Aggiornato 3.12.2009
Indice Dietro Avanti
Vespasiano e la Giudea conquistata
9.5.2009
Ciao Giulio, avevo mandato una richiesta di valutazione circa due settimana fa ma tu giustamente non potevi valutarla per la bassa qualità delle foto ora mi sono procurato una fotocamera migliore sperando che la qualità di queste sia sufficente.
PESO:        17 grammi
DIAMETRO: 29 millimetri
COLORE   : Colore dorato con una patina scura sul nero
ASSE DI CONIO : Ore 7
NESSUNA PRESENZA DI MATERIALE FERROSO VERIFICATA CON CALAMITA
URL: http://www.forumancientcoins.com/monetaromana/consulenza.html 
AUTORIZZO L'USO INCONDIZIONATO DELLE FOTO
La moneta rappresenta nel lato dritto una testa con ai margini di essa delle scritte dove si legge vespasiana e altre lettere ancora, dall'altro lato invece si nota bene una palma al centro, a destra una donna seduta e a sinistra un uomo in piedi, sotto la palma si legge una sigla  S C. A stento si leggono alcune lettere sulla sinistra della palma che credo siano " ivdaca" ma non ne ho la certezza siano proprio quelle. Attendo una tua risposta e ti ringrazio per l'attenzione prestata ciao
fig. 1
Cliccare sulle immagini per ingrandire
Roma, 21.5.2009
Egregio Lettore, 
di seguito riporto gli elementi significativi pertinenti alla sua moneta che ho potuto raccogliere: 

Sesterzio1, zecca di Roma, 71 d. C.2, RIC II 424 (pag. 68)3, BMC II 532 (pag. 115), Cohen I 234 (pag. 385), indice di rarità "S"

Descrizione sommaria (sono indicate in rosso le parti della leggenda usurate o comunque non più leggibili):
D. IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III4. Testa di Vespasiano, laureata, a destra.
R. IVDAEA - CAPTA5. S C in esergo. Palma al centro, a sinistra Giudeo, stante a destra, mani legate dietro la schiena; a destra Giudea, seduta a destra su una corazza; entrambe le figure circondate da armi.

La ricerca nel web di monete di tipologia simile a quella di figura ha prodotto i seguenti risultati (nelle monete 1÷3 il nome dell'imperatore è abbreviato: VESPAS invece che VESPASIAN e la catalogazione è quindi RIC 233 invece che RIC 424):

  1. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=96923 Source Numismatica Ars Classica NAC AG Auction 40 (16.05.2007) Lot 313  ( «  |  » ) Description Roman coins related to Judaea The Roman Empire, Vespasian 69 – 79 No.: 313 Estimate: CHF 1800 d=36 mm. Sestertius, Roma 71, æ 27.10 g. IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III Laureate head r. Rev. IVDAEA – CAPTA Jewess seated r. on cuirass under palm-tree in attitude of mourning; behind palm, Jew standing r., hands tied behind his back; in field l., pile of arms. In exergue, S C. RIC 424. BMC 533. C 234 (misdescribed). CBN 489 var. Hendin 773. Rare. Brown tone and about very fine very fine.
  2. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=96924 Source Numismatica Ars Classica NAC AG Auction 40 (16.05.2007) Lot 314  ( «  |  » ) Description Roman coins related to Judaea The Roman Empire, Vespasian 69 – 79 No.: 314 Estimate: CHF 2500 d=35 mm Sestertius, Roma 71, æ 24.55 g. IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III Laureate head r. Rev. IVDAEA – CAPTA Jewess seated r. on cuirass under palm-tree in attitude of mourning; before, shield. Behind palm, Jew standing r., hands tied behind his back; in field l., shields and helmet. In exergue, S C. RIC 424. BMC 761 (Tarraco, these dies). C 232. CBN –. Hendin –. An extremely rare variety, apparently only the second specimen known, of a rare type. Dark brown tone and about very fine Ex Superior December 1992, Bromberg part II, 614 and Leu 75, 1999, 1482 sales.
  3. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=148817 Source Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. Auction Triton IX (10.01.2006) Lot 1415  ( «  |  » ) Price 6000 USD Description VESPASIAN. 69-79 AD. Æ Sestertius (24.13 g, 7h). "Judaea Capta" issue. Rome mint. Struck 71 AD. IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III, laureate head right / IVDAEA CAPTA, S C in exergue, palm tree; to right, Jewess, in attitude of mourning, seated right on cuirass, round shield before; to left, Jew standing right with his hands tied behind his back; two spears, a hexagonal and a round shield behind. RIC II 424; Hendin 773; BMCRE 533; BN 490 var. (arms on reverse); Cohen 234. VF, hard dark green patina, flan crack, die break on reverse. Well centered and struck. ($4000). Estimate: $4000.
  4. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=156660 Source THE NEW YORK SALE Auction IX (13.01.2005) Lot 171  ( «  |  » ) Price 1450 USD Description ROMAN COINS IMPERIAL COINAGE VESPASIANUS, 69-79 No.: 171 Estimation: $ 1800 d=39 mm Sestertius, 71. AE 25.34 g. IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P P P COS III Laureate head r. Rev. IVDAEA – CAPTA / S-C Palm tree, on the l., bearded Jew with chlamys standing r., his hands bound behind his back; behind, him, shields and spears; to the r. of the tree, Jewess, draped and veiled, seated r. on cuirass, propping her head on her l. hand in mourning attitude. BN III, 142, 489. RIC 68, 424. C. 232. Rare. Dark green patina. Good very fine.
  5. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=148856 Source Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. Auction Triton VIII (11.01.2005) Lot 1007  ( «  |  » ) Price 21000 USD Description VESPASIAN. 69-79 AD. Æ Sestertius (25.77 gm, 6h). Judaea Capta issue. Rome mint. Struck 71 AD. Estimate $10000 VESPASIAN. 69-79 AD. Æ Sestertius (25.77 gm, 6h). Judaea Capta issue. Rome mint. Struck 71 AD. IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III, laureate head right / IVDAEA CAPTA, S C in exergue, Jewess, in attitude of mourning, seated right on cuirass under palm tree; two round shields and spear before; to left, Jew standing right with his hands tied behind his back; two spears, two hexagonal shields, and two round shields behind. RIC II 424; Hendin 773; BMCRE 533 corr. (no spear before Jewess; same reverse die); cf. BN 490; Cohen 234 corr. (CAESAR). EF, wonderful hard green patina, light smoothing in fields. ($10,000) From the Michael Weller Collection. 
  6. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=124533 Source Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. Auction Triton VIII (11.01.2005) Lot 1115  ( «  |  » ) Price 1600 USD Description VESPASIAN. 69-79 AD. Æ Sestertius (30.58 gm, 6h). Judaea Capta issue. Rome mint. Struck 71 AD. Estimate $1000 VESPASIAN. 69-79 AD. Æ Sestertius (30.58 gm, 6h). Judaea Capta issue. Rome mint. Struck 71 AD. IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III, laureate head right / IVDAEA CAPTA, S C in exergue, Jewess, in attitude of mourning, seated right on cuirass under palm tree; one round and one hexagonal shield and [spear] before; to left, Jew standing right with his hands tied behind his back; [two spears], one round and one hexagonal shield behind. RIC II 424; Hendin 773; BMCRE 533 corr. (no spear before Jewess); cf. BN 490; Cohen 234 corr. (CAESAR). VF, emerald green patina, light smoothing in fields. ($1000).
  7. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=156678 Source Heritage Auctions, Inc. Auction Long Beach Signature Sale 357 (09.09.2004) Lot 12184  ( «  |  » ) Price 1400 USD Description Vespasian. A.D. 69-79. AE sestertius (34 mm, 27.44 g). 'Judaea Capta' issue. Rome, A.D. 71. Laureate head right / IVDAEA CAPTA, Jewess, in attitude of mourning, seated right at base of palm tree; on left, Jew standing right with hands tied behind back; various arms around. RIC 424; BMC 536; Cohen 233. Good VF, green and brown patina, some smoothing in fields, legends slightly strengthened. Estimate: 1600-1800 USD. 
  8. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=156689 Source Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. Auction Triton VII (12.01.2004) Lot 889  ( «  |  » ) Price 2000 USD Description VESPASIAN. 69-79 AD. Æ Sestertius (27.02 gm). Judaea Capta issue. Rome mint. Struck 71 AD. Estimate $2000 VESPASIAN. 69-79 AD. Æ Sestertius (27.02 gm). Judaea Capta issue. Rome mint. Struck 71 AD. IMP CAE VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III, laureate head right / IVDAEA CAPTA, S C in exergue, Judaea seated right on cuirass beneath palm tree in attitude of mourning; bound Jewish captive standing right behind; spears and shields around. RIC II 424 var. (CAES); Hendin 773 var. (same); BMCRE 533 var. (CAESAR); BN -; Cohen 234 var. (same). Nice VF, red and brown patina, minor smoothing. ($2000).
  9. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=43457 Source Leu Numismatik AG Auction 86 (05.05.2003) Lot 798  ( «  |  » ) Price 1300 CHF (~974 USD) Description THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE Vespasian, 69-79 Estimate: CHF 1'250.00 Sestertius (Orichalcum, 26.82 g 6), 71. IMP CAES VESPAS AVG P M TR P P P COS III Laureate head of Vespasian to right. Rev. IVDAEA CAPTA S C Palm tree; to right, mourning Jewess seated to right on cuirass, amidst armor and shields; to left, Jew, with his hands bound behind him, standing to right with shields and helmet behind him. BMC 532. BN 491. Bromberg –. C. 233. Hendin 773. RIC 424. Vagi 924. Dark brown patina. Very fine. From the collection of Teddy Kollek. 
  10. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=156711 Source THE NEW YORK SALE Auction V (16.01.2003) Lot 282  ( «  |  » ) Price 1000 USD Description ANCIENT COINS ROMAN COINS IMPERIAL COINAGE VESPASIANUS, 69-79 No.: 282 Estimate: $ 1200 d=35 mm Sestertius, 71. AE 24.75 g. IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P PPP COS III Laureate head r. Rev. IVDAEA -CAPTA / SC Palm tree, on l., bearded Jew standing r., wearing chlamys, his hands bound behind his back; behind him, shields and spears; on r., mourning Jewess (Judaea), veiled, seated r. on cuirass, propping her head on her l. hand, with her r. hand she holds round shield, another one in front of her. RIC 68, 424. C. 232. BN III, 143, 490. Rare. Dark, blackish green patina, partially flaked off on rev. Good very fine.
  11. http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/sear5/s2325.html#RIC_0159 VESPASIAN. 69-79 AD. Æ Sestertius (26.94 gm). "Judaea Capta" issue. Struck 71 AD. IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III, laureate head right / IVDEA CAPTA, S C in exergue, Jewess in attitude of mourning, seated right beneath palm tree; to left, captive Jew with hands tied behind back standing right; captured weapons behind. RIC II 424 note; BMCRE -; BN 489-491 var. (JVDAEA); Cohen 232 var. (same). EF, green-black patina, light porosity. Amongst the finest known! [See color plate 13] ($20,000) Triton V Sale, 16 Jan 2002, lot 1915. Lot sold for $22000.
  12. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=25021 Source Numismatica Ars Classica NAC AG Auction 29 (11.05.2005) Lot 505  ( «  |  » ) Price 37000 CHF (~30700 USD) Description The Roman Empire Vespasian, 69-79 No.: 505 Schätzwert/Estimation: CHF 20000.- d=32 mm. Sestertius circa 71, æ 26.56 g. IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III Laureate head r. Rev. IVADAE CAPTA Jewess seated r. on cuirass under palm-tree in attitude of mourning; behind palm, Jew standing r., hands tied behind back; in field l., pile of arms. In exergue, S C. C 232. BMC 533 note. CBN 489. RIC 424. Very rare and among the finest specimens known of this desirable issue. Well struck in high relief with a superb green patina, the reverse finely detailed. Good extremely fine. Vespasian’s greatest military triumph was the war he and his son Titus waged in Judaea at the end of Nero’s reign. The campaign was so difficult that the Flavians celebrated its conclusion with triumphal processions, games, a triumphal arch and an uncommonly extensive series of coins. This sestertius is one of the most remarkable examples to have survived, with even the smallest details perfectly preserved. Most impressive is the miniature portrait of Vespasian on the reverse, the engraving of which would have tested the skills of even the most gifted artist. With dual sympathies the chronicler Josephus wrote an in-depth narrative of the Roman campaign in Judaea. We are told of great suffering by both Jews and Romans, though in the final analysis the Jews bore the lion’s share of the consequences. The Roman dead numbered in the tens of thousands, and Josephus counts the number of Jewish dead in the millions, with most having succumbed to famine or pestilence. Josephus describes what the Romans encountered when they breached the walls of Jerusalem and began to search the subterranean portion of the city: "So horrible was the stench from the bodies which met the intruders, that many instantly withdrew, but others penetrated further through avarice, trampling over heaps of corpses; for many precious objects were found in these passages…" In the aftermath, Josephus reports that the Romans "…selected the tallest and most handsome of the youth and reserved each of them for the triumph; of the rest, those over seventeen years of age he sent in chains to the mines in Egypt, while multitudes were presented to Titus to the various provinces, to be destroyed in the theatres by the sword or by wild beasts; those under seventeen were sold."
  13. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=43458 Source Leu Numismatik AG Auction 86 (05.05.2003) Lot 799  ( «  |  » ) Price 2500 CHF (~1873 USD) Description THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE Vespasian, 69-79 Estimate: CHF 1'500.00 Sestertius (Orichalcum, 27.30 g 7), 71. IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III Laureate head of Vespasian to left. Rev. IVDAEA CAPTA S C Palm tree; to right, mourning Jewess seated to right on cuirass, amidst armor and shields; to left, Jew, with his hands bound behind him, standing to right with shields and helmet behind him. BMC –. BN –. Bromberg –. C. 235. Hendin –. RIC 424. Extremely rare, this type, with the left facing obverse, seems to be missing from all major collections. Reddish brown patina. About very fine. From the collection of Teddy Kollek.
  14. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=96922 Source Numismatica Ars Classica NAC AG Auction 40 (16.05.2007) Lot 312  ( «  |  » ) Price 2400 CHF (~1970 USD) Description Roman coins related to Judaea The Roman Empire, Vespasian 69 – 79 No.: 312 Estimate: CHF 2500 d=36 mm Sestertius, Roma 71, æ 27.67 g. IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III Laureate head r. Rev. IVDAEA – CAPTA Jewess seated r. on cuirass under palm-tree in attitude of mourning; behind palm, Jew standing r., hands tied behind his back; in field l., pile of arms. In exergue, S C. RIC 424. BMC 533. C 234 (misdescribed). CBN 489 var. Hendin 773. Rare. Tiber tone, minor metal flaws on obverse, otherwise very fine / good very fine.
  15. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=155877 Source Numismatik Lanz München Auction 102 (28.05.2001) Lot 509  ( «  |  » ) Price 4400 DEM (~1964 USD) Description (Translate description) KAISERREICH VESPASIANUS (69 - 79) No.: 509 Schätzpreis-Estimation: DM 4500,- Sesterz, 71. IMP CAES VESPASIAN AV - G P M TR P P P COS III. Kopf des Vespasianus mit Lorbeerkranz rechts. Rs: IVDAEA - CAPTA / S C. Verschleierte, trauernde Iudaea, ihren Kopf auf die linke Hand gestützt, unter Dattelpalme auf Helm nach rechts sitzend, an ihrer Seite im Hintergrund ovaler Schild; auf der linken Seite Jude mit Mantel, die Hände auf den Rücken gefesselt, nach rechts stehend, dahinter zwei langovale Schilde und zwei Lanzen. RIC 424. C. - (vgl. 232). BMC - (vgl. 533). CBN -. 27,00 g. Sehr seltene Variante. Sehr gutes Portrait, grünbraune Patina, sehr schön / fast vorzüglich.
  16. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=156638 Source THE NEW YORK SALE Auction XI (11.01.2006) Lot 278  ( «  |  » ) Description ROMAN EMPIRE VESPASIANUS, 69-79 No.: 278 Estimate: $ 1500 d=35 mm Sestertius, 71. AE 24.00 g. IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III Laureate head r. Rev. IVDAEA -CAPTA / SC Palm tree, on l., bearded Jew with chlamys standing r., his hands bound behind his back; behind him, shield; to the r. of the tree, Jewess, draped and veiled, seated r. on cuirass, propping her head on her l. hand in mourning attitude; shield in front of her. RIC 68, 424. C. 232. BN III, 142, 490. Rare. Dark, blackish green patina. Surfaces insignificantly corroded. Very fine.
  17. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=156646 Source Baldwin's Auctions Ltd Auction 42 (26.09.2005) Lot 282  ( «  |  » ) Price 440 GBP (~781 USD) Description ROMAN COINS Imperial Silver Vespasian (AD 69-79) No.: 282 Estimate: £ 300 Vespasian, Sestertius 24.51g, AD 71, laureate head right, rev IVDEA CAPTA, captive Jewess seated beneath palm tree right, Jew with hands bound behind his back left, arms in field (RIC 424). Some corrosion, good fine. £300-400 bought Sotheby, 8 July 1898.
  18. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=156649 Source Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. Auction Mail Bid Sale 70 (21.09.2005) Lot 753  ( «  |  » ) Description VESPASIAN. 69-79 AD. Æ Sestertius (27.82 g, 7h). Judaea Capta issue. Rome mint. Struck 71 AD. Estimate $2000 VESPASIAN. 69-79 AD. Æ Sestertius (27.82 g, 7h). Judaea Capta issue. Rome mint. Struck 71 AD. Laureate head right / IVDAEA CAPTA, palm tree; to left, Jew standing right, hands bound behind; to right, Jewess, in attitude of mourning, seated right on cuirass; shields scattered around. RIC II 424; Hendin 773; BMCRE 533 corr. (no spear before Jewess); Cohen 232. VF, mottled brown patina, minor smoothing. ($2000).
  19. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=156735 Source Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. Auction Triton V (15.01.2002) Lot 1913  ( «  |  » ) Price 1000 USD Description VESPASIAN Estimate $500 VESPASIAN. 69-79 AD. Æ Sestertius (26.67 gm). "Judaea Capta" issue. Struck 71 AD. IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III, laureate head right / IVDAEA CAPTA, S C in exergue, Jewess in attitude of mourning, seated right beneath palm tree; to left, captive Jew with hands tied behind back standing right; captured weapons behind. RIC II 424; BMCRE -; BN 489-491; Cohen 232. Good Fine, brown patina. ($500) From the Robert Schonwalter Collection. Information with the coin states that it was purchased from Worner List 1, no. 394, in January 1951.
  20. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=156736 Source Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. Auction Triton V (15.01.2002) Lot 1915  ( «  |  » ) Price 22000 USD Description VESPASIAN Estimate $20000 VESPASIAN. 69-79 AD. Æ Sestertius (26.94 gm). "Judaea Capta" issue. Struck 71 AD. IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III, laureate head right / IVDEA CAPTA, S C in exergue, Jewess in attitude of mourning, seated right beneath palm tree; to left, captive Jew with hands tied behind back standing right; captured weapons behind. RIC II 424 note; BMCRE -; BN 489-491 var. (JVDAEA); Cohen 232 var. (same). EF, green-black patina, light porosity. Amongst the finest known! [See color plate 13] ($20,000).
  21. http://www.acsearch.info/record.html?id=158783 Source Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. Auction Mail Bid Sale 66 (19.05.2004) Lot 1400  ( «  |  » ) Price 1400 USD Description VESPASIAN. 69-79 AD. Æ Sestertius (24.64 gm). Judaea Capta issue. Rome mint. Struck 71 AD. Estimate $1500 VESPASIAN. 69-79 AD. Æ Sestertius (24.64 gm). Judaea Capta issue. Rome mint. Struck 71 AD. Laureate head right / Jewess, in attitude of mourning, seated right on cuirass under palm tree; to left, Jew standing right with his hands tied behind his back; arms to left. RIC II 424; Hendin 773; BMCRE 533; Cohen 232. VF, brown and green patina, smoothed. ($1500).
    22.
Sebbene la moneta sia piuttosto comune, essa presenta valutazioni elevate sul mercato numismatico per il richiamo alle vicende storiche a cui si collega (la conquista romana della Palestina e l'inizio della diaspora del popolo ebraico). Ciò premesso, devo aggiungere che, al di là delle caratteristiche fisiche un po' difformi rispetto ai conî d'epoca, l'esemplare in esame presenta tratti stilistici che destano perplessità (mi riferisco in particolare al ritratto di Vespasiano sul dritto). Alla luce di ciò, pur nei limiti di una valutazione a distanza, esprimo forti perplessità sull'autenticità della moneta.

Un saluto cordiale. 
Giulio De Florio
 

-------------------------- 
Note: 
(1) Sesterzio (oricalco). BMC II fornisce il peso medio dei sesterzi di Vespasiano: 25,84g (media su 105 esemplari). Raccolgo in tabella le caratteristiche fisiche dei sesterzi della tipologia di figura  tratte dai link di cui sopra:

Riferimenti Peso (g.)  Diametro (mm) Asse di conio (h)
Link1 27,10 36 -
Link2 24,55 35 -
Link3 24,13 35 7
Link4 25,34 39 -
Link5 25,77 - 6
Link6 30,58 - 6
Link7 27,44 - -
Link8 27,02 - -
Link9 26,82 - 6
Link10 24,75 35 -
Link11 26,94 - -
Link12 26,56 32 -
Link13 27,30 - 7
Link14 27,67 - 6
Link15 27,00 - -
Link16 24,00 35 -
Link17 24,51 - -
Link18 27,82 - 7
Link19 26,67 - -
Link20 26,94 - -
Link21 24,64 - -
Da quanto premesso si evince che il sesterzio di figura presenta caratteristiche fisiche (17g, 29mm, 7h) un po' anomale rispetto a quelle dei conî d'epoca.
(2) Il 71 è l'anno del terzo consolato di Vespasiano (COS III appunto) ma anche l'anno in cui celebrò, insieme col figlio Tito, il trionfo nella guerra giudaica ed elevò a Roma un grandioso tempio alla Pace.
(3) Nella determinazione del categorico in premessa si è fatto uso della numerazione riportata nella vecchia edizione del RIC II (ed. 1926, ristampata nel 1968). Nella nuova edizione del RIC (ed. dic. 2007) la numerazione attribuita alla moneta è stata modificata in RIC II 159 pag.71 mentre l'indice di frequenza è diventato "C3" (v. nel link la nuova tabella delle frequenze).
(4) IMPerator CAESar VESPASIANus AVGustus Pontifex Maximus Tribunicia Potestate COnSul III. Per il profilo storico di questo imperatore si rimanda alla voce relativa dell'Enciclopedia Treccani (v. link).
(5) IVDAEA CAPTA - Conquistata la Giudea, sembra il titolo di testa di un giornale che annuncia una vittoria militare. La simbologia è trasparente, la palma rappresenta la Giudea, la terra conquistata, la donna in lutto seduta su una corazza è la nazione vinta ed il prigioniero, uno dei tanti, è un Giudeo ridotto in schiavitù. 
Indice Dietro Avanti