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Most viewed - ISLAMIC: MAMLUKS
ISL_MAMLUK_Balog_562_Barquq.jpg
Mamluk (Burji). Barquq (al-Zahir Sayf al-Din Abu Sa`id Barquq) (1st reign 784-791 A.H. = 1382-1389 A.D.; 2nd reign 792-801 A.H. = 1390-1399 A.D.)36 viewsBalog 562 Plate XXIII 562; SNAT Damascus __; Album 975

AE fals; Dimashq/Damascus mint, dated 790 A.H.? = 1388 A.D.? (1st reign); 2.63 g., 17.92 mm. max., 270°

Obv.: Apparently no border. السلطان / الملك الظاهر / ابو سعيد سيف / الدنيا و الدين (al-Sultan / al-Malik al-Zahir / Abu Sa'id Sayf / ______) in center; Clockwise marginal legend الدنيا و الدين ضرب بدمشق سنة ثسعين وسبعماية (= ___________ duriba bi-Dimashq sanat thaseayn wasabeimaya = ________ struck in Damascus in the year 90)

Rev.: Solid linear border. Circle of big dots, برقوق (= Barquq) in center.

Barquq, who was of Circassian origin and acquired as a slave, became the first sultan of the Mamluk Burji dynasty. A member of the faction behind the throne during the reigns of Sha'ban II's young sons, 'Ali II and Hajji II, Barquq consolidated power and siezed the throne in 1382. He was deposed in 1389 and Hajji restored as sultan. By early 1390, Barquq reclaimed his title. During his second reign, the Mongol warlord Timur invaded and defeated the Mamluks at Damascus and sacked it along with Aleppo in 1399.

Attribution courtesy of altaycoins and Alex Koifman.
3 commentsStkp
ISL_MAMLUKS_Balog_339_al-Slih_Salh_al-Dn_Slih.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Salih (al-Salih Salah al-Din) (752-755 A.H. = 1351-1354 A.D.)27 viewsBalog 339, Plate XIII No. 339; SNAT Hamah 519-522; Album 951

AE fals; Hamah mint, dated (75)5 A.H. = 1354 A.D.; 1.45 g., 17.69 mm. max.

Obv.: Beaded border inside of which there is a solid circular border; سنة خمس (= sanat khms = year 5) / الملك الصالح (al-Malik al-Salih) in center in two rows.

Rev.: Solid border; a circle of ten, pointed arches. In it, a rosette of ten rhomboidal petals around a central pellet.

Salih was the eighth son of Muhammad I to hold office. He was installed as sultan at age 14 upon the ouster of his half-brother, Sultan Hasan, by senior Mamluk emirs. In effect, Emir Taz was the ruler of the sultanate and Salih was a figurehead sultan, although Salih did lead an army into Syria to quash a rebellion. In 1354, dissident emirs ousted Taz, toppled Salih and restored Hasan to power.
1 commentsStkp
ISL_MAMLUK_Balog_462_v_al-Ashraf_N_#257;s_#803;ir_al-D_#299;n_Sha__ban_II.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Sha`ban II (al-Ashraf Nasir al-Din Sha`ban) (764-778 A.H. = 1363-1377 A.D.)26 viewsBalog 462 Plate XVII 462 var. (orientation of bendy); SNAT Hamah 615-616; Album 958

AE fals; Hamah mint, undated 776-778 A.H. = 1374-1377 A.D.; 1.62 g., 17.81 mm. max., 90°

Obv.: Solid border, circular border within; الملك الاشرف (= al-Malik al-Ashraf) between arabesque ornaments in center.

Rev.: Field divided into three horizontal segments, the central fesse segment bendy with seven pieces to left; بحما (= bi-Hamah) in upper segment, ضرب (= duriba/struck) in lower.

Sha'ban II was a grandson of Muhammad I, being the son of one of Muhammad's sons who never held office. In 1363, the senior Mamluk emirs, led by Emir Yalbugha, deposed Sultan Muhammad II on charges of illicit behavior and installed ten-year-old Sha'ban as his figurehead replacement. In 1366 Sha'ban, who sought to wield power, supported a successful revolt against Yalbugha. One year later, Sha'ban, who still had few mamluks of his own but was supported by the common people, quelled a rebellion. Again in 1373, the commoners assisted Sha'ban in defeating a rebellion. Because of their loyalty and key support during these revolts, Sha'ban treated the commoners well throughout his reign, including efforts to provide food for the poor during a two-year famine in Egypt. In 1376, Sha'ban went on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. In his absence emirs again rebelled against Sha'ban, which was followed by a rebellion of Sha'ban's own mamluk guard, who murdered him in 1377.
1 commentsStkp
ISL_Mamluk_Balog_458_Shaban.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Sha`ban II (al-Ashraf Nasir al-Din Sha`ban) (764-778 A.H. = 1363-1377 A.D.)26 viewsBalog 458, Plate XVII, Nos. 458a-458b; Album 958

AE fals; Dimashq/Damascus mint, undated; 2.89 g., 19.43 mm. max., 0°

Obv.: Circular line border. Clockwise circular legend, السلطان الملك الا شرف شعبان (= al-Sultan al-Malik al-Ashraf Sha`ban), in the center, spindle-shaped cartouche with fleur-de-lis edges; in it حسن بن (= bin Hasayn).

Rev.: Circular line border. Concave-sided linear octolobe with floweret on the edges. Pellets between the flowerets. In the center: ضرب / مشق بد (= darab=struck / in Dimashq).

Sha'ban II was a grandson of Muhammad I, being the son of one of Muhammad's sons who never held office. In 1363, the senior Mamluk emirs, led by Emir Yalbugha, deposed Sultan Muhammad II on charges of illicit behavior and installed ten-year-old Sha'ban as his figurehead replacement. In 1366 Sha'ban, who sought to wield power, supported a successful revolt against Yalbugha. One year later, Sha'ban, who still had few mamluks of his own but was supported by the common people, quelled a rebellion. Again in 1373, the commoners assisted Sha'ban in defeating a rebellion. Because of their loyalty and key support during these revolts, Sha'ban treated the commoners well throughout his reign, including efforts to provide food for the poor during a two-year famine in Egypt. In 1376, Sha'ban went on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. In his absence emirs again rebelled against Sha'ban, which was followed by a rebellion of Sha'ban's own mamluk guard, who murdered him in 1377.
1 commentsStkp
ISL_Mamluks_Balog_466.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Sha`ban II (al-Ashraf Nasir al-Din Sha`ban) (764-778 A.H. = 1363-1377 A.D.)25 viewsBalog 466 Plate XVII 466; SNAT Hamah 574-580; Album 958

AE fals, Hamah mint, dated (76)4 A.H. = 1363 A.D.: 2.58 g., 20.55 mm. max., 180°

Obv.: Rigid cable to left border between two circular lines. In center: الاشرف (al-Ashraf) / سنة بحماة (sanat bi-Hamah) / ضرب (duriba) / أربعة (arbe/four)

Rev.: Fleur-de-lis with wide basis, between two small rings. Top flanked by two pellets.

Sha'ban II was a grandson of Muhammad I, being the son of one of Muhammad's sons who never held office. In 1363, the senior Mamluk emirs, led by Emir Yalbugha, deposed Sultan Muhammad II on charges of illicit behavior and installed ten-year-old Sha'ban as his figurehead replacement. In 1366 Sha'ban, who sought to wield power, supported a successful revolt against Yalbugha. One year later, Sha'ban, who still had few mamluks of his own but was supported by the common people, quelled a rebellion. Again in 1373, the commoners assisted Sha'ban in defeating a rebellion. Because of their loyalty and key support during these revolts, Sha'ban treated the commoners well throughout his reign, including efforts to provide food for the poor during a two-year famine in Egypt. In 1376, Sha'ban went on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. In his absence emirs again rebelled against Sha'ban, which was followed by a rebellion of Sha'ban's own mamluk guard, who murdered him in 1377.
1 commentsStkp
ISL_Mamluk_338_Salih.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Salih (al-Salih Salah al-Din) (752-755 A.H. = 1351-1354 A.D.)23 viewsBalog 338, Plate XIII No. 338a-b; Album 951

AE fals; Halab/Aleppo mint, dated (7)55 A.H. = 1354 A.D.; 2.71 g., 21.41 mm. max., 0°

Obv.: Solid circular line border. Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments: سنة خمس (sunat khms/five years) / الملك الصالح (al-Malik al-Salih) / وخمسين بحلب (wakhamsin bi-Halab/fifty in Halab)

Rev.: Circle of scrolls between two circular lines. In center: bird (probably an eagle) walking to right, head turned straight back. Above the bird's back, swan-like body.

Salih was the eighth son of Muhammad I to hold office. He was installed as sultan at age 14 upon the ouster of his half-brother, Sultan Hasan, by senior Mamluk emirs. In effect, Emir Taz was the ruler of the sultanate and Salih was a figurehead sultan, although Salih did lead an army into Syria to quash a rebellion. In 1354, dissident emirs ousted Taz, toppled Salih and restored Hasan to power.
1 commentsStkp
ISL_Mamluks_Balog_245a_al-N_#257;s_#803;ir_N_#257;s_#803;ir_al-D_#299;n_Mu_#7717;ammad.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Hasan (al-Nasir Nasir al-Din Abu'l-Mahasin) (1st reign, 748-752 A.H. = 1347-1351 A.D.; 2nd reign 755-762 A.H. = 1354-1361 A.D.)20 viewsBalog 250 (Muhammad I); SNAT Hamah 526-527; Album 947

AE fals; Hamah mint, undated (2nd reign); 2.04 g., 17.84 mm. max., 0°

Obv.: Linear circle border in border of dots. Field on both sides divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse): ضرب (= duriba/struck) in upper segment; الملك الناصر (= al-Malik al-Nasir/King Nasir) in central segment; بحماة (= Hamah) in lower segment.

Rev.: Shield divided by horizontal band into three horizontal segments (fesse). The central band is bendy of thirteen pieces to the left. Upper and lower segment contains a floral arabesque.

Hasan was the seventh son of Muhammad I to hold office. Upon the death of his half-brother, Sultan Hajji, in 1347, Hasan was raised to the sultanate at age 12 by senior Mamluk emirs formerly belonging to his father. Upon his accession, he disavowed his given (Turkic) name and assumed the Arabic name, Hasan. He was toppled by the emirs in 1351 when he attempted to assert executive authority, and reinstated by them three years later during a coup against his half-brother, Sultan Salih. During his second reign, he pursued a policy of minimizing the role of the mamluk emirs in the state and relying instead on the descendants of mamluks, known as awlad al-nas. Hasan was killed in 1361 at age 27 by one of his own mamluks, who led a faction opposed to Hasan's policy of elevating the awlad al-nas to positions of authority. Hasan was the only descendant of Muhammad to have had a significant impact on events in the sultanate, and was referred to by a Mamluk-era historian as one of the "best kings of the Turks."

Atribution courtesy of Alex Koifman
1 commentsStkp
ISL_Mamluks_Balog_245b_al-N_#257;s_#803;ir_N_#257;s_#803;ir_al-D_#299;n_Mu_#7717;ammad.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Muhammad I (al-Nasir Nasir al-Din Muhammad) (1st reign, 693-694 A.H. = 1293-1294 A.D.; 2nd reign 698-708 A.H. = 1299-1309 A.D.; 3rd reign, 709-741 A.H. = 1310-1341 A.D.)19 viewsBalog 245b, Plate X No. 245b; SNAT Hamah 394-395; Album 922.

AE fals; Hamah mint, undated (3rd reign); 3.26 g., 20.20 mm. max., 90°

Obv.: Border on both sides, dotted circle between two linear circles; الماك (al-Malik) / الناصر (al-Nasir) in two rows in field.

Rev.: Shield divided by horizontal band into three horizontal segments (fesse). The central band is bendy of eleven pieces. Upper and lower segment contains a floral arabesque.

Muhammad I, the ninth Bahri Mamluk sultan, was the youngest son of Sultan Qala'un (of Turkic origin from the Kipchak tribe) and a mother of Mongol origin, and the brother of Sultan Khalil. After the assassination of Khalil in December 1293 by a faction lead by Lajin, Muhammad became sultan at age nine. In December 1294 Muhammad's regent, Kitbugha, deposed Muhammad with the support of Lajin and installed himself as sultan. In 1296 Kitbugha was deposed by Lajin, who then ruled as a sultan until he was murdered in 1299. Muhammad was recalled and reinstated as sultan at age 14, although power was held by Baybars. In 1309 Muhammad, who sought to free himself from the domination of Baybars, withdrew from Egypt and attempted to have Baybars arrested. This failed and Baybars installed himself as sultan, ending Muhammad's second reign. His second reign was dominated by Mongol threats in the Levant. After only ten months an Egyptian mob forced Baybars to flee and Muhammad was reinstated. at age 24. He reigned until his death 31 years later. His third reign was the apogee of Mamluk power and the high-water mark of culture in Egypt since Ptolemaic Alexandria. Eight of his sons and four of his grandsons would be enthroned as sultans.
Stkp
ISL_MAMLUKS_Hasan.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Hasan (al-Nasir Nasir al-Din Abu'l-Mahasin) (1st reign, 748-752 A.H. = 1347-1351 A.D.; 2nd reign 755-762 A.H. = 1354-1361 A.D.)17 viewsBalog (1970) 905B; SNAT Hamah 505-511; Album 947

AE fals, Hamah mint, dated (75)1 A.H. = 1350/51 A.D. (first reign): 2.36 g., 18.72 mm. max., 180°

Obv.: Solid border. الملك / الناصر (= al-malik / al-Násir) in two rows in center.

Rev. Octolobe of dots, solid octolobe within, mint name and date separated by ornamental border in center.

Hasan was the seventh son of Muhammad I to hold office. Upon the death of his half-brother, Sultan Hajji, in 1347, Hasan was raised to the sultanate at age 12 by senior Mamluk emirs formerly belonging to his father. Upon his accession, he disavowed his given (Turkic) name and assumed the Arabic name, Hasan. He was toppled by the emirs in 1351 when he attempted to assert executive authority, and reinstated by them three years later during a coup against his half-brother, Sultan Salih. During his second reign, he pursued a policy of minimizing the role of the mamluk emirs in the state and relying instead on the descendants of mamluks, known as awlad al-nas. Hasan was killed in 1361 at age 27 by one of his own mamluks, who led a faction opposed to Hasan's policy of elevating the awlad al-nas to positions of authority. Hasan was the only descendant of Muhammad to have had a significant impact on events in the sultanate, and was referred to by a Mamluk-era historian as one of the "best kings of the Turks."
Stkp
ISL_MAMLUKS_Balog_910_Tumanbay_II.jpg
Mamluks (Bahri). `Ali II (al-Mansur `Ala al-Din Ali) (778-783 A.H. = 1377-1381 A.D.)17 viewsBalog 509 Plate XX 509a-b; SNAT Hamah 632-634; Album 963

AE fals, Hamah mint, undated; 1.63 g., 18.50 mm. max.

Obv.: Field divided by two horizontal lines of dots. الملك المنصور (al-Malik al-Manusr) / tentatively ضرب طرابلس (duriba Tripoli per Balog but Hamah mint per SNAT)

Rev. Six-petaled flower, resembling a lotus, petals forming a counter-clockwise whorl.

Ali was the son of Sha'ban II and the great-grandson of Muhammad I. He was installed as sultan at age nine upon the death of his father in a revolt. He died four years later.

Attribution courtesy of Mervin.
Stkp
ISL_Mamluk_Balog_256_Muhammad_I.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Muhammad I (al-Nasir Nasir al-Din Muhammad) (1st reign, 693-694 A.H. = 1293-1294 A.D.; 2nd reign 698-708 A.H. = 1299-1309 A.D.; 3rd reign, 709-741 A.H. = 1310-1341 A.D.)15 viewsBalog 256 var.; Album 922

AE fals; unknown mint, undated (2nd reign); 1.46 g., 19.29 mm. max.

Obv.: Linear hexalobe border within hexalobe of dots, السلطا / ن الملك / الناصر (= al-sultan / al-malik / al-Nasir) in three rows.

Rev.: Linear hexalobe border within hexalobe of dots, six-petalled rosette within

Muhammad I, the ninth Bahri Mamluk sultan, was the youngest son of Sultan Qala'un (of Turkic origin from the Kipchak tribe) and a mother of Mongol origin, and the brother of Sultan Khalil. After the assassination of Khalil in December 1293 by a faction lead by Lajin, Muhammad became sultan at age nine. In December 1294 Muhammad's regent, Kitbugha, deposed Muhammad with the support of Lajin and installed himself as sultan. In 1296 Kitbugha was deposed by Lajin, who then ruled as a sultan until he was murdered in 1299. Muhammad was recalled and reinstated as sultan at age 14, although power was held by Baybars. In 1309 Muhammad, who sought to free himself from the domination of Baybars, withdrew from Egypt and attempted to have Baybars arrested. This failed and Baybars installed himself as sultan, ending Muhammad's second reign. His second reign was dominated by Mongol threats in the Levant. After only ten months an Egyptian mob forced Baybars to flee and Muhammad was reinstated. at age 24. He reigned until his death 31 years later. His third reign was the apogee of Mamluk power and the high-water mark of culture in Egypt since Ptolemaic Alexandria. Eight of his sons and four of his grandsons would be enthroned as sultans.
Stkp
ISL_Mamluk_Balog_465_Sha__b_#257;n_II.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Sha`ban II (al-Ashraf Nasir al-Din Sha`ban) (764-778 A.H. = 1363-1377 A.D.)15 viewsBalog 465, Plate XVII, No. 465; SNAT Hamah 608-611; Album 958

AE fals; Hamah mint, undated; 1.35 g., 18.54 mm. max.

Obv.: Thick circular line border. Clockwise circular legend, السلطان الملك الاشرف (= al-Sultan al-Malik al-Ashraf), arabesque ornament in the center.

Rev.: Thick circular line border. Shark facing right with body bent downwards.
Above: : بحماة (= bi Hamah), below: ضرب (= duriba/struck).

Sha'ban II was a grandson of Muhammad I, being the son of one of Muhammad's sons who never held office. In 1363, the senior Mamluk emirs, led by Emir Yalbugha, deposed Sultan Muhammad II on charges of illicit behavior and installed ten-year-old Sha'ban as his figurehead replacement. In 1366 Sha'ban, who sought to wield power, supported a successful revolt against Yalbugha. One year later, Sha'ban, who still had few mamluks of his own but was supported by the common people, quelled a rebellion. Again in 1373, the commoners assisted Sha'ban in defeating a rebellion. Because of their loyalty and key support during these revolts, Sha'ban treated the commoners well throughout his reign, including efforts to provide food for the poor during a two-year famine in Egypt. In 1376, Sha'ban went on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. In his absence emirs again rebelled against Sha'ban, which was followed by a rebellion of Sha'ban's own Mamluk guard, who murdered him in 1377.
1 commentsStkp
ISL_MAMLUKS_Balog_480_al-Ashraf_N_#257;sir_al-D_#299;n_Sha__b_#257;n_II.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Sha`ban II (al-Ashraf Nasir al-Din Sha`ban) (764-778 A.H. = 1363-1377 A.D.)14 viewsBalog 480 Plate XVIII 480; Album 958

AE fals, Trablus/Tripoli (Lebanon), undated: 2.51 g., 18.15 mm. max., 180°

Obv.: Circular line with border of dots. Field divided by two horizontal lines of dots into three segments: ضرب طر (duriba/struck) / الملك الاشرف (al-Malik al-Ashraf) / ا طرابلس [?] (Trablus)

Rev.: Circular line with border of dots. Lion passant to left, with tail curled back. The lion's body is adapted to the circular field.

Sha'ban II was a grandson of Muhammad I, being the son of one of Muhammad's sons who never held office. In 1363, the senior Mamluk emirs, led by Emir Yalbugha, deposed Sultan Muhammad II on charges of illicit behavior and installed ten-year-old Sha'ban as his figurehead replacement. In 1366 Sha'ban, who sought to wield power, supported a successful revolt against Yalbugha. One year later, Sha'ban, who still had few mamluks of his own but was supported by the common people, quelled a rebellion. Again in 1373, the commoners assisted Sha'ban in defeating a rebellion. Because of their loyalty and key support during these revolts, Sha'ban treated the commoners well throughout his reign, including efforts to provide food for the poor during a two-year famine in Egypt. In 1376, Sha'ban went on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. In his absence emirs again rebelled against Sha'ban, which was followed by a rebellion of Sha'ban's own mamluk guard, who murdered him in 1377.
Stkp
ISL_Mamluk_Balog_504___Ali.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). `Ali II (al-Mansur `Ala al-Din Ali) (778-783 A.H. = 1377-1381 A.D.)14 viewsBalog 504 Plate XIX 504; Album 963

AE fals, Trablus/Tripoli mint, undated; 2.71 g., 18.45 mm. max. 0°

Obv.: Border of dots, in which circular line. Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments: ضرب طر (duriba Trablus) / لملك المنصور (al-Malik al-Mansur) / ابلس (_____).

Rev. Border of dots in which circular line. In it, a hexagon with concave sides. In the segments formed by circle and hexagon, annulets. In the field, fleur-de-lis with rhomboidal basis.

Ali was the son of Sha'ban II and the great-grandson of Muhammad I. He was installed as sultan at age nine upon the death of his father in a revolt. He died four years later.
Stkp
ISL_Mamluks_Balog_461_al-Ashraf_N_#257;s_#803;ir_al-D_#299;n_Sha__ban_II.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Sha`ban II (al-Ashraf Nasir al-Din Sha`ban) (764-778 A.H. = 1363-1377 A.D.)13 viewsBalog 461, Plate XVII, No. 461; SNAT Hamah 581-584; Album 958

AE fals; Ḥamāh mint, undated; 2.67 g., 19.69 mm. max., 90°

Obv.: Circular line in border of dots. In it, oblong cartouche, lateral ends pointed inwards, on upper and lower sides, convexity; الملك (= al-Malik) / الاشرف (= al-Ashraf) in two rows in center.

Rev.: No border. Double circular line, connected with 12 spokes; on the external circle, 24 short radiating rods, crowned with a pellet; بحماة (= Hamah) in center.

Sha'ban II was a grandson of Muhammad I, being the son of one of Muhammad's sons who never held office. In 1363, the senior Mamluk emirs, led by Emir Yalbugha, deposed Sultan Muhammad II on charges of illicit behavior and installed ten-year-old Sha'ban as his figurehead replacement. In 1366 Sha'ban, who sought to wield power, supported a successful revolt against Yalbugha. One year later, Sha'ban, who still had few mamluks of his own but was supported by the common people, quelled a rebellion. Again in 1373, the commoners assisted Sha'ban in defeating a rebellion. Because of their loyalty and key support during these revolts, Sha'ban treated the commoners well throughout his reign, including efforts to provide food for the poor during a two-year famine in Egypt. In 1376, Sha'ban went on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. In his absence emirs again rebelled against Sha'ban, which was followed by a rebellion of Sha'ban's own mamluk guard, who murdered him in 1377.
Stkp
ISL_MAMLUKS_Balog_--_Anonymous_SNAT_398-409.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Anonymous (741-743 A.H. = 1341-1342 A.D.); overstruck, apparently on a Muhammad I (3rd reign 709-741 A.H. = 1310-1341 A.D.) 13 viewsBalog --; SNAT Hamah 398-409; Album 931H; overstruck, apparently on a Balog 245; SNAT Hamah 391-395; Album 922.

AE fals; Hamah mint, undated (host coin also Hamah mint, undated); 1.90 g., 19.11 mm. max., 270°

Obv.: Double circular line, connected with spokes within border of dots. ضرب (=duriba/struck) in center.

Rev.: Circular line border, linear hexagram within. بحماة (=bi-Hamah) in center.

The death of Muhammad I in June 1341 was followed by a period of political instability. Muhammad designated his son Abu Bakr as his successor, but Muhammad's senior aide, Qawsun, who held real power, executed Abu Bakr after just two months as sultan. Qawsun had Muhammad's infant son, Kujuk (age 8 or 9), enthroned, but within six months, Qawsun and Kujuk were toppled. Kujuk's half-brother, Ahmad I, was declared sultan. Ahmad relocated to al-Karak, leaving a deputy to rule in Cairo. He was deposed after just five months, and replaced by his half-brother Isma'il in June 1342. In light of the chronology assigned to this coin by the SNAT, it could conceivably have been issued late in the third reign of Muhammad or early in the reign of Isma'il. It could also conceivably have been issued by one of Isma'il's three predecessors. However, according to the Table of Mint Activity in Balog, none of them issued copper coins from the Hamah mint.

Attribution of the host coin courtesy of Alex Koifman.
Stkp
ISL_MAMLUK_Balog_798_Khushqadam.jpg
Mamluk (Burji). Khushqadam (al-Zahir Abu Sa`id Khushqadam) (865-872 A.H. = 1461-1467 A.D.)13 viewsBalog 798 Plate XXXV 798; SICA v. VI 1498; Album 1022

AE fals; Halab/Aleppo mint, undated; 3.51 g., 20.42 mm. max., 270°

Obv.: No border. Clockwise marginal legend: السلطان الملك الظاهر ابو سعيد (=alsultan al-Malik al-Zahir 'Abu Sa'id). Inner circle with خشقد / م (= __/Khushqadam) in center.

Rev.: No border. Clockwise marginal legend: (السلطان الملك الظاهر (ابو سعيد (= al-Sultan al-Malik al-Zahir). Inner circle with بحلب (= bi-Halab) in center.

Khushqadam, possibly of Greek origin from the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, became sultan when Sultan Ahmad was deposed. His reign was marked by clashes with the Ottoman Empire. He died of dysentery after almost seven years in office.

Attribution courtesy of Alex Koifman.
Stkp
ISL_MAMLUK_Balog_597_Barquq.jpg
Mamluk (Burji). Barquq (al-Zahir Sayf al-Din Abu Sa`id Barquq) (1st reign 784-791 A.H. = 1382-1389 A.D.; 2nd reign 792-801 A.H. = 1390-1399 A.D.)13 viewsBalog 597 Plate XXV 597a-b; SNAT Hamah 671-675; Album 975

AE fals; Hamah mint, undated (2nd reign); 3.63 g., 25.36 mm. max.; 270â–«
Obv.: Circular line border. Legend in three lines: برقوق (=Barquq) / السلطان الملك (= al-Sultan al-Malik) / الظاهر بو سعيد (=Al-Zahir Abu Sa’id).

Rev.: Circular line border. Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments/fesse: lion passant to left, tail curled back in central segment; بحماة (=bi-Hama) in upper section; ضرب (=duriba/struck) in lower segment.

Barquq, who was of Circassian origin and acquired as a slave, became the first sultan of the Mamluk Burji dynasty. A member of the faction behind the throne during the reigns of Sha'ban II's young sons, 'Ali II and Hajji II, Barquq consolidated power and siezed the throne in 1382. He was deposed in 1389 and Hajji restored as sultan. By early 1390, Barquq reclaimed his title. During his second reign, the Mongol warlord Timur invaded and defeated the Mamluks at Damascus and sacked it along with Aleppo in 1399.
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ISL_MAMLUKS_Balog_291_Isma_il.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Isma`il (al-Salih `Imad al-Din Isma`il) (743-746 A.H. = 1342-1345 A.D.)12 viewsBalog 291 Plate XII 291a-b; Album 935

AE fals; Halab/Aleppo mint, dated 743 A.H. = 1342/3 A.D.: 2.67 g., 18.29 mm. max.

Obv.: Circular line border. Counter-clockwise marginal legend: السلطان الملك الصالح عماد الدنيا والدين (= al-Sultan al-Malik al-Salih Imad al-Din waldiyn), six-petaled rosette in center.

Rev.: Circular line border. Counter-clockwise marginal legend: ضرب بحلب سنة ثلاث واربعين وسبعماية (= duriba bi-Halab sanat thlath wa'arbaein wasabeimaya = Struck in Halab in the year 743).

Isma'il was the fourth son of Muhammad I to succeed their father. Under his orders or those close to him, his two surviving predecessors and brothers, Kujuk and Ahmad, were killed. He was 17 upon his accession and died of natural causes at age 20. During his short reign, a level of political stability was restored. He was deemed by Mamluk-era historians to be the best of Muhammad's sons and referred to as the renewer of the Islamic faith in the sultanate.
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ISL_Mamluk_Balog_609a_Barquq.jpg
Mamluk (Burji). Barquq (al-Zahir Sayf al-Din Abu Sa`id Barquq) (1st reign 784-791 A.H. = 1382-1389 A.D.; 2nd reign 792-801 A.H. = 1390-1399 A.D.)12 viewsBalog 609a Plate XXV 609; Album 975

AE fals; unknown mint, undated (2nd reign); 1.74 g., 16.52 mm. max.

Obv.: Circular line border in a border of pellets. Field divided by horizontal line: الملك (al-Malik) / الظاهر (al-Zahir).

Rev.: Circular line border in a border of pellets. In the field, six-petaled rosette.

Barquq, who was of Circassian origin and acquired as a slave, became the first sultan of the Mamluk Burji dynasty. A member of the faction behind the throne during the reigns of Sha'ban II's young sons, 'Ali II and Hajji II, Barquq consolidated power and siezed the throne in 1382. He was deposed in 1389 and Hajji restored as sultan. By early 1390, Barquq reclaimed his title. During his second reign, the Mongol warlord Timur invaded and defeated the Mamluks at Damascus and sacked it along with Aleppo in 1399.
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ISL_Mamluk_Balog_467_Sha__b_#257;n_II.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Sha`ban II (al-Ashraf Nasir al-Din Sha`ban) (764-778 A.H. = 1363-1377 A.D.)11 viewsBalog 467 Plate XVII 467; SNAT Hamah 605-607; Album 958

AE fals, Hamah mint, dated (7)75 A.H. = 1373/74 A.D.: 2.16 g., 18.71 mm. max., 90°

Obv.: Circular line with border of dots. Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments: بحماة / الملك الاشرف / ضرب (= Hamah / al-Malik al-Ashraf / duriba = struck)

Rev.: Circular line with border of dots. Field divided by a triple horizontal lines into two segments: و ستين / سنة خمس (= and seventy / five years).

Sha'ban II was a grandson of Muhammad I, being the son of one of Muhammad's sons who never held office. In 1363, the senior Mamluk emirs, led by Emir Yalbugha, deposed Sultan Muhammad II on charges of illicit behavior and installed ten-year-old Sha'ban as his figurehead replacement. In 1366 Sha'ban, who sought to wield power, supported a successful revolt against Yalbugha. One year later, Sha'ban, who still had few mamluks of his own but was supported by the common people, quelled a rebellion. Again in 1373, the commoners assisted Sha'ban in defeating a rebellion. Because of their loyalty and key support during these revolts, Sha'ban treated the commoners well throughout his reign, including efforts to provide food for the poor during a two-year famine in Egypt. In 1376, Sha'ban went on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. In his absence emirs again rebelled against Sha'ban, which was followed by a rebellion of Sha'ban's own mamluk guard, who murdered him in 1377.
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ISL_MAMLUKS_Balog_471_Sha__ban_II.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Sha`ban II (al-Ashraf Nasir al-Din Sha`ban) (764-778 A.H. = 1363-1377 A.D.)11 viewsBalog 471 Plate XVIII 471; Album 958

AE fals, Halab/Aleppo mint, undated: 1.96 g., 19.26 mm. max., 270°

Obv.: Circular line border. Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments: ضرب / الملك الاشرف / بحلب (= duriba = struck / al-Malik al-Ashraf = the King al-Ashraf / bi-Halab = in Halab)

Rev.: Circular line border. Linear dodekalobe with flowerets looking inwards. In it, linear hexagram with central crescent.

Sha'ban II was a grandson of Muhammad I, being the son of one of Muhammad's sons who never held office. In 1363, the senior Mamluk emirs, led by Emir Yalbugha, deposed Sultan Muhammad II on charges of illicit behavior and installed ten-year-old Sha'ban as his figurehead replacement. In 1366 Sha'ban, who sought to wield power, supported a successful revolt against Yalbugha. One year later, Sha'ban, who still had few mamluks of his own but was supported by the common people, quelled a rebellion. Again in 1373, the commoners assisted Sha'ban in defeating a rebellion. Because of their loyalty and key support during these revolts, Sha'ban treated the commoners well throughout his reign, including efforts to provide food for the poor during a two-year famine in Egypt. In 1376, Sha'ban went on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. In his absence emirs again rebelled against Sha'ban, which was followed by a rebellion of Sha'ban's own mamluk guard, who murdered him in 1377.
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ISL_Mamluk_Balog_295_Isma__il.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Mamluk. Hajji I (al-Muzaffar Sayf al-Din Hajji) (747-748 A.H. = 1346-1347 A.D.)11 viewsBalog 315 Plate XII 315; SNAT Hamah 480-481; Album 943

AE fals, Hamah mint, undated: 3.13 g., 21.32 mm. max., 270°

Obv.: Circular line border. Field divided by two horizontal lines (fesse). Ornament in upper and lower segments. االملك المظف (=al-Malik al-Muzaffar).

Rev.:Circular line border. Inverted linear dodekalobe, each point of arch crowned with tiny fleur-de-lis. In center: ضرب (=duriba/struck) / بحماة (bi-Hamah) in two lines.

Hajji was the sixth of Muhammad I's sons to serve as sultan, acceding to office at age 15. One year later, a group of Circassian mamluks angry at Hajji's killing of a senior Circassian emir in his retinue revolted against his rule. Hajji sought to eliminate them, but once he reached the outskirts of Cairo, his troops abandoned him. He was captured and killed. He was known for his love of sports and pigeon racing, acts which frustrated the senior Mamluk emirs who believed he neglected his duties and spent extravagant sums gambling.
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ISL_MAMLUKS_Balog_464_Al_Ashraf_Sha__ban.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Sha`ban II (al-Ashraf Nasir al-Din Sha`ban) (764-778 A.H. = 1363-1377 A.D.)10 viewsBalog 464 Plate XVII 464a-b; SNAT Hamah 595-604; SICA v. VI 1319; Album 958

AE fals, Hamah mint, struck 773 A.H. = 1371/2 A.D.: 1.40 g., 18.28 mm. max., 180°

Obv.: Circular line in border of dots. In it, linear square. الملك (= al-Malik) / الاشرف (= al-Ashraf) in two rows in center; بحماة (= bi Hamah) in upper segment, ضرب (= duriba/struck) in lower segments.

Rev.: Border comprised of circular rigid cable to left between two linear circles. Lion passant to left, with tail curled back, knot in the middle of the tail.

Sha'ban II was a grandson of Muhammad I, being the son of one of Muhammad's sons who never held office. In 1363, the senior Mamluk emirs, led by Emir Yalbugha, deposed Sultan Muhammad II on charges of illicit behavior and installed ten-year-old Sha'ban as his figurehead replacement. In 1366 Sha'ban, who sought to wield power, supported a successful revolt against Yalbugha. One year later, Sha'ban, who still had few mamluks of his own but was supported by the common people, quelled a rebellion. Again in 1373, the commoners assisted Sha'ban in defeating a rebellion. Because of their loyalty and key support during these revolts, Sha'ban treated the commoners well throughout his reign, including efforts to provide food for the poor during a two-year famine in Egypt. In 1376, Sha'ban went on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. In his absence emirs again rebelled against Sha'ban, which was followed by a rebellion of Sha'ban's own mamluk guard, who murdered him in 1377.
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ISL_MAMLUKS_Anonymous_SNAT_398-409_2.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Anonymous (741-743 A.H. = 1341-1342 A.D.)10 viewsBalog --; SNAT Hamah 398-409; Album 931H

AE fals; Hamah mint, undated; 2.72 g., 20.71 mm. max., 0°

Obv.: Double circular line, connected with spokes within border of dots. ضرب (=duriba/struck) in center.

Rev.: Circular line border, linear hexagram within. بحماة (=bi-Hamah) in center.

The death of Muhammad I in June 1341 was followed by a period of political instability. Muhammad designated his son Abu Bakr as his successor, but Muhammad's senior aide, Qawsun, who held real power, executed Abu Bakr after just two months as sultan. Qawsun had Muhammad's infant son, Kujuk (age 8 or 9), enthroned, but within six months, Qawsun and Kujuk were toppled. Kujuk's half-brother, Ahmad I, was declared sultan. Ahmad relocated to al-Karak, leaving a deputy to rule in Cairo. He was deposed after just five months, and replaced by his half-brother Isma'il in June 1342. In light of the chronology assigned to this coin by the SNAT, it could conceivably have been issued late in the third reign of Muhammad or early in the reign of Isma'il. It could also conceivably have been issued by one of Isma'il's three predecessors. However, according to the Table of Mint Activity in Balog, none of them issued copper coins from the Hamah mint.
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IS_Mamluk_Balog_236_Muhammad_I.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Muhammad I (al-Nasir Nasir al-Din Muhammad) (1st reign, 693-694 A.H. = 1293-1294 A.D.; 2nd reign 698-708 A.H. = 1299-1309 A.D.; 3rd reign, 709-741 A.H. = 1310-1341 A.D.)10 viewsBalog 236; Album 922.

AE fals; Halab/Aleppo mint, undated (3rd reign); 3.04 g., 19.95 mm. max., 180°

Obv.: Circular line border; صر (= sir [?]) / الملك النا (=al-Malik al-Nasir) / الملك المنصور بن (=al-Malik al-Nasir bin) in three lines.

Rev.: Circular band with rigid cable to left border; بحلب (= bi-Halab) in center.

Muhammad I, the ninth Bahri Mamluk sultan, was the youngest son of Sultan Qala'un (of Turkic origin from the Kipchak tribe) and a mother of Mongol origin, and the brother of Sultan Khalil. After the assassination of Khalil in December 1293 by a faction lead by Lajin, Muhammad became sultan at age nine. In December 1294 Muhammad's regent, Kitbugha, deposed Muhammad with the support of Lajin and installed himself as sultan. In 1296 Kitbugha was deposed by Lajin, who then ruled as a sultan until he was murdered in 1299. Muhammad was recalled and reinstated as sultan at age 14, although power was held by Baybars. In 1309 Muhammad, who sought to free himself from the domination of Baybars, withdrew from Egypt and attempted to have Baybars arrested. This failed and Baybars installed himself as sultan, ending Muhammad's second reign. His second reign was dominated by Mongol threats in the Levant. After only ten months an Egyptian mob forced Baybars to flee and Muhammad was reinstated. at age 24. He reigned until his death 31 years later. His third reign was the apogee of Mamluk power and the high-water mark of culture in Egypt since Ptolemaic Alexandria. Eight of his sons and four of his grandsons would be enthroned as sultans.
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ISL_MAMLUK_Balog_296_Isma__il.jpg
Mamluk (Bahri). Isma`il (al-Salih `Imad al-Din Isma`il) (743-746 A.H. = 1342-1345 A.D.)9 viewsBalog 296 Plate XII 296; SNAT Hamah 441-445; Album 935

AE fals; Hamah mint, dated 746 A.H. = 1345/6 A.D.: 3.15 g., 19.98 mm. max., 180°

Obv.: Circular line border. الملك / حالصال (=al-Malik / al-Salih) in two lines.

Rev.: Circular line border. In it, double linear square; Arabic legend in two rows within: ضرب / بحماد (=duriba bi-Hamah). Counter-clockwise Arabic legend in he segments: سبعماية (=sbemaya/seven hundred) / اربعين سن (=arbeyn/forty) / سته (=satah/six) / سنة (=sana/year).

Isma'il was the fourth son of Muhammad I to succeed their father. Under his orders or those close to him, his two surviving predecessors and brothers, Kujuk and Ahmad, were killed. He was 17 upon his accession and died of natural causes at age 20. During his short reign, a level of political stability was restored. He was deemed by Mamluk-era historians to be the best of Muhammad's sons and referred to as the renewer of the Islamic faith in the sultanate.
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