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MARCVS AVRELIVS - Dupondius - 171 AD
Obv.: M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXV, radiate head right;
Rev.: IMP VI COS III S C, Victoria stg. right places a shield inscribed VIC/GER on a palm tree
Gs. 9,15 mm. 24,4
Cohen 268Maxentius

Judaea, Procurators. Antonius Felix. 52-59 CE. in the name of Britannicus Caesar (BPIT).
Æ Prutah (16mm, 2.64 gm.). Jerusalem mint. Dated RY 14 of Claudius (54 CE). Two crossed shields / Palm tree.

Ref : Hendin 1348
Meshorer TJC 340
RPC I 4971
GIC 5626R. Smits

Northwest Gaul, Carnutes. Ca. 100-52 B.C. Æ (16 mm, 3.12 g, 9 h). Head right / Two eagles flying right; in field, pentagram and cross with pellet in each quarter; serpent to right. Depeyrot 25; Delestrée & Tache 2582Quant.Geek

Northwest Gaul, Carnutes. Ca. 100-52 B.C. Æ (16 mm, 3.49 g, 7 h). Female bust left / Eagle and eaglette flying left. Delestrée & Tache 2588Quant.Geek

Northeast Gaul, Bellovaci. Ca. 50-20 B.C. Æ (15 mm, 2.25 g, 9 h). Stylized head left / Horizontal line with three lines extending below it; above, chevron-S. Delestrée & Tache 535; Scheers 711Quant.Geek

INDIA, Post-Mauryan (Deccan). Kuras of Kolhapur and Belgaum. Vasisthiputra Kura, circa 30 BC-AD 65/70. Unit (Lead, 30 mm, 16.53 g). RANO VASITHIPUTASA KURASA (in Brahmi) Bow with arrow. Rev. Tree in railing; to left, hill; to right, Indradhvaja. Pieper 615. Very rare. Good fine.
Quant.Geek

YAUDHEYA: 1st century AD, AE small unit (1.93g), Pieper-1617, six-headed goddess Shashthi (consort of Karttikeya) standing facing, 6-arch hill & nandipada to left, railed tree right // Karttikeya standing, holding a scepter, Brahmi legend around, superb example of this very rare type. Interesting example that incorporated the 6-arch hill and nandipada from contemporary issues of Kuninda. Quant.Geek

195 - 211, SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, AR Denarius, Struck 210 at Rome, alluding to BritanniaObverse: SEVERVS PIVS AVG BRIT. Laureate head of Septimius Severus facing right.
Reverse: VICTORIAE BRIT. Victory standing right, holding palm branch in her right hand and placing uninscribed shield on palm tree with her left.
Diameter: 20mm | Weight: 2.83gms | Die Axis: 7h
RIC IV: 336 | RSC: 730 | SRCV: 6384 | SPINK: 651A
SCARCE

This coin commemorates the success of the Roman campaigns in Scotland during 209 and 210 culminating in the death of Severus at York, England, in February 211.

SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS
Lucius Septimius Severus was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna in the Roman province of Africa.
Severus seized power after the death of the emperor Pertinax in 193 (the Year of the Five Emperors).
After consolidating his rule over the western provinces, Severus waged a brief, successful war in the east against the Parthian Empire, sacked their capital Ctesiphon, expanded the eastern frontier to the Tigris and enlarged and fortified the Limes Arabicus in Arabia Petraea. In 202, he campaigned in Africa and Mauretania against the Garamantes, captured their capital Garama and expanded the Limes Tripolitanus along the southern desert frontier of the empire. In 198 he raised his elder son Caracalla to Augustus and in 209 did the same to his younger son, Geta.
In AD 209 Severus invaded Caledonia (modern Scotland) with an army of 50,000 men, but he fell fatally ill of an infectious disease in late 210 and died at Eboracum (York, England) early in 211.

SEVERUS' CAMPAIGNS IN BRITAIN
In 208 Septimius Severus travelled to Britain with the intention of conquering Caledonia (Scotland). Modern archaeological discoveries have helped to throw some light on the scope and direction of this northern campaign.
Severus began by occupying the territory up to the Antonine Wall, this is evidenced by extensive Severan era fortifications and the likely reoccupation of some of the forts on that wall. Over the previous years Hadrian's Wall had fallen into disrepair and Severus strengthened and repaired much of it, he did this to such an extent that many early Antiquarians thought that he was the emperor who had actually built it. Severus constructed a 165-acre (67 ha) camp south of the Antonine Wall at Trimontium, probably assembling the main body of his forces there. Severus then thrust north across the Antonine Wall into Caledonian territory, supported and supplied by a strong naval force. He retraced the steps of Agricola of over a century before, rebuilding many abandoned Roman forts along the east coast, and he re-garrisoned the naval base at Carpow, likely built by Commodus in 185, and possibly the place named as "Horrea Classis" or "Poreo Classis" in the Ravenna Cosmography.
By 210 Severus' campaigning had made significant gains, despite Caledonian guerrilla tactics and purportedly heavy Roman casualties.
According to Cassius Dio: “Severus did not desist until he approached the extremity of the island. Here he observed most accurately the variation of the sun's motion and the length of the days and the nights in summer and winter respectively. Having thus been conveyed through practically the whole of the hostile country (for he actually was conveyed in a covered litter most of the way, on account of his infirmity), he returned to the friendly portion, after he had forced the Britons to come to terms, on the condition that they should abandon a large part of their territory.”
The Caledonians had sued for peace, which Severus had granted on the condition that they relinquished control of the Central Lowlands of Scotland, but later that year (210), they, along with the Maeatae, revolted. Severus prepared for another campaign, now intent on exterminating the Caledonians. However the campaign was cut short when Severus fell ill and withdrew south to Eboracum (York) where he died on 4 February 211. Severus was succeeded by his sons, Caracalla and Geta. Caracalla continued campaigning in Caledonia during 212 but soon settled for peace, and shortly after that the frontier was withdrawn south to Hadrian's Wall.
On his death, Severus was deified by the Senate and his remains were buried in the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome.

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*Alex

28 BC Colony established at Nemausus by Augustus' armymedium bronze (dupondius or as?) (12.6g, 25mm, 2h) Nemausus mint. Struck 10 BC - 10 AD.
IMP DIVI F Agrippa laureate head left and Augustus laureate head right, back to back
COL NEM crocodile chained to palm tree top bent to right, wreath at top.
RIC (Augustus) 158

Denomination uncertain. COL NEM stands for COLONIA AVGVSTA NEMAVSVS (present Nîmes, France), built by Augustus' army after their conquest and return from Egypt. The crocodile chained to the palm tree symbolizes the defeat of the Cleopatra and Marc Antony at Actium.3 commentsCharles S

70 AD: Vespasian - Defeat of the Jewish revolt and fall of JerusalemSestertius (28.6g, 37mm, 6h). Roman mint. Struck AD 71.
IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM TR P P COS III laureate head right
IVDAEA CAPTA / S C [in ex.] Judaea seated, in attidue of sorrow, at the foot of a palm tree; behind Vespasian standing in military dress holding spear and parazonium; left foot on a helmet.
RIC 427 (scarce); BMC 543; Cohen 2391 commentsCharles S

ANCIENT-INDIA-KAKANI-COIN-OF-SUNGA-KINGDOM-CAST-COPPER-COIN-2-31gm Ref..Mitchiner 4381.Obv - Elephant Left , Torion, Swastik Indradavaja
Rev - Three arched Hill, Hollow Cross, Torion, Tree RailingAntonivs Protti

Augustus & Agrippa AE Dupondius. Nemausus Mint, 10-14 BC. Agrippa & Augusutus Æ Dupondius of Gaul, Nemausus. ca 10-14 AD. IMP DIVI F P-P, back-to-back heads of Agrippa, in rostral crown, & Augustus, laureate/ COL NEM, palm tree curving to left, crocodile right chained below, wreath to left of palm tip with long ties trailing to right.
Ref Augustus & Agrippa AE Dupondius, RIC 159-160, Cohen 8, RPC 525Antonivs Protti

Biblical/Judean / AUGUSTUS, Marcus Ambibulus , Hendin-1329Augustus / Marcus Ambibulus, procurator of Judea under Augustus.
Marcus Ambibulus, procurator of Judea under Augustus, 9-12 AD, bronze prutah of 16 mm, 2.14 grams. Struck in the year 9 AD.
Jerusalem mint.
Obverse: Ear of grain, KAICA POC.
Reverse: Palm tree with 2 bunches of dates and date : LMO
Reference: Hendin-1329.

*Jesus was born sometime between 6 B.C. and 4 B.C.
According to St. Matthew, King Herod as the ruler during the time of the Nativity, and Herod died in 4 B.C. , according the dates of the later on struck coins with the new ruler name and dates (see note)
Later, to kill Jesus and eliminate him as a rival king, Herod ordered the "Massacre of the Innocents" - the killing of all male children in Bethlehem aged two years and under. This means that Jesus may have been up to two years old already by that time, and this sets the Nativity between 6 and 4 B.C.
**Surely All coins at that time were struck under the Roman emperor (who happened to be the first Roman emperor in history Augustus (Octavian) Not Julius Caesar as commonly known, Julius was only a dictator and Caesar during the Roman Republic time, never considered Emperor despite the title IMP on some of his coins).
The dates on coins struck during the time of Nativity, before that time, and even later, completely different story depends on the mint home , the ruler year and the kingdom or empire. Using AD (Anno Domini) was much later.

“Swear to me, young women of Jerusalem, by the gazelles or by the does of the field, that you won’t awaken or arouse love before its proper time.” Song of Solomon.

The Sam Mansourati Collection.
Given as a souvenir to a great man, a dear friend and brother Rev. Robert E. Burnock , on 2/25/2020.
2 commentsSam

Enniscorthy (Wexford) copper halfpenny token dated 1800.Woodcock's Bank Enniscorthy (Wexford) copper halfpenny token dated 1800. Obverse: View of a castle by the sea with a portcullis formed by six vertical and one horizontal bar in the gateway and legend: "PAYABLE AT THE BANK OF R. W. ENNISCORTHY". Reverse: Shield with monogram "RW" hanging from the bough of a tree with hills and a castle in the background: "A. D. 1800". Plain edge. The issuer, R. Woodcock was a banker at Enniscorthy. The reverse design depicting "Vinegar Hill" refers to a tragedy there two years before the issue of the coin when there was an uprising of the United Irishmen in Dublin. This was soon suppressed, however, the peasants in the south followed suite and also revolted. Armed with fowling pieces, French muskets and long pikes, they captured several towns including Enniscorthy and Wexford. The rebels then organised a training camp for their 6,000 strong force on Vinegar Hill. In June, General Lake attacked the Vinegar Hill camp and routed the half-trained force and, with Major-General John Moore’s recapture of Wexford, the rebellion disintegrated. The bodies of around 500 men who were killed in the battle lie buried in a mass grave at the foot of the hill. D&H Wexford No: 4. Diameter 28.8mm.Ancient Aussie

Phoenicia, Akko-Ptolemais Valerian I. 253-260 AD. AE 26Valerian I. 253-260 AD. AE 26 . Phoenicia, Akko-Ptolemais.
Obv: IMP C P L - [VALERIANVS] AVG Laureate, draped, cuirassed bust right, seen from front.
Rx: COL - P - T - OL Sacred tree between serpents rising from two altars or baskets; to right, winged caduceus. Rare: this type missing in BM, Lindgren, Berk photofile, and Wildwinds. CoinArchives includes a specimen from the same reverse die, but with radiate portrait on obverse: Heritage 357, Long Beach, 9 September 2004, lot 12092. Cohen 374 (de Saulcy Collection). Adjustment marks on obverse.
1 commentsMaritima

Syria, Commagene. Zeugma. Philip IISyria, Commagene. Zeugma. Philip II. A.D. 247-249. Æ 30 (29.8 mm, 17.59 g, 1 h). AVTOK K M IOVLI Î¦IÎ›IÎ Î OC CEB, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right / ZEVÎ“MATEÎ©N, tetrastyle temple with peribolos containing grove of trees; capricorn right below. BMC 37; SNG Cop 35. ecoli

ROME
PB Tessera (14mm, 1.30 g, 6 h)
Tree
DI
Cf. Rostowzew 426, pl. III, 48 (similar tree)

Ex Classical Numismatic Group Electronic Auction 267, lot 685 (part of)Ardatirion

ROME
PB Tessera (16mm, 2.53 g, 12h)
Victory standing right, foot on helmet, inscribing shield set on palm tree
Apex; palm frond to left
M. & B. Overbeck, “Romische Bleimarken als Zeugnis des Ersten Jüdischen Krieges,” in Helas und der Grechen Osten, p. 211-216, 1; Rostovtsev 1840, pl. VII, 37; BMC 802-4

The similarities between the obverse of this piece and the Judaea Capta issues of Caesarea Maritima cannot be overstated. This type, as well as a few others that bear the portrait of Vespasian or palm trees, undoubtedly played some role in the triumph that followed the conclusion of the First Jewish War.2 commentsArdatirion

IONIA, Ephesos.
PB Tessera (20mm, 5.41 g)
Oleiculture scene: male figure standing right, holding stick and knocking olives from tree to right; star and crescent between; behind, stag(?) standing left; [...]POV above
Blank
Gülbay & Kireç –

Scenes of the olive harvest are entirely unknown on coinage, but some mosaics and Greek vases illustrate the practice. See in particular an Attic black figure neck amphora in the British Museum (ABV, 273, 116) depicting two men using sticks to knock olives from a tree.1 commentsArdatirion

LIBERIA, American Colonization Society. 1820-1847.
CU Cent (28.5mm, 10.38 g, 1h). Belleville (New Jersey) mint. Dies by Gibbs. Dated 1833.
LIBERIA. Nude man standing before shore, cutting at tree to left; brush to right; in distance, ship under sail right; 1833 in exergue
AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY/ ONE CENT. FOUNDED/ A.D./ 1816
Snyder dies 2/B; Colver & Harley 2; KM Tn 1Ardatirion

LIBERIA, American Colonization Society. 1820-1847.
CU Cent. Belleville (New Jersey) mint. Dated 1833.
LIBERIA. Nude man standing before shore, cutting at tree to left; brush to right; in distance, ship under sail right; 1833 in exergue
AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY/ ONE CENT. FOUNDED/ A.D./ 1816
Snyder dies 2/B; Colver & Harley 2; KM Tn 1

Ex Westfälische Auktionsgesellschaft Online Auction 91 (4 November 2018), lot 259Ardatirion

LIBERIA, American Colonization Society. 1820-1847
CU Cent
Belleville (New Jersey) mint. Dated 1833
LIBERIA, Nude man standing before shore, cutting at tree to left; brush to right; in distance, ship under sail right; 1833 in exergue
AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY/ ONE CENT. FOUNDED/ A.D./ 1816
Snyder dies 4/D; Colver & Harley 4; KM Tn1

The final regular strike in the sequence. Ardatirion

LIBERIA, American Colonization Society. 1820-1847.
CU Cent. Belleville (New Jersey) mint. Dated 1833.
LIBERIA, nude man standing before shore, cutting at tree to left; brush to right; in distance, ship under sail right; 1833 in exergue
AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY/ ONE CENT. FOUNDED/ A.D./ 1816
Snyder dies 1/D; Colver & Harley –; KM Tn2

Ex Katz E-Auction 24 (14 August 2019), lot 900

The obverse of this token is from the first regular circulation issue, here heavily repolished and paired with a die from one of the final strikes, linking the two otherwise distinct sets of obverse dies. Only seven examples of this pairing are known. Snyder notes that die pairing 3/C, presently unlinked to others, could place between the first (obv 5 & 1) and second group (obv 2 &4). As obverses 3 and 4 both occur with significant breaks, this 1/D pairing may have been struck to replace either 3 or 4, with the later being more likely considering the sequence, and the 3/C pair the final set of dies used. Ardatirion

HAITI, Premier République. Jean Pierre Boyer. President, 1825-1843
Brass 25 Centimes (21mm, 1.99 g, 12h)
Contemporary counterfeit. Dated L'An 25 of the Republic (AD 1828/9)
J * BOYER * PRESIDENTE *, AN 25
Bust left
REPUBLIQUE D'HAITI */ 25 * C
Palm tree flanked by cannon and banners
KM 18.1a; cf. Arroyo 99 (for official issue); Lissade 95Ardatirion

HAITI, Premier République. Jean Pierre Boyer. President, 1825-1843
Brass 50 Centimes (25.5mm, 4.26 g, 12h)
Contemporary counterfeit. Dated L'An 25 of the Republic (AD 1828/9)
J * BOYER * PRESIDENTE *, AN 25
Bust left
REPUBLIQUE D'HAITI */ 50 * C
Palm tree flanked by cannon and banners
KM 20a; cf. Arroyo 105 (for official issue); Lissade 96; iNumis 25, lot 1352

On 1 June 1835, local officials arrested engraver Joseph Gardner of Belleville on charges of counterfeiting. When searching his house, officials discovered dies for Spanish 8 reales in various states of completion, coining implements, a bag of gold dust, and several bags of "spurious Haytien coppers." Yet Gardner was not the only individual striking illicit Haitian coins. James Bishop of neighboring Bloomfield, New Jersey had been arrested several months before, and a third person was responsible for the issue brought to Haiti by Jeremiah Hamilton.

Today, two distinct issues of counterfeits can be identified: a group of 25 and 50 Centimes, clearly related in fabric, and two different dates of 100 Centimes. The smaller denominations are most often found lacking a silver plating, while the plating year 26 100 Centimes is fine enough to deceive the likes of NGC and Heritage. Additionally, there are a handful year 27 100 centimes overstruck on US large cents. While I have not yet found a regular strike from these dies, they are the most likely candidate for Belleville's production. Ardatirion

HAITI, Premier République. Jean Pierre Boyer. President, 1825-1843
Silvered Brass 50 Centimes (25mm, 4.55 g, 12h)
Contemporary counterfeit. Dated L'An 25 of the Republic (AD 1828/9)
J * BOYER * PRESIDENTE *, AN 25
Bust left
REPUBLIQUE D'HAITI */ 50 * C
Palm tree flanked by cannon and banners
KM 20a; cf. Arroyo 105 (for official issue); Lissade 96; iNumis 25, lot 1352Ardatirion

HAITI, Premier République. Jean Pierre Boyer. President, 1825-1843
Silvered CU 100 Centimes (31mm, 10.32 g, 12h)
Contemporary counterfeit. Dated L'An 27 of the Republic (AD 1830/1)
J * BOYER * PRESIDENTE *, AN 27
Bust left
REPUBLIQUE D'HAITI */ 100 * C
Palm tree flanked by cannon and banners
KM A23a; cf. Arroyo 117 (for official issue); Lissade 103Ardatirion

UNITED STATES, Trade Tokens. Wooster, Ohio. Archer House. Circa 1878-1966
AL Twenty-five Cent Token (24mm, 1.48 g, 11h)
ARCHER HOUSE -:- around central hole
GOOD FOR/ 25¢/ IN TRADE

Archer House hotel was constructed in 1878 on the corner of Buckeye and Liberty Streets, on the site of the earlier wood frame Washington House tavern. The founders, tailor E.B. Connelly and his sister-in-law Melinda, named the establishment after Melinda's deceased son, Archer. Melinda Connelly later remarried to A.M. Parrish, with whom she would operate the hotel until her death. The property passed to heir great-grandson, on who's behalf it was sold to Dr. Alonzo Smith in 1923. Archer House was finally purchased by Robert Freeman in 1964, and was razed in 1966. Today, a two story professional building stands on the spot.Ardatirion

UNITED STATES, Trade Tokens. Wooster, Ohio. Archer House. Circa 1878-1966.
AL Ten Cent Token (22.5mm, 1.28 g, 2h)
ARCHER HOUSE -:- around central hole
GOOD FOR/ 10¢/ IN TRADE
Lipscomb WO 8051; TC 226639

Archer House hotel was constructed in 1878 on the corner of Buckeye and Liberty Streets, on the site of the earlier wood frame Washington House tavern. The founders, tailor E.B. Connelly and his sister-in-law Melinda, named the establishment after Melinda's deceased son, Archer. Melinda Connelly later remarried to A.M. Parrish, with whom she would operate the hotel until her death. The property passed to heir great-grandson, on who's behalf it was sold to Dr. Alonzo Smith in 1923. Archer House was finally purchased by Robert Freeman in 1964, and was razed in 1966. Today, a two story professional building stands on the spot.Ardatirion

UNITED STATES, Trade Tokens. Wooster, Ohio. Archer House. Circa 1878-1966.
AL Five Cent Token (21.5mm, 1.16 g, 8h)
ARCHER HOUSE -:- around central hole
GOOD FOR/ 5¢/ IN TRADE

Archer House hotel was constructed in 1878 on the corner of Buckeye and Liberty Streets, on the site of the earlier wood frame Washington House tavern. The founders, tailor E.B. Connelly and his sister-in-law Melinda, named the establishment after Melinda's deceased son, Archer. Melinda Connelly later remarried to A.M. Parrish, with whom she would operate the hotel until her death. The property passed to heir great-grandson, on who's behalf it was sold to Dr. Alonzo Smith in 1923. Archer House was finally purchased by Robert Freeman in 1964, and was razed in 1966. Today, a two story professional building stands on the spot.Ardatirion

RIC.158 Augustus (AE, Nimes dupondius)Augusutus, emperor (-27/14)
AE: Nimes dupondius (-8/-3, Nimes mint)

bronze, 20mm diameter, 12.74 g, die axis: 1h

A/ IMP / DIVI F above and below heads of Agrippa (left) and Augustus (right), back to back, that of Agrippa wearing rostral crown and that of Augustus is oak-wreathed
R/ COL / ENM to left and right of a chained crocodile and a palm tree1 comments

GERMANY, Kriegsgeld. Lembeck
FE 10 Pfennigen (18mm, 2.99 g, 12h)
Dated 1919
"1000 Jährige Vehm-Eiche * zu Erle *", oak tree
"Herrlichkeil Lembeck"/ 19 5 19/ " * Pfennig *"Ardatirion

"As de Nîmes" or "crocodile" Ӕ dupondius of Nemausus (9 - 3 BC), honoring Augustus and AgrippaIMP DIVI F , Heads of Agrippa (left) and Augustus (right) back to back, Agrippa wearing rostral crown and Augustus the oak-wreath / COL NEM, crocodile right chained to palm-shoot with short dense fronds and tip right; two short palm offshoots left and right below, above on left a wreath with two long ties streaming right.

Ó”, 24.5 x 3+ mm, 13.23g, die axis 3h; on both sides there are remains of what appears to be gold plating, perhaps it was a votive offering? Rough edges and slight scrapes on flan typical for this kind of coin, due to primitive technology (filing) of flan preparation.

IMPerator DIVI Filius. Mint of COLonia NEMausus (currently Nîmes, France). Known as "As de Nîmes", it is actually a dupontius (lit. "two-pounder") = 2 ases (sometimes cut in halves to get change). Dupondii were often made out of a golden-colored copper alloy (type of brass) "orichalcum" and this appears to be such case.

Key ID points: oak-wreath (microphotography shows that at least one leaf has a complicated shape, although distinguishing oak from laurel is very difficult) – earlier versions have Augustus bareheaded, no PP on obverse as in later versions, no NE ligature, palm with short fronds with tip right (later versions have tip left and sometimes long fronds). Not typical: no clear laurel wreath together with the rostral crown, gold (?) plating (!), both features really baffling.

But still clearly a "middle" kind of the croc dupondius, known as "type III": RIC I 158, RPC I 524, Sear 1730. It is often conservatively dated to 10 BC - 10 AD, but these days it is usually narrowed to 9/8 - 3 BC.

It is a commemorative issue, honoring the victory over Mark Antony and conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The heads of Augustus and Agrippa were probably positioned to remind familiar obverses of Roman republican coins with two-faced Janus. Palm branch was a common symbol of victory, in this case grown into a tree, like the victories of Augustus and Agrippa grown into the empire. The two offshoots at the bottom may mean two sons of Agrippa, Gaius and Lucius, who were supposed to be Augustus' heirs and were patrons of the colony. Palm may also be a symbol of the local Nemausian deity, which was probably worshiped in a sacred grove. When these coins were minted, the colony was mostly populated by the settled veterans of Augustus' campaigns, hence the reminiscence of the most famous victory, but some of the original Celtic culture probably survived and was assimilated by Romans. The crocodile is not only the symbol of Egypt, like in the famous Octavian's coins AEGYPTO CAPTA. It is also a representation of Mark Antony, powerful and scary both in water and on land, but a bit slow and stupid. The shape of the crocodile with tail up was specifically chosen to remind of the shape of ship on very common "legionary" denarius series, which Mark Antony minted to pay his armies just before Actium. It is probably also related to the popular contemporary caricature of Cleopatra, riding on and simultaneously copulating with a crocodile, holding a palm branch in her hand as if in triumph. There the crocodile also symbolized Mark Antony.

Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa was born c. 64-62 BC somewhere in rural Italy. His family was of humble and plebeian origins, but rich, of equestrian rank. Agrippa was about the same age as Octavian, and the two were educated together and became close friends. He probably first served in Caesar's Spanish campaign of 46–45 BC. Caesar regarded him highly enough to send him with Octavius in 45 BC to train in Illyria. When Octavian returned to Rome after Caesar's assassination, Agrippa became his close lieutenant, performing many tasks. He probably started his political career in 43 BC as a tribune of the people and then a member of the Senate. Then he was one of the leading Octavian's generals, finally becoming THE leading general and admiral in the civil wars of the subsequent years.

In 38 as a governor of Transalpine Gaul Agrippa undertook an expedition to Germania, thus becoming the first Roman general since Julius Caesar to cross the Rhine. During this foray he helped the Germanic tribe of Ubii (who previously allied themselves with Caesar in 55 BC) to resettle on the west bank of the Rhine. A shrine was dedicated there, possibly to Divus Caesar whom Ubii fondly remembered, and the village became known as Ara Ubiorum, "Altar of Ubians". This quickly would become an important Roman settlement. Agrippina the Younger, Agrippa's granddaughter, wife of Emperor Claudius and mother of Emperor Nero, would be born there in 15 AD. In 50 AD she would sponsor this village to be upgraded to a colonia, and it would be renamed Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (colony of Claudius [at] the Altar of Agrippinians – Ubii renamed themselves as Agrippinians to honor the augusta!), abbreviated as CCAA, later to become the capital of new Roman province, Germania Inferior.

In 37 BC Octavian recalled Agrippa back to Rome and arranged for him to win the consular elections, he desperately needed help in naval warfare with Sextus Pompey, the youngest son of Pompey the Great, who styled himself as the last supporter of the republican cause, but in reality became a pirate king, an irony since his father was the one who virtually exterminated piracy in all the Roman waters. He forced humiliating armistice on the triumvirs in 39 BC and when Octavian renewed the hostilities a year later, defeated him in a decisive naval battle of Messina. New fleet had to be built and trained, and Agrippa was the man for the job. Agrippa's solution was creating a huge secret naval base he called Portus Iulius by connecting together lakes Avernus, Avernus and the natural inner and outer harbors behind Cape Misenum at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples. He also created a larger type of ship and developed a new naval weapon: harpax – a ballista-launched grapnel shot with mechanisms that allowed pulling enemy ships close for easy boarding. It replaced the previous boarding device that Romans used since the First Punic War, corvus – effective, but extremely cumbersome. A later defence against it were scythe blades on long poles for cutting ropes, but since this invention was developed in secret, the enemy had no chance to prepare anything like it. It all has proved extremely effective: in a series of naval engagements Agrippa annihilated the fleet of Sextus, forced him to abandon his bases and run away. For this Agrippa was awarded an unprecedented honour that no Roman before or after him received: a rostral crown, "corona rostrata", a wreath decorated in front by a prow and beak of a ship.

That's why Virgil (Aeneid VIII, 683-684), describing Agrippa at Actium, says: "…belli insigne superbum, tempora navali fulgent rostrata corona." "…the proud military decoration, gleams on his brow the naval rostral crown". Actium, the decisive battle between forces of Octavian and Mark Antony, may appear boring compared to the war with Sextus, but it probably turned out this way due to Agrippa's victories in preliminary naval engagements and taking over all the strategy from Octavian.

In between the wars Agrippa has shown an unusual talent in city planning, not only constructing many new public buildings etc., but also greatly improving Rome's sanitation by doing a complete overhaul of all the aqueducts and sewers. Typically, it was Augustus who later would boast that "he had found the city of brick but left it of marble", forgetting that, just like in his naval successes, it was Agrippa who did most of the work. Agrippa had building programs in other Roman cities as well, a magnificent temple (currently known as Maison Carrée) survives in Nîmes itself, which was probably built by Agrippa.

Later relationship between Augustus and Agrippa seemed colder for a while, Agrippa seemed to even go into "exile", but modern historians agree that it was just a ploy: Augustus wanted others to think that Agrippa was his "rival" while in truth he was keeping a significant army far away from Rome, ready to come to the rescue in case Augustus' political machinations fail. It is confirmed by the fact that later Agrippa was recalled and given authority almost equal to Augustus himself, not to mention that he married Augustus' only biological child. The last years of Agrippa's life were spent governing the eastern provinces, were he won respect even of the Jews. He also restored Crimea to Roman Empire. His last service was starting the conquest of the upper Danube, were later the province of Pannonia would be. He suddenly died of illness in 12 BC, aged ~51.

Agrippa had several children through his three marriages. Through some of his children, Agrippa would become ancestor to many subsequent members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He has numerous other legacies.Yurii P

(0138) ANTONINUS PIUSAugust 138 - 7 March 161 A.D., Nikopolis ad Istrum, Moesia Inferior
AE 21 mm 5.57 g
O: Laureate head right
R: Apollo Sauroktonos (the lizard-slayer) standing right, left knee bent, resting hand on tree on which lizard climbs
Nikopolis ad Istrum, Moesia Inferior
Varbanov 2111 Rare
(naming governor Zeno)

laney

(0161) LUCIUS VERUS161 - 169 AD
AE SESTERIUS
32 mm 25,08 g
O: L VERVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX
LAUR HEAD R
R: VICTORY STANDING HEAD R ATTACHING SHIELD INSCRIBED VIC/PAR TO PALM TREE, S-C
(COMMEMORATES PARTHIAN VICTORY)laney

(0193) SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS193 - 211 AD
AE 27 mm 10,50 g
O: ΑΥ Κ Λ CΕΠ CΕΥΗΡΟC Π Laureate head right
R: [ΥΠ ΑΥΡ] ΓΑΛΛΟΥ ΝΕΙΚ[ΟΠ ΠΡΟ]C ΙC, Bearded River-god reclining left, right hand outstretched toward tree, left arm resting on urn from which river waters flow
Nikopolis ad Istrum, Moesia Inferior; cf Varbanov 2616, rare (R5) laney

(0198) CARACALLA (Pautalia)198 – 217 AD
(struck 202-203 under Governor Sicinnius Clarus)
AE 28 mm, 12.20 g
O: AÎ¥ K M AÎ¥Î¡ – ANTÎ©NINOÎ£ Laureate draped bust right
R: .: HÎ“ Î£IKINNIO-Î¥ KÎ›AÎ¡ OÎ¥/Î›Î IAÎ£ / Î AÎ¥TAÎ›IAÎ£ Asklepios with snake-encoiled rod standing in tetrastyle temple; snake in gable, tree in left field
Thrace, Pautalia; Ruzicka, Pautalia ¬; Varbanov, GIC II, 4958 (rare)
laney

(02) AUGUSTUS27 BC - 14 AD
struck 10 - 14 AD
AE Dupondius 26 mm, 12.91 g
O: IMP DIVI F P P, laureate heads of Agrippa wearing rostral crown left, and Augustus right, back-to-back;
R: COL NEM, crocodile right chained to palm tree, wreath with long ties above, two palms fronds below
Nemausus mint; cf. RIC I 159, RPC I 525, SRCV 17311 commentslaney

(02) AUGUSTUS27 BC - 14 AD
struck 10 - 14 AD
AE Dupondius 27 mm, 12.5 g
O: IMP DIVI F P P, laureate heads of Agrippa wearing rostral crown left, and Augustus right, back-to-back;
R: COL NEM, crocodile right chained to palm tree, wreath with long ties above, two palms fronds below
Nemausus mint; cf. RIC I 159, RPC I 525, SRCV 1731laney

(02) AUGUSTUS27 BC - 14 AD
struck 10 - 14 AD
AE Dupondius 28 mm max, 11.87 g
O: IMP DIVI F P P, laureate heads of Agrippa wearing rostral crown left, and Augustus right, back-to-back;
R: COL NEM, crocodile right chained to palm tree, wreath with long ties above, two palms fronds below
Nemausus mint; cf. RIC I 159, RPC I 525, SRCV 1731laney

(0244) PHILIP I244 - 249 AD
AE 29 mm 17.01 g
O: AVTOK K M IOVL FILIPPOC CEB, laureate draped bust right (COUNTERMARKED)
R: ZEVG[MATEWN], tetrastyle temple (of Zeus?) with peribolos containing grove of trees, capricorn in ex.
Zeugma, Commagene. Roman Syrialaney

(0324) CONSTANTIUS II324 - 337 AD as Caesar
337 - 361 AD as Augustus
struck ca 348 - 361 AD
AE 20 X 21 mm 4.08 g
O: D N CONSTANTIVS P F AVG bust left holding globe
R: FEL TEMP REPARATIO helmeted soldier walking right, with head left, leading young barbarian out of hut; tree behind.laney

(0333) CONSTANS333 - 337 (as Caesar)
337 - 350 AD (as Augustus)
struck ca. 348-350 AD.
AE2 Centenionalis 22.mm 4.02 g
O: DN CONSTANS PF AVG, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding globe
R: FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier advancing right, head left, holding spear pointed downwards between legs, leading small bare-headed figure from hut beneath a tree
CONSB in exe., Constantinople1 commentslaney

(10) VESPASIANJudaea Capta Issue
69 - 79 AD
Struck 71 AD
AE Sestertius 32.5 mm 21.75 g
O: IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III, laureate head right
R: IVDAEA CAPTA, Emperor with spear standing left of palm tree; Judaea mourning to right; SC in exe
Rome RIC II 427 laney

(Augustus &) Agrippa AE 'half dupondius,' A.D. 10-14 RIC 159-160, RCV 1731, Cohen 8, RPC 525 IMP DIVI F P-P, back-to-back heads of Agrippa, in rostral crown, & Augustus, laureate / COL NEM, palm tree curving to left, crocodile right chained below, wreath to left of palm tip with long ties trailing to right. Gaul, Nemausus.
Maximum Diameter: 25.2 mm
Weight: 7.01 g

Cut in half for fractional change. 1 commentsTheEmpireNeverEnded

(Handa pl. XLV.9)Obv: Six-headed Kartikeya standing facing with right arm bent slantingly upwards and left akimbo, Brahmi monogram kshe under the right arm instead of the lance in that hand; jumbled Brahmi legend around
Rev: Six-headed Shashthi standing to front on a half lotus seat with right hand extended and left on the respective hip, tree in railing with a swastika above on right and arched chaitya or hill symbol surmounted by a nandipada on left, all within a dotted border
Dim:
Quant.Geek

*SOLD*Bar Kokhba Revolt

Attribution: TJC 292., Hendin 1437 (prev. 736). Mildenberg 125; Palestina
Date: assumed AD 134-135
Obv: 7-branched palm tree, two clusters of fruit beneath; (ŠM'WN) beneath in 2 lines
Rev: Trifoliate vine leaf;(RWT YRWŠLM) around; Undated, assumed year 3 = AD 134-135
Size: 22.8 mm
Weight: 9.3 gramsNoah

007 - Constans (337-350 AD), AE 2 - RIC 126Obv. D N CONSTANS P F AVG, pearl diademed, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding globe in right hand.
Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier advancing right, draging small person from hut under tree.
Minted in Antioch (AN gamma in exe), 3d officina, 348-350 AD1 commentspierre_p77

0080-0130 AH - Anonymous - SNAT No. 567 or 570 - Umayyad FalsAnonymous
Date: ca. 80-130 AH (ca. 700-750 AD)
Condition: aFine
Denomination: Fals

Obverse: Palm tree; Arabic inscription.

Reverse: Palm tree; Arabic inscription.

Al-Ramla mint, Jund Filastin (Palestine)
SNAT No. 567 or 570
(Sylloge Numorum Arabicorum Tübingen Palastina IV A Bilad as-Sam I, Tübingen 1993)
2.43g; 14.4mm; 330°Pep

010 - Constans (237-250 AD), AE 2 - RIC 92Obv: D N CONSTANS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust left, globe in hand.
Rev: FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier draging barbarian from hut under tree.
Minted in Constantinople (CONSI* in exe, gamma in left upper field) 347-348 AD.1 commentspierre_p77

0120 - Punic - AE16 400-350 BCObv/ Head of Tanit l.
Rev/ Horse standing r.: behind, palm tree; before, three dots.

AE, 16.5 mm, 3.20 g
Mint: Carthage
SNG Copenhagen 118 var.
ex-Numismática Hinojosa, eBay june 2011 - art. #280699851930dafnis

012a3. TitusJudaea, Capta. Minted at Caesarea Maritima. 19mm. Obv: AYTOKΡ TITOΣ KAIΣAΡ, laureate head right. Rev: IOYΔIAΣ EAΛΩKVIAΣ, Nike standing right, inscribing shield attached to palm tree. RPC 2311.lawrence c

012p Claudius I. (41-54 A.D.), Judaea, Jerusalem, RPC I 4971, Antonius Felix Procurator, under Claudius, (52-60 A.D.), AE-16(Prutah), BRIT/K-AI, Six branched palm tree, #1012p Claudius I. (41-54 A.D.), Judaea, Jerusalem, RPC I 4971, Antonius Felix Procurator, under Claudius, (52-60 A.D.), AE-16(Prutah), BRIT/K-AI, Six branched palm tree, #1
avers: NEPΩ KΛAY KAICAP, Two crossed shields and spears. (Nero (Caesar)).
reverse: BRIT/K-AI, Six branched palm tree bearing two bunches of dates, L-IΔ, K-AI across the field. (Britannicus (Caesar)).
exergue: L/IΔ//K/AI, diameter: 16,0mm, weight: 2,28g, axes: 0h,
mint: City: Jerusalem, Region: Judaea, Province: Judaea,
date: Dated Year of Claudius (Year 14 = 54 A.D.)
ref: RPC I 4971, Hedin 652,
Q-001quadrans

019a07. Marcus AureliusAE sestertius. Rome mint. AD 166. Obv: M AVREL ANTONINVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX, laureate head right. Rev: TR POT XX IMP IIII COS III, S-C, Victory standing right, holding palm and attaching a shield inscribed VIC PAR to a palm tree. RIC III 934; Cohen 810.lawrence c

020a001. Lucius VerusDenarius. 18mm, 3.12 g. Obv: L VERVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX. Laureate head right. Rev: TR P VI IMP IIII COS II. Victory standing right, holding palm frond and resting hand upon shield inscribed VIC / PAR and set upon palm tree. RIC 566 (Aurelius).lawrence c

0222 - Punic - AE 1/2 unit - 237-209 BCObv/ Head of Mars r.
Rev/ Palm tree with fruits.

AE, 19.1 mm, 5.58 g
Mint: Qart Hadasht
ACIP/581 [R3] - CNH/HC41 [R3]
ex-Jesús Vico, auction 148, lot 1201 commentsdafnis

026a001. Septimius SeverusDenarius. Rome. 19mm, 3.16 g. Obv: SEVERVS PIVS AVG BRIT. Laureate head right. Rev: VICTORIAE BRIT. Victory standing facing, head right, holding palm frond and placing a small round shield on palm tree to right. RIC 336lawrence c

027 BC-14 AD - AUGUSTUS AR denarius - struck by P. Licinius Stolo, moneyer (17 BC)obv: AVGVSTVS TR POT (Augustus, laureate, wearing cloak and short tunic, on horseback riding right, holding patera in right hand - banker's mark)
rev: P STOLO III VIR (Salii or priest of Mars's cap (same than apex flaminis) between two studded oval shields (ancilia)).
ref: RIC I 344 (R3); BMCRE 76; RSC 439 (80frcs)
mint: Rome
3.53gms,18-19mm
Extremely rare

History: The Ludi Saeculares were spread over a period of three days (from May 31 to June 3), and Augustus celebrated them to inaugurate the beginning of a new age. On the reverse of this coin the ancilias (sacred shields) symbolised the music at festivals. The "jumping priests" or Salii marched to the Regia, where was the shrine of Mars, in which the ancilia (the sacred shield, and its 11 copies) of Mars were stored. The Salii wearing apex, taking the bronze Ancilia, and danced through the streets carrying poles with the shields mounted on them in their left hands. With their other hand, they banged the shields with a drumstick.3 commentsberserker

032c02. MaximusAE of Alexandria, Troas. 22mm, 5.95 g. Obv: IVL MAXIMVS CAESA (retrograde S) (or similar); bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust of Maximus, r. Rev: COL A TRO[?]; horse advancing, r., grazing; on the background, tree. Similar to Bellinger 379, RPC Temporary 4090.lawrence c

039 Lucius Verus (161-169 A.D.), Rome, RIC III 0566 (Marc.Aur.), AR-Denarius, TR P VI IMP IIII COS II, VIC/PAR, Victory standing right, #1039 Lucius Verus (161-169 A.D.), Rome, RIC III 0566 (Marc.Aur.), AR-Denarius, TR P VI IMP IIII COS II, VIC/PAR, Victory standing right, #1
avers: L VERVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX, Laureate head right.
reverse: TR P VI IMP IIII COS II, VIC/PAR, Victory, half-draped, standing right, holds palm and places on palm tree a shield inscribed VIC PAR.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 18,0mm, weight: 2,68g, axes: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 166-67 A.D.,
ref: RIC III 566 (Marc.Aur.), p 259, C 279,
Q-001quadrans

046a10. GallienusAntoninianus. 253-254 AD. Antioch. Joint Reign. Obv: IMP C P LIC GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate bust right, draped and cuirassed. Rev: VOTA ORBIS, Two Victories affixing shield inscribed SC to a palm tree. Cohen 1335. RIC 459 (j)lawrence c

054p Macrinus (217-218 A.D.), Moesia, Nicopolis Ad Istrum, HHJ 08.23.07.02, AE-28, VΠ-AΓPIΠΠA-NIKOΠOΛITΩN-ΠPOC-IC/TP-Ω, Apollo, naked, standing right,054p Macrinus (217-218 A.D.), Moesia, Nicopolis Ad Istrum, HHJ 08.23.07.02, AE-28, VΠ-AΓPIΠΠA-NIKOΠOΛITΩN-ΠPOC-IC/TP-Ω, Apollo, naked, standing right,
avers: AVK-OΠΠEΛ-CEVH-MAKPI-NOC, Laureate head right.
revers: VΠ-AΓPIΠΠA-NIKOΠOΛITΩN-ΠPOC-IC/TP-Ω, Apollo, Sauroktonos, naked, standing right with crossed legs, left hand on tree-stump, in right hand holding twig and pointing to stump.
exe: TP/Ω//--, diameter: 27-28mm, weight: 11,45g, axis:6h,
mint: Moesia, Nicopolis Ad Istrum, Statius Longinus 217-218 A.D., date: 217-218 A.D., ref: Hristova/Hoeft/Jekov 8.23.7.2,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC 211Obv:- SEVERVS PIVS AVG, Laureate bust facing right
Rev:- P M TR P XV COS III P P, Victory standing right, resting foot on helmet, inscribing shield set on palm tree
Minted in Rome, A.D. 207
References:- VM 117/3, RIC 211, RSC 489 maridvnvm

066 - Caracalla AE31 - Amasia, Pontos, Burning altar AE31
Obv: AU KAI M AUR ANTWNINOS, Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from front.
Rev: ADR SEU AN AMASIAS MH NE P P / ET - CH, Burning altar with tree to left
Minted in Amaseia/Amasia, Pontos, 208-209 AD

15.08 gms, 30.95 mmmaridvnvm

0899 - S. Pompeius Fostlus, DenariusRome mint, 137 BC
Helmeted head of Roma right, X below chin, jug behind head
SEX PO [FOSTLVS] She wolf suckling Remus and Romulus, fig tree in background, the shepherd Faustulus behind. ROMA at exergue
3,73 gr
Ref : RCV # 112 var, RSC Pompeia # 1a, Crawford # 235/1c2 commentsPotator II

090a Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Samosata, RIC V-I 456C, AE-Antoninianus, -/-/--, VOTA ORBIS, Two Victories, #1090a Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Samosata, RIC V-I 456C, AE-Antoninianus, -/-/--, VOTA ORBIS, Two Victories, #1
avers: IMP C P LIC GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate bust right, draped and cuirassed.
reverse: VOTA ORBIS, Two Victories affixing shield inscribed SC to a palm tree.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 22,0-23m,0m, weight: 4,29g, axis: 11h,
mint: Samosata, date: 253-254 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 456C, p-, C 1355, Göbl 1682m, Sear 10420,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

090a03. ConstansAE3. 21mm, 4.69 g. Arles mint. Obv: DN CONSTA-NS PF AVG, pearl-diademed, draped, cuirassed bust left, holding globe. Rev: FEL dot TEMP dot REPAR-ATIO, Helmeted soldier, spear in left hand, pointing upwards and to the right, walking right, head left; with his right hand he leads a small bare-headed figure from a hut beneath a tree. Mintmark PARL.
RIC VIII Arles 106.

lawrence c

090a09. ConstansAE3. 19mm, 4.05 g. Nicomedia, 348-350 AD. Obv: D N CONSTA-NS P F AVG, Pearl-diademed, draped, cuirassed bust left, globe in right hand. Rev: FEL TEMP REPA-RATIO, Helmeted soldier, spear in left hand, walking right, head left; leading a small bare-headed figure from a hut beneath a tree. Star in upper left field. Mintmark SMNA. RIC 172.lawrence c

0aa Defeat of Hannibal on Sicily, 222 BCCn. Lentulus, moneyer
90-85 BC

Quinarius

Laureled head of Jupiter, right
Victory crowning trophy, CN LENT in ex

Seaby, Cornelia 51

Possibly a reference to this event: [Q. Fabius Maximus, afterwards called Cunctator] broke up his camp at Suessula and decided to begin by an attack on Arpi. . . . Now at last the enemy was roused; there was a lull in the storm and daylight was approaching. Hannibal's garrison in the city amounted to about 5000 men, and the citizens themselves had raised a force of 3000. These the Carthaginians put in front to meet the enemy, that there might be no attempt at treachery in their rear. The fighting began in the dark in the narrow streets, the Romans having occupied not only the streets near the gate but the houses also, that they might not be assailed from the roofs. Gradually as it grew light some of the citizen troops and some of the Romans recognised one another, and entered into conversation. The Roman soldiers asked what it was that the Arpinians wanted, what wrong had Rome done them, what good service had Carthage rendered them that they, Italians-bred and born, should fight against their old friends the Romans on behalf of foreigners and barbarians, and wish to make Italy a tributary province of Africa. The people of Arpi urged in their excuse that they knew nothing of what was going on, they had in fact been sold by their leaders to the Carthaginians, they had been victimised and enslaved by a small oligarchy. When a beginning had been once made the conversations became more and more general; at last the praetor of Arpi was conducted by his friends to the consul, and after they had given each other mutual assurances, surrounded by the troops under their standards, the citizens suddenly turned against the Carthaginians and fought for the Romans. A body of Spaniards also, numbering something less than a thousand, transferred their services to the consul upon the sole condition that the Carthaginian garrison should be allowed to depart uninjured. The gates were opened for them and they were dismissed, according to the stipulation, in perfect safety, and went to Hannibal at Salapia. Thus Arpi was restored to the Romans without the loss of a single life, except in the case of one man who had long ago been a traitor and had recently deserted. The Spaniards were ordered to receive double rations, and the republic availed itself on very many occasions of their courage and fidelity.

Livy, History of Rome, 24.46-47Blindado

1 tessera roman Cohen 1AE tessera
2.41 g, 17.3 mm, 6 h.
Obv. Two horse shoes side by side within celtic torque.
Rev. TRI-VMP. Laurel tree with IO IO in field.
Cohen 1. Ex. Mabbott (1969), 5265.Aleph

104 Claudius II. (268-270 A.D.), T-0727 (Estiot), RIC V-I 196var, Siscia, AE-Antoninianus, VOTA ORBIS, -/-//II, Two Victories, extr. Rare !, 104 Claudius II. (268-270 A.D.), T-0727 (Estiot), RIC V-I 196var, Siscia, AE-Antoninianus, VOTA ORBIS, -/-//II, Two Victories, extr. Rare !,
avers:- IMP-CLAVDIVS-AVG, Bust left, helmeted and radiate, cuirassed with cross-belt, holding spear without visible point over right shoulder, shield on left shoulder.Medusa-head on shield, (H4l (w/o point)).
revers:- VOTA-ORBIS, Two Victories stg. facing each other, fixing a shield inscribed SC to a palm tree which is placed between them, (Victories (two)1).
exerg: -/-//II, diameter: 21mm, weight: 3,31g, axes: 0h, (12h),
mint: Siscia, iss-3, off-2, Victory of Naïssus, date: 269 A.D., ref: T-0727 (Estiot), RIC V-I 196var, ,
Q-001quadrans

106 AD: Trajan triumph in the second Dacian warorichalcum sestertius (24.9g, 35mm, 6h). Rome mint. Struck AD 106-111.
IMP CAES NERVAE TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TR P COS V PP laureate bust of Trajan with aegis (note the detail of the Medusa head on Trajan's chest)
SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI [/] S C [in field] Winged Victory standing right, holding shield insribed VIC DAC against a palm tree
RIC 528 [common]; C 454; Foss (Roman Historical Coins) 101-31b1 commentsCharles S

107. PertinaxPertinax

Only a mediocre public speaker, Pertinax was first and foremost a gritty old soldier. He was heavily built, had a pot belly, although it was said, even by his critics, that he possessed the proud air of an emperor.
He possessed some charm, but was generally understood to be a rather sly character. He also acquired a reputation for being mean and greedy. He apparently even went as far as serving half portions of lettuce and artichoke before he became emperor. It was a characteristic which would not serve him well as an emperor.

When he took office, Pertinax quickly realized that the imperial treasury was in trouble. Commodus had wasted vast sums on games and luxuries. If the new emperor thought that changes would need to be made to bring the finances back in order he was no doubt right. But he sought to do too much too quickly. In the process he made himself enemies.

The gravest error, made at the very beginning of his reign, was to decide to cut some of the praetorian's privileges and that he was going to pay them only half the bonus he had promised.
Already on 3 January AD 193 the praetorians tried to set up another emperor who would pay up. But that senator, wise enough to stay out of trouble, merely reported the incident to Pertinax and then left Rome.

The ordinary citizens of Rome however also quickly had enough of their new emperor. Had Commodus spoilt them with lavish games and festivals, then now Pertinax gave them very little.
And a truly powerful enemy should be the praetorian prefect Laetus. The man who had after all put Pertinax on the throne, was to play an important role in the emperor's fate. It isn't absolutely clear if he sought to be an honest advisor of the emperor, but saw his advise ignored, or if he sought to manipulate Pertinax as his puppet emperor. In either case, he was disappointed.

And so as Pertinax grew ever more unpopular, the praetorians once more began to look for a new emperor. In early March, When Pertinax was away in Ostia overseeing the arrangements for the grain shipments to Rome, they struck again. This time they tried to set up one of the consuls, Quintus Sosius Falco.

When Pertinax returned to Rome he pardoned Falco who'd been condemned by the senate, but several praetorians were executed. A slave had given them away as being part of the conspiracy.
These executions were the final straw. On 28 March AD 193 the praetorians revolts.
300 hundred of them forced the gates to the palace. None of the guards sought to help their emperor.
Everyone, so it seemed, wanted rid of this emperor. So, too, Laetus would not listen as Pertinax ordered him to do something. The praetorian prefect simply went home, leaving the emperor to his fate.

Pertinax did not seek to flee. He stood his ground and waited, together with his chamberlain Eclectus. As the praetorians found him, they did not discover an emperor quivering with fear, but a man determined on convincing them to put down their weapons. Clearly the soldiers were over-awed by this brave man, for he spoke to them for some time. But eventually their leader found enough courage to step forwards and hurl his spear at the emperor. Pertinax fell with the spear in his chest. Eclectus fought bravely for his life, stabbing two, before he two was slain by the soldiers.
The soldiers then cut off Pertinax' head, stuck it on a spear and paraded through the streets of Rome.

Pertinax had ruled for only 87 days. He was later deified by Septimius Severus.

RI1. Pertinax. A.D. 193. AR denarius (18.0 mm, 2.74 g, 7 h). Rome mint. Rare. IMP CAES P HELV PERTIN AVG, laureate head right / OPI DIVIN TR P COS II, Ops seated left, holding two stalks of grain, resting hand on seat of throne. RIC 8a; RSC 33; BMCRE 19. aVF, flan crack.ecoli

112 Probus (276-282 A.D.), Siscia, Alföldi 0088.0001, -/-//KAP, Bust E1/G, RIC V-II 800, AE-Antoninianus, VICTORIAE AVG, Two Victories, Rare!!!112 Probus (276-282 A.D.), Siscia, Alföldi 0088.0001, -/-//KAP, Bust E1/G, RIC V-II 800, AE-Antoninianus, VICTORIAE AVG, Two Victories, Rare!!!
avers: IMP C M AVR PROBVS P AVG, Radiate, helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield.
reverse: VICTORIAE AVG, Two Victories standing face to face, clasping hands before palm tree.
exergue: -/-//KAP, diameter: 21mm, weight: 2,46g, axis: 6h,
mint: Siscia, 4th. emission of Siscia, date: 277 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-II 800, p-103, Alföldi 0088.0001, Rare!!!
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

130b Constans. AE Centenionalis 5.3gmobv: DN CONSTA_NS PF AVG pearl dia. drp. and cuir. bust l. holding globe
rev: FEL TEMP REPA_RATIO helm. soldier leading small figure from hut beneath tree
ex: .SMKShill132

130c Constans. AE Centenionalis 4.5gmobv: DN CONSTA_NS PF AVG pearl dia. drp. cuir. bust l. holding globe
rev: FEL TEMP REPA_RATIO helm. soldier leading small figure from hut beneath tree
ex: ANrhill132

130d Constans. AE Centenionalis 4.5gmobv: DN CONSTA_NS PF AVG pearl dia. drp. cuir. bust l. holding globe
rev: FEL TEMP REPA_RETIO helm. soldier leading small figure from hut under tree
ex: */ANShill132

130e Constans. AE Centenionalis 3.8gmobv: DN CONSTA_NVS PF AVG pearl dia. drp. cuir bust l. holding globe
rev: FEL TEMPA_RATIO helm. soldier leading small figure from hut under tree
ex: ALEBhill132

130f Constans. AE Centenionalis 3.8gmobv: DN CONSTA_NVS PF AVG pearl dia. drp. cuir. bust l. holding globe
rev: FEL TEMP REPARATIO helm. soldier leading small figure from hut under tree
ex: R*P1 commentshill132

130g Constans. AE Centenionalis 3.8gmobv: DN CONSTA_NS PF AVG pearl dia. drp. cuir. bust l. holding globe
rev: FEL TEMP REPA_RATIO helm. soldier leading small figure from hut under tree
ex: SMH(delta)hill132

130h Constans. AE Centenionalis 4.6gmobv: DN CONSTA_NS PF AVG pearl dia. drp. cuir. bust l. holding globe
rev: FEL TEMP REPA_RATIO helm. soldier leading small figure from hut under tree
ex: R*Thill132

130i Constans. AE Centenionalis 3.7gmobv: DN CONSTA_NS PF AVG pearl dia. drp. cuir. bust l. hlding globe
rev: FEL TEMP REPA_RATIO soldier leading small figure from hut under tree
ex: *SMK(delta)hill132

130k Constans. AE Centenionalis 4.0gmobv: DN CONSTA_NS PF AVG pearl dia. drp. cuir. bust. l. holding globe
rev: FEL TEMP REPA_RATIO helm. soldier leading small figure from hut under tree
ex: r/ CONSIA*hill132

130l Constans. AE centenionalis 5.2gmobv: DN CONSTA_NS PF AVG pearl dia. drp. cuir. bust l. holding globe
rev: FEL TEMP REPA_RATIO soldier leading small figure from hut under tree
ex: AN(delta)hill132

130m Constans. AE Centenionalis 3.5gmobv : DN CONSTA_NS PF AVG pearl dia. drp. cuir. bust l. holding globe
rev: FEL TEMP REPA_RATIO soldier leading small figure from hut under tree
ex: .SMK(epsilon)hill132

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