins of the Sidonian kings, and at the same mint. They bear dates 16-21 and 1-4, representing regnal years of Artaxerxes III (died B.C. 337) and of Dareius III respectively. They are double-shekels and 1/16 shekels of the usual types.
The coinage of Sidon with Alexandrine types falls into the following classes (the mint-mark is usually ΣΙ; classes A to C, E, and F are inscribed ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ):
Partly contemporary with, but for the most part subsequent to, this Alexandrine coinage is the coinage of the Ptolemies, from Ptolemy II's twenty-fifth year (B.C. 261) to Ptolemy V.
In B.C. 202 Sidon was lost by Ptolemy V to Antiochus III, and a Seleucid coinage of bronze probably began at once at this mint; although, however, the mint-name is only found from Antiochus IV to Antiochus IX. The regal issues include AR both on the Attic and on the Phoenician standard. To this time also belongs a scanty autonomous coinage of bronze, with typesHead of Tyche; Rudder; Aplustre; Europa on bull (cf. Lucian, de dea Syr., 6: και το νομισμα, τω Σιδωνιοι χρεονται, την Ευρωην εφεζομενην εχει τω ταυρω τω Διι); &c. On some of these coins occurs a Phoenician inscription. (or ככב) אפא כת צר לצדנם אם כמב meaning belonging to [the city of] the Sidonians, the metropolis of Cambe (i. e. Carthage), of Hippo, of Citium, of Tyre. More usual is the shorter inscription לצדנם, or ΣΙΔΩΝΙΩΝ.
In B.C. 111 the autonomous era of Sidon begins, and, with it, a long series of dated silver and bronze coins of which the following are the chief varieties. (The inscriptions are as in the previous period, and also ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ, ΣΙΔΩΝΙΩΝ or ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ, ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ ΘΕΑΣ, ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ, and on the quasi-autonomous coins of the Flavian period ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ ΘΕΑΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΝΑΥΑΡΧΙΔΟΣ)
FIG. 351.
| Head of City, turreted and veiled. (Fig. 351.) | Eagle on prow of galley, palm over
shoulder. AR Tetradrachm 223.8 grs.
AR Didrachm 108.3 grs. |
The types of the bronze coins are:Head of Tyche; Head of Zeus; Heads of Zeus and Tyche jugate; War-galley; Eagle; Astarte on galley or prow; Car containing baetyl of Astarte; Europa on bull; Nike on prow; Head of young Dionysos; Dionysos standing; Dionysiac cista; Temple between two isolated columns; &c. The quasi-autonomous coinage ceases in A.D. 118/119.
Imperial, Augustus to Hadrian. Inscr., ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ, usually with the addition of ΙΕΡΑΣ, ΘΕΑΣ, or ΝΑΥΑΡΧΙΔΟΣ. TypesEuropa on bull; Car of Astarte; Kadmos on prow.
Provincial billon tetradrachms of Antiochene types under Caracalla; mint-mark, Europa on bull, or Car of Astarte.
Colonial, Elagabalus to Severus Alexander. Inscr., COL. AVR. PIA METROP. SIDON, &c. Typesthe usual colonial types; Europa on bull; Zeus seated; Amaltheia with infant Zeus and Goat; Astarte with Nike and small Marsyas of the forum; Astarte and Marsyas on a galley, with another galley alongside; Astarte riding on lion; Car containing baetyl of Astarte, sometimes within zodiacal ring; Dionysos alone or with Apollo; Demeter in serpent-car, or with serpent-torch, or with Isis (?); Asklepios sacrificing; the Argo (inscr. ARGO or ΑΡΓΟΝΑΥΤ.) with the Dioskuri on board; DIDO enthroned; Kadmos and Phoenix (CAD. POE.) confronted; Hero (Kadmos or Phoenix) attacking lion; Modius (representing Imperial donation of corn; inscr., AETERNVM BENEFICIVM); Gateway of the forum; &c. Agonistic inscr., IER(a) PERI(odica) OECV(menica) ISEL(astica) or CERT(amina) SEC(ra) PER. OECVME. ISELA, &c.
Tripolis, a joint settlement, whence its name, from Sidon, Tyre, and Aradus, established before the time of Alexander the Great. The city was situated on the coast between Aradus and Byblus. It was a mint of Ptolemy V (B.C. 205-180; Svoronos, Νομ. Πτολ., No. 1296) and of the Seleucidae from Antiochus IV (175-164) to Antiochus X (B.C. 94-83). The earliest autonomous coin is bronze, of B.C. 188 (obv. Veiled female head, rev. Caps of Dioskuri and Phoenician letters). The dominant types throughout are connected with the Dioskuri. In B.C. 112/111, as at Sidon, an era of autonomy is adopted, the following tetradrachms, which begin in that year, being dated first by the Seleucid, then by the new era for thirty-two years.
| Busts of the Dioskuri surmounted by stars. | ΤΡΙΠΟΛΙΤΩΝ ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ
ΑΥΤΟΝΟΜΟV. Tyche of City stand-
ing, holding tiller and cornucopiae;
the whole in wreath.
AR Tetradrachm 233 grs.
|
Also bronze with Nemesis, Tyche, &c. Other eras used are the Pompeian (B.C. 64) and the Actian (B.C. 31); also regnal years of Cleopatra,
Quasi-autonomous (to A.D. 69) and Imperial (to Severus Alexander). Inscr., ΤΡΙΠΟΛ(Є)ΙΤΩΝ; under Elagabalus also ΝΑΥΑΡΧΙ(δος) and ΝΕΩΚ(ορου). TypesBusts or figures of Dioskuri; Astarte with one foot on prow, alone, in temple, or with Dioskuri; Temple and Great Altar of Zeus Hagios(ΔΙΟC ΑΓΙΟΥ); Figures of ΗΛΙΟC and CЄΛΗΝΗ; Galley (Argo ?); &c. Under Caracalla, billon tetradrachms of the Antiochene class; mint-mark, Caps of Dioskuri.
Tyre (Sur), reputed a colony of Sidon, and its rival in wealth and splendour. It appears to have begun to coin silver tetradrachms and small coins in the latter half of the fifth century B.C.
| Dolphin swimming above waves; be- neath, murex; illegible inscription. | Incuse square, within which Owl accom-
panied by crook and flail, Egyptian
symbols of royalty.
AR Tetradr. 215 grs.
|
| Id.; no inscription. | Similar type. AR Drachm and Obol.
|
| Dolphin, with or without murex. | AR Obol.
|
FIG. 352.
| Melkart holding bow and riding over the waves upon a sea-horse; beneath waves, a dolphin. | Owl with crook and flail; Phoenician
letters or dates sometimes in the field
(Fig. 352).
AR Tetradr. 215 grs. and Drachm.
|
| Sea-horse and dolphin. | Similar type. AR Obol.
|
The coinage with regal types was continued after the fall of Tyre, but probably not during Alexanders lifetime. The standard changes to Attic; the denominations are the didrachm and a minute coin of 8.5 grains. The only coins with Alexanders types in this period are bronze, one of which is dated 26 (= B.C. 307/6, according to the era of Alexander in Phoenicia). The silver with regal types bears Phoenician letters and
The first Ptolemaic coinage begins about B.C. 267, and is of gold or silver marked with the monogram ΤΥ combined with the club of Melkart. It continues down to the reign of Ptolemy V. To this period also belongs an Alexandrine tetradrachm of Mllers fifth class (Mller, No. 1423). The Ptolemaic coinage is succeeded from B.C. 201/200 by a Seleucid coinage of silver and bronze, the city having passed at that date into the hands of Antiochus III. The silver is either Attic (types Seleucid Apollo on omphalos; Athena standing; Zeus seated) or Phoeni- cian (typeEagle on prow), and is marked with the mon. of ΤΥΡ, usually combined with a club. From Antiochus IV onwards the bronze coins bear the mint-name ΤΥΡΙΩΝ or ΤΥΡΟΥ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ, also לצר, or לצר אם צדנם (belonging to Tyre, metropolis of the Sidonians). This Seleucid coinage ends in B.C. 126/125.
The second era of the autonomy of Tyre began B.C. 126, and from this time down to the reign of Vespasian we possess a plentiful series of Tyrian tetradrachms and didrachms and a single specimen of the gold octadrachm (now in the Berlin Museum), struck in B.C. 103 under the influence of Ptolemy X.
FIG. 353.
| Head of the city turreted and veiled. [Zeit. f. N., vi. 4.] |
ΤΥΡΟΥ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ Double
cornucopiae. Year 23.
AV Octadr. 437.4 grs.
|
| Head of Melkart-Herakles, laureate. (Fig. 353). | ΤΥΡΟΥ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ Eagle
on beak of ship. In field, dates and
symbol, a club. AR 224 grs.
AR 112 grs. |
The silver coinage ceased in A.D. 56/7. In part contemporary with it are dated autonomous and quasi-autonomous bronze coins, extending down to A.D. 195/6. Inscr. as in Seleucid period; also from A.D. 93/94 ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΕWC. Mint usually indicated by monogram of ΤΥΡ. Types connected with Melkart; also Eagle; Palm-tree; Galley; &c. Imperial silver or billon of the Antiochene class from Nero to
UNCERTAIN COINS OF PHOENICIA.
| King, wearing kidaris and kandys, stabbing lion. [Maonald, Hunter Cat., iii. p. 273, Pl. lxxvii. 17.] | בענא (Baana) Cow suckling calf; dotted
incuse square. 166.5 grs.
|
| Melkart holding up lion by tail and striking at it with club. | Similar, but monogram instead of in-
scription. [Babelon, Perses Ach., No.
318, Pl. VIII. 1.]. 170.9 grs.
|
| Cow suckling calf. [Maonald, op. cit., Pl. lxxvii. 15.] |
Melkart (as on obverse of preceding);
incuse square. 164.2 grs.
|
| Sea-god, with bearded head, body ter- minating in fish-tail; in r. trident, in l. wreath. | אז (Az?) Lion at bay on rocky ground.
[Babelon, loc. cit., No. 320, Pl. VIII.
3]. 162.5 grs.
|
Of these, the first three are placed here in accordance with the general opinion; but their fabric suggests that they were issued by some Phoe- nician ruler in Cyprus. The fourth is Phoenician, but the suggested attributions (Ascalon, Azotus) are very doubtful.
X. Galilaea
[De Saulcy, Numismatique de la Terre-Sainte (1874).]Diocaesareia-Sepphoris, about five miles north of Nazareth. Imperial of Trajan, with inscr., ΤΡΑΙΑΝΟC ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ ΕΔΩΚΕΝ, rev. ΣΕΠΦΩΡΗΝΩΝ, Palm-tree; and of Antoninus Pius to Elagabalus, with inscr., ΔΙΟΚΑΙCΑΡЄΙΑC. TypesTemple of Zeus; Temple of Athena; &c. On some specimens is the following enigmatical inscription, ΔΙΟΚ. ΙЄΡ. ΑCΥΛ. ΑΥΤ. Π. Φ. C. ΙЄΡ. Β. C. Κ. Δ. Ρ., which has been con- jecturally restored by De Saulcy (Terre-Sainte, p. 329), ΔΙΟ[ΚΑΙ- CΑΡЄΙΑC] ΙЄΡ[ΑC] ΑCΥΛ[ΟΥ] ΑΥΤ[ΟΝΟΜΟΥ] Π[ΟΛЄΩC] Φ[ΙΛΗC] C[ΥΜΜΑΧΟΥ] ΙЄΡ[ΑC] Β[ΟΥΛΗC] C[ΥΓΚΛΗΤΟΥ] Κ[ΑΙ] Δ[ΗΜΟΥ] Ρ[ΩΜΑΙΩΝ].
Tiberias, founded by Herod Antipas, on the shores of the Lake of Gennesareth. Bronze of Herod Antipas. Inscr., ΗΡΩΔΟΥ ΤЄΤΡΑΡΧΟΥ, &c., rev. ΤΙΒЄΡΙΑC, with dates of his reign corresponding to A.D. 29-34; also of Herod Agrippa I under Claudius. Inscr., ΕΠΙ ΒΑΣΙΛΕ. ΑΓΡΙΠ. ΤΙΒΕΡΙΕΩΝ. Imperial, Claudius to Hadrian, with inscr., ΤΙΒЄΡΙЄΩΝ or ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟ ΤΙΒЄΡΙЄΩΝ; also of Commodus, with inscr., ΤΙΒ. ΚΛ. CΥΡ. ΠΑΛ. TypesHygieia; Temple of Zeus; Head of Sarapis; &c. Era begins A.D. 20 (De Saulcy, Terre-Sainte, p. 334).
XI. Samaria
[De Saulcy, Numismatique de la Terre-Sainte (1874).]Antipatris (probably Kafr Saba on the road between Jaffa and Nablous), originally Kapharsaba, refounded by Herod the Great. Im- perial of Elagabalus; inscr., ΑΝΤ. (?) ΑΝΤΙΠΑΤΡ..; typeTemple of Astarte.
Caesareia, a splendid city and seaport founded by Herod the Great. The town was called Καισαρεια, and its port Σεβαστος λιμην. Regal bronze of Agrippa I (Madden, Coins of the Jews, p. 133) and autonomous bronze. TypeAnchor. Imperial, Augustus to Nero, with inscr., ΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΩΝ or ΚΑΙΣΑΡΙΑ Η ΠΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩ ΛΙΜΕΝΙ. Imperial colonial, Vespasian to Gallienus. Inscr., COLONIA PRIMA FLAVIA AVGVSTA FELIX CAESARENSIS, or CAESAREA METROPOLIS PROVINCIAE SYRIAE PALAESTINAE, variously abbreviated. Types numerous. Among them, the Head of Sarapis; Dionysos riding on lion; Astarte, sometimes in temple; Eagle holding wreath containing letters SPQR; Altar-shaped enclosure containing two trees; &c. (De Saulcy, Terre-Sainte, pp. 112 sq.).
Diospolis-Lydda, near Joppa. Imperial, Severus to Caracalla. Inscr., Λ. CЄΠ. CЄΟΥ. ΔΙΟCΠΟΛΙC (Lucia Septimia Severiana). TypesHeads of Sarapis and Demeter; Astarte in temple; &c. Era begins A.D. 199/200 (Kubitschek, Oesterr. Jahresh., vi. pp. 50 f.).
Neapolis, situate nearly in the centre of Samaria between the two hills, Ebal and Gerizim. Imperial, Titus to Maximinus. Inscr., ΦΛΑΟΥΙ. ΝΕΑΠΟΛ. ΣΑΜΑΡΕ or ΦΛ. ΝЄΑC ΠΟΛЄΩC CΥΡΙΑC ΠΑΛΑΙCΤΙΝΗC. Era dates from A.D. 72. Imperial colonial, Philip I to Gallienus. Inscr., COL. NEAPOLI.; COL. IVL. NEAPOL.; or COL. SERGIA. NEAPOL.; COL NEAPOLI NEOCORO, &c., and on the late issues ΦΛ. ΝЄΑC- ΠΟΛЄWC ЄΠΙCΗΜΟΥ ΝЄWΚΟΡΟΥ. There are two principal types (a) a representation of Mount Gerizim (sometimes supported by an eagle) with two summits, on one of which is the temple of Zeus, approached by a flight of steps (cf. Damascius, ap. Phot. Bibl., 1055), and on the other, a small edifice or altar; (β) Simulacrum of Jupiter Heliopoli- tanus standing between two humped bulls; he usually holds in one hand a whip, and in the other ears of corn. Among the other types are the Capitoline Triad, Sarapis, Asklepios, Apollo, &c.
Nysa Scythopolis, on the northern frontier of Samaria, close to the Jordan. Imperial, Nero to Gordian. Inscr., ΝΥCΑΙЄWΝ, ΝΥCΑΙЄWΝ ΤWΝ ΚΑΙ CΚΥΘΟΠΟΛЄΙΤWΝ, or ΝΥC. CΚΥΘΟΠΟΛЄΙΤWΝ ΙЄΡΑC. Era uncertain. TypeNysa nursing infant Dionysos with others of less interest.
Sebaste, the ancient Samaria, fortified by Herod, and renamed by him Sebaste (Joseph., Ant. Jud., xv. 8. 5). Imperial, Nero to Severus Alexander. Inscr., CЄΒΑCΤΗΝΩΝ, CΕΒΑCΤΗΝWΝ CΥΡΙΑC, &c., and colonial after Sept. Severus. Inscr., COL. L. SEP. SEBASTE, Colonia Lucia Septimia Sebaste. Era dates probably from B.C. 25. Types Rape of Persephone, &c. (De Saulcy, Terre-Sainte, p. 275).
XII. Judaea
[De Saulcy, Numismatique de la Terre-Sainte (1874).]Aelia Capitolina, the ancient Jerusalem, rebuilt by Hadrian, A.D. 136, after the suppression of the second revolt of the Jews under Simon Barcochba. The new temple of Jupiter Capitolinus occupied the site of that of Jehovah. Imperial colonial, Hadrian to Valerian. Inscr., COL. AEL. CAP. or KAP., with addition, under Hadrian, of COND(ita), and after the reign of Commodus, of the title COMM(odiana) P(ia) F(elix). The most interesting types are Astarte, or perhaps the Tyche of the city, standing in her temple; Zeus enthroned in temple (Madden, Coins of the Jews, p. 247); and the Stone of Elagabal in a chariot (Z. f. N., vii. 219). For coins struck at Jerusalem before its destruction see pp. 768 and 806 ff.
Ascalon. This ancient seaport would appear to have been one of the places of mintage of gold staters and tetradrachms of Alexander the Great (Mller, Cl. III and IV, Nos. 1472-1484). Subsequently it struck Seleucid regal coins from Antiochus II to Antiochus IX. Autonomous silver and bronze from the second century B.C., mostly dated by the Seleucid era; inscr., ΑΣ or ΑΣ. ΙΕΡΑΣ; typesHead of City, rev.
FIG. 354.
Prow; Head of Goddess, rev. Dove. The city became autonomous in B.C. 104; from this year, or from B.C. 84 (see Svoronos, Νομ. Πτολ., p. 313), are dated both small bronze coins and tetradrachms bearing the portraits of the later Ptolemies, including Cleopatra VII (Fig. 354) , rev. ΑΣΚΑΛΩΝΙΤΩΝ ΙΕΡΑΣ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ, Eagle on fulmen (B. M. Guide, Pl. LXII. 18, 19). Imperial, Augustus to Severus Alexander, consisting in the main of bronze, but silver pieces are known of Claudius, Messalina, and Caracalla (Imhoof, Gr. M., pp. 757, 771). TypesZeus Nikephoros enthroned; Bust of Egyptizing deity (see below). The usual types of the bronze coins areGalley; the goddess Derceto, or perhaps the Tyche of the city, standing holding aplustre and trident, with a dove beside her; Warlike divinity (ΦΑΝΗΒΑΛΟC, see Rev. Arch., 1904, p. 139; Imhoof, Zur gr. u. rm. Mnzk., pp. 241 f.) standing facing, brandishing harpa above his head, and holding round shield and branch in his left; Divinity of Egyptian aspect, with attributes of Osiris, standing on the backs of three lions (Num. Zeit., 1884, p. 293). For other types and varieties see De Saulcy, Terre-Sainte, pp. 178 sqq. The Imperial coins of Ascalon are dated from the era of its autonomy, B.C. 104. A coin of Augustus has a second date which is reckoned from B.C. 58; regnal years of the Emperors are also given.
Eleutheropolis, about twenty miles south-west of Jerusalem. Imperial, Severus to Elagabalus. Inscr., Λ. CΕΠ. CЄΟΥΗ. ЄΛЄΥΘЄ. (Lucia Sep- timia Severiana Eleutheropolis). Era begins A.D. 199/200 (Kubitschek, Oesterr. Jahresh., vi. pp. 50 f.). TypeJupiter Heliopolitanus standing between two bulls (cf. Neapolis Samariae).
| Janiform diademed male and female heads, or head of Athena as on coins of Athens. | עזה in Phoenician characters, Owl in
incuse square, sometimes before the
fortified wall of a city. AR Dr.
|
| Id. | עז Forepart of horse; incuse square.
AR Drachm.
|
| Id. | ΑΘΕ Head of Athena; incuse square.
AR Drachm.
|
| Head of Athena. | עז Owl facing; incuse square.
AR Drachm.
|
| Female head. | Head of Seilenos facing; incuse square.
AR Drachm.
|
| Similar. | Bust of Bes facing; incuse square.
AR Drachm.
|
| Bearded helmeted head. [Brit. Mus.; Pilcher, Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., 1908, pp. 45 f.] | יהו in Phoenician characters, Jahveh
seated on car with winged wheel.
AR Dr.
|
For other early coins which may have been struck at Gaza see Babelon, Perses Achm., pp. lv ff.
After its capture by Alexander regal coins were struck there under Ptolemy II and III (Svoronos, Νομ. Πτολ., ii. pp. 123 f., p. 165), and with the letter מ (see below) under Demetrius I of Syria.
The autonomous bronze money of Gaza dates from an era commencing B.C. 61 (Schrer, Sitzungsb. Berl. Akad., 1896, xli. pp. 1065 f.). Inscr., ΓΑ, ΓΑΖΑ, ΔΗΜΟΥ ΓΑΖΑΙΩΝ, ΔΗΜΟΥ CЄΛ (?) ΤWΝ ЄΝ ΓΑΖΗ (see Maonald, Hunter Cat., iii. p. 282), ΓΑΖΑΙΤΩΝ, ΓΑΖЄΑΤΩΝ, &c., with addition sometimes of honorific titles, ΙЄΡ. ΑCΥ. Imperial, Augustus to Gordian, dated according to the era B.C. 61, but also in Hadrians time according to a new era commencing in A.D. 128, with ΕΠΙ., probably referring to the επιδημια of Hadrian (Maonald, op. cit., p. 283). Silver of Caracalla (Imhoof, Gr. M., p. 764) and Diadumenian (Id. Rev. Suisse, viii. p. 44). Inscr., ΓΑΖΑΙΩΝ, ΓΑΖΑ, &c., usually with the addition of the Phoenician letter מ, perhaps the initial of the divinity ΜΑΡΝΑ, whose name, as well as those of ΜЄΙΝW and ЄΙW, is met with on coins of this city. The temple of Marna at Gaza called the Marneion was identified with that of the Cretan Zeus (De Saulcy, Terre- Sainte, p. 210), and Meino and Eio are clearly Minos and Io. There is reason to suppose that these divinities were originally introduced into Crete and Greece from Phoenicia. Among the types of the coins of Gaza we may mention a Temple containing statues of Artemis and Apollo; Turreted bust of Tyche, or her entire figure, standing, with a bull at her feet; Tyche and Io joining hands; &c. (see also Num. Chron., 1862, p. 120).
Nicopolis-Emmaus. There were two cities called Nicopolis in Judaea (see L. Hamburger, Frankfurter Mnzblatter, i. (1899), Nos. 8 and 9).
Raphia, on the sea-coast between Gaza and Rhinocolura, an ancient city restored by Gabinius B.C. 58, the year from which its era dates. Imperial, M. Aurelius and Commodus to Philip Junior. Inscr., ΡΑΦΙΑ or ΙЄΡΑ ΡΑΦΙΑ. TypesArtemis standing; Female figure seated between two small figures, on the head of one of whom she places her hand; City-goddess holding infant and cornucopiae.
Kings, Princes, and Roman Procurators of Judaea
[See especially Madden, Coins of the Jews, 1881; Kennedy in Hastings Dict. of the Bible, art. Money (1900); Th. Reinach, Jewish Coins, 1903.]The history of the coins of the Jews has been so thoroughly investigated by Madden (op. cit.), Merzbacher (Zeit. f. Num., 1878), Hamburger (ib., 1892), and Th. Reinach (op. cit.), not to mention older writers, such as De Saulcy and Cavedoni, that the barest outline will suffice in the present work. Permission was given by Antiochus VII Sidetes to the Jews to strike coins in 139 BC, but was probably rescinded as soon as he felt strong enough to do so. Hyrcanus I finally minted the first coins in 132 BC.
(α) Hasmonaean Princes.
John Hyrcanus I, B.C. 135-104. Small bronze coins, initially (132-130 BC) with inscr. BASILEWS ANTIOXOU EUERGETOU flanking upside down anchor, lily reverse.
Later, Hyrcanus minted coin in his own name, usually with inscr., יהוחנן הכהן הגדל וחבר היהודים (Jehochanan Hakkohen Haggadol Vecheber Haje- hudim), Johanan the High Priest and the Commonwealth (?) of the Jews, rev. Double cornucopiae and poppy-head. (For varieties see Madden, p. 76.)
Judas Aristobulus, B.C. 104-103. Small bronze, with inscr., היהודיםיהודה הכהן גדל וחבר היהודיםיהודה הכהן , Jehudah Hakkohen Gadol Vecheber Haje- hudim (and variations), Judas the High Priest and the Commonwealth (?) of the Jews, rev. Double cornucopiae and poppy (Madden, p. 82).
Alexander Jannaeus, B.C. 103-76. Small bronze of three classes (α and β) Regal, with Hebrew and Greek inscr., יהונתן המלך (Jehona- than Hammelek), The King Jehonathan, rev. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝ- ΔΡΟΥ. TypesFlower and Anchor, or Star and Anchor. (γ) Pontifical. coins resembling those of his predecessor, but reading יהונתן הכהן הגדל וחבר היהודים , Jonathan or Jehonathan Hakkohen Haggadol Vecheber Hajehudim.
Alexandra Salome, B.C. 76-67, widow of Alexander Jannaeus. Small bronze with Star and Anchor. Inscr., ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣ. ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔ., and an obliterated Hebrew inscr. (Madden, p. 92).
John Hyrcanus II, B.C. 69, 63-57, and 47-40. Small bronze, with Star and Anchor, and bilingual inscr. (Madden, p. 93). Also bronze, obv. Flower, rev. Palm (op. cit., p. 96). Inscr., היהדיהוחנן הכהן הגדל החבר היהדיהוחנן הכהן (Jehochanan Hakkohen Haggadol Hachaber Hajehud[im]). Many of Hyrcanus' coins are overstruck on types of Jannaeus, and were prresumably minted not long afterthe latter's death. This suggests that they may have been struck in Hyrcaus' name by his mother, Salome Alexandra, who inherited Jannaeus' kingdom, but was obviously unable to become High Priest due to her gender.
Alexander II (?), B.C. 65-49. To this prince M. Reichardt would attribute small bronze coins of the Star and Anchor type, reading ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ and ....(?)עלצדרעש ג (Alexadras Gadol ?), or עלכצד[ר]עש (Madden, p. 97).
Antigonus (Mattathias), B.C. 40-37. Bronze; obv. Flower, rev. Palm. Inscr., מתתיה הכהן הגדל החבר היהד (Mattathiah Hakkohen Hag-
Herod the Great, B.C. 37-4. Bronze. Inscr., ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΗΡΩΔΟΥ. TypesHelmet, rev. Tripod or Shield; Caduceus, rev. Pomegranate; Aplustre, rev. Palm; Tripod, rev. Wreath; Anchor, rev. Two cornua- copiae; Eagle, rev. Cornucopiae; &c. (Madden, pp. 105 sqq.). Some coins bear the regnal date LΓ (year 3) and ΤΡΙ(χαλκον) in monogram. The eagle probably refers to the golden eagle which Herod set up on the pediment of the Temple at Jerusalem, thus provoking a revolt.
Herod Archelaus, B.C. 4 - A.D. 6. Bronze. Inscr., ΗΡWΔΟΥ ЄΘΝΑΡΧΟΥ, often abbreviated. TypesAnchor, rev. Wreath; Prow, rev. Wreath; Double cornucopiae, rev. Galley; Grapes, rev. Helmet; &c. (Madden, pp. 114 sqq.).
Herod Antipas, ruler of Galilaea and Peraea, B.C. 4 - A.D. 40. Bronze, usually with regnal dates. Inscr., ΗΡWΔΟΥ ΤЄΤΡΑΡΧΟΥ, Palm- branch, rev. ΤΙΒЄΡΙΑC, Wreath; or ΗΡΩΔΗC ΤЄΤΡΑΡΧΗC, Palm- branch, with name of Emperor, ΓΑΙΟΥ (Caligula) on reverse in a wreath. These coins were struck at the city of Tiberias, built by Antipas, and named after the Emperor Tiberius (Madden, p. 121).
Herod Philip II, ruler of Batanaea, Trachonitis, and Hauranitis, B.C. 4-A.D. 33. Imperial, Augustus and Tiberius, rev. ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ ΤΕΤΡΑΡΧΟΥ or ΕΠΙΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ ΤΕΤΡΑΡΧΟΥΚΤΙC(του). TypeTemple of Augustus at Caesareia-Panias (Madden, p. 125).
Herod Agrippa I, A.D. 37-44. Bronze, without or with heads of Emperors, Caius and Claudius. Inscr., ΒΑCΙΛЄWC ΑΓΡΙΠΑ (sic), Um- brella, rev. Three ears of corn and regnal date; ΒΑCΙΛЄΥC ΜЄΓΑC ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑC ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙCΑΡ, Head of Agrippa, rev. ΚΑΙCΑΡΙΑ Η ΠΡΟC [CЄΒΑCΤΩ] ΛΙΜЄΝΙ, Tyche standing, struck at Caesareia; Head of Claudius, rev. ΒΑCΙΛЄΥC ΜЄΓΑC ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑC ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙCΑΡ, Two figures in a temple.
On some specimens the alliance of Agrippa with Claudius, when all Herods kingdom was given to him, seems to be commemorated by the following inscription, which is, however, only partly legibleΔΗΜ .. ΡΩΜΑΙΩΝ Κ. CΥΜ. ΧΙ. ΑΥ. ΒΑC. ΑΓΡΙΠΑ ... ΚΛΗΤΟΝand of which no entirely satisfactory reading has been yet suggested (see Madden, p. 137).
Agrippa I and II. Bronze; obv. Head of Agrippa I, obv. [Β]ΑΙΣΙΛΕΥΙΣ ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑ, rev. [ΑΓΡΙ]ΠΠΑ ΥΙΟΥ ΒΑC[ΙΛΕΩC], Agrippa II on horse- back (Maonald, Hunter Cat., iii. p. 290).
Herod, brother of Agrippa I, was king of Chalcis A.D. 41-48. Bronze. Inscr., ΒΑΣΙΛ. ΗΡΩΔΗC ΦΙΛΟΚΛΑΥΔΙΟC (Imhoof, Portrtkpfe. Pl. VI. 20), rev. Name of Claudius.
Agrippa II, A.D. 48-100. Small bronze coin struck at Agrippias. Inscr., [ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ] ΑΓΡΙΠΠΑ ΑΓΡΙΠΠ[ΕΩΝ], Head of Agrippa II L Ε (year 5), rev. [ΒΑΣ. ΑΓΡΙΠ]ΠΑ ΦΙΛΟΚΑΙΣΑ[ΡΟΣ] (?), Two cornuacopiae crossed (Z. f. N., xiii. Pl. IV. 17). Also bronze, without or with heads of Emperors, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. The coins with the head of Nero were struck at Neronias (Caesareia Panias). Inscr., ΒΑCΙΛΕΩC ΑΓΡΙΠΠΟΥ, &c., and various types, among which are Tyche holding cornucopiae and ears of corn; Nike holding wreath and palm, or inscribing shield, &c. To A.D. 77 the coins are usually dated by an era beginning A.D. 48; afterwards by an era of A.D. 60 (Mac- donald, Hunter Cat., iii. p. 291).
Aristobulus, son of Herod king of Chalcis, and great-grandson of Herod the Great, was king of Chalcis and parts of Armenia, A.D. 54-92 (?). Bronze. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΟΒΟΥΛΟΥ, with the name of Nero or Vespasian on reverse (Rev. Num., 1883, p. 145, and 1900, p. 484).
Aristobulus and Salome, A.D. 54-92 (?). Bronze. ΒΑCΙΛΕΩC ΑΡΙCΤΟ- ΒΟΥΛΟΥ, rev. ΒΑΙCΙΛΙCCΗC CΑΛΩΜΗC, with portraits. (Imhoof, Por- trtkpfe, Pl. VI. 21 and 22).
On the occasion of the banishment of Herod Archelaus, A.D. 6, Judaea was added to the province of Syria, and the government administered by a Procurator subordinate to the Praefect of Syria. Of these Procurators (A.D. 6-66) there is a numerous class of small bronze coins resembling in style and fabric the contemporary small money of the Idumaean Princes, and dated according to the regnal years of the emperors. Augustus (years 33, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, under the Procurators Coponius, Ambivius, and Rufus); Tiberius (1 (?), 2-5, 6 (?), 11, 16-18, Procurators Valerius Gratus and Pontius Pilate); Claudius(13, 14, Procurator Felix); and Nero (year 5, Procurator Felix). These coins bear, as a rule, an inanimate object (Ear of corn, Cornucopiae, Lituus, &c.), the name of the reigning emperor or emperors, and the regnal year in Greek characters (Madden, Coins of the Jews, pp. 173 sqq.).
FIG. 355.
| שקל ישראל (Shekel Israel), Cup or chalice, above which א, ב, ג, or ד (numerals 1 to 4), referring to the official years of Simons rule corre- sponding to B.C. 139-136. On the coins of years 2-4 the numeral is preceded by ש (for Shenath, year). | ירושלם קדשה (Jerushalem Kedoshah), or
ירושלים הקדושה (Jerushalaim ha-kedo-
shah), Jerusalem the Holy, Branch
with three buds (Fig. 355)
AR Shekel 220 grs.
|
The half-shekels are similar, but read חצי השקל, Chatzi ha-shekel (half-shekel).
The epithet Holy on these coins may be compared with the ordinary Greek coin-legend ΙΕΡΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΥΛΟΥ on the money of many Syrian cities.
Bronze of the second and third years: Obv. חרות ציון (deliverance of Zion) Vine-leaf, rev. שנת שתים or שנת שלוש (year two or three) Two-handled vase. Also base silver of year 2 of the same types (Hunter Cat., iii. p. 293). Bronze of the fourth year, with the legends, obv. שנת ארבע, רביע שנת ארבע חצי , or שנת ארבע, rev. לגאלת ציון (in the fourth year, one half or one quarterthe redemption of Zion); types(1) obv. Ethrog (citron) between lulabs (bunches of twigs), rev. Palm-tree between two baskets; (2) obv. Two lulabs, rev. Ethrog; (3) obv. Chalice, rev. Lulab between two ethrogs.
After the successful termination of the Jewish war Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian caused coins to be struck in Judaea with the legend
FIG. 356.
(1) Silver shekels, or debased Attic tetradrachms, mostly restruck on tetradrachms of Antioch of the reign of Trajan; typesobv. Portico with four columns, rev. Ethrog and lulab or Lulab alone (Fig. 356); inscr., ירושלם (Jerusalem) or שמעון (Simon), rev. שנת אחת לגאלת ישראל (first year of the redemption of Israel), ש ב לגאלת ישראל (second year of the deliverance of Israel), or לחרות ירושלם (deliverance of Jerusalem). The name of Simon occurs only on the shekels of year 2. A star above the portico alludes to his title son of the star. (2) Silver restruck over Roman denarii (Galba to Hadrian); typesVase, Palm-branch, Wreath, Bunch of grapes, Two trumpets, &c. Inscr., אלעזר הכוהן (Eleazar the Priest), rev. שנת אחת לגאלת ישראל (first year of the redemption of Israel); or obv. שמעון (Simon), rev. לחרות ירושלם (deliverance of Jerusalem), sometimes also with the date year 2. (3) Bronze of two de- nominations, undated, or of year 1 or 2; some of year 1 read שמעון נשיא ישראל (Simon, prince of Israel); some of year 2 simply ירושלם TypesAmphora, rev. Inscription in wreath.
The series of the coins of Jerusalem closes with those of the Roman
colony, Aelia Capitolina, described above (p. 803).