| Image search results - "republic" |
Anonymous Republic Quinarius - After 211 BC.
Ob.: Helmeted head of Roma right, V behind
Rev.: Dioscuri galloping right, ROMA in a tablet.
Gs. 2,2 mm. 16,1
Craw. 44/6, Sear RCV 42
Maxentius
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Republic Quinarius - 97 BC. - Mint of Rome
C. EGNATVLEIVS C. f.- Gens Egnatuleia
Ob.: Laureate head of Apollo right. C. EGNATVLEI C F (NAT & VL in monogram) behind. Q below
Rev. Victory inscribing shield on trophy. Q in central field. In ex. ROMA
Gs. 1,8 mm. 15,9x16,9
Craw. 333/1, Sear RCV 213
Maxentius
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Germany. Weimar Republic. 1919- 1933. Aluminum 500 Mark 1923-A. EINIGKEIT UND RECHT UND FREIHEIT, Eagle, star below / DEUTSCHES REICH 500 MARK 1923 A.
KM 36
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MOEDA - 500 RĂ©is - 1938 - Regente FeijĂł
________________________________________
SĂ©rie Ilustres
Excelente estado de conservação
ANVERSO
O busto do Regente do Império Diogo António Feijó circundado pela inscrição REGENTE FEIJÓ. Em baixo, monograma do gravador Calmon Barreto.
REVERSO
No centro, uma coluna corĂntia encimada pela inscrição circular BRASIL entre dois filetes. Ă€ esquerda do campo, o valor 500 e, Ă direita, a palavra RÉIS em posição horizontal. No exergo, a data e, ao lado direito, a sigla do gravador Walter Toledo.
PADRĂO MONETĂRIO
MIL-RÉIS (de 08/10/1833 a 31/10/1942)
PERĂŤODO POLĂŤTICO
RepĂşblica, Era Vargas (1930-1945)
ORIGEM
Casa da Moeda, Rio de Janeiro
CARACTERĂŤSTICAS
Material: bronze alumĂnio
Diâmetro: 22,5 mm
Peso: 5,00 g
Espessura: 1,80 mm
Bordo: serrilhado
Titulagem: Cu 910, Al 90
Eixo: reverso medalha (EV)
_____________________Antonivs Protti
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Moeda Brasil 1935- 1000 Reis
Serie Ilustres - Padre Anchieta
MĂłdulo Maior - Escassa
________________________________
ANVERSO
EfĂgie do Padre JosĂ© de Anchieta, de perfil, onde
se ostenta a inscrição vertical ANCHIETA.
Missionário e fundador de São Paulo.
Sigla do gravador Calmon Barreto.
REVERSO
No centro, um livro aberto e o valor 1000 réis em
semicĂrculo. Sob o valor, a data. No exergo, a palavra
BRASIL. Sigla do gravador Walter Toledo.
PADRĂO MONETĂRIO
MIL-RÉIS (de 08/10/1833 a 31/10/1942)
PERĂŤODO POLĂŤTICO
RepĂşblica, Era Vargas (1930-1945)
ORIGEM
Casa da Moeda, Rio de Janeiro
CARACTERĂŤSTICAS
Material: bronze alumĂnio
Diâmetro: 26,7 mm
Peso: 8,00 g
Espessura: 2,10 mm
Bordo: serrilhadoAntonivs Protti
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ROME REPUBLIC Cn. Plancius. AR Denarius, 55 BC. Obv. CN. PLANCIVS AED. CVR. S.C. Head of Diana Planciana R / GOAT
Cn. Plancius, Rome, 55 BC. AR Denarius (17mm, 3.84g, 3h). Female head (Diana Planciana?) r., wearing causia. R/ Cretan goat standing r.; bow and quiver to l. Crawford 432/1; RBW 1541; RSC Plancia 1paul1888
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Roman
Republican
Naevia 80 b.C. -ag/ denarius
Roman Republic
ag/ denarius
Crw. 382/1a Syd. 769
gr. 3,80paul1888
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Roman Republic
Cal. Piso L. F. Frugi
Ca: 67 BC
Obverse: Appolo
Reverse: Horseman
paul1888
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Roman Republic
C. Augurinus
Denariuspaul1888
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Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius
Denarius of the Roman Republic Period 81 BC
Material: Silver
Diameter: 20mm
Weight: 3.84g
Mint: North Italy
Reference: Crawford RRC 374/2paul1888
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Roman Republic - P. Satrienus. Silver denarius (3,82 g., 18 mm.) Minted in Rome in 77 B.C.
Helmeted head right of young Mars, numeral behind (XXXII). /
ROMA She-wolf walking left. P•SATRIE/NVS in exergue.
Sear 319; Satriena 1; Cr. 388/1b.paul1888
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ROMAN REPUBLIC AE As. Janus,
OBVERSE: LAUREATE HEAD OF BEARDED JANUS; I (MARK OF VALUE) ABOVE
REVERSE: PROW OF GALLEY RIGHT; I (MARK OF VALUE) ABOVE
27 GR. 32 MM, ROMA.
CRAWFORD 56/2; SYDENHAM 143Antonivs Protti
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Roman Republic: L. Cassius Longinus; 3.86g. Veiled vesta bust left, in front L, behind it stands Kylix//Togatus left. and throws the voting stone with V into the urn.
Bab. 10; BMC 3931; Crawf. 413/1; Syd. 935
Ex: Auktion Ăureo & CalicĂł 314, Barcelona 2018, Nr. 2034paul1888
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Roman Republic, Q. Ant. Balbus, c83/2 BC, AR Denarius serratus, 4.21 grams. Obverse: Jupiter, Reverse: Victory in Quadriga.paul1888
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Biblical/Judean / AUGUSTUS, Marcus Ambibulus , Hendin-1329Augustus / Marcus Ambibulus, procurator of Judea under Augustus.
Marcus Ambibulus, procurator of Judea under Augustus, 9-12 AD, bronze prutah of 16 mm, 2.14 grams. Struck in the year 9 AD.
Jerusalem mint.
Obverse: Ear of grain, KAICA POC.
Reverse: Palm tree with 2 bunches of dates and date : LMO
Reference: Hendin-1329.
*Jesus was born sometime between 6 B.C. and 4 B.C.
According to St. Matthew, King Herod as the ruler during the time of the Nativity, and Herod died in 4 B.C. , according the dates of the later on struck coins with the new ruler name and dates (see note)
Later, to kill Jesus and eliminate him as a rival king, Herod ordered the "Massacre of the Innocents" - the killing of all male children in Bethlehem aged two years and under. This means that Jesus may have been up to two years old already by that time, and this sets the Nativity between 6 and 4 B.C.
**Surely All coins at that time were struck under the Roman emperor (who happened to be the first Roman emperor in history Augustus (Octavian) Not Julius Caesar as commonly known, Julius was only a dictator and Caesar during the Roman Republic time, never considered Emperor despite the title IMP on some of his coins).
The dates on coins struck during the time of Nativity, before that time, and even later, completely different story depends on the mint home , the ruler year and the kingdom or empire. Using AD (Anno Domini) was much later.
“Swear to me, young women of Jerusalem, by the gazelles or by the does of the field, that you won’t awaken or arouse love before its proper time.” Song of Solomon.
The Sam Mansourati Collection.
Given as a souvenir to a great man, a dear friend and brother Rev. Robert E. Burnock , on 2/25/2020.
Sam
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L. Titurius L. f. Sabinus AR DenariusOBV: Bearded head of King Tatius r.; before, A; behind, SABIN.
REV: Rape of the Sabine women; in exegue, L. TITVRI.
Date: 89 BC
3.3g
RRC 698. CR 344/1a.
The Roman Republic L. Titurius L. f. Sabinus Denarius.miffy
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#L. Thorius Balbus. 105 BC. AR DenariusRome mint. ISMR behind, head of Juno Sospita right, wearing goat skin headdress / L THORIVS below, BALBVS in exergue, bull charging right.
"The obverse refers to the the cult of Juno Sospita at Lanuvium, the moneyer's birthplace. The reverse is likely a play on the moneyer's name (Taurus sounds like Thorius). Cicero described L. Thorius Balbus as a man who lived in such a manner that there was not a single pleasure, however refined or rare, that he did not enjoy. This is one of the most common republican denarii." -- Roman Silver Coins edited by David Sear and Robert Loosleyancientone
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'Alea iacta est' - Crossing the Rubicon (49 BC)Julius Caesar AR Denarius, military mint traveling with Caesar, April-August 49 BC.
Obv: Elephant advancing r., trampling on horned serpent; CAESAR in exergue
Rev: Emblems of the pontificate: simpulum, aspergillum, securis, and apex
This coin was issued after Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon river and march into Rome, which formally began the Civil war of the Roman Republic.YuenTsin C
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ROME. temp. Hadrian-Antoninus Pius. Circa AD 120-161
Æ Quadrans (16mm, 2.94 g, 7h)
Rome mint
Petasus
Winged caduceus; S C flanking
Weigel 18; RIC II 32; Cohen 36
Weigel reconsiders the anonymous quadrantes as a cohesive group. The seriesportrays a pantheon of eleven deities: Jupiter, Minerva, Roma, Neptune, Tiber, Mars, Venus, Apollo, Mercury, Bacchus/Liber, and Hercules. Types are primarily a portrait of the god, with an attribute on the reverse and are usually influenced by (but not directly copied from) earlier designs, primarily from the Republic. He updates the series to the reigns of Hadrian and Antoninus.Ardatirion
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ROME. temp. Domitian-Antoninus Pius. Circa AD 81-160
Æ Quadrans (16mm, 3.99 g, 12 h)
Rome mint
Griffin seated left, paw on wheel
Tripod; S C flanking
Weigel 15; RIC II 28; Cohen 38
Weigel reconsiders the anonymous quadrantes as a cohesive group. The seriesportrays a pantheon of eleven deities: Jupiter, Minerva, Roma, Neptune, Tiber, Mars, Venus, Apollo, Mercury, Bacchus/Liber, and Hercules. Types are primarily a portrait of the god, with an attribute on the reverse and are usually influenced by (but not directly copied from) earlier designs, primarily from the Republic. He updates the series to the reigns of Hadrian and Antoninus.Ardatirion
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HAITI, Premier RĂ©publique. Jean Pierre Boyer. President, 1825-1843
Brass 25 Centimes (21mm, 1.99 g, 12h)
Contemporary counterfeit. Dated L'An 25 of the Republic (AD 1828/9)
J * BOYER * PRESIDENTE *, AN 25
Bust left
REPUBLIQUE D'HAITI */ 25 * C
Palm tree flanked by cannon and banners
KM 18.1a; cf. Arroyo 99 (for official issue); Lissade 95Ardatirion
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HAITI, Premier RĂ©publique. Jean Pierre Boyer. President, 1825-1843
Brass 50 Centimes (25.5mm, 4.26 g, 12h)
Contemporary counterfeit. Dated L'An 25 of the Republic (AD 1828/9)
J * BOYER * PRESIDENTE *, AN 25
Bust left
REPUBLIQUE D'HAITI */ 50 * C
Palm tree flanked by cannon and banners
KM 20a; cf. Arroyo 105 (for official issue); Lissade 96; iNumis 25, lot 1352
On 1 June 1835, local officials arrested engraver Joseph Gardner of Belleville on charges of counterfeiting. When searching his house, officials discovered dies for Spanish 8 reales in various states of completion, coining implements, a bag of gold dust, and several bags of "spurious Haytien coppers." Yet Gardner was not the only individual striking illicit Haitian coins. James Bishop of neighboring Bloomfield, New Jersey had been arrested several months before, and a third person was responsible for the issue brought to Haiti by Jeremiah Hamilton.
Today, two distinct issues of counterfeits can be identified: a group of 25 and 50 Centimes, clearly related in fabric, and two different dates of 100 Centimes. The smaller denominations are most often found lacking a silver plating, while the plating year 26 100 Centimes is fine enough to deceive the likes of NGC and Heritage. Additionally, there are a handful year 27 100 centimes overstruck on US large cents. While I have not yet found a regular strike from these dies, they are the most likely candidate for Belleville's production. Ardatirion
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HAITI, Premier RĂ©publique. Jean Pierre Boyer. President, 1825-1843
Silvered Brass 50 Centimes (25mm, 4.55 g, 12h)
Contemporary counterfeit. Dated L'An 25 of the Republic (AD 1828/9)
J * BOYER * PRESIDENTE *, AN 25
Bust left
REPUBLIQUE D'HAITI */ 50 * C
Palm tree flanked by cannon and banners
KM 20a; cf. Arroyo 105 (for official issue); Lissade 96; iNumis 25, lot 1352Ardatirion
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HAITI, Premier RĂ©publique. Jean Pierre Boyer. President, 1825-1843
Silvered CU 100 Centimes (31mm, 10.32 g, 12h)
Contemporary counterfeit. Dated L'An 27 of the Republic (AD 1830/1)
J * BOYER * PRESIDENTE *, AN 27
Bust left
REPUBLIQUE D'HAITI */ 100 * C
Palm tree flanked by cannon and banners
KM A23a; cf. Arroyo 117 (for official issue); Lissade 103Ardatirion
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"As de NĂ®mes" or "crocodile" Ӕ dupondius of Nemausus (9 - 3 BC), honoring Augustus and AgrippaIMP DIVI F , Heads of Agrippa (left) and Augustus (right) back to back, Agrippa wearing rostral crown and Augustus the oak-wreath / COL NEM, crocodile right chained to palm-shoot with short dense fronds and tip right; two short palm offshoots left and right below, above on left a wreath with two long ties streaming right.
Ó”, 24.5 x 3+ mm, 13.23g, die axis 3h; on both sides there are remains of what appears to be gold plating, perhaps it was a votive offering? Rough edges and slight scrapes on flan typical for this kind of coin, due to primitive technology (filing) of flan preparation.
IMPerator DIVI Filius. Mint of COLonia NEMausus (currently Nîmes, France). Known as "As de Nîmes", it is actually a dupontius (lit. "two-pounder") = 2 ases (sometimes cut in halves to get change). Dupondii were often made out of a golden-colored copper alloy (type of brass) "orichalcum" and this appears to be such case.
Key ID points: oak-wreath (microphotography shows that at least one leaf has a complicated shape, although distinguishing oak from laurel is very difficult) – earlier versions have Augustus bareheaded, no PP on obverse as in later versions, no NE ligature, palm with short fronds with tip right (later versions have tip left and sometimes long fronds). Not typical: no clear laurel wreath together with the rostral crown, gold (?) plating (!), both features really baffling.
But still clearly a "middle" kind of the croc dupondius, known as "type III": RIC I 158, RPC I 524, Sear 1730. It is often conservatively dated to 10 BC - 10 AD, but these days it is usually narrowed to 9/8 - 3 BC.
It is a commemorative issue, honoring the victory over Mark Antony and conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The heads of Augustus and Agrippa were probably positioned to remind familiar obverses of Roman republican coins with two-faced Janus. Palm branch was a common symbol of victory, in this case grown into a tree, like the victories of Augustus and Agrippa grown into the empire. The two offshoots at the bottom may mean two sons of Agrippa, Gaius and Lucius, who were supposed to be Augustus' heirs and were patrons of the colony. Palm may also be a symbol of the local Nemausian deity, which was probably worshiped in a sacred grove. When these coins were minted, the colony was mostly populated by the settled veterans of Augustus' campaigns, hence the reminiscence of the most famous victory, but some of the original Celtic culture probably survived and was assimilated by Romans. The crocodile is not only the symbol of Egypt, like in the famous Octavian's coins AEGYPTO CAPTA. It is also a representation of Mark Antony, powerful and scary both in water and on land, but a bit slow and stupid. The shape of the crocodile with tail up was specifically chosen to remind of the shape of ship on very common "legionary" denarius series, which Mark Antony minted to pay his armies just before Actium. It is probably also related to the popular contemporary caricature of Cleopatra, riding on and simultaneously copulating with a crocodile, holding a palm branch in her hand as if in triumph. There the crocodile also symbolized Mark Antony.
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa was born c. 64-62 BC somewhere in rural Italy. His family was of humble and plebeian origins, but rich, of equestrian rank. Agrippa was about the same age as Octavian, and the two were educated together and became close friends. He probably first served in Caesar's Spanish campaign of 46–45 BC. Caesar regarded him highly enough to send him with Octavius in 45 BC to train in Illyria. When Octavian returned to Rome after Caesar's assassination, Agrippa became his close lieutenant, performing many tasks. He probably started his political career in 43 BC as a tribune of the people and then a member of the Senate. Then he was one of the leading Octavian's generals, finally becoming THE leading general and admiral in the civil wars of the subsequent years.
In 38 as a governor of Transalpine Gaul Agrippa undertook an expedition to Germania, thus becoming the first Roman general since Julius Caesar to cross the Rhine. During this foray he helped the Germanic tribe of Ubii (who previously allied themselves with Caesar in 55 BC) to resettle on the west bank of the Rhine. A shrine was dedicated there, possibly to Divus Caesar whom Ubii fondly remembered, and the village became known as Ara Ubiorum, "Altar of Ubians". This quickly would become an important Roman settlement. Agrippina the Younger, Agrippa's granddaughter, wife of Emperor Claudius and mother of Emperor Nero, would be born there in 15 AD. In 50 AD she would sponsor this village to be upgraded to a colonia, and it would be renamed Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (colony of Claudius [at] the Altar of Agrippinians – Ubii renamed themselves as Agrippinians to honor the augusta!), abbreviated as CCAA, later to become the capital of new Roman province, Germania Inferior.
In 37 BC Octavian recalled Agrippa back to Rome and arranged for him to win the consular elections, he desperately needed help in naval warfare with Sextus Pompey, the youngest son of Pompey the Great, who styled himself as the last supporter of the republican cause, but in reality became a pirate king, an irony since his father was the one who virtually exterminated piracy in all the Roman waters. He forced humiliating armistice on the triumvirs in 39 BC and when Octavian renewed the hostilities a year later, defeated him in a decisive naval battle of Messina. New fleet had to be built and trained, and Agrippa was the man for the job. Agrippa's solution was creating a huge secret naval base he called Portus Iulius by connecting together lakes Avernus, Avernus and the natural inner and outer harbors behind Cape Misenum at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples. He also created a larger type of ship and developed a new naval weapon: harpax – a ballista-launched grapnel shot with mechanisms that allowed pulling enemy ships close for easy boarding. It replaced the previous boarding device that Romans used since the First Punic War, corvus – effective, but extremely cumbersome. A later defence against it were scythe blades on long poles for cutting ropes, but since this invention was developed in secret, the enemy had no chance to prepare anything like it. It all has proved extremely effective: in a series of naval engagements Agrippa annihilated the fleet of Sextus, forced him to abandon his bases and run away. For this Agrippa was awarded an unprecedented honour that no Roman before or after him received: a rostral crown, "corona rostrata", a wreath decorated in front by a prow and beak of a ship.
That's why Virgil (Aeneid VIII, 683-684), describing Agrippa at Actium, says: "…belli insigne superbum, tempora navali fulgent rostrata corona." "…the proud military decoration, gleams on his brow the naval rostral crown". Actium, the decisive battle between forces of Octavian and Mark Antony, may appear boring compared to the war with Sextus, but it probably turned out this way due to Agrippa's victories in preliminary naval engagements and taking over all the strategy from Octavian.
In between the wars Agrippa has shown an unusual talent in city planning, not only constructing many new public buildings etc., but also greatly improving Rome's sanitation by doing a complete overhaul of all the aqueducts and sewers. Typically, it was Augustus who later would boast that "he had found the city of brick but left it of marble", forgetting that, just like in his naval successes, it was Agrippa who did most of the work. Agrippa had building programs in other Roman cities as well, a magnificent temple (currently known as Maison Carrée) survives in Nîmes itself, which was probably built by Agrippa.
Later relationship between Augustus and Agrippa seemed colder for a while, Agrippa seemed to even go into "exile", but modern historians agree that it was just a ploy: Augustus wanted others to think that Agrippa was his "rival" while in truth he was keeping a significant army far away from Rome, ready to come to the rescue in case Augustus' political machinations fail. It is confirmed by the fact that later Agrippa was recalled and given authority almost equal to Augustus himself, not to mention that he married Augustus' only biological child. The last years of Agrippa's life were spent governing the eastern provinces, were he won respect even of the Jews. He also restored Crimea to Roman Empire. His last service was starting the conquest of the upper Danube, were later the province of Pannonia would be. He suddenly died of illness in 12 BC, aged ~51.
Agrippa had several children through his three marriages. Through some of his children, Agrippa would become ancestor to many subsequent members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He has numerous other legacies.Yurii P
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"C" Denarius, Crawford 107/1a - My favorite CoinDenomination: Denarius
Era: c. 209-208 BC
Metal: AR
Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma r. with splayed visor; “X” behind; Border of dots
Reverse: Dioscuri r.; Above, “C”; in linear frame, “ROMA”.
Mint: Etruia(?)
Weight: 4.44 gm.
Reference: Crawford 107/1a
Provenance: NAC 61; 25-OCT-2011, Privately purchased by RBW from CNG in 1989
Comments: This is one of my favorite coins. It is not high grade, neither the obverse nor the reverse is well centered. The dioscuri are really just blobs, and this coin would be overlooked in any sale but the NAC 61 sale of RBW’s finest and rarest coins, perhaps the greatest Roman Republican auction of our generation. Nevertheless, the coin has a lovely tone and a style that is very characteristic of this issue which is quite rare.
Unique to this variety and the related staff issue, are the braided locks extending from the helmet to the hair binding. The stars are simple dots above the dioscuri, and ROMA is cut into the die with very large letters with a very fine line tool. There has been much speculation on the significance of the “C” insignia, but few with any real merit.
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"C", larger head, Denarius, Crawford 107/1bDenomination: Denarius
Era: c. 209-208 BC
Metal: AR
Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma r. with splayed visor; “X” behind; Border of dots
Reverse: Dioscuri r.; above, “C” symbol; in linear frame, “ROMA”.
Mint: Etruria(?)
Weight: 4.32 gm.
Reference: Crawford 107/1b
Provenance: Naville auction, 7-MAY-2017
Comments:
This type with a “C” symbol is of the same fundamental style as the staff symbol 106/3c. presumably both issues from the same mint. The type is somewhat scarce, but the most common of the three other “C” sub-varieties.
Near complete on a large flan, GVF.
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"Epirus, the Epeirote Republic, Didrachm size modern fake, genuine drachm prototypes dated 234-168 BC. "Epirus, the Epeirote Republic, modern fake, genuine drachm prototypes dated 234-168 BC.,
Didrachm size (ø 22 mm / 8,50 g), silver, axes about coin alignment â†â€Ă˘â€ “ (ca. 160°), edge: 50 % filed, 50 % hammered,
Obv.: A· , laureate head of Zeus Dodonaios right, A· behind, dotted border.
Rev.: AΠEI / PΩTAN , eagle standing right on thunderbolt, all within oak wreath, dotted border.
for prototype cf. BMC p. 89, no. 14 (drachm size 4,5-5,0 g., AI· -monogram behind head on obverse) ; - Dewing 1444 (same) ; Franke, - Epirus 100 (same) ; - SNG Cop. 108ff. ; for a drachm showing similar style cf. http://www.acsearch.info/search.html?id=748945 (also a fake?) .
Arminius
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(500a) Roman Republic, 119 BC, M. Furius Philius - Furia 18Roman Republic, 119 BC, M. Furius Philius - Furia 18. Crawford 281/1, Sydenham 529; 19mm, 3.23 grams. aVF, Rome; Obverse: laureate head of Janus, M FORVRI L F around; Reverse: Roma standing left erecting trophy, Galic arms around, PHLI in exergue. Ex Ephesus Numismatics.
Gauis Marius
As a novus homo, or new man, Marius found the rise in the Roman cursus honorum ( "course of honours"-- the sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians in the Roman Republic) a daunting challenge. It is certain that he used his old family client contacts and his military relations as a source of support. Among these contacts were the powerful Metelli family, and their early support was to prove to be a disaster for them. Just a few short years after his service as Quaestor, Marius was elected Tribune of the Plebes in 119 BC. In this position so soon after the political turmoil and murder of the Gracchi brothers (Gaius murdered 123 BC), Marius chose to follow the populares path, making a name for himself under similar auspices. As Tribune, he would ensure the animosity of the conservative faction of the Senate, and the Metelli, by passing popular laws forbidding the inspection of ballot boxes. In do doing, he directly opposed the powerful elite, who used ballot inspection as a way to intimidate voters in the citizen assembly elections.
Marius would go on to be elected Consul seven times and figure prominantly in the civil unrest of the early eighties as Lucius Cornelius Sulla's opponent. In 88 BC, Sulla had been elected Consul. There was now a choice before the Senate about which general to send to Asia (a potentially lucrative command): either Marius or Sulla. The Senate chose Sulla, but soon the Assembly appointed Marius. In this unsavory episode of low politics, Marius had been helped by the unscrupulous actions of Publius Sulpicius Rufus, whose debts Marius had promised to erase. Sulla refused to acknowledge the validity of the Assembly's action.
Sulla left Rome and traveled to "his"army waiting in Nola, the army the Senate had asked him to lead to Asia. Sulla urged his legions to defy the Assembly's orders and accept him as their rightful leader. Sulla was successful, and the legions murdered the representatives from the Assembly. Sulla then commanded six legions to march with him opon Rome and institute a civil war.
This was a momentous event, and was unforeseen by Marius, as no Roman army had ever marched upon Rome—it was forbidden by law and ancient tradition.
Sulla was to eventually rule Rome as Dictator. In his book Rubicon, historian Tom Holland argues that Sulla's actions had no lasting negative effect upon the health of the Republic, that Sulla was at heart a Republican. However, once a Roman general has defied Republican tradition, once a Roman general has used his command to combat fellow Romans, once a Roman general has set-up himself as Dictator--it follows that the decision to replicate these decsions (think: Caesar and Rubicon) is that much more easiely taken.
J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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(500a113) Roman Republic, P. Licinius Nerva, 113-112 B.C.ROMAN REPUBLIC: P. Licinius Nerva. AR denarius (3.93 gm). Rome, ca. 113-112 BC. Helmeted bust of Roma left, holding spear over right shoulder and shield on left arm, crescent above, * before, ROMA behind / P. NERVA, voting scene showing two citizens casting their ballots in the Comitium, one receiving a ballot from an attendant, the other dropping his ballot into a vessel at right. Crawford 292/1. RSC Licinia 7. RCTV 169. Nearly very fine. Ex Freeman and Sear.
Here is a denarius whose reverse device is one that celebrates the privilege and responsibility that is the foundation of a democratic society; it is a forerunner to the L. Cassius Longinus denarius of 63 B.C. Granted, humanity had a long road ahead toward egalitarianism when this coin was struck, but isn't it an interesting testimony to civil liberty's heritage? "The voter on the left (reverse) receives his voting tablet from an election officer. Horizontal lines in the background indicate the barrier separating every voting division from the others. Both voters go across narrow raised walks (pontes); this is intended to ensure that the voter is seen to cast his vote without influence" (Meier, Christian. Caesar: A Biography. Berlin: Severin and Siedler, 1982. Plate 12). This significant coin precedes the Longinus denarius by 50 years.
J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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(501i) Roman Republic, D. Junius L.f. Silanus, 91 B.C.Silver denarius, Syd 646a, RSC Junia 16, S 225 var, Cr 337/3 var, VF, 3.718g, 18.6mm, 0o, Rome mint, 91 B.C.; obverse head of Roma right in winged helmet, X (control letter) behind; reverse Victory in a biga right holding reins in both hands, V (control numeral) above, D•SILANVS / ROMA in ex; mint luster in recesses. Ex FORVM.
Although the coin itself does not commemorate the event, the date this coin was struck is historically significant.
MARCUS Livius DRUSUS (his father was the colleague of Gaius Gracchus in the tribuneship, 122 B.C.), became tribune of the people in 91 B.C. He was a thoroughgoing conservative, wealthy and generous, and a man of high integrity. With some of the more intelligent members of his party (such as Marcus Scaurus and L. Licinius Crassus the orator) he recognized the need of reform. At that time an agitation was going on for the transfer of the judicial functions from the equites to the senate; Drusus proposed as a compromise a measure which restored to the senate the office of judices, while its numbers were doubled by the admission of 300 equites. Further, a special commission was to be appointed to try and sentence all judices guilty of taking bribes.
The senate was hesitant; and the equites, whose occupation was threatened, offered the most violent opposition. In order, therefore, to catch the popular votes, Drusus proposed the establishment of colonies in Italy and Sicily, and an increased distribution of corn at a reduced rate. By help of these riders the bill was carried.
Drusus now sought a closer alliance with the Italians, promising them the long coveted boon of the Roman franchise. The senate broke out into open opposition. His laws were abrogated as informal, and each party armed its adherents for the civil struggle which was now inevitable. Drusus was stabbed one evening as he was returning home. His assassin was never discovered (http://62.1911encyclopedia.org/D/DR/DRUSUS_MARCUS_LIVIUS.htm).
The ensuing "Social War" (91-88 B.C.) would set the stage for the "Civil Wars" (88-87 & 82-81 B.C.) featuring, notably, Marius & Sulla; two men who would make significant impressions on the mind of a young Julius Caesar. Caesar would cross the Rubicon not thirty years later.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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(502a) Roman Republic, L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, 90 B.C.Silver denarius, S 235, Calpurnia 11, Crawford 340/1, Syd 663a, VF, rainbow toning, Rome mint, 3.772g, 18.5mm, 180o, 90 B.C. obverse: laureate head of Apollo right, scorpion behind; Reverse naked horseman galloping right holding palm, L PISO FRVGI and control number CXI below; ex-CNA XV 6/5/91, #443. Ex FORVM.
A portion of the following text is a passage taken from the excellent article “The Calpurnii and Roman Family History: An Analysis of the Piso Frugi Coin in the Joel Handshu Collection at the College of Charleston,” by Chance W. Cook:
In the Roman world, particularly prior to the inception of the principate, moneyers were allotted a high degree of latitude to mint their coins as they saw fit. The tres viri monetales, the three men in charge of minting coins, who served one-year terms, often emblazoned their coins with an incredible variety of images and inscriptions reflecting the grandeur, history, and religion of Rome. Yet also prominent are references to personal or familial accomplishments; in this manner coins were also a means by which the tres viri monetales could honor their forbearers. Most obvious from an analysis of the Piso Frugi denarius is the respect and admiration that Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, who minted the coin, had for his ancestors. For the images he selected for his dies relate directly to the lofty deeds performed by his Calpurnii forbearers in the century prior to his term as moneyer. The Calpurnii were present at many of the watershed events in the late Republic and had long distinguished themselves in serving the state, becoming an influential and well-respected family whose defense of traditional Roman values cannot be doubted.
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, who was moneyer in 90 B.C., depicted Apollo on the obverse and the galloping horseman on the reverse, as does his son Gaius. However, all of L. Piso Frugi’s coins have lettering similar to “L-PISO-FRVGI” on the reverse, quite disparate from his son Gaius’ derivations of “C-PISO-L-F-FRV.”
Moreover, C. Piso Frugi coins are noted as possessing “superior workmanship” to those produced by L. Piso Frugi.
The Frugi cognomen, which became hereditary, was first given to L. Calpurnius Piso, consul in 133 B.C., for his integrity and overall moral virtue. Cicero is noted as saying that frugal men possessed the three cardinal Stoic virtues of bravery, justice, and wisdom; indeed in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, a synonym of frugalitas is bonus, generically meaning “good” but also implying virtuous behavior. Gary Forsythe notes that Cicero would sometimes invoke L. Calpurnius Piso’s name at the beginning of speeches as “a paragon of moral rectitude” for his audience.
L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi’s inclusion of the laureled head of Apollo, essentially the same obverse die used by his son Gaius (c. 67 B.C.), was due to his family’s important role in the establishment of the Ludi Apollinares, the Games of Apollo, which were first instituted in 212 B.C. at the height of Hannibal’s invasion of Italy during the Second Punic War. By that time, Hannibal had crushed Roman armies at Cannae, seized Tarentum and was invading Campania.
Games had been used throughout Roman history as a means of allaying the fears
of the populace and distracting them from issues at hand; the Ludi Apollinares were no different. Forsythe follows the traditional interpretation that in 211 B.C., when C. Calpurnius Piso was praetor, he became the chief magistrate in Rome while both consuls were absent and the three other praetors were sent on military expeditions against Hannibal.
At this juncture, he put forth a motion in the Senate to make the Ludi Apollinares a yearly event, which was passed; the Ludi Apollinares did indeed become an important festival, eventually spanning eight days in the later Republic. However, this interpretation is debatable; H.H. Scullard suggests that the games were not made permanent until 208 B.C. after a severe plague prompted the Senate to make them a fixture on the calendar. The Senators believed Apollo would serve as a “healing god” for the people of Rome.
Nonetheless, the Calpurnii obviously believed their ancestor had played an integral role in the establishment of the Ludi Apollinares and thus prominently displayed
the head or bust of Apollo on the obverse of the coins they minted.
The meaning of the galloping horseman found on the reverse of the L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi coin is more complicated. It is possible that this is yet another reference to the Ludi Apollinares. Chariot races in the Circus Maximus were a major component of the games, along with animal hunts and theatrical performances.
A more intriguing possibility is that the horseman is a reference to C. Calpurnius Piso, son of the Calpurnius Piso who is said to have founded the Ludi Apollinares. This C. Calpurnius Piso was given a military command in 186 B.C. to quell a revolt in Spain. He was victorious, restoring order to the province and also gaining significant wealth in the process.
Upon his return to Rome in 184, he was granted a triumph by the Senate and eventually erected an arch on the Capitoline Hill celebrating his victory. Of course
the arch prominently displayed the Calpurnius name. Piso, however, was not an infantry commander; he led the cavalry.
The difficulty in accepting C. Calpurnius Piso’s victory in Spain as the impetus for the galloping horseman image is that not all of C. Piso Frugi’s coins depict the horseman or cavalryman carrying the palm, which is a symbol of victory. One is inclined to believe that the victory palm would be prominent in all of the coins minted by C. Piso Frugi (the son of L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi) if it indeed signified the great triumph of C. Calpurnius Piso in 186 B.C. Yet the palm’s appearance is clearly not a direct reference to military feats of C. Piso Frugi’s day. As noted, it is accepted that his coins were minted in 67 B.C.; in that year, the major victory by Roman forces was Pompey’s swift defeat of the pirates throughout the Mediterranean.
Chrestomathy: Annual Review of Undergraduate Research at the College of Charleston. Volume 1, 2002: pp. 1-10© 2002 by the College of Charleston, Charleston SC 29424, USA.All rights to be retained by the author.
http://www.cofc.edu/chrestomathy/vol1/cook.pdf
There are six (debatably seven) prominent Romans who have been known to posterity as Lucius Calpurnius Piso:
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi: (d. 261 A.D.) a Roman usurper, whose existence is
questionable, based on the unreliable Historia Augusta.
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus: deputy Roman Emperor, 10 January 69 to15 January
69, appointed by Galba.
Lucius Calpurnius Piso: Consul in 27 A.D.
Lucius Calpurnius Piso: Consul in 1 B.C., augur
Lucius Calpurnius Piso: Consul in 15 B.C., pontifex
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus: Consul in 58 B.C. (the uncle of Julius Caesar)
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi: Moneyer in 90 B.C. (our man)
All but one (or two--if you believe in the existence of "Frugi the usurper" ca. 261 A.D.) of these gentlemen lack the Frugi cognomen, indicating they are not from the same direct lineage as our moneyer, though all are Calpurnii.
Calpurnius Piso Frugi's massive issue was intended to support the war against the Marsic Confederation. The type has numerous variations and control marks.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso
http://www.forumancientcoins.com/catalog/indexfrm.asp?vpar=55&pos=0
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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(503f) Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus Silver DenariusCn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus Silver Denarius, Sear-323, Cr-393/1a, Syd-752, RSC-Cornelia 54, struck 76-75 BC at Spanish Mint, 3.94 grams, 18 mm. EF. Obverse: GPR above Diademed, draped and bearded bust of the Genius of the Roman People facing right, sceptre over shoulder; Reverse: EX in left field, SC in right field; CN LEN Q in exergue, Sceptre with wreath, terrestrial globe and rudder. An exceptional example that is especially well centered and struck on a slightly larger flan than normally encountered with fully lustrous surfaces and a most attractive irridescent antique toning. Held back from the Superb EF/FDC by a small banker's mark in the right obverse field, but still worthy of the finest collection of Roman Republican denarii. Ex Glenn Woods.
Re: CORNELIA 54:
“Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus may be the same moneyer whose issues have been already described (no.s 702-704). Mommsen suggested that these coins were struck in 74 B.C. as a special issue, authorized by the Senate, to defray the cost of armaments against Mithridates of Pontus and the Mediterranean pirates. But Grueber’s view that they were struck in 76 B.C. by Cn. Cornelius Lentulus acting in the capacity of quaestor of Pompey, seems more in accordance with the evidence of finds" (see: G. ii, p. 359n and The Coinage of the Roman Republic, by Edward A. Sydenham, 1976, pgs. 1).
H. A. Seaby shows the coin with the smaller head (Roman Silver Coins Vol. I, Republic to Augustus pg. 33) while David R Sear shows a coin sporting a larger version (Roman Coins and Their Values, pg. 132).
“Cn. Lentulus strikes in Spain in his capacity as quaestor to the proconsul Pompey, who had been sent to the peninsula to assist Q. Caecillus Metellus Piusagainst sertorius”(Roman Coins and Their Values, by David Sear, Vol.1, 2000, pg. 132).
This is not an imperatorial minted coin for Pompey. At the time these coins were minted the Procounsel Pompey was sent to Spain to aid in the war against Sertorius. The moneyer Cn Lentulus served as his Quaestor where he continued to mint coins for Rome.
CN = Cneaus; LEN = Lentulus
Cneaus was his first name. His last, or family name is Lentulus and this clan is a lesser clan within the Cornelii, which is what his middle name of Cornelius implies.
Q = This tells us that he was a Quaestor, or Roman magistrate with judicial powers at the time when the coin was issued, with the responsibility for the treasury. Had this been a position that he once held it would be noted on the coin as PROQ or pro [past] Questor.
For Further Reading on the Cornelia 54 & 55:
Coins of the Roman Republic in the British Museum, by H. A. Grueber. London, 1910, Vol. II, pgs. 358, 359, 52, 57
Roman Silver Coins Vol. I, Republic to Augustus, by H.A.Seaby 1952, pgs. 32-33
The Coinage of the Roman Republic, by Edward A. Sydenham, 1976, pgs. 122, 241
Roman Coins and Their Values, by David Sear, Vol.1, 2000, pg. 132, 133
Roman Republican Coinage Volume I by Michael H. Crawford 2001, pg. 407
by Jerry Edward Cornelius, April 2006, THE 81 ROMAN COINS OF THE CORNELIA
http://www.cornelius93.com/Cornelia54.htmlCleisthenes
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(504c) Roman Republic, L. Cassius Longinus, 63 B.C.Silver denarius, Crawford 413/1, RSC I Cassia 10, SRCV I 364, aVF, struck with worn dies, Rome mint, weight 3.867g, maximum diameter 20.3mm, die axis 0o, c. 63 B.C. Obverse: veiled bust of Vesta left, kylix behind, L before; Reverse: LONGIN III V, voter standing left, dropping tablet inscribed V into a cista.
The reverse of this Longinus denarius captures a fascinating moment when a Roman citizen casts his ballot. "The abbreviation III V [ir] indentifies Longinus as one of the three annually appointed mintmasters (officially called tres viri aere argento auro flando feriundo). A citizen is seen casting his vote into the urn. On the ballot is the letter 'U', short for uti rogas, a conventional formula indicating assent to a motion. The picture alludes to the law, requested by an ancestor of the mintmaster, which introduced the secret ballot in most proceedings of the popular court" (Meier, Christian. Caesar, a Biography. Berlin: Severin and Siedler, 1982. Plate 6).
The date that this denarius was struck possesses unique significance for another reason. Marcus Tullius Cicero (politician, philosopher, orator, humanist) was elected consul for the year 63 BC -- the first man elected consul who had no consular ancestors in more than 30 years. A "new man," Cicero was not the descendant of a "patrician" family, nor was his family wealthy (although Cicero married "well"). Cicero literally made himself the man he was by the power of the words he spoke and the way in which he spoke them. A witness to and major player during the decline of the Roman Republic, Cicero was murdered in 43 BC by thugs working for Marc Antony. But Cicero proved impossible to efface.
Cicero's words became part of the bed rock of later Roman education. As Peter Heather notes, every educated young man in the late Roman Empire studied "a small number of literary texts under the guidance of an expert in language and literary interpretation, the grammarian. This occupied the individual for seven or more years from about the age of eight, and concentrated on just four authors: Vergil, Cicero, Sallust and Terence" (Heather, Peter. The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. 17).
Plutarch: Cicero's Death
But in the meantime the assassins were come with a band of soldiers, Herennius, a centurion, and Popillius, a tribune, whom Cicero had formerly defended when prosecuted for the murder of his father. Finding the doors shut, they broke them open, and Cicero not appearing, and those within saying they knew not where he was, it is stated that a youth, who had been educated by Cicero in the liberal arts and sciences, an emancipated slave of his brother Quintus, Philologus by name, informed the tribune that the litter was on its way to the sea through the close and shady walks. The tribune, taking a few with him, ran to the place where he was to come out. And Cicero, perceiving Herennius running in the walks, commanded his servants to set down the litter; and stroking his chin, as he used to do, with his left hand, he looked steadfastly upon his murderers, his person covered with dust, his beard and hair untrimmed, and his face worn with his troubles. So that the greatest part of those that stood by covered their faces whilst Herennius slew him. And thus was he murdered, stretching forth his neck out of the litter, being now in his sixty-fourth year. Herennius cut off his head, and, by Antony's command, his hands also, by which his Philippics were written; for so Cicero styled those orations he wrote against Antony, and so they are called to this day.
When these members of Cicero were brought to Rome, Antony was holding an assembly for the choice of public officers; and when he heard it, and saw them, he cried out, "Now let there be an end of our proscriptions." He commanded his head and hands to be fastened up over the rostra, where the orators spoke; a sight which the Roman people shuddered to behold, and they believed they saw there, not the face of Cicero, but the image of Antony's own soul. And yet amidst these actions he did justice in one thing, by delivering up Philologus to Pomponia, the wife of Quintus; who, having got his body into her power, besides other grievous punishments, made him cut off his own flesh by pieces, and roast and eat it; for so some writers have related. But Tiro, Cicero's emancipated slave, has not so much as mentioned the treachery of Philologus.
Translation by John Dryden: http://intranet.grundel.nl/thinkquest/moord_cicero_plu.html
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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00 - 01 - Marco Junio BrutoMarcus Junius Brutus, al ser adoptado por su TĂo toma el nombre de Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus
AR Denario 18,00 mm de 3,60 gr.
Anv: "BRVTVS", Busto a cabeza desnuda de Lucio Junio Bruto a der.
1er.Consul y fundador de la RepĂşblica Romana en el 509 A.C., luego de participar activamente en la conspiraciĂłn para derrocar a Tarquino "El Soberbio", Ăşltimo Rey de Roma
Rev: "AHALA", Busto a cabeza desnuda de Cayo Servilio Ahala a der.
Magister Equitum (Maestro de caballos) en el 439 D.C., autor del magnicidio del Dictador Espurio Melio en defensa de la RepĂşblica auque muchos autores atribuyen este asesinato a su deseo de convertirse en Rey de Roma
Acuñada por, quizás, el mas famosos de los asesinos de Julio Cesar, unos 10 años antes y a la edad de 31 años cuando desempeñaba uno de sus primeros cargos pĂşblicos como Magistrado Monetario. A travĂ©z de esta moneda se atribuye la descendencia paterna de Lucio Junio Bruto y Materna de Cayo Servilio Ahala, dos defensores de la RepĂşblica y magnicidas; además muestra su fuerte defensa de la Res PĂşblica, oposiciĂłn a la tiranĂa y convencimiento que existĂa el homicidio justificable, valores que pondrĂa mas tarde en práctica.
TambiĂ©n se cree que esta moneda es una advertencia a Pompeyo "El Grande", quien tenĂa intensiones de convertirse en Dictador.
Acuñada durante los años 54 A.C. (s/RRC) ó 59 A.C. (s/BMCRR)
Ceca: Roma.
Referencias: Craw.RRC 433/2 - Syd. CRR #907 - BMCRR Roma #3864 - RSC vol.I #Junia 30, p.56 y #Servilia 17, p.89 - Sear RCTV Vol.I #398, p.149 - Albert #1362 - Mabbott #4079 - Catalli #617, p.2001 - Vagi #82 - Harlan RRM #3-4, pag.20mdelvalle
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00 - 01 - Marco Junio BrutoMarcus Junius Brutus, al ser adoptado por su TĂo toma el nombre de Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus
AR Denario 18,00 mm de 3,60 gr.
Anv: "BRVTVS", Busto a cabeza desnuda de Lucio Junio Bruto a der.
1er.Consul y fundador de la RepĂşblica Romana en el 509 A.C., luego de participar activamente en la conspiraciĂłn para derrocar a Tarquino "El Soberbio", Ăşltimo Rey de Roma
Rev: "AHALA", Busto a cabeza desnuda de Cayo Servilio Ahala a der.
Magister Equitum (Maestro de caballos) en el 439 D.C., autor del magnicidio del Dictador Espurio Melio en defensa de la RepĂşblica auque muchos autores atribuyen este asesinato a su deseo de convertirse en Rey de Roma
Acuñada por, quizás, el mas famosos de los asesinos de Julio Cesar, unos 10 años antes y a la edad de 31 años cuando desempeñaba uno de sus primeros cargos pĂşblicos como Magistrado Monetario. A travĂ©z de esta moneda se atribuye la descendencia paterna de Lucio Junio Bruto y Materna de Cayo Servilio Ahala, dos defensores de la RepĂşblica y magnicidas; además muestra su fuerte defensa de la Res PĂşblica, oposiciĂłn a la tiranĂa y convencimiento que existĂa el homicidio justificable, valores que pondrĂa mas tarde en práctica.
TambiĂ©n se cree que esta moneda es una advertencia a Pompeyo "El Grande", quien tenĂa intensiones de convertirse en Dictador.
Acuñada durante los años 54 A.C. (s/RRC) ó 59 A.C. (s/BMCRR)
Ceca: Roma.
Referencias: Craw.RRC 433/2 - Syd. CRR #907 - BMCRR Roma #3864 - RSC vol.I #Junia 30, p.56 y #Servilia 17, p.89 - Sear RCTV Vol.I #398, p.149 - Albert #1362 - Mabbott #4079 - Catalli #617, p.2001 - Vagi #82 - Harlan RRM #3-4, pag.20mdelvalle
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000c. Sextus PompeySextus Pompeius Magnus Pius, in English Sextus Pompey, was a Roman general from the late Republic (1st century BC). He was the last focus of opposition to the second triumvirate.
Sextus Pompeius was the youngest son of Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) by his third wife, Mucia Tertia. His older brother was Gnaeus Pompeius, from the same mother. Both boys grew up in the shadow of their father, one of Rome's best generals and originally non-conservative politician who drifted to the more traditional faction when Julius Caesar became a threat.
When Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 BC, thus starting a civil war, Sextus' older brother Gnaeus followed their father in his escape to the East, as did most of the conservative senators. Sextus stayed in Rome in the care of his stepmother, Cornelia Metella. Pompey's army lost the battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC and Pompey himself had to run for his life. Cornelia and Sextus met him in the island of Mytilene and together they fled to Egypt. On the arrival, Sextus watched his father being killed by treachery on September 29 of the same year. After the murder, Cornelia returned to Rome, but in the following years Sextus joined the resistance against Caesar in the African provinces. Together with Metellus Scipio, Cato the younger, his brother Gnaeus and other senators, they prepared to oppose Caesar and his army to the end.
Caesar won the first battle at Thapsus in 46 BC against Metellus Scipio and Cato, who committed suicide. In 45 BC, Caesar managed to defeat the Pompeius brothers in the battle of Munda. Gnaeus Pompeius was executed, but young Sextus escaped once more, this time to Sicily.
Back in Rome, Julius Caesar was murdered on the Ides of March (March 15) 44 BC by a group of senators led by Cassius and Brutus. This incident did not lead to a return to normality, but provoked yet another civil war between Caesar's political heirs and his assassins. The second triumvirate was formed by Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus, with the intention of avenging Caesar and subduing all opposition. Sextus Pompeius in Sicily was certainly a rebellious man, but the Cassius and Brutus faction was the second triumvirate's first priority. Thus, with the whole island as his base, Sextus had the time and resources to develop an army and, even more importantly, a strong navy operated by Sicilian marines.
Brutus and Cassius lost the twin battles of Philippi and committed suicide in 42 BC. After this, the triumvirs turned their attentions to Sicily and Sextus.
But by this time, Sextus was prepared for strong resistance. In the following years, military confrontations failed to return a conclusive victory for either side and in 39 BC, Sextus and the triumvirs signed for peace in the Pact of Misenum. The reason for this peace treaty was the anticipated campaign against the Parthian Empire. Antony, the leader, needed all the legions he could get so it was useful to secure an armistice in the Sicilian front. The peace did not last for long. Octavian and Antony's frequent quarrels were a strong political motivation for resuming the war against Sextus. Octavian tried again to conquer Sicily, but he was defeated in the naval battle of Messina (37 BC) and again in August 36 BC. But by then, Octavian had Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a very talented general, on his side. Only a month afterwards, Agrippa destroyed Sextus' navy off Naulochus cape. Sextus escaped to the East and, by abandoning Sicily, lost all his base of support.
Sextus Pompeius was caught in Miletus in 35 BC and executed without trial (an illegal act since Sextus was a Roman citizen) by order of Marcus Titius, Antony's minion. His violent death would be one of the weapons used by Octavian against Antony several years later, when the situation between the two became unbearable.
Sicilian Mint
Magn above laureate Janiform head
PIVS above, IMP below, prow of galley right
Sear RCV 348, RPC 671, Sydenham 1044a, Cohen 16
43-36 BC
Check ecoli
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001.1 Aes Rude 2Roman Republic. c. 4th C. BC. (15.57 grams. 22x22x7 mm). Found turn of the century excavations around Mt. Ingino, Gubbio, Umbria. Thurlow and Vecchi, plate #2, discussed page 15. Ex Warren Esty.
Aes rude, or rough bronze, was used for trade in on the Italian peninsula prior to the use of actual coins. These bronze bars were traded by weight on the Italian peninsula. The “rude” bars were eventually surpassed by marked bars (Aes Signatum).Lucas H
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001.2 Aes RudeRoman Republic. c. 5th-3rd C. BC. Found turn of the century excavations around Mt. Ingino, Gubbio, Umbria.
(19.37 grams. 21x20x7 mm). Thurlow and Vecchi, plate #2, discussed page 15. Ex Warren Esty.
Aes rude means rough bronze, and prior to the use of actual coins, these bronze bars were traded by weight on the Italian peninsula. The “rude” bars were eventually given markings (Aes Signa).Lucas H
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001f. CatoMarcus Porcius Cato, known as Cato Minor or Cato Uticensis was a senator and tribune, famed for his oratory. He was the major political foe of Julius Caesar, supporting Pompey and continuing his political opposition after Pompey's death. After a string of defeats by the republican forces, he committed suicide in April 46 BC.
Coin: AR Quinarius. 13mm, 1.79 g. 47-46 BC, mint at Utica. Obv: M • CATO • PRO • PR, wreathed head of Liber right. Rev: VICTRIX, Victory seated right, holding patera. Cr462/2, Syd 1054, Porcia 11.lawrence c
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001j. Octavian001j. Octavian
Great-nephew of Julius Caesar, who named him as heir in his will. Octavian used this de facto legitimacy to maneuver for power. In 43 BC he, Mark Antony and Marcus Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate to defeat the assassins of Caesar. The Triumvirate began proscriptions in which over 2,000 (mostly wealthy) Romans were branded as traitors, deprived of their property, and either executed or driven into exile. This served both to eliminate enemies, and to fill the coffers of the three. Following their victory at the Battle of Philippi (42 BC), the Triumvirate divided the Roman Republic among themselves and ruled as de facto dictators. The Triumvirate collapsed, and Octavian and Antony eventually fell into all-out war. Primarily due to the military leadership of Agrippa, Octavian won the war, with the decisive victory at Actium in 31 BC. Although Octavian made displays of personal bravery on several occasions, he demonstrated little aptitude for generalship. Octavian then consolidated his power in Rome. A note on naming: he was born Gaius Octavius; after Julius Caesar's death, Octavian insisted on being called Caesar. It was primarily his opponents who continued to call him Octavian. It is now primarily a matter of convenience to use the name Octavian for him in the pre-Augustus period prior to 27 BC.
Coin: Summer 37 BC. AR Denarius (18.5mm, 3.68 g, 12h). Mint in southern or central Italy. Bare head right, wearing beard / Emblems of the augurate and pontificate: simpulum, aspergillum, guttus, and lituus. Crawford 538/1; CRI 312; Sydenham 1334; RSC 91; RBW 1826. From the Kalevala Collection. Ex Bacchus Collection (Heritage 61175, 25 October 2020), lot 97135. CNG Triton XXVII – Session 5, Lot 5665 (17 Jan 2024)lawrence c
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0030 - Republic, DidrachmRome mint c. 269-266 BC
No legend, Diademed head of young Hercules right, with club and lion's skin over shoulder
ROMANO, She wolf right, suckling Romulus and Remus
7.29 gr
Ref : RCV # 24, RSC # 8Potator II
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0083 - Republic, Didrachm (Quadrigatus)Rome or other italian mint, c 215-211 BC
Laureate janiform head of Dioscuri
ROMA in relief in linear frame at exergue, Jupiter, holding thunderbolt in right hand and scepter in left, in fast quadriga driven right by Victory.
6,69 gr - 20-21 mm
Ref : RCV #33, RSC # 24Potator II
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01-01 - As Emision Anonima (211 - 206 A.C.)AE AS 34 mm 34.1 gr
Anv: Cabeza bifronte barbada y laureada de Jano - "I" (Marca de valor = 1 AS) sobre la cabeza.
Rev: Proa de galera a derecha - "ROMA" debajo e "I" en campo derecho.
Ceca: Roma
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #627 Pag.191 - Craw RRC #56/2 - Syd CRR #143 - BMCRR #217mdelvalle
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01-01 - As Emision Anonima (211 - 206 A.C.)AE AS 34 mm 34.1 gr
Anv: Cabeza bifronte barbada y laureada de Jano - "I" (Marca de valor = 1 AS) sobre la cabeza.
Rev: Proa de galera a derecha - "ROMA" debajo e "I" en campo derecho.
Ceca: Roma
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #627 Pag.191 - Craw RRC #56/2 - Syd CRR #143 - BMCRR #217mdelvalle
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01-02 - Semis Emision Anonima (211 - 206 A.C.)AE Semis 28 mm 17.7 gr
Anv: Cabeza barbada y laureada de Saturno viendo a derecha - "S" (Marca de valor = Semis = 1/2 AS) detrás de la cabeza.
Rev: Proa de galera a derecha - "ROMA" debajo y "S" en campo superior.
Ceca: Roma
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #766 Pag.207 - Craw RRC #56/3 - Syd CRR #144a - BMCRR #229 - Hannover #597 mdelvalle
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01-02 - Semis Emision Anonima (211 - 206 A.C.)AE Semis 28 mm 17.7 gr
Anv: Cabeza barbada y laureada de Saturno viendo a derecha - "S" (Marca de valor = Semis = 1/2 AS) detrás de la cabeza.
Rev: Proa de galera a derecha - "ROMA" debajo y "S" en campo superior.
Ceca: Roma
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #766 Pag.207 - Craw RRC #56/3 - Syd CRR #144a - BMCRR #229 - Hannover #597 mdelvalle
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01-05 - Sextante Emision Anonima (211 - 206 A.C.)AE Sextante 20 mm 6.9 gr
Anv: Cabeza de Mercurio vistiendo petasos alado viendo a derecha - "· ·" (Marca de valor = Sextante = 1/6 AS) sobre la cabeza.
Rev: Proa de galera a derecha - "ROMA" arriba y "· ·" debajo.
Ceca: Roma
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #1024 Pag.246 - Craw RRC #56/6 - Syd CRR #143d - BMCRR #263mdelvalle
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01-05 - Sextante Emision Anonima (211 - 206 A.C.)AE Sextante 20 mm 6.9 gr
Anv: Cabeza de Mercurio vistiendo petasos alado viendo a derecha - "· ·" (Marca de valor = Sextante = 1/6 AS) sobre la cabeza.
Rev: Proa de galera a derecha - "ROMA" arriba y "· ·" debajo.
Ceca: Roma
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #1024 Pag.246 - Craw RRC #56/6 - Syd CRR #143d - BMCRR #263mdelvalle
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01-09 - Semi Uncia Emision Anonima (211 - 206 A.C.)AE Semi Uncia 18 mm 3.9 gr
Anv: Cabeza de Mercurio vistiendo petasos alado viendo a derecha - Sin marca de valor.
Rev: Proa de galera a derecha - "ROMA" arriba.
Ceca: Roma
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #1360 Pag.257 - Craw RRC #56/8 - Syd CRR #143f - BMCRR #277mdelvalle
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01-09 - Semi Uncia Emision Anonima (211 - 206 A.C.)AE Semi Uncia 18 mm 3.9 gr
Anv: Cabeza de Mercurio vistiendo petasos alado viendo a derecha - Sin marca de valor.
Rev: Proa de galera a derecha - "ROMA" arriba.
Ceca: Roma
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #1360 Pag.257 - Craw RRC #56/8 - Syd CRR #143f - BMCRR #277mdelvalle
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0110 - Republic, QuartunciaRome mint, circa 217-215 BC
Head of Roma right, wearing a crested helmet
Prow of galey right, ROMA above
3,41 gr - 15 mm
Ref :RCV # 624
According to RCV, "the quartuncia is the smallest denomination of the Roman bronze coinage, and has been briefly produced during the semilibral weight standard. With the further decline in the weight of the bronze coinage after 215 BC, issue of the experimental quartuncia ceased."Potator II
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0113 - Republic, SextansRome mint, circa 217-215 BC
She-wolf suckling twins, in exergue two pellets.
ROMA in right field. Eagle standing right, holding flower in beak. Behind, two pellets
29 mm, 24.22 gr
Ref : RCV # 609, Sydenham # 95, Crawford # 39/3Potator II
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0129 - Republic, UnciaRome mint, c. 215-212
Head of Roma right wearing attic helmet, pellet behind
ROMA prow of galley right
9.08 gr
Ref : Crawford 41/10Potator II
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013. M. Junius Brutus.Denarius, 54 BC, Rome mint.
Obverse: BRVTVS / Bust of L. Junius Brutus.
Reverse: AHALA / Bust of C. Servilius Ahala.
4.09 gm., 19 mm.
Syd. #907; RSC #Junia 30; Sear #398.
The moneyer of this coin is the same Brutus who killed Julius Caesar. However, this coin was minted about a decade earlier. It portrays two ancestors of Brutus:
1. L. Junius Brutus lead the Romans to expel their king L. Tarquinius Superbus. He was one of the founding fathers of the Roman Republic, and was elected one of the first consuls in 509 BC.
2. C. Cervilius Ahala. In 439 BC, during a food shortage in Rome, Spurius Maelius, the richest patrician, bought as much food as he could and sold it cheaply to the people. The Romans, always fearful of kings, thought he wanted to be king. So an emergency was declared and L. Cincinnatus was proclaimed Dictator. Maelius was ordered to appear before Cincinnatus, but refused. So Ahala, as Magister Equitam, killed him in the Forum. Ahala was tried for this act, but escaped condemnation by voluntary exile. Callimachus
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014 - FVLVIAFulvia was an aristocratic Roman woman who lived during the Late Roman Republic. She gained access to power through her marriage to Publius Clodius Pulcher, Gaius Scribonius Curio, and Mark Antony.
for obverse, reverse and coin details click here
shanxi
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0149 - Republic, SestertiusRome mint, ca 211-208 BC
Head of Roma right, IIS behind
Dioscuri riding right, two stars above, ROMA at exergue
1.06 gr, 13 mm
Ref : RCV # 46, RSC # 4Potator II
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0168 - Republic, AsAs minted in Rome, circa 211-206 BC
No legend, head of janus
Prow of galley right, ROMA at exergue, I above galley
37.22 gr
Ref RCV # 627Potator II
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0180 - Semis Roman Republic 42-36 BCObv/Head of Minerva (?) r.
Rev/Statue standing l. on top of pedestal; (CV)-IN on both sides.
AE, 22.2 mm, 5.60 g
Moneyer: anonymous.
Mint: Carthago Nova.
APRH/151 - CNH/7 [R2]
ex-Ibercoin, auction 16.1, lot 2018dafnis
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0195 - Republic, SextansSextans struck in Rome, circa 211-206 BC
Head of Mercury right, wearing petasus, two pellets above helmet
ROMA, Prow of galley right, surmounted by a victory right
5.11 gr
Ref : RCV #1218Potator II
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02 - China, Republic - 10 Cash coin-
--
The Republic of China
1920 (ND) - Ten Cash
(Titles in Chinese, some in English)
obv: Crossed Flags.
Weight: 6.5 Grams
Size: 31 mm
ex Old Pueblo Coin Exchange, Tucson, Arizona. USA.
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*NOTE: Coin next to a modern USA State Quarter-Dollar (25 cents) in this photo for size comparison.
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-rexesq
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02 - China, Republic - 10 Cash coin.-
--
The Republic of China
1920 (ND) - Ten Cash
(Titles in Chinese, some in English)
obv: Crossed Flags.
Weight: 6.5 Grams
Size: 31 mm
ex Old Pueblo Coin Exchange, Tucson, Arizona. USA.
--
-
*NOTE: Coin next to a modern USA State Quarter-Dollar (25 cents) in this photo for size comparison.
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-rexesq
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02 Augustus RIC 288Augusts 27 B.C.- 14 A.D. AR Denarius. Rome mint, 19 B.C. P. Petronius Turpilianus, moneyer. (3.65g, 18.2m, 0h). Obv: TVRPILIANS IIIVIR FERON, Diad. and draped bust of Feronia r. Rev: CAESAR AVGVSTVS SIGN RECE, Parthian kneeling r. presenting standard w. X marked vexillum. RIC 288, BMC 14, RSC 484.
A historical type commemorating the return of the standards lost by Crassus at the battle of Carrhae during his Parthian campaign in 53 B.C. Rome was humiliated by the defeat and loss of several Legionary Eagles. Crassus and several of his generals were killed. Through diplomacy, Augusts secured the return of the Eagles, an important victory to tout on his coinage.
I've been wanting this type for some time because of it's historic significance, but as it's outside of my primary collecting area, I was willing to compromise on condition. This example is worn, but clearly recognizable. The obverse has banker's marks which seem to disappear or become much more scarce on denarii towards the end of the Republic and beginning of the Empire. Lucas H
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02-10 - M. ATILIUS SARANUS (148 A.C.)AE AS 29 mm 20.4 gr
Anv: Cabeza bifronte barbada y laureada de Jano - "I" (Marca de valor = 1 AS) sobre la cabeza.
Rev: Proa de galera a derecha - "M.ATILI" arriba, "ROMA" debajo e "I" en campo derecho.
Ceca: Roma
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #727 Pag.200 - Craw RRC #214/2a - Syd CRR #399 - BMCRR #692mdelvalle
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02-10 - M. ATILIUS SARANUS (148 A.C.)AE AS 29 mm 20.4 gr
Anv: Cabeza bifronte barbada y laureada de Jano - "I" (Marca de valor = 1 AS) sobre la cabeza.
Rev: Proa de galera a derecha - "M.ATILI" arriba, "ROMA" debajo e "I" en campo derecho.
Ceca: Roma
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #727 Pag.200 - Craw RRC #214/2a - Syd CRR #399 - BMCRR #692mdelvalle
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0207 - Denarius Carisia 46 BCObv/ Head of Juno Moneta r.; behind, MONETA.
Rev/ Coinage tools, laurel wreath around; above, T CARISIVS.
Ag, 18.1 mm, 3.89 g
Mint: Roma
RRC 464/2 [120/133]
ex-Ibernumis, private saledafnis
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0217 - Republic, VictoriatusMinted circa 211-206 BC
Head of Jupiter right
Victory and trophy. ROMA at exergue, linked V and B in field
3.11 gr
Ref : RCV #51Potator II
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0233 - Denarius Servilia 57 BCObv/ Head of Flora with flower crown; behind, lituus; around, FLORAL PRIMVS.
Rev/ Soldiers facing each other, holding swords and shields; in ex., C SERVEIL; C F on field.
Ag, 18.8 mm, 3.85 g
Moneyer: C. Servilius C.f.
Mint: Rome.
RRC 423/1 [dies o/r: 99/110]
ex-DNW, auction Feb 2019, lot 683dafnis
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0260 - Denarius Junia/Postumia 48 BCObv/ Head of Pietas r.; behind, PIETAS.
Rev/ Holding hands; behind, caduceus; below, ALBINVS BRVTI F.
Ag, 19.5 mm, 3.81 g
Moneyer: D. Iunius Brutus Albinus.
Mint: Rome.
RRC 450/2 [dies o/r: 171/190] - BMCRR I/3964
ex-Artemide Aste, auction 51E, lot 238dafnis
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0264 - Semis Roman Republic 42-41 BCObv/ Dolphin r.; around, C CAEDI T POPILI.
Rev/ Palm l.; around, II VIR QVIN.
AE, 20.0 mm, 5.17 g
Moneyer: Popilia / Caedia.
Mint: Carthago Nova.
RPC I/147 [12-33 dies] - ACIP/2526
ex-Tauler & Fau, auction e63, lot 3049dafnis
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028 - Roman republic, L Julius 141 BC - Syd 443, Cr 224/1Obv: Helmeted head of Roma right, XVI behind.
Rev: Dioscuri galloping right, L. IVLI below, ROMA in exe.
Minted in Rome 141 BC.pierre_p77
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029 - Roman republic, P Maenius Antiaticus. denarius - Syd 492. Cr 249/1Obv: helmeted head of Roma right, X behind.
Rev: Victory in quadriga right, P MAE ANT below, ROMA in exe.
Minted in Rome 132 BC.pierre_p77
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043 B.C., P.Accoleius Lariscolus, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 486/1, Rome, Diana-Hecate-Selene facing, #1043 B.C., P.Accoleius Lariscolus, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 486/1, Rome, Diana-Hecate-Selene facing, #1
avers: Bust of Diana Nemorensis right draped, behind P•ACCOLEIVS upwards, before LARISCOLVS downwards, border of dots.
reverse: Triple cult statue of Diana Nemorensis (Diana-Hecate-Selene) facing, behind, cypress grove, border of dots.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 16,5-17,5mm, weight: 3,74g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 43 B.C., ref: Crawford 486/1, Sydenham 1148, Sear Imperators 172, B. Accoleia 1.
Q-001quadrans
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048 B.C., C.Vibius Cf. Cn. Pansa Caetronianus Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 449/1a, Jupiter Axurus seated left, #1048 B.C., C.Vibius Cf. Cn. Pansa Caetronianus Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 449/1a, Jupiter Axurus seated left, #1
avers: Mask of Pan right, PANSA below. border of dots.
reverse: IOVIS•AXVR•before, C•VIBIVS•C•F•C•N behind, Jupiter Axurus seated left, holding a plate in the right hand, scepter in left.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 17,5-18,5mm, weight: 2,96g, axis: 4h,
mint: Rome, date: 48 B.C., ref: Crawford 449/1a, Sydenham 947, Sear, CRI 20, Vibia 18,
Q-001quadrans
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048 B.C., L.Hostilius Saserna, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 448/3, L•HOSTILIVS SASERNA, Diana of Ephesus standing faceing,L.Hostilius Saserna (48 B.C.), Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 448/3, L•HOSTILIVS SASERNA, Diana of Ephesus standing facing,
avers: Head of Gallia right, Gallic trumpet (carnyx) behind.
reverse: L•HOSTILIVS SASERNA, Diana of Ephesus standing facing, holding spear and stag by its antler.
exergue: - /-//--, diameter: 18mm, weight: 3,93g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 48 B.C., ref: Crawford 448/3, Sydenham 953, CRI 19, Hostilia 4,
Q-001quadrans
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049 B.C., Mn. Acilius Glabrio. Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 442/1a, Valetudo (as Salus) standing left, #1049 B.C., Mn. Acilius Glabrio. Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 442/1a, Valetudo (as Salus) standing left, #1
avers: Laureate head of Salus with earrings and necklaces right, SALVTIS downward behind, border of dots.
reverse: Valetudo (as Salus) standing left, leaning on column and holding a snake, MN•ACILIVS III•VIR•VALETV (MN and TV ligate) behind and before, border of dots.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 18,5-19,5mm, weight: 3,75g, axis: 2h,
mint: Rome, date: 49 B.C., ref: Crawford 442/1a, Sydenham 922, RSC Acilia 8,
Q-001quadrans
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049 B.C., Mn. Acilius Glabrio. Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 442/1b, Valetudo standing left, #1049 B.C., Mn. Acilius Glabrio. Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 442/1b, Valetudo standing left, #1
avers: Laureate head of Salus right, SALVTIS downward behind, border of dots.
reverse: Valetudo (as Salus) standing left, leaning on column and holding a snake, MN•ACILIVS III•VIR•VALETV ( MN and TV ligate ) behind and before. border of dots.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 20-21mm, weight: 3,95g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 49 B.C., ref: Crawford 442/1b, Sydenham 922, RSC Acilia 8a,
Q-001quadrans
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049 B.C., Q. Sicinius and C. Coponius., Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 444/1a, C•COPONIVS• PR•S•C•, Club of Hercules, arrow, and bow, #1049 B.C., Q. Sicinius and C. Coponius., Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 444/1a, C•COPONIVS• PR•S•C•, Club of Hercules, arrow, and bow, #1
avers: Q•SICINIVS III•VIR, diademed head of Apollo right, star below.
reverse: C•COPONIVS• PR•S•C•, Hercules' club surmounted by lion skin, scalp right, bow on right, the arrow on left.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 16,5mm, weight: 3,31g, axis: 5h,
mint: Rome, date: 49 B.C., ref: Crawford 444/1a, Sydenham 939, Sicinia 1,
Q-001
"An important type, one of the first of the "Imperatorial" series. Struck at a military mint in the East, 49 B.C., after the moneyer, owing to his appointment to Pompey the Great, fled Caesar's advance upon Rome with the Praetor Coponius (commander of the fleet), and part of the Senate (thus the S C on the reverse, to lend legitimacy to the coinage). Coponius is likely the father or grandfather of the man by the same name who served as procurator in Judaea under Augustus, from A.D. 6 to A.D. 9."quadrans
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05-01 - M. ABURIUS M.F. GEMINUS (132 A.C.)AR Denarius 19 mm 3.8 gr
Anv: Cabeza con yelmo de Roma viendo a derecha - "Monograma = XVI = Nueva marca de valor = 16 Ases" bajo la pera de Roma, "GEM" detrás.
Rev: "M ABVRI" (AB y VR en ligadura) - Sol con corona radiada y látigo cabalgando en cuadriga a derecha. "ROMA" en exergo.
Ceca: Roma
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #127 Pag.97 - Craw RRC #250/1 - Syd CRR #487 - BMCRR #995 - RSC Vol.1 Aburia 6 Pag.9
mdelvalle
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05-01 - M. ABURIUS M.F. GEMINUS (132 A.C.)AR Denarius 19 mm 3.8 gr
Anv: Cabeza con yelmo de Roma viendo a derecha - "Monograma = XVI = Nueva marca de valor = 16 Ases" bajo la pera de Roma, "GEM" detrás.
Rev: "M ABVRI" (AB y VR en ligadura) - Sol con corona radiada y látigo cabalgando en cuadriga a derecha. "ROMA" en exergo.
Ceca: Roma
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #127 Pag.97 - Craw RRC #250/1 - Syd CRR #487 - BMCRR #995 - RSC Vol.1 Aburia 6 Pag.9
mdelvalle
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054 B.C., Marcus Junius Brutus, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 433/2, C. Servilius Ahala right, #1054 B.C., Marcus Junius Brutus, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 433/2, C. Servilius Ahala right, #1
avers: BRVTVS left, head of L. Junius Brutus right. Border of dots.
reverse: AHALA left, head of C. Servilius Ahala right. Border of dots.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 16,5-18,5mm, weight: 3,15g, axis: 7h,
mint: Rome, date: 54 B.C., ref: Crawford 433-2, Sydenham 907,
Q-001quadrans
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056/4 Subgroup 85 & 86A AE TriensAnonymous. Ae Triens. Apulia. 212-208 BC. (9.08 g, 23.72 g) Obv: Helmeted head of Minerva right, four pellets above. Rev: ROMA, prow right, four pellets below.
Originally defined as Crawford 56/4, this type of Triens have been assigned to subgroup 85 & 86A. This is a Q or H triens, that is missing the Q or H. Andrew McCabe gives the subgroup the number F1 which has the following characteristics:
"Mint: Apulia. Second Punic war. Related to RRC 85 H, and RRC 86 anchor and Q. Obverses are in high relief. The general style, for examples Janus, or Hercules’ truncation, or the regular reverse prow, is like RRC 86 anchor and Q. Reverses of Sextans and Quadrans have either regular, or Luceria style, prows with a club in an elevated fighting platform. On regular reverses, the top and central keel lines join half way across prow. Flans are thin and broad akin to late issues of Luceria. All denominations As through Sextans are known."
"The regular reverse prow is tall (height/width) with a fighting platform and deck structure elevated more than usual, and there is always a line extending either side of the deck structure. The keel-lines are also distinctive, with the middle of the three lines always converging with the top line half way across the prow... These specific design features – especially the middle keel line converging with the upper line half way across the prow – are identical with and typical of the RRC 86A Q series from Apulia58... The obverses of all denominations are in high relief, and show high quality engraving."
"So a close geographic and timing link between the Anchor Q, H, L, L-T, CA and P coins can be posited. These coins are certainly a second Punic war issue from Apulia. It remains open for discussion which city minted these group F1 coins, presumably alongside the RRC 85 and RRC 86 issues."
This is one out of six specimens: "F1 Triens: 6 coins, mean 9.4 grams, heaviest 10.5 grams".
All quotes are from the work of Andrew McCabe.
Link to thread at Forvm Ancient Coins: http://www.forumancientcoins.com/board/index.php?topic=90604.0
On this topic at Andrew McCabe's homepage: http://andrewmccabe.ancients.info/RRC056.html
I would strongly recommend anyone who wants to learn more about Roman Republican coins to give Andrew McCabe's homepage a visit.
Paddy
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058 B.C., M. Aemilius Scaurus and P. Plautius Hypsaeus, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 422/1b, Jupiter in quadriga left, #1058 B.C., M. Aemilius Scaurus and P. Plautius Hypsaeus, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 422/1b, Jupiter in quadriga left, #1
avers: King Aretas of Nabataea kneeling right by camel, offering the olive branch, M•SCAVR/AED CVR above, EX-S•C to sides, REX ARETAS in exergue.
reverse: Jupiter in quadriga left, scorpion beneath horses' forelegs, P•HVPSAE AED CVR above, C•HVPSAE COS PREIVE in exergue, CAPTV on right.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 17,5-18,0mm, weight: 3,73g, axis: 8h,
mint: Rome, date: 58 B.C., ref: Crawford 422-1b, Sydenham 914,
Q-001quadrans
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06 Nero RIC I 55Nero. 54-68 A.D. Rome Mint. 65-66 A.D. (3.30g, 18.7m, 5h). Obv: [N]ERO CAESAR AVGVS[TVS], laureate head right. Rev: ROMA in ex., Roma, helmeted and dr., seated l. on cuirass, r. holding Victory, l. parazonium by side, r. foot resting on helmet; shields, with greaves behind. RIC I 55 (R).
A worn denarius of Nero, but with an interesting reverse. Roma, deprecated frequently on denarii during the Republic, was as not frequently used during the empire. While not necessarily a scarce type, it seems less ubiquitous than Salas and Jupiter for Nero.Lucas H
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062 B.C., L. Aemilius Lepidus Paullus, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 415-1, L. Aemilius Paullus standing to the right of the trophy, #1062 B.C., L. Aemilius Lepidus Paullus, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 415-1, L. Aemilius Paullus standing to the right of the trophy, #1
avers: PAVLLVS LEPIDVS CONCORDIA, Veiled and diademed head of Concordia right.
reverse: L. Aemilius Paullus standing to the right of the trophy, Perseus and his two sons captive on the left; TER above, PAVLLVS in exergue.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 17,5-18,0mm, weight: g, axis: h,
mint: Rome, date: 62 B.C., ref: Crawford 415-1, Sydenham 926, Aemilia 10,
Q-001quadrans
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064 B.C., C.Hosidius Cf.Geta, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 407-2, Rome, C•HOSIDI•C•F, Wild boar, #1064 B.C., C.Hosidius Cf.Geta, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 407-2, Rome, C•HOSIDI•C•F, Wild boar, #1
avers: GETA before, III•VIR behind, diademed and draped bust of Diana right, bow and quiver on the shoulder.
reverse: C•HOSIDI•C•F, Wild boar of Calydon right, pierced by a spear and attacked by a dog.
exergue: -/-//C•HOSIDI•C•F, diameter: 17mm, weight: 3,89g, axis: 11h,
mint: Rome, date: 064 B.C., ref:Crawford 407-2, Syd-903, Hosidia 1,
Q-001quadrans
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064 B.C., L. Roscius Fabatus, Republic AR-Denarius Serratus, Crawford 412/1, Rome, Maiden and Snake, FABATI, #1064 B.C., L. Roscius Fabatus, Republic AR-Denarius Serratus, Crawford 412/1, Rome, Maiden and Snake, FABATI, #1
avers: Juno Sospita right, wearing goat-skin headdress; L ROSC below; behind, lizard,
reverse: Maiden standing right, feeding snake holding itself erect before her, control symbol tortoise walking right on own ground line in left field, FABATI in exergue.
exergue: -/-//FABATI, diameter: 17,5-19,5 mm, weight: 3,00g, axis: 1h,
mint: Rome, date: 64 B.C., ref: Crawford 412/1,
Q-001quadrans
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066 B.C., Q. Pomponius Músa, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 410/5, Rome, Euterpe standing right, Q•POMPONI MVSA, #1066 B.C., Q. Pomponius Músa, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 410/5, Rome, Euterpe standing right, Q•POMPONI MVSA, #1
avers: Laureate head of Apollo right; behind, two flutes in saltire.
reverse: Q•POMPONI MVSA, Euterpe, the Muse of Lyric Poetry, standing right, one hand raised to the chin, the other resting on a low pedestal and holding two pipes.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 17,5-19mm, weight: 3,50g, axis: 9h,
mint: Rome, date: 66B.C., ref: Crawford-410/5, Sydenham-815,
Q-001quadrans
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066 B.C., Q. Pomponius Músa, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 410/7c, Rome, Terpsichore standing right, Q•POMPONI MVSA, #1066 B.C., Q. Pomponius Músa, Republic AR-Denarius, Crawford 410/7c, Rome, Terpsichore standing right, Q•POMPONI MVSA, #1
avers: Laureate head of Apollo right, turtle behind.
reverse: Q•POMPONI MVSA, Terpsichore (Muse of Dance) standing right, holding plectrum and lyre.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 17-19mm, weight: 2,58g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 66B.C., ref: Crawford-410/7c, Sydenham-820, Pomponia 18,
Q-002quadrans
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