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Amyntas III, 393 - 370/369 BC. AE17 Dichalkon. Struck at an uncertain mint in MacedoniaObverse: No legend. Head of Herakles, wearing lion's skin, facing right.
Reverse: AMYNTA above Eagle standing facing right, grasping snake in it's talons and attacking it with it's beak.
Diameter: 16.92mm | Weight: 3.17gms | Die Axis: 6
SNG ANS 100 - 109 | SNG Munchen 49-52 | AMNG 160, 7
Amyntas III was king of Macedonia from about 393 to 370/369 BC, he was the father of Philip II and the grandfather of Alexander the Great. His skillful diplomacy in Greek affairs prepared the way for Macedonia's emergence as a great power under his son Philip II.
Amyntas came to the throne during a period of some confusion after the sudden death of king Archelaus who was killed while out hunting in 399 BC. Archelaus was succeeded by his young son Orestes, who ruled with his guardian Aeropus for four years until his death, possibly at the hands of Aeropus. Aeropus then ruled alone as Aeropus II, until he died of an illness two years later and was succeeded by his son Pausanius.
Diodorus gives two versions of the start of Amyntas' reign but both versions agree that Amyntas came to the throne after assassinating Pausanias but was then driven out by the Illyrians. Amyntas recovered his kingdom in the following year however, with the aid of the Spartans and the Thessalians. He continued to maintain his position by the expedient of siding with the powers ascendant in Greece, securing his alliance with Athens by supporting their claim to Amphipolis, and by adopting the Athenian general Iphicrates as his son. Iphicrates later helped Amyntas' son, Perdikkas III, to secure his claim to the throne.
Several significant figures worked in Macedonia during Amyntas' reign, including Nicomachus, the father of Aristotle, who served as court physician to Amyntas, and Aristotle himself who served as the tutor to Amyntas' grandson, Alexander the Great.
Amyntas died at an advanced age in 370-369 BC, leaving his throne to the eldest of his three sons, Alexander II, who ruled from 369 to 366 BC. Amyntas' other two sons also ended up ruling Macedon, Perdikkas III from 365 to 359 BC and Philip II, the father of Alexander the Great, from 359 to 336 BC.*Alex
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7 GallienusGALLIENUS
BI Antoninianus.
Sole reign, 253-268 AD
O: GALLIENVS AVG, radiate bust right
R: LIBERO P CONS AVG, panther walking left.
RIC 230, RSC 586; Sear 10281. aVF
Sosius
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716 - 757, ANGLO-SAXON, AR Sceat, struck under Aethelbald, King of Mercia.Obverse: No legend. Two crude diademed heads in profile, face to face, long cross on pedestal between them; all within pelleted circle.
Reverse: A whorl of four stylised birds, facing clockwise, round a central cross pommée; all within pelleted circle.
Slightly chipped edge
Secondary Phase, Series J, Type 37
Diameter: 13mm | Weight: 0.8gms | Die Axis: Uncertain
SPINK: 802A | Metcalf: 296 - 300 | Abramson (Sceatta List): 19 - 30
RARE
These coins do not bear inscriptions and it is only recently (2022) that research has permitted their correct dating and attribution to a specific area.
Although originally thought to be Northumbrian and attributed to York, the coinage of series J is now confidently attributed to Mercia. This coin was struck during the period when Æthelbald (716 - 757) was king of Mercia and overlord of Southern England. Æthelbald came to the throne of Mercia in 716 after the death of his cousin, King Ceolred, who had previously driven him into exile. During Æthelbald's long reign, Mercia became the dominant kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons, and the contemporary chronicler, the Venerable Bede, described Æthelbald as ruling all England south of the river Humber.
Æthelbald was killed in 757 by his bodyguards. He was succeeded briefly by Beornred, of whom little is known, but within a year, Offa, the grandson of Æthelbald's cousin Eanwulf, had seized the throne and, under him, Mercia entered its most prosperous and influential period.*Alex
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841 - 849, ÆTHELRED II, Anglo-Saxon king of Northumbria, AE Styca, Struck 841 - 844 at York, EnglandObverse: + EDILRED REX around large Greek cross, small Greek cross in legend.
Reverse: + EANRED around small Greek cross. Small Greek cross in legend. Moneyer: Eanred.
Issue: First Reign, Phase II, Group Cii
Diameter: 13mm | Weight: 0.9gms | Die Axis: 12
SPINK: 865 | Pirie: 1374 (same dies)
The new styca coinage, small brass coins containing very little silver and much zinc introduced at the beginning of the century, continued to be minted in large quantities by a number of different moneyers at York during Æthelred's reign.
Æthelred II was king of Northumbria in the middle of the ninth century, but, as with his father, his dates are uncertain. Relatively little is known of Æthelred's reign from the surviving documentary record. He appears to have been expelled in favour of Rædwulf, whose reign is confirmed by the evidence of coinage. However, Rædwulf was killed that same year fighting against the Vikings and Æthelred was restored to power. Æthelred was assassinated a few years later, but no further details are known of his murder. Æthelred II was succeeded by Osberht.
N. J. Higham, reader of history at Manchester University and author of several books on the Anglo-Saxons dates Æthelred II's reign as from 840 until his death in 848, with an interruption in 844 when Rædwulf briefly usurped the throne. Barbara Yorke, Emeritus professor of Medieval history at the University of Winchester agrees, but dates his death slightly later to 848 or 849.
The Kingdom of Northumbria was a medieval Anglian kingdom in what is now Northern England and South-east Scotland. The name derives from the Old English Norþan-hymbre meaning "the people or province north of the Humber", Northumbria started to consolidate into one kingdom in the early seventh century when the two earlier territories of Deira and Bernicia united. At its height, the kingdom extended from the Humber Estuary in the south to the Firth of Forth (now in Scotland) in the north.
Northumbria ceased to be an independent kingdom in the mid-tenth century.
*Alex
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Antiochos VIII Epiphanes, Sole reign, 121/0-97/6 B.C. AR Tetradrachm (28mm, 16.32g). Damascus, S.E. 197 (116/5 B.C.).Antiochos VIII Epiphanes, Sole reign, 121/0-97/6 B.C. AR Tetradrachm (28mm, 16.32g). Damascus, S.E. 197 (116/5 B.C.). Diademed head of Antiochos VIII right; fillet border. Rv. Zeus Uranios standing left, draped, holding star and scepter; in outer left field, two monograms; in exergue, date (ZPP); laurel wreath border. SC 2323.5a. LSM 101. Ex Coin Galleries 11-8-2000, lot 129. Ex Eukratides 2021.
Photo Credits: EukratidesJustin W
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Demetrios II Nikator, Second reign, 129-125 BC. Silver tetradrachm. Tyre.Obv: Diademed head of king right.
Rev: Eagle standing on prow left, with palm branch, club surmounted by monogram and monogram in inner left field, two monograms in inner right field, monogram between legs.
References: SC 2195.5b. Newell 179. Hoover 1122.
28 mm, 13,23 g.Canaan
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'ABBASID CALIPHATE. temp. Al-Muqtadir. Second reign, AH 296-317 / AD 908-929.
AR Dirhem.
Madinat al-Salam mint. Dated AH 299 (AD 911/2).
Album 246.1Ardatirion
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D.626 Charles II the Bald (denier, class 1d, Melle)Charles the Bald, king of the Franks (840-877)
Denier (Melle, class 1d, 840-864)
Silver, 1.73 g, 21 mm diameter, die axis 5h
O/ +CΛRLVS REX; cross pattée
R/ +METVLLO; carolingian monogram
This coinage with the shorter legend CΛRLVS REX is much rarer than the common one with the legend CΛRLVS REX FR. The composition of a hoard in Poitou suggests that this type can be unambiguously attributed to Charles the Bald. This coinage may have been minted at the beginning of Charles the Bald's reign, just before Pippin II took the control of Melle in 845.
Among the 12 known specimens, 5 have a deformed monogram, with the L and the S exchanging places, and on their sides. This feature, the shorter legend, as well as the unusual position of the legend opening cross on top of the monogram may suggest that there was some confusion in Melle at this time, when Charles gave back (temporarily) Aquitaine to Pippin.
The reverse is slightly double struck.
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D.762 Charles II the Bald (denier, class 1e, Paris)Charles the Bald, king of the Franks (840-877)
"Temple" denier (Paris, class 1e, 840-864)
Silver, 1.70 g, 20 mm diameter, die axis 4h
O/ +CΛRLVS REX FR; cross pattée
R/ +PΛRISII CIVITΛS; temple
The mint's name (Paris) stands in for the usual legend XPISTIANA RELIGIO. The royal authority may have been quite weak in the beginning of Charles' reign, and each mint may have been tempted to make a clear legend to characterize its own coinage.
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Dy.262 Philip VI (of Valois): Gros à la couronne, 1st emissionPhilip VI, king of France (1328-1350)
Gros à la couronne, 1st emission (01/01/1337)
Silver (851 ‰), 2.51 g, diameter 25 mm, die axis 5h
O: inner circle: (ringlet)PhI-LIP-PVS-REX; legend interrupted by a cross pattée; outer circle: BnDICTV⋮SIT⋮nOmЄ⋮DNIâ‹®nRI⋮DЄI
R: inner circle: +FRANCORVm; châtel tournois under a crown, with 3 bullets inside; outer circle: a circlet of 11 fleur-de-lis
Philip VI is the first non direct capetian king. He was the cousin of the 3 previous kings.
The Gros tournois hadn't changed since its creation by Saint Louis. During Philip VI's reign, 3 new types of Gros were struck, with lighter weight and less silver. These monetary difficulties may be related to the premisses of the One Hundred Years' war and French military defeats.
The 3 bullets in the chatel (without any star below) are characteristic of the 1st emission.
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D.1041 Louis III (denier, Tours)Louis III, king of the Franks (879-882)
Denier (Tours)
Silver, 1.78 g, 19 mm diameter, die axis 12h
O/ +IIISIRICORDIΛ DI REX; Louis' monogram (legend beginning at 3h)
R/ +HTVRâ—ŠNES CIVITAS; croix pattée
Louis III became king of West Francia at 16 after his father Louis II died quite young. As he was the only living son of Charles II, Louis II had inherited the full kingdom of West Francia from his father. At opposite, when Louis II died, his sons Louis III and Carloman II divided the kingdom into a northern part for Louis III and a southern part for his brother Carloman II. During his reign, Louis III (in alliance with his brother) achieved military successes, especially against Vikings. However, Louis III's reign didn't last long. Louis III died inadvertently at 19 while chasing a girl on his horse. He hit violently the lintel of a door with his head.
Louis III's coinage is hard to distinguish from Louis II's. Both bear the same name et both reigns were very short. Three kinds of coins can be found:
* coins with legend LVDOVICS REX and a KRLS monogram : these coins have been found for northern and southern mints and are consequently given for Louis II;
* coins with a LVDOVICVS monogram ; they have only been found for the northern mints, and are consequently supposed to be Louis III's;
* coins of Toulouse with LV/DO, imitating the ones of Charles emperor with CA/RL. The attribution to Louis II seems to be straightforward due to the southern position.
The legend of the coin is different from the traditional Gratia di Rex, but still shows a religious origin. However its success remained very limited, with some scare coins of Louis III and Eudes.
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0001 Sasanian Empire Khusro II -- Year 2 -- BishapurObv: Pahlavi script legend: to the l. on two lines reading down leftward and outward is GDH/'pzwt (xwarrah abzūd) and to the r. on one line reading down is hwslwd (Husraw) = Khusro has increased the royal glory; frontal bust facing r. of bearded Khusro II with a hair globe drawn to the back of the neck, crown with three merlons and attached to the top of the crown cap are wings (group of pellets within the base) with an attached crescent and star, double pearl diadem with three ribbons behind, earring made up of three dots, neckline edged with a row of pearls, both shoulders decorated with a crescent and star, double row of pearls from shoulders to breast, two dots on the breast, star in upper l. field, star and crescent in upper r. field, two dotted rims with a star on a crescent at 3h, 6h, and 9h.
Rev: Pahlavi script legend: to the l. reading down is year tlyn of Khusro II's reign and to the r. reading down is the mint mark BYSh = year 2 of Khusro II's reign, Bishapur; fire altar with a base consisting of two slabs and a shaft with two ribbons pointing upwards to the r. and l. of the shaft with four altar slabs on top and flames consisting of four tiers rendered as four then three then two then one upward stroke, star to the l. and crescent to the r. of the top two tiers, to the l. and r. of the altar are two frontal facing attendants each holding a sword pointing downwards with the r. hand over the l. hand and wearing a rounded cap, three dotted rims with a star on a crescent at 3h, 6h, 9h, and 12h.
Denomination: silver drachm; Mint: Bishapur; Date: year 2, 591 - 592 AD; Weight: 4.12g; Diameter: 29mm; Die axis: 90º; References, for example: Göbl II/2; SNS Iran 580 and 581 (same mint and regnal year).
Regnal year 2 saw major changes to the coinage of Khusro II. First, the defeat of Wahrām Chōbēn (Wahrām VI) brought to an end the interruption of Khusro II's xwarrah and so wings representing Vərəθraγna/Verethragna (Avestan), Wahrām (Middle Persian), Bahrām (Persian), i.e. the god or personification of victory, were added to Khusro II's crown. Second, for the first time in Sasanian coinage the ideogram GDH (xwarrah) is added to the legend (obverse). Third, on the reverse six pointed stars are added to the crescent moons outside of the three dotted rims at 3h, 6h, 9h, and 12h. Six pointed stars can be considered representations of the sun (see Gariboldi 2010 pp. 36ff and the sources referenced in footnote 71, p. 37).
See Daryaee (1997) for an interesting study of the religious and political iconography on the coinage of Khusro II*. He argues that Khusro II implemented iconographic changes in regnal year 2 (591 - 592 AD) as a direct result of suppressing the rebellion (with the assistance of the Byzantine Emperor Maurice) of the brilliant general Wahrām Chōbēn (Wahrām VI) in 591 AD. Further iconographic changes were carried out in regnal year 11 (600 - 601 AD) in response to the final defeat in 600 AD of the 10 year rule/rebellion of Wistahm**, his uncle (as the brother-in-law of his father Ohrmazd IV) and former staunch supporter.
*The study cannot be intended to be complete. For example, there is no discussion of the legend 'pd that appeared, beginning in the 12th regnal year but not present for all subsequent years or at all mints, in the second quadrant outside of the rims on the obverse. Gariboldi 2010 (p.64) translates the legend as "good", "excellent", "wonderful" while Göbl 1983 (p. 331) translates it as "praise".
**There is some debate about when Wistahm was finally eliminated. Daryaee, following Paruck 1924, relies on (purported?) numismatic evidence that the last coin minted in his name was for year 10. Therefore Daryaee states that 600 AD was the year of elimination (Daryaee 1997, p. 53 n. 38. Also see Daryaee 2009, p. 33 n. 166 for a slightly more tepid assertion). Frye 1984 implies a 10 year rule for Wistahm, stating that "it was not until 601 that the rule of Chosroes [Khusro] was restored over all of the empire..." (p. 336). Göbl SN, however, states that 10 years of reign are said to be represented, although personally he had only seen coins of years 2 through 7 (p. 53). Thus Wistahm's years in SN's Table XI are listed as "591/2 - 597?" Malek 1993 also lists Wistahm's years as 591/2 - 97 (p. 237).
Provenance: Ex Stephen Album Rare Coins Auction 36, January 25, 2020
Photo Credit: Stephen Album Rare Coins
Sources
Daryaee, Touraj. 'The Use of Religio-Political Propaganda on Coins of Xusrō II." The Journal of the American Numismatics (1989-), vol. 9 (1997): 41-53.
Daryaee, Touraj. Sasanian Persia: The Rise And Fall Of An Empire. London: I. B. Tauris, 2009.
Frye, Richard. The History of Ancient Iran. Munich: C.H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1984.
Gariboldi, Andrea. Sasanian Coinage and History: The Civic Numismatic Collection of Milan. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 2010.
Göbl, Robert. Sasanian Numismatics. Braunschweig: Klinkhardt and Biermann, 1971.
Göbl 1983: Yarshater, Ehsan, ed. The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3 (1), The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983: 322 - 336.
Malek, Hodge. "A Survey of Research on Sasanian Numismatics." The Numismatic Chronicle (1966-), vol. 153 (1993): 227 - 269.
Paruck, F.D.J. Sasanian Coins. Bombay: 1924.
SNS Iran: Akbarzadeh, Daryoosh and Nikolaus Schindel. Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum Iran A Late Sasanian Hoard from Orumiyeh. Wien: Österreichischen Akademie Der Wissenschaften, 2017.
Tracy Aiello
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0002 Sasanian Empire Khusro II -- Year 5 -- CtesiphonObv: Pahlavi script legend: to the l. on two lines reading down leftward and outward is GDH/'pzwt (xwarrah abzūd) and to the r. on one line reading down is hwslwd (Husraw) = Khusro has increased the royal glory; frontal bust facing r. of bearded Khusro II with a hair globe drawn to the back of the neck, crown with three merlons and attached to the top of the crown cap are wings (lines within the base, wings open) with an attached crescent and star, double pearl diadem with three ribbons behind, earring made up of three dots, neckline edged with a row of pearls, both shoulders decorated with a crescent and star, double row of pearls from shoulders to breast, two dots on the breast, star in upper l. field, star and crescent in upper r. field, two dotted rims with a star on a crescent at 3h, 6h, and 9h.
Rev: Pahlavi script legend: to the l. reading down is year ḥwmŝ‵ of Khusro II's reign and to the r. reading down is the mint mark WYHC = year 5 of Khusro II's reign, Ctesiphon; fire altar with a base consisting of two slabs and a shaft with two ribbons pointing upwards to the r. and l. of the shaft with four altar slabs on top and flames consisting of four tiers rendered as four then three then two then one upward stroke, star to the l. and crescent to the r. of the top two tiers, to the l. and r. of the altar are two frontal facing attendants each holding a sword pointing downwards with the r. hand over the l. hand and wearing a rounded cap, three dotted rims with a star on a crescent at 3h, 6h, 9h, and 12h.
Denomination: silver drachm; Mint: Ctesiphon;1 Date: year 5, 594 - 595 AD; Weight: 4.10g; Diameter: 31.34mm; Die axis: 90º; References, for example: Göbl II/2.
Notes:
1See Schindel (2005) pp. 296 - 299 for an argument identifying the Pahlavi mint signature WYHC with Ctesipon.
See Daryaee (1997) for an interesting study of the religious and political iconography on the coinage of Khusro II*. He argues that Khusro II implemented iconographic changes in regnal year 2 (591 - 592 AD) as a direct result of suppressing the rebellion (with the assistance of the Byzantine Emperor Maurice) of the brilliant general Wahrām Chōbēn (Wahrām VI) in 591 AD. Further iconographic changes were carried out in regnal year 11 (600 - 601 AD) in response to the final defeat in 600 AD of the 10 year rule/rebellion of Wistahm**, his uncle (as the brother-in-law of his father Ohrmazd IV) and former staunch supporter.
*The study cannot be intended to be complete. For example, there is no discussion of the legend 'pd that appeared, beginning in the 12th regnal year but not present for all subsequent years or at all mints, in the second quadrant outside of the rims on the obverse. Gariboldi 2010 (p.64) translates the legend as "good", "excellent", "wonderful' while Göbl 1983 (p. 331) translates it as "praise".
**There is some debate about when Wistahm was finally eliminated. Daryaee, following Paruck 1924, relies on (purported?) numismatic evidence that the last coin minted in his name was for year 10. Therefore Daryaee states that 600 AD was the year of elimination (Daryaee 1997, p. 53 n. 38. Also see Daryaee 2009, p. 33 n. 166 for a slightly more tepid assertion). Frye 1984 implies a 10 year rule for Wistahm, stating that "it was not until 601 that the rule of Chosroes [Khusro] was restored over all of the empire..." (p. 336). Göbl SN, however, states that 10 years of reign are said to be represented, although personally he had only seen coins of years 2 through 7 (p. 53). Thus Wistahm's years in SN's Table XI are listed as "591/2 - 597?" Malek 1993 also lists Wistahm's years as 591/2 - 97 (p. 237).
Provenance: Ex Marc R. Breitsprecher, Classical Numismatist October 2, 2018.
Photo Credit: Marc R. Breitsprecher, Classical Numismatist
Sources
Daryaee, Touraj. "The Use of Religio-Political Propaganda on Coins of Xusrō II." The Journal of the American Numismatics (1989-), vol. 9 (1997): 41-53.
Daryaee, Touraj. Sasanian Persia: The Rise And Fall Of An Empire. London: I. B. Tauris, 2009.
Frye, Richard. The History of Ancient Iran. Munich: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1984.
Gariboldi, Andrea. Sasanian Coinage and History: The Civic Numismatic Collection of Milan. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 2010.
Göbl, Robert. Sasanian Numismatics. Braunschweig: Klinkhardt and Biermann, 1971.
Göbl 1983: Yarshater, Ehsan, ed. The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3 (1), The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983: 322 - 336.
Malek, Hodge. "A Survey of Research on Sasanian Numismatics." The Numismatic Chronicle (1966-), vol. 153 (1993): 227 - 269.
Paruck, F.D.J. Sasanian Coins. Bombay: 1924.
Schindel, Nickolaus. "Sasanian Mint Abbreviations: The Evidence of Style." The Numismatic Chronicle (1966-), vol. 165 (2005): 287 - 299.Tracy Aiello
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0003 Sasanian Empire Khusro II -- Year 35 -- CtesiphonObv: Pahlavi script legend: to the l. on two lines reading down leftward and outward (with the first word extending through the inner rim) is GDH/'pzwt (xwarrah abzūd) and to the r. on one line reading down is hwslwd (Husraw) = Khusro has increased the royal glory; frontal bust facing r. of bearded Khusro II with a hair globe drawn to the back of the neck, crown with three merlons and attached to the top of the crown cap are wings (lines within the base, wings open) with an attached crescent and star, double pearl diadem with three ribbons behind, earring made up of three dots, neckline edged with a row of pearls, both shoulders decorated with a crescent and star, double row of pearls from shoulders to breast, two dots on the breast, star in upper l. field and star and crescent in upper r. field both extending through the inner rim, two dotted rims with a star on a crescent at 3h, 6h, and 9h.
Rev: Pahlavi script legend: to the l. reading down is year pncsyh of Khusro II's reign and to the r. reading down is the mint mark WYHC = year 35 of Khusro II's reign, Ctesiphon; fire altar with a base consisting of two slabs and a shaft with two ribbons pointing upwards to the r. and l. of the shaft with four altar slabs on top and flames consisting of four tiers rendered as four then three then two then one upward stroke, star to the l. and crescent to the r. of the top two tiers, to the l. and r. of the altar are two frontal facing attendants each holding a sword pointing downwards with the r. hand over the l. hand and wearing a crescent cap, three dotted rims with a star on a crescent at 3h, 6h, 9h, and 12h.
Denomination: silver drachm; Mint: Ctesiphon;1 Date: year 35, 624 - 625 AD; Weight: 4.11g; Diameter: 32.6mm; Die axis: 90º; References, for example: Göbl II/3.
Notes:
1See Schindel (2005) pp. 296 - 299 for an argument identifying the Pahlavi mint signature WYHC with Ctesipon.
See Daryaee (1997) for an interesting study of the religious and political iconography on the coinage of Khusro II*. He argues that Khusro II implemented iconographic changes in regnal year 2 (591 - 592 AD) as a direct result of suppressing the rebellion (with the assistance of the Byzantine Emperor Maurice) of the brilliant general Wahrām Chōbēn (Wahrām VI) in 591 AD. Further iconographic changes were carried out in regnal year 11 (600 - 601 AD) in response to the final defeat in 600 AD of the 10 year rule/rebellion of Wistahm**, his uncle (as the brother-in-law of his father Ohrmazd IV) and former staunch supporter.
*The study cannot be intended to be complete. For example, there is no discussion of the legend 'pd that appeared, beginning in the 12th regnal year but not present for all subsequent years or at all mints, in the second quadrant outside of the rims on the obverse. Gariboldi 2010 (p.64) translates the legend as "good", "excellent", "wonderful" while Göbl 1983 (p. 331) translates it as "praise".
**There is some debate about when Wistahm was finally eliminated. Daryaee, following Paruck 1924, relies on (purported?) numismatic evidence that the last coin minted in his name was for year 10. Therefore Daryaee states that 600 AD was the year of elimination (Daryaee 1997, p. 53 n. 38. Also see Daryaee 2009, p. 33 n. 166 for a slightly more tepid assertion). Frye 1984 implies a 10 year rule for Wistahm, stating that "it was not until 601 that the rule of Chosroes [Khusro] was restored over all of the empire..." (p. 336). Göbl SN, however, states that 10 years of reign are said to be represented, although personally he had only seen coins of years 2 through 7 (p. 53). Thus Wistahm's years in SN's Table XI are listed as "591/2 - 597?" Malek 1993 also lists Wistahm's years as 591/2 - 97 (p. 237).
Provenance: Ex Forum Ancient Coins June 8, 2018, from the Jyrki Muona Collection; Ex CNG e-auction 59 (26 Feb 2003), lot 77; Ex CNG e-auction 57 (4 Apr 2001), lot 47.
Photo Credit: Forum Ancient Coins
Sources
Daryaee, Touraj. "The Use of Religio-Political Propaganda on Coins of Xusrō II." The Journal of the American Numismatics (1989-), vol. 9 (1997): 41-53.
Daryaee, Touraj. Sasanian Persia: The Rise And Fall Of An Empire. London: I. B. Tauris, 2009.
Frye, Richard. The History of Ancient Iran. Munich: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1984.
Gariboldi, Andrea. Sasanian Coinage and History: The Civic Numismatic Collection of Milan. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 2010.
Göbl, Robert. Sasanian Numismatics. Braunschweig: Klinkhardt and Biermann, 1971.
Göbl 1983: Yarshater, Ehsan, ed. The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3 (1), The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983: 322 - 336.
Malek, Hodge. "A Survey of Research on Sasanian Numismatics." The Numismatic Chronicle (1966-), vol. 153 (1993): 227 - 269.
Paruck, F.D.J. Sasanian Coins. Bombay: 1924.
Schindel, Nickolaus. "Sasanian Mint Abbreviations: The Evidence of Style." The Numismatic Chronicle (1966-), vol. 165 (2005): 287 - 299.Tracy Aiello
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003 Eric Haraldsson "Bloodaxe"Penny of Eric, king of Norway 932-934 and York 947-948 and 952-954
English issue as king of Jorvik
Moneyer: Ingelgar
Mint: probably York
Sword type
S.1030
A fragment of a penny of Eric Haraldsson, remembered to history by his nicknames "Bloodaxe" and "Brother-bane". Eric was probably the son of Harald, first king of Norway. His early life is described in the Norwegian sagas, written much later, and certainly with embellishment. He feuded with his half-brothers, and probably killed at least one or two of them. He succeeded his father in 932 as king of Norway, but was an unpopular ruler and ultimately deposed in favor of his brother Haakon. Eric left to live the good Viking life for a time, raiding in the North Sea. During this time, a Viking kingdom in York was slowly in decline due to the actions by the West Saxons, and with the defeat of Anlaf Guthfrithsson in 937, Viking York seemed likely to be integrated into the Saxon realm. However, Aethelstan's premature death in 939, his young successor was unable to consolidate the gains, and Viking York lived on, though in a diminished capacity. It should be remembered that Northumbria was something of a sideshow for its Viking leaders, who were kings in Ireland as well. Conflict between Vikings and English would continue, until a new player joined in- Malcolm, king of the Scots. The Scots started raiding Viking York, leading to even further weakening and the removal of Anlaf Sihtricsson, the new Viking king.
Eventually, Eric would find his way to Northumbria, where he would be made king in 947. This was not ok with the English Saxons, who believed they had overlordship of this region. King Eadred invaded and kicked out Eric and company. Eric's first reign would last only a year or so.
However, Eric was nothing if not tenacious. After his removal, the Saxons lost interest and things in York started to fall apart. Anlaf Sihtricsson, came back from Ireland to take charge again. Eric subsequently returned to the scene, defeated the Scots, kicked out Anlaf (again), and became king of York a second time.
It is thought that this sword coinage is from Eric's second reign, and hearkens back to old Northumbrian coinage in the name of Sihtric and St. Peter that also features the sword.
Eric's time was finally running out though. In 954 he was killed, likely in battle against England. Ultimately, he was the last of the Viking kings of York. Northumbria was finally absorbed into the English realm.
Eric's story is well recorded in the sagas, and there are a number of colorful details that are probably apocryphal. Eric might have been betrayed by a retainer, who had him assassinated. Eric's nickname "bloodaxe" is a colorful nickname that has survived, and presumably had to do with either his prowess in battle, or his murder of his family.
Ex- R.Hamer, EMC 2022.0390, PAS PUBLIC-BAFF76, found DriffieldSt. George's Collection
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01- AUSTRALIA: 1 SOVEREIGN, KM13, (1901-M)Size: 22.05 mm. Composition: .917 Gold/.2354 oz. Mintage: 3,012,000 ("S" mintmark)- 3,987,000 ("M" mintmark)- 2,889,000 ("P" mintmark).
Grade: PCGS AU58 (Cert. # 5820151).
Comments: Purchased 3/1/10 from eBay seller "akbeez".lordmarcovan
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010 Anund JacobPenny of Anund Jacob, king of Sweden 1022-1050
Mint: Sigtuna
Moneyer: Thormoth
Lagerqvist 9
Malmer 14.310/1252, chain 204
O: ANVN D REX SI
R: DORMOD ON SIHTV
King Anund Jacob of Sweden was born as just Jacob to king Olof "Skötkonung" of Sweden and Queen Estrid , his parents had converted to Christianity prior to his birth and gave their son a Christian biblical name. Sweden was only just adopting Christianity at this time, and the name Jacob was not very recognizable or acceptable to the Swedes, so he was also named Anund, and is remembered to history by this name. He became a co-ruler with his father late in Olof's reign, and became king in 1022. Despite a long reign (1022-1050), Anund's history is poorly remembered.
He did produce coins, but the volume of coinage seemed to take a sharp decline after Olof's death, and would cease altogether at some point during Anund's reign. Coins of Olof are by no means common, but those in the name of Anund are very rare. Anund's coins take three main flavors-
1- Those in his name imitating Aethelred's long cross type
2- Those in his name imitating Cnut's pointed helmet type
3- Blundered coins that die link or stylistically link to the above two
There is the likelihood that much if not all of his coinage was produced in the first few years of his reign, and may have ceased by 1030. The coins were probably all produced at Sigtuna.
Anund is remembered to history as "Kolbränna" or "coal-burner". Sadly, this was not because he cooked a mean steak on the barbecue. Rather, it presumably is due to his tactic of burning down the houses of his enemies. Keep in mind that this was probably not just an act of property vandalism. If you've read "Njáls saga", an Icelandic saga, you might recall the climax of the story, when the protagonist's house is burned by his enemies with the family still inside. This was a raiding tactic familiar to the Nordic people. A force would besiege a house, or hall, or fort, where people lived and farmed, and set the building on fire. Women and young children were usually permitted to leave, but the men would not be allowed exit and die by fire. This is brutal medieval Viking era stuff. This is our Anund 🙂
Ex- Antykwariat Numizmatyczny Michal Niemczyk Auction 38 (lot 2878)St. George's Collection
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014p Nero (54-68 A.D.), Syria, Antioch, RPC I 4283Avar.(legend!), AE-20 Semis, SC within a circle, laurel wreath around, #1014p Nero (54-68 A.D.), Syria, Antioch, RPC I 4283Avar.(legend!), AE-20 Semis, SC within a circle, laurel wreath around, #1
avers: IM•NER•CL (AV•GER), Laureate head right.
reverse: SC within a circle, laurel wreath around.
exergue: S/C//--, diameter: 19,5-20,5 mm, weight: 8,51g, axis: 1h,
mint: City: Antioch, Region: Syria, Province: Syria,
date: Undated issue: Early in the reign, 54-68 A.D.,
ref: RPC I 4283Avar.(legend!), Wruck -, SNG Cop -, McAlee 283,
Q-001quadrans
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019 - LIVIA DRVSILLALivia
Livia Drusilla was the wife of the Roman emperor Augustus throughout his reign, as well as his adviser.
for obverse, reverse and coin details click here
shanxi
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02 Augustus RIC I 0220Augustus 27 B.C.-14 A.D. AR Denarius. Lugdunum Mint 13-14 A.D. (3.57g, 19.5, 0 h). Obv: [CAESAR AVGVSTVS] DVI F PATER PATRRIAE, laureate head r. REV: [PONTIF] MAXIM, Liva as Pax seated r. on low-backed chair, vertical scepter in r., branch in left. RIC I 220 (R2), RSC 223.
Worn and on an irregular flan, I still wanted this example because of the reverse. Minted in his last year as emperor, this was Augustus’ precursor to Tiberius’ “tribute penny.” While this was one of many types during Augustus’ reign, it was one very few types for Tiberius. Lucas H
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027. Nero.Tetradrachm, 63-64 AD, Antioch mint.
Obverse: ΝΕΡΩΝ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ / Laureate bust of Nero.
Reverse: ΕΤΟΥΣ ΒΙΡ . Ι / Eagle on thunderbolt, palm branch at right.
14.25 gm., 25 mm.
Prieur #89.
Dating this coin: BIP is the Greek way of writing the numeral 112 (B = 2; I = 10; P = 100) -- which is year 112 of the Caesarean Era of Antioch ( which started numbering from the Battle of Pharsalia, Aug. 9, 48 BC). The second I (after BIP) stands for the 10'th year of Nero's reign, which by today's reckoning is 63 - 64 AD.Callimachus
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03 01 Tiberius RIC 4Tiberius 14-37 A.D. AR Denarius. Lugdunum Mint, 15-16 A.D. (3.74g, 17.6mm, 6h). Obv: TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS, laureate head right. Rev: [TR POT X]VII. IMP [VII] in exergue, Tiberius, laur. And cloaked, stg. In slow Quadriga r., holding laurel branch and eagle tipped scepter. RIC I 4 (R2), BMC 7, RSC 48.
For an emperor with relatively long reign, Tiberius’ silver coinage was remarkably unvaried with the ubiquitous “tribute penny” making up the bulk of his denarii. This is a decent example of, perhaps, the second most common silver coin. Although the reverse legends are largely off the flan, the obverse has a decent portrait and legend.Lucas H
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035. Vespasian.Denarius, 69-71 AD, Rome mint.
Obverse: IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG / Laureate bust of Vespasian.
Reverse: IVDAEA / Jewish woman captive seated on ground, mourning; trophy behind her.
3.44 gm., 18 mm.
RIC #15; Sear #2296.
When the Jewish Revolt began in 66 AD, Nero appointed Vespasian supreme commander in the East to put down the uprising. In 69 AD Vespasian made his own bid for the throne and left his son Titus to finish up the Jewish War -- which he did in 70 AD by capturing Jerusalem and destroying the Temple. This victory of Vespasian and Titus was the major military event of the reign, and numerous coins were issued to commemorate it.Callimachus
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04 Gaius (Caligula) RIC I 2Gaius (Caligula) 37-41 A.D. AR Denarius. Lugdunum (Lyons) Mint 37 AD. (3.3g, 18.5mm, 2h). Obv: C CAESAR AVG GERM P M TR POT COS, bare head right. Rev: anepigraphic, Augustus, radiate head right between two stars. RIC I 2, BMC 4, Sear 1808. Ex personal collection Steve McBride/Incitatus Coins.
Son of Germanicus, Gaius was adopted by Tiberius and was proclaimed Emperor on Tiberius’ death. His reign, marked by cruelty, was ended when he was assassinated by the Praetorian Guard. There is some question when the Imperial Mint was moved from Lugdunum to Rome, but the majority view holds at least Gaius’ early issues were still from Lugdunum.
With more than moderate wear and damage, this coin still has an almost complete obverse legend, and is a decent weight. It was very difficult for me to track down a denarius of Gaius. Lucas H
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045. Trajan.Denarius, 103-111 AD, Rome mint.
Obverse: IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TR P / Laureate bust of Trajan.
Reverse: COS V PP SPQR OPTIMO PRINC / Trophy of arms: two shield, one round, one oval; at base: two swords, two javelins, and two shields.
3.28 gm., 18 mm.
RIC #147.
The conquest of Dacia, the most important military enterprise of Trajan's reign, occupied two campaigns: 101 - 102 AD, and 105 - 106 AD. This coin commemorates the victories of the second of these campaigns.Callimachus
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05 Claudius RIC I 64Claudius. 41-54 A.D. Rome Mint 51-2 A.D. (3.32g, 18.4m, 0h). Obv: [TI CLA]VD CAESAR AVG PM TR P XI IMP P P C[OS V], laureate head right. Rev: SPQR/PP/OBCS in three lines in oak wreath. RIC I 64. RSC 96.
Claudius was put on the throne by the Praetorian Guard after the murder of Caligula, and was eventually murdered by Nero’s mother. This is a worn coin and common reverse during Claudius’ reign, but I wanted to obtain it as denarii of Claudius seem few and far between, second only to Gaius in the 12 Caesar series it seems. Lucas H
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054 Eric KlippingPenny of Eric V Klipping, king of Denmark 1259-1286
Mint: Lund
MB 123
Eric was called Klipping, or Glipping, which refers to the clipping of a coin, a common medieval practice to shave off a little silver from a coin. The nickname was not meant to be a compliment, suggesting he was stealing from his people.
Like most of the kings of the Civil War period, Eric had a troubled reign, with constant feuding with his nobles and his neighbors.
Ex- MøntbutikkenSt. George's Collection
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06. Gordian III as Caesar / RIC 1.Denarius, April - July 238 AD, Rome mint.
Obverse: M ANT GORDIANVS CAES / Bust of Gordian.
Reverse: PIETAS AVGG / Sacrificial implements: lituus, knife, vase, simpulum, and sprinkler.
2.64 gm., 19.5 mm.
RIC #1 (Balbinus & Pupienus); Sear #8557.
This denarius was minted near the beginning of the 99 day reign of Balbinus and Pupienus. Denarii of Gordian III as Caesar are quite rare, so it is likely they were minted only to commemorate the occasion of his proclamation as Caesar. When the antoninianus was re-introduced about half way through the reign, none were issued in Gordian's name.
The AVGG in reverse legend refers to Balbinus and Pupienus. Callimachus
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063 Christopher IIPenny of Christopher II, king of Denmark 1320-1326, 1329-1332
Mint: Jylland
MB 587
Christopher's reign was fairly disastrous, as he was forced to sign a contract on ascension severely limiting his power, which also pretty much took away any revenue. Thus Christopher mortgaged parts of his kingdom to pay for his reign, particularly his wars, which only ended up with the near dissolution of Denmark. It's hard to see much good in Christopher's kingship, although it should be noted that he was a product of his time.
Ex- G WardSt. George's Collection
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08 01 Otho RIC I 4Otho. 15 Jan. to April 69 A.D. AR Denarius. Rome Mint. 69 A.D. (3.27g, 18.9mm, 6h). Obv: IMP M OTHO CAESAR AVG TR P, bare head right. Obv: PAX ORBIS TERRARVM, Pax, draped, standing left, right holding branch, and left caduceus. RIC I 4, RCV 2156, RSC 3. Ex Warren Esty Personal Collection.
At 3 months, Otho had the shortest reign in the Year of the Four Emperors. During much of Nero’s reign, Otho administered Lusitania, and followed Galba when he marched on Rome. Upon Galba’s naming another as his successor to the throne, with some of the rankers of the Praetorian Guard, Otho staged a coup, had Galba murdered, and was declared Emperor.
THis is an odd reverse message for an emperor complicit in the murder of his one-time allie and predecessor Galba, while the legeons of Vitellius were Marching on Rome. PAX ORBIS TERRARVM "Peace on the Earth" is ironic given the civil war going on in Rome at the time.Lucas H
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08 02 Otho RIC I 12Otho. 15 Jan. to April 69 A.D. AR Denarius. Rome Mint. 69 A.D. (3.23, 18.5mm, 6h). Obv: IMP M OTHO CAESAR AVG TR P, bare head left. SECVRITAS P R, Securitas standing left, wreath in right, scepter in left. RIC I 12, RSC 19. Ex Forum.
While coins of Otho are fairly rare given the short length of his reign, this issue is perhaps more so with the left facing bust. (RIC 3). Otho supported Galba’s revolt, and then turned on Galba when he wasn't named Galba's heir. He committed suicide after his forces were defeated by those of Vitellius during the Year of the Four Emperors. A nicely centered and well toned coin.
Lucas H
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080a. GaleriusCaesar in East 293 - 305
Augustus in East 305 -311
Son of a Thracian herder. Very successful soldier and commander. Named Caesar in 293 along with Constantius. As Caesar, won major victories over the Sassanids, including seizing and sacking their capital. Became co-Augustus in 305. Weakened by Constantine and then loss of Rome to Maxentius. During much of his reign, persecution of Christians. Died 311.lawrence c
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Antioch, RIC V-I 602A, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, C VI P P//Branch, P M TR P XIII, Lion walking left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Antioch, RIC V-I 602A, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, C VI P P//Branch, P M TR P XIII, Lion walking left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate, draped cuirassed bust right.
reverse: P M TR P XIII, Lion walking left with bull's head between paws, C VI P P and branch in exergue.
exergue: C VI P P//Branch, diameter: 20,5-21,5mm, weight: 4,52g, axis: 6h,
mint: Antioch, date: 265 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 602A, p-, Göbl 1622C, Sear 10327,
Q-001
Note: Ex Savocaquadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Antioch, RIC V-I 649A, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//Branch, MARS VICTOR, Mars advancing right, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Antioch, RIC V-I 649A, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//Branch, MARS VICTOR, Mars advancing right, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate draped cuirassed bust right.
reverse: MARS VICTOR, Mars advancing right, wearing a helmet, carrying spear and shield. Branch in exergue.
exergue: -/-//Branch, diameter: 21,0-21,5mm, weight: 3,36g, axis: 6h,
mint: Antioch, date: ? A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 649A, p-, Göbl 1632.c, Sear 10286,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Antioch, RIC V-I 668var., AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, Crescent/-//--, VIRTVS AVG, Virtus standing left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Antioch, RIC V-I 668var., AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, Crescent/-//--, VIRTVS AVG, Virtus standing left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate draped cuirassed bust right.
reverse: VIRTVS AVG, Virtus standing left, resting the right hand on the shield at feet left and holding spear in the left hand. Crescent in the left field.
exergue: Crescent/-//--, diameter: 20,5-21,0mm, weight: 3,49g, axis: 11h,
mint: Antioch, date: ? A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 668var., p-, Göbl 1617.l, Sear -,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Cyzicus, RIC V-I 657A, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//SPQR, SALVS AVG, Salus standing right, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Cyzicus, RIC V-I 657A, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//SPQR, SALVS AVG, Salus standing right, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate draped cuirassed bust right.
reverse: SALVS AVG, Salus standing right, holding a snake in the right arm, feeding it from small patera held in the left hand.
exergue: -/-//SPQR, diameter: 20,0-22,0mm, weight: 3,76g, axes: 6h,
mint: Cyzicus, date: 264-265 A.D. Sole Reign.,
ref: RIC V-I 657A, p-189, C 932, Gobl 1547Ac,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 489var2., AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//--, LAETITIA AVG G, Laetitia left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 489var2., AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//--, LAETITIA AVG G, Laetitia left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiated bust right.
reverse: LAETITIA AVG G, Laetitia left, holding wreath and anchor.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 19,0mm, weight: 1,89g, axes: 6h,
mint: Mediolanum, date: 253-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 489var2.(489K var (no field mark or mintmark)), p-173, C-423,425, Göbl 1093h,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 495, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//--, ORIENS AVG, Sol left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 495, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//--, ORIENS AVG, Sol left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiated bust right.
reverse: ORIENS AVG, Sol standing left, holding globe, and raising right hand.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 19,0-21,5mm, weight: 2,34g, axes: 7h,
mint: Rome, date: 264-265-A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 495, p-, C-, Göbl 1126h,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 502var. (Bust), AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, S/-//--, PAX AVGVSTI, Pax advancing left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 502var. (Bust), AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, S/-//--, PAX AVGVSTI, Pax advancing left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head left, slight drapery on both shoulders.
reverse: PAX AVGVSTI, Pax advancing left, raising branch in the right hand and holding scepter transverse in left. S in left field.
exergue: S/-//--, diameter: 22,0-25,5mm, weight: 3,46g, axes: 5h,
mint: Mediolanum, date: A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 502var. (Bust), p-, C-, Göbl 1040g "S in the left field in rev."
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 507, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-/P, PIETAS AVG, Pietas left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 507, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-/P, PIETAS AVG, Pietas left, #1
avers: IMP GALLIENVS AVG, Radiated bust right.
reverse: PIETAS AVG, Pietas standing left by altar, hands raised, and outspread.
exergue: -/-/P, diameter: 21,0mm, weight: 2,47g, axes: 5h,
mint: Mediolanum, date: 253-268-A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 507var., p-175, C-786, Göbl 1263fvar. (avers legend IMP..!, and officina letter)
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 748var., AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/P//--, FIDES EXERC VIII, Fides standing left, Rare! #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 748var., AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/P//--, FIDES EXERC VIII, Fides standing left, Rare! #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate cuirassed bust right.
reverse: FIDES EXERC VIII, Fides standing left, holding upright standard with a right hand and transverse standard with left.
exergue: -/P//--, diameter: 19-19,5mm, weight: 3,28g, axes: 6h,
mint: Mediolanum, date: A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 748var, p-, C-, Göbl 1029r-var "P in the right field in rev."
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 159, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/S//--, AEQVITAS AVG, Aequitas standing left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 159, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/S//--, AEQVITAS AVG, Aequitas standing left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, radiate bust left.
reverse: AEQVITAS AVG, Aequitas standing left, holding scales and cornucopia; S in right field.
exergue: -/S//--, diameter: 19,0-23,0mm, weight: 2,14g, axes: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 253-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 159, p-144,
Q-001 quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 160, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, Γ/-//--, AETERNITAS AVG, Sol standing left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 160, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, Γ/-//--, AETERNITAS AVG, Sol standing left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiated head right.
reverse: AETERNITAS AVG, Radiate Sol standing left, raising right hand and holding globe raised in left. Γ in left field.
exergue: Γ/-//--, diameter: 19,0-19,5mm, weight: 3,28g, axes: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 264-265-A.D. Sole Reign.,
ref: RIC V-I 160, p-, C-, Göbl 577a,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 160, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, Γ/-//--, AETERNITAS AVG, Sol standing left, #2090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 160, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, Γ/-//--, AETERNITAS AVG, Sol standing left, #2
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiated head right.
reverse: AETERNITAS AVG, Radiate Sol standing left, raising right hand and holding globe raised in left. Γ in left field.
exergue: Γ/-//--, diameter: 18,5-21,0mm, weight: 3,01g, axes:0h,
mint: Rome, date: 264-265-A.D. Sole Reign.,
ref: RIC V-I 160, p-, C-, Göbl 577a,
Q-002quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 163, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//Z, APOLLINI CONS AVG, Centaur walking right, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 163, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//Z, APOLLINI CONS AVG, Centaur walking right, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
reverse: APOLLINI CONS AVG, Centaur walking right, one forefoot raised, drawing the bow. Z in exergue.
exergue: -/-//Z, diameter: 19,0-21,5 mm, weight: 3,16g, axes: 5h,
mint: Rome, date: A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 163, p-145, RSC-72, Göbl 735b,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 164, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//???, APOLLINI CONS AVG, Centaur walking left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 164, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//???, APOLLINI CONS AVG, Centaur walking left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
reverse: APOLLINI CONS AVG, Centaur walking left, holding globe and trophy.
exergue: -/-//???, diameter: 18,5-19,5 mm, weight: 3,59g, axes: 5h,
mint: Rome, date: 254-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 164, p-145, C-73-74,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 164, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//H, APOLLINI CONS AVG, Centaur walking left, #2090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 164, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//H, APOLLINI CONS AVG, Centaur walking left, #2
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
reverse: APOLLINI CONS AVG, Centaur walking left, holding globe, and trophy.
exergue: -/-//H, diameter: 18,6-21,0 mm, weight: 2,94g, axes:6h,
mint: Rome, date: 254-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 164, p-145, C 73-74,
Q-002quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 165, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//Δ, APOLLINI CONS AVG, Gryphon walking left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 165, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//Δ, APOLLINI CONS AVG, Gryphon walking left, #1
avers: IMP GALLIENVS AVG, radiate head right.
reverse: APOLLINI CONS AVG, Gryphon walking left.
exergue: -/-//Δ, diameter: 17,5-19mm, weight: 1,90g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 267-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 165, p-, Göbl-718z,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 176, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//Є, DIANAE CONS AVG, Doe right, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 176, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//Є, DIANAE CONS AVG, Doe right, #1
avers: IMP GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
reverse: DIANAE CONS AVG, Doe standing right, head turned left, over the shoulder.
exergue: -/-//Є, diameter: 19-20mm, weight: 3,15g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 260-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 176, p-, Sear 10199 var. RSC 154.
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 179, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//XI, DIANAE CONS AVG, Gazelle walking right, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 179, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//XI, DIANAE CONS AVG, Gazelle walking right, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
reverse: DIANAE CONS AVG, Gazelle walking right, Officina mark XI below.
exergue: -/-//XI, diameter: 18,0-20,5mm, weight: 2,56g, axis: 7h,
mint: Rome, date: 267-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 179, p-146, Gobl (747b) and Cunetio (1401),
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 181, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//XII, DIANAE CONS AVG, Gazelle walking left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 181, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//XII, DIANAE CONS AVG, Gazelle walking left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
reverse: DIANAE CONS AVG, Gazelle walking left.
exergue: -/-//XII, diameter: 15,5-18,5mm, weight: 1,62g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 267-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 181, Goebl 0750var., Sear -,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 181var., AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//Γ, DIANAE CONS AVG, Antelope left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 181var., AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//Γ, DIANAE CONS AVG, Antelope left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
revers: DIANAE CONS AVG, Antelope walking left, right legs forwards.
exergue: -/-//Γ (=3). (officina mark), diameter: 19,0-20,0mm, weight: 2,84g, axis: h,
mint: Rome, date: 267-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 181var., p-146, Göbl 0716b,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 181var., AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//Γ, DIANAE CONS AVG, Antelope left, #2090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 181var., AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//Γ, DIANAE CONS AVG, Antelope left, #2
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
reverse: DIANAE CONS AVG, Antelope walking left, right legs forwards. Γ in exergue.
exergue: -/-//Γ (=3). (officina mark), diameter: 20mm, weight: 2,58g, axis: 7h,
mint: Rome, date: 267-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 181var., p-146, Göbl 0716b,
Q-002quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 207, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//ς, IOVI CONS AVG, Goat right, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 207, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//ς, IOVI CONS AVG, Goat right, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
reverse: IOVI CONS AVG, Goat standing or walking right,
exergue: -/-//ς (=). (officina mark), diameter: 20,0-22,0mm, weight: 3,64g, axis: 11h,
mint: Rome, date: 260-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 207, p-, Göbl 731b, RSC 341, Sear(2005)Vol.III. 10236,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 207, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//ς, IOVI CONS AVG, Goat right, #3090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 207, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//ς, IOVI CONS AVG, Goat right, #3
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
reverse: IOVI CONS AVG, Goat standing or walking right,
exergue: -/-//ς (=). (Officina mark), diameter: 18,0-20,5mm, weight: 2,56g, axis: 7h,
mint: Rome, date: 260-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 207, p-, Göbl 731b, RSC 341, Sear(2005)Vol.III. 10236,
Q-003quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 207K, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//ς, IOVI CONS AVG, Goat right, #2090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 207K, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//ς, IOVI CONS AVG, Goat right, #2
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
reverse: IOVI CONS AVG, Goat standing or walking right,
exergue: -/-//ς (=). (officina mark), diameter: 19,0-21,0mm, weight: 3,01g, axis: 11h,
mint: Rome, date: 260-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 207K, p-, Göbl 731b, RSC 341, Sear(2005) Vol.III. 10235,
Q-002quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 230, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//B, LIBERO P CONS AVG, Panther left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 230, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//B, LIBERO P CONS AVG, Panther left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
reverse: LIBERO P CONS AVG, Panther walking left, right legs forwards.
exergue: -/-//B, diameter: 18,0-19,0mm, weight: 2,84g, axis: h,
mint: Rome, date: 267-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 230, p-151, Göbl 713f,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 230, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//B, LIBERO P CONS AVG, Panther left, #2090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 230, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//B, LIBERO P CONS AVG, Panther left, #2
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
reverse: LIBERO P CONS AVG, Panther walking left, right legs forwards.
exergue: -/-//B, diameter: 18,4-19,7mm, weight: 2,39g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 267-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 230, p-151, Göbl 713f,
Q-002quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 230var., AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//B, LIBERO•P•CONS AVG, Panther left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 230var., AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//B, LIBERO•P•CONS AVG, Panther left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
reverse: LIBERO•P•CONS AVG, Panther walking left, right legs forwards.
exergue: -/-//B, diameter: 19,0-21,0mm, weight: 3,82g, axis: 11h,
mint: Rome, date: 267-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 230, p-151, Göbl 713b,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 236A, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, A/-//--, MARTI PACIFERO, Mars left, (Very heavy, double thickness !!!), #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 236A, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, A/-//--, MARTI PACIFERO, Mars left, (Very heavy, double thickness !!!), #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiated bust right.
reverse: MARTI PACIFERO, Mars standing left holding shield on the ground inlet and an olive branch in the right, spear behind, H in left field.
exergue: A/-//--, diameter: 21,5-24,5mm, weight: 6,47g!!!, axes: 0h, thickness:2,5mm,
mint: Rome, date: 253-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 236A, p-151, C-614, Gobl 570a
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 236H, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, H/-//--, MARTI PACIFERO, Mars left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 236H, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, H/-//--, MARTI PACIFERO, Mars left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiated bust right.
revers: MARTI PACIFERO, Mars standing left holding shield on the ground inlet and an olive branch in the right, spear behind, H in left field.
exergue: H/-//--, diameter: 22,0mm, weight: 3,83g, axes: 5h,
mint: Rome, date: 253-268-A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 236H, p-151,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 256var., AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/T//--, PAX AVG, Pax standing left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 256var., AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/T//--, PAX AVG, Pax standing left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiated cuirassed bust right.
reverse: PAX AVG, Pax standing left, raising branch in the right hand, and holding a long transverse scepter in left. T in the right field.
exergue: -/T//--, diameter: 18,0-20,0mm, weight: 2,69g, axes: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 260-268-A.D., Sole Reign.,
ref: RIC V-I 256var., p-182, Göbl-353x,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 260var.(Bust), AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/H//--, SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing left, Rare! #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 260var.(Bust), AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/H//--, SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing left, Rare! #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left.
reverse: SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing left, leaning on column right and holding a scepter in the right hand, H in right field.
exergue: -/H//--, diameter: 18,0-20,0mm, weight: 3,15g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: A.D.
ref: RIC V-I 260var.(bust), p-, Göbl 595m / Cunetio 1249 , 2 coins known by Göbl !!!, Rare !!!
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 280, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/H//--, SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 280, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/H//--, SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiated cuirassed bust right.
reverse: SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing left, leaning on column, legs crossed, holding scepter, "H" in the right field.
exergue: -/H//--, diameter: 19,0-21,0mm, weight: 3,73g, axes: 1h,
mint: Rome, date: 253-268-A.D., Sole Reign.,
ref: RIC V-I 280, Göbl 595a, C 961, Sear 10359,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 283A, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//A, SOLI CONS AVG, Pegasus, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 283A, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//A, SOLI CONS AVG, Pegasus, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
reverse: SOLI CONS AVG, Pegasus springing right, heavenward.
exergue: -/-//A (=1). (Officina mark), diameter: 21,5mm, weight: 2,57g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 267-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 283A, p-, Cohen 979, Sear 10362, Göbl 712b, Cunetio hoard, Minster hoard, Appleshaw hoard,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 283Δ, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//Δ, SOLI CONS AVG, Pegasus, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 283Δ, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//Δ, SOLI CONS AVG, Pegasus, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
reverse: SOLI CONS AVG, Pegasus springing right, heavenward.
exergue: -/-//Δ (=4). (Officina mark), diameter: 18,0-22,0mm, weight: 2,57g, axis: 9h,
mint: Rome, date: 267-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 283Δ, p-, Cohen 979, Sear 10362, Cunetio hoard, Minster hoard, Appleshaw hoard,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 325, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/VI//--, VIRTVS AVG, Mars standing left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 325, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/VI//--, VIRTVS AVG, Mars standing left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
reverse: VIRTVS AVG, Mars standing left, resting the right hand on the shield at feet left and holding in the left hand. "VI" in the right field.
exergue: -/VI//--, diameter: 19,0-19,5mm, weight: 3,23g, axis: 1h,
mint: Rome, date: 261 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 325, p-, Göbl 0375a, Sear -,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Siscia, RIC V-I 568, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//--, FIDEI PRAET, Standards, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Siscia, RIC V-I 568, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//--, FIDEI PRAET, Standards, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, radiate, cuirassed bust right.
reverse: FIDEI PRAET, Legionary eagle (standard) between two standards.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 19,0-20,0mm, weight: 2,81g, axis: 11h,
mint: Siscia (Rome ???), date: 253-268 A.D.??,
ref: RIC V-I 568, p-181, Göbl 518,
Q-001 quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Siscia, RIC V-I 572-II, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/II//--, FORTVNA RED, Fortuna left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Siscia, RIC V-I 572-II, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/II//--, FORTVNA RED, Fortuna left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, radiate head right.
reverse: FORTVNA RED, Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia, II in the right field.
exergue: -/II//--, diameter: 20,5-22,0mm, weight: 3,23g, axes: 0 h,
mint: Siscia, date: 267-68 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 572-II, p-181, C-265-67, Göbl 1475 b.,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Siscia, RIC V-I 572-S, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/S//--, FORTVNA RED, Fortuna left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Siscia, RIC V-I 572-S, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/S//--, FORTVNA RED, Fortuna left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, radiate head right.,
reverse: FORTVNA RED, Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia, S in the right field.
exergue: -/S//--, diameter: 20,5-21,5mm, weight: 3,93g, axes: 0 h,
mint: Siscia, date: 267-68 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 572-S, p-181, C-265-67, Göbl 1499 b.,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Siscia, RIC V-I 575-SI, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, S/I//--, PAX AVG, Pax standing left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Siscia, RIC V-I 575-SI, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, S/I//--, PAX AVG, Pax standing left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiated head right.
reverse: PAX AVG, Pax standing left, holding branch left and long scepter transverse.
exergue: S/I//--, diameter: 18,5-21,5mm, weight: 3,35g, axes: 0h,
mint: Siscia, date: A.D. Sole Reign.,
ref: RIC V-I 575-SI, p-182, C-, Göbl 1472b,
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Siscia, RIC V-I 580K, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//--, PROVI AVG, Providentia standing left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Siscia, RIC V-I 580K, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//--, PROVI AVG, Providentia standing left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiated head right.
revers: PROVI AVG, Providentia standing left, holding overflowing cornucopia right and pointing down at globe with baton left.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 18,0-18,5mm, weight: 3,02g, axes: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 260-268 A.D., Sole Reign.,
ref: RIC V-I 580K, p-182, Göbl-1461b, Cohen 872; Sear 10332 and 10334.,
note: The "Clashed dies" effect visible on the reverse side, Gallienus portrait upside down.
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Siscia, RIC V-I 581, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//--, SALVS AVG, Salus left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Siscia, RIC V-I 581, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//--, SALVS AVG, Salus left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiated, cuirassed bust right.
reverse: SALVS AVG, Salus left, feeding snake.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 22,0-25,0mm, weight: 4,44g, axes: 0h,
mint: Siscia, date: 260-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 581, p-182, C-934, Göbl 1497,
Q-001quadrans
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103. HadrianHadrian
With execution of four power men in the beginning of his reign, his relations with the senate were irrevocably damaged, never really to improve until his death, when the senate hoped to have posthumous revenge. Much was said against him after his death, and by many persons. The senate wished to annul his acts, and would have refrained from naming him "the Deified" had not Antoninus requested it. Antoninus, moreover, finally built a temple for him at Puteoli to take the place of a tomb, and he also established a quinquennial contest and flamens and sodales and many other institutions which appertain to the honour of one regarded as a god. It is for this reason, as has been said before, that many think that Antoninus received the surname Pius.
AR Denarius. IMP CAESAR TRAIAN HADRIANVS AVG, laureate bust right / P M TR P COS III, Victory flying right with trophy. RSC 1132, RIC 101ecoli
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104. Antoninus PiusAntoninus Pius
The long reign of the emperor Antoninus Pius is often described as a period of peace and quiet before the storm which followed and plagued his successor, Marcus Aurelius. In addition to the relative peacefulness, this emperor set the tone for a low-keyed imperial administration which differed markedly from those of his two immediate predecessors, Trajan and Hadrian. Antoninus managed to govern the empire capably and yet with such a gentle hand that he earned the respect, acclaim, and love of his subjects. Antoninus Pius died in March of A.D. 161, after giving the appropriate imperial watchword which so typified his reign, "equanimity". He was soon afterward deified by the Senate.
RI2. Denarius. ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P P TR P XXIIII, laureate head right / FELIC SAEC COS IIII, Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus & leaning on short column. RSC 361. RIC 309ecoli
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107. PertinaxPertinax
Only a mediocre public speaker, Pertinax was first and foremost a gritty old soldier. He was heavily built, had a pot belly, although it was said, even by his critics, that he possessed the proud air of an emperor.
He possessed some charm, but was generally understood to be a rather sly character. He also acquired a reputation for being mean and greedy. He apparently even went as far as serving half portions of lettuce and artichoke before he became emperor. It was a characteristic which would not serve him well as an emperor.
When he took office, Pertinax quickly realized that the imperial treasury was in trouble. Commodus had wasted vast sums on games and luxuries. If the new emperor thought that changes would need to be made to bring the finances back in order he was no doubt right. But he sought to do too much too quickly. In the process he made himself enemies.
The gravest error, made at the very beginning of his reign, was to decide to cut some of the praetorian's privileges and that he was going to pay them only half the bonus he had promised.
Already on 3 January AD 193 the praetorians tried to set up another emperor who would pay up. But that senator, wise enough to stay out of trouble, merely reported the incident to Pertinax and then left Rome.
The ordinary citizens of Rome however also quickly had enough of their new emperor. Had Commodus spoilt them with lavish games and festivals, then now Pertinax gave them very little.
And a truly powerful enemy should be the praetorian prefect Laetus. The man who had after all put Pertinax on the throne, was to play an important role in the emperor's fate. It isn't absolutely clear if he sought to be an honest advisor of the emperor, but saw his advise ignored, or if he sought to manipulate Pertinax as his puppet emperor. In either case, he was disappointed.
And so as Pertinax grew ever more unpopular, the praetorians once more began to look for a new emperor. In early March, When Pertinax was away in Ostia overseeing the arrangements for the grain shipments to Rome, they struck again. This time they tried to set up one of the consuls, Quintus Sosius Falco.
When Pertinax returned to Rome he pardoned Falco who'd been condemned by the senate, but several praetorians were executed. A slave had given them away as being part of the conspiracy.
These executions were the final straw. On 28 March AD 193 the praetorians revolts.
300 hundred of them forced the gates to the palace. None of the guards sought to help their emperor.
Everyone, so it seemed, wanted rid of this emperor. So, too, Laetus would not listen as Pertinax ordered him to do something. The praetorian prefect simply went home, leaving the emperor to his fate.
Pertinax did not seek to flee. He stood his ground and waited, together with his chamberlain Eclectus. As the praetorians found him, they did not discover an emperor quivering with fear, but a man determined on convincing them to put down their weapons. Clearly the soldiers were over-awed by this brave man, for he spoke to them for some time. But eventually their leader found enough courage to step forwards and hurl his spear at the emperor. Pertinax fell with the spear in his chest. Eclectus fought bravely for his life, stabbing two, before he two was slain by the soldiers.
The soldiers then cut off Pertinax' head, stuck it on a spear and paraded through the streets of Rome.
Pertinax had ruled for only 87 days. He was later deified by Septimius Severus.
RI1. Pertinax. A.D. 193. AR denarius (18.0 mm, 2.74 g, 7 h). Rome mint. Rare. IMP CAES P HELV PERTIN AVG, laureate head right / OPI DIVIN TR P COS II, Ops seated left, holding two stalks of grain, resting hand on seat of throne. RIC 8a; RSC 33; BMCRE 19. aVF, flan crack.ecoli
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1199 - 1216, John, AR Short cross penny, Struck 1205 - 1216 at Winchester, EnglandObverse: HENRICVS REX around central circle enclosing a crowned, draped and bearded facing bust of the king holding a sceptre tipped with a cross pommee in his right hand, bust extending to edge of flan.
Reverse: +ANDREV•ON•WI around voided short cross within circle, crosslets in each quarter. Moneyer: Andrev, cognate with the modern English name of Andrew.
Diameter: 19mm | Weight: 1.2gms | Die Axis: 4h
Class 5b
SPINK: 1351
The class four type short cross pennies of Henry II continued to be struck during the early years of John's reign, but in 1205 a recoinage was begun and new short cross pennies of better style replaced the older issues. Sixteen mints were initially employed for this recoinage but they were reduced to ten later on. All John's coins continued to bear his father's (Henry II) title of henricvs rex.
John was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216. The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of the first Magna Carta, a document sometimes considered an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom.
John, the youngest of the five sons of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, was not expected to inherit significant lands which resulted in him being given the nickname John Lackland. However, after the failed rebellion of his elder brothers between 1173 and 1174, John became Henry's favourite child. He was appointed Lord of Ireland in 1177 and given lands in England and on the continent. John's elder brothers William, Henry and Geoffrey died young and when Richard I became king in 1189, John was the potential heir to the throne. John unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against Richard's administration whilst his brother was participating in the Third Crusade but despite this, after Richard died in 1199, John was proclaimed King of England.
Contemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John's performance as king, and his reign has been the subject of much debate by historians from the 16th century onwards. These negative qualities have provided extensive material for fiction writers since the Victorian era, and even today John remains a recurring character within popular culture, primarily as a villain in films and stories regarding the Robin Hood legends.*Alex
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12. Demetrios II NikatorSELEUKID KINGS of SYRIA. Demetrios II Nikator. Second reign, 129-125 BC. Æ Antioch mint. Struck 129-128 BC. Laureate head of Zeus right / Nike advancing left, holding wreath and palm; Ξ to inner left. SC 2170.1a; HGC 9, 1133.ecoli
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120a Maximianus Herculeus (285-286 Caesar, 286-305, 307-308 & 310 A.D. Augustus), Aquileia, RIC VI 076a, AE-Follis, -/-/AQP, FIDES MILITVM AVG G ET CAES S N N, Fides standing, #1120a Maximianus Herculeus (285-286 Caesar, 286-305, 307-308 & 310 A.D. Augustus), Aquileia, RIC VI 076a, AE-Follis, -/-/AQP, FIDES MILITVM AVG G ET CAES S N N, Fides standing, #1
avers: IMP MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, Laureate head right.
reverse: FIDES MILITVM AVG G ET CAES S N N, Fides standing holding standard in each hand.
exergue: -/-/AQP, diameter: mm, weight: g, axis: h,
mint: Aquileia, date: 2nd reign, 306-307 A.D., ref: RIC-VI-076a, p-467, C-123,
Q-001quadrans
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1259 LYDIA, Julia Gordus Pseudo-autonomous under Uncertain reign, 138-92 AD Mên standingReference.
RPC IV, 1259; BMC 5
Obv. ΙƐΡΑ СΥΝΚΛΗΤοc
Draped bust of the Senate (youthful), right
Rev. ΓΟΡΔΗΝΩΝ ΙΟΥΛΙΕΩΝ
Mên standing, l., wearing Phrygian cap, holding patera and long sceptre; behind his shoulders, crescent
5.94 gr
20 mm
6hokidoki
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1301a, Diocletian, 284-305 A.D. (Antioch)DIOCLETIAN (284 – 305 AD) AE Antoninianus, 293-95 AD, RIC V 322, Cohen 34. 20.70 mm/3.1 gm, aVF, Antioch. Obverse: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, Radiate bust right, draped & cuirassed; Reverse: CONCORDIA MILITVM, Jupiter presents Victory on a globe to Diocletian, I/XXI. Early Diocletian with dusty earthen green patina.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Diocletian ( 284-305 A.D.)
Ralph W. Mathisen
University of South Carolina
Summary and Introduction
The Emperor Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (A.D. 284-305) put an end to the disastrous phase of Roman history known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" (235-284). He established an obvious military despotism and was responsible for laying the groundwork for the second phase of the Roman Empire, which is known variously as the "Dominate," the "Tetrarchy," the "Later Roman Empire," or the "Byzantine Empire." His reforms ensured the continuity of the Roman Empire in the east for more than a thousand years.
Diocletian's Early Life and Reign
Diocletian was born ca. 236/237 on the Dalmatian coast, perhaps at Salona. He was of very humble birth, and was originally named Diocles. He would have received little education beyond an elementary literacy and he was apparently deeply imbued with religious piety He had a wife Prisca and a daughter Valeria, both of whom reputedly were Christians. During Diocletian's early life, the Roman empire was in the midst of turmoil. In the early years of the third century, emperors increasingly insecure on their thrones had granted inflationary pay raises to the soldiers. The only meaningful income the soldiers now received was in the form of gold donatives granted by newly acclaimed emperors. Beginning in 235, armies throughout the empire began to set up their generals as rival emperors. The resultant civil wars opened up the empire to invasion in both the north, by the Franks, Alamanni, and Goths, and the east, by the Sassanid Persians. Another reason for the unrest in the army was the great gap between the social background of the common soldiers and the officer corps.
Diocletian sought his fortune in the army. He showed himself to be a shrewd, able, and ambitious individual. He is first attested as "Duke of Moesia" (an area on the banks of the lower Danube River), with responsibility for border defense. He was a prudent and methodical officer, a seeker of victory rather than glory. In 282, the legions of the upper Danube proclaimed the praetorian prefect Carus as emperor. Diocletian found favor under the new emperor, and was promoted to Count of the Domestics, the commander of the cavalry arm of the imperial bodyguard. In 283 he was granted the honor of a consulate.
In 284, in the midst of a campaign against the Persians, Carus was killed, struck by a bolt of lightning which one writer noted might have been forged in a legionary armory. This left the empire in the hands of his two young sons, Numerian in the east and Carinus in the west. Soon thereafter, Numerian died under mysterious circumstances near Nicomedia, and Diocletian was acclaimed emperor in his place. At this time he changed his name from Diocles to Diocletian. In 285 Carinus was killed in a battle near Belgrade, and Diocletian gained control of the entire empire.
Diocletian's Administrative and Military Reforms
As emperor, Diocletian was faced with many problems. His most immediate concerns were to bring the mutinous and increasingly barbarized Roman armies back under control and to make the frontiers once again secure from invasion. His long-term goals were to restore effective government and economic prosperity to the empire. Diocletian concluded that stern measures were necessary if these problems were to be solved. He felt that it was the responsibility of the imperial government to take whatever steps were necessary, no matter how harsh or innovative, to bring the empire back under control.
Diocletian was able to bring the army back under control by making several changes. He subdivided the roughly fifty existing provinces into approximately one hundred. The provinces also were apportioned among twelve "dioceses," each under a "vicar," and later also among four "prefectures," each under a "praetorian prefect." As a result, the imperial bureaucracy became increasingly bloated. He institutionalized the policy of separating civil and military careers. He divided the army itself into so-called "border troops," actually an ineffective citizen militia, and "palace troops," the real field army, which often was led by the emperor in person.
Following the precedent of Aurelian (A.D.270-275), Diocletian transformed the emperorship into an out-and-out oriental monarchy. Access to him became restricted; he now was addressed not as First Citizen (Princeps) or the soldierly general (Imperator), but as Lord and Master (Dominus Noster) . Those in audience were required to prostrate themselves on the ground before him.
Diocletian also concluded that the empire was too large and complex to be ruled by only a single emperor. Therefore, in order to provide an imperial presence throughout the empire, he introduced the "Tetrarchy," or "Rule by Four." In 285, he named his lieutenant Maximianus "Caesar," and assigned him the western half of the empire. This practice began the process which would culminate with the de facto split of the empire in 395. Both Diocletian and Maximianus adopted divine attributes. Diocletian was identified with Jupiter and Maximianus with Hercules. In 286, Diocletian promoted Maximianus to the rank of Augustus, "Senior Emperor," and in 293 he appointed two new Caesars, Constantius (the father of Constantine I ), who was given Gaul and Britain in the west, and Galerius, who was assigned the Balkans in the east.
By instituting his Tetrarchy, Diocletian also hoped to solve another problem. In the Augustan Principate, there had been no constitutional method for choosing new emperors. According to Diocletian's plan, the successor of each Augustus would be the respective Caesar, who then would name a new Caesar. Initially, the Tetrarchy operated smoothly and effectively.
Once the army was under control, Diocletian could turn his attention to other problems. The borders were restored and strengthened. In the early years of his reign, Diocletian and his subordinates were able to defeat foreign enemies such as Alamanni, Sarmatians, Saracens, Franks, and Persians, and to put down rebellions in Britain and Egypt. The easter frontier was actually expanded.
.
Diocletian's Economic Reforms
Another problem was the economy, which was in an especially sorry state. The coinage had become so debased as to be virtually worthless. Diocletian's attempt to reissue good gold and silver coins failed because there simply was not enough gold and silver available to restore confidence in the currency. A "Maximum Price Edict" issued in 301, intended to curb inflation, served only to drive goods onto the black market. Diocletian finally accepted the ruin of the money economy and revised the tax system so that it was based on payments in kind . The soldiers too came to be paid in kind.
In order to assure the long term survival of the empire, Diocletian identified certain occupations which he felt would have to be performed. These were known as the "compulsory services." They included such occupations as soldiers, bakers, members of town councils, and tenant farmers. These functions became hereditary, and those engaging in them were inhibited from changing their careers. The repetitious nature of these laws, however, suggests that they were not widely obeyed. Diocletian also expanded the policy of third-century emperors of restricting the entry of senators into high-ranking governmental posts, especially military ones.
Diocletian attempted to use the state religion as a unifying element. Encouraged by the Caesar Galerius, Diocletian in 303 issued a series of four increasingly harsh decrees designed to compel Christians to take part in the imperial cult, the traditional means by which allegiance was pledged to the empire. This began the so-called "Great Persecution."
Diocletian's Resignation and Death
On 1 May 305, wearied by his twenty years in office, and determined to implement his method for the imperial succession, Diocletian abdicated. He compelled his co-regent Maximianus to do the same. Constantius and Galerius then became the new Augusti, and two new Caesars were selected, Maximinus (305-313) in the east and Severus (305- 307) in the west. Diocletian then retired to his palace at Split on the Croatian coast. In 308 he declined an offer to resume the purple, and the aged ex-emperor died at Split on 3 December 316.
Copyright (C) 1996, Ralph W. Mathisen, University of South Carolina
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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1301b, Diocletian, 20 November 284 - 1 March 305 A.D.Diocletian. RIC V Part II Cyzicus 256 var. Not listed with pellet in exegrue
Item ref: RI141f. VF. Minted in Cyzicus (B in centre field, XXI dot in exegrue)Obverse:- IMP CC VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Reverse:- CONCORDIA MILITVM, Diocletian standing right, holding parazonium, receiving Victory from Jupiter standing left with scepter.
A post reform radiate of Diocletian. Ex Maridvnvm.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Diocletian ( 284-305 A.D.)
Ralph W. Mathisen
University of South Carolina
Summary and Introduction
The Emperor Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (A.D. 284-305) put an end to the disastrous phase of Roman history known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" (235-284). He established an obvious military despotism and was responsible for laying the groundwork for the second phase of the Roman Empire, which is known variously as the "Dominate," the "Tetrarchy," the "Later Roman Empire," or the "Byzantine Empire." His reforms ensured the continuity of the Roman Empire in the east for more than a thousand years.
Diocletian's Early Life and Reign
Diocletian was born ca. 236/237 on the Dalmatian coast, perhaps at Salona. He was of very humble birth, and was originally named Diocles. He would have received little education beyond an elementary literacy and he was apparently deeply imbued with religious piety He had a wife Prisca and a daughter Valeria, both of whom reputedly were Christians. During Diocletian's early life, the Roman empire was in the midst of turmoil. In the early years of the third century, emperors increasingly insecure on their thrones had granted inflationary pay raises to the soldiers. The only meaningful income the soldiers now received was in the form of gold donatives granted by newly acclaimed emperors. Beginning in 235, armies throughout the empire began to set up their generals as rival emperors. The resultant civil wars opened up the empire to invasion in both the north, by the Franks, Alamanni, and Goths, and the east, by the Sassanid Persians. Another reason for the unrest in the army was the great gap between the social background of the common soldiers and the officer corps.
Diocletian sought his fortune in the army. He showed himself to be a shrewd, able, and ambitious individual. He is first attested as "Duke of Moesia" (an area on the banks of the lower Danube River), with responsibility for border defense. He was a prudent and methodical officer, a seeker of victory rather than glory. In 282, the legions of the upper Danube proclaimed the praetorian prefect Carus as emperor. Diocletian found favor under the new emperor, and was promoted to Count of the Domestics, the commander of the cavalry arm of the imperial bodyguard. In 283 he was granted the honor of a consulate.
In 284, in the midst of a campaign against the Persians, Carus was killed, struck by a bolt of lightning which one writer noted might have been forged in a legionary armory. This left the empire in the hands of his two young sons, Numerian in the east and Carinus in the west. Soon thereafter, Numerian died under mysterious circumstances near Nicomedia, and Diocletian was acclaimed emperor in his place. At this time he changed his name from Diocles to Diocletian. In 285 Carinus was killed in a battle near Belgrade, and Diocletian gained control of the entire empire.
Diocletian's Administrative and Military Reforms
As emperor, Diocletian was faced with many problems. His most immediate concerns were to bring the mutinous and increasingly barbarized Roman armies back under control and to make the frontiers once again secure from invasion. His long-term goals were to restore effective government and economic prosperity to the empire. Diocletian concluded that stern measures were necessary if these problems were to be solved. He felt that it was the responsibility of the imperial government to take whatever steps were necessary, no matter how harsh or innovative, to bring the empire back under control.
Diocletian was able to bring the army back under control by making several changes. He subdivided the roughly fifty existing provinces into approximately one hundred. The provinces also were apportioned among twelve "dioceses," each under a "vicar," and later also among four "prefectures," each under a "praetorian prefect." As a result, the imperial bureaucracy became increasingly bloated. He institutionalized the policy of separating civil and military careers. He divided the army itself into so-called "border troops," actually an ineffective citizen militia, and "palace troops," the real field army, which often was led by the emperor in person.
Following the precedent of Aurelian (A.D.270-275), Diocletian transformed the emperorship into an out-and-out oriental monarchy. Access to him became restricted; he now was addressed not as First Citizen (Princeps) or the soldierly general (Imperator), but as Lord and Master (Dominus Noster) . Those in audience were required to prostrate themselves on the ground before him.
Diocletian also concluded that the empire was too large and complex to be ruled by only a single emperor. Therefore, in order to provide an imperial presence throughout the empire, he introduced the "Tetrarchy," or "Rule by Four." In 285, he named his lieutenant Maximianus "Caesar," and assigned him the western half of the empire. This practice began the process which would culminate with the de facto split of the empire in 395. Both Diocletian and Maximianus adopted divine attributes. Diocletian was identified with Jupiter and Maximianus with Hercules. In 286, Diocletian promoted Maximianus to the rank of Augustus, "Senior Emperor," and in 293 he appointed two new Caesars, Constantius (the father of Constantine I ), who was given Gaul and Britain in the west, and Galerius, who was assigned the Balkans in the east.
By instituting his Tetrarchy, Diocletian also hoped to solve another problem. In the Augustan Principate, there had been no constitutional method for choosing new emperors. According to Diocletian's plan, the successor of each Augustus would be the respective Caesar, who then would name a new Caesar. Initially, the Tetrarchy operated smoothly and effectively.
Once the army was under control, Diocletian could turn his attention to other problems. The borders were restored and strengthened. In the early years of his reign, Diocletian and his subordinates were able to defeat foreign enemies such as Alamanni, Sarmatians, Saracens, Franks, and Persians, and to put down rebellions in Britain and Egypt. The easter frontier was actually expanded.
.
Diocletian's Economic Reforms
Another problem was the economy, which was in an especially sorry state. The coinage had become so debased as to be virtually worthless. Diocletian's attempt to reissue good gold and silver coins failed because there simply was not enough gold and silver available to restore confidence in the currency. A "Maximum Price Edict" issued in 301, intended to curb inflation, served only to drive goods onto the black market. Diocletian finally accepted the ruin of the money economy and revised the tax system so that it was based on payments in kind . The soldiers too came to be paid in kind.
In order to assure the long term survival of the empire, Diocletian identified certain occupations which he felt would have to be performed. These were known as the "compulsory services." They included such occupations as soldiers, bakers, members of town councils, and tenant farmers. These functions became hereditary, and those engaging in them were inhibited from changing their careers. The repetitious nature of these laws, however, suggests that they were not widely obeyed. Diocletian also expanded the policy of third-century emperors of restricting the entry of senators into high-ranking governmental posts, especially military ones.
Diocletian attempted to use the state religion as a unifying element. Encouraged by the Caesar Galerius, Diocletian in 303 issued a series of four increasingly harsh decrees designed to compel Christians to take part in the imperial cult, the traditional means by which allegiance was pledged to the empire. This began the so-called "Great Persecution."
Diocletian's Resignation and Death
On 1 May 305, wearied by his twenty years in office, and determined to implement his method for the imperial succession, Diocletian abdicated. He compelled his co-regent Maximianus to do the same. Constantius and Galerius then became the new Augusti, and two new Caesars were selected, Maximinus (305-313) in the east and Severus (305- 307) in the west. Diocletian then retired to his palace at Split on the Croatian coast. In 308 he declined an offer to resume the purple, and the aged ex-emperor died at Split on 3 December 316.
Copyright (C) 1996, Ralph W. Mathisen, University of South Carolina
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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131a02. ZenoSecond reign, AD 476-491. AV Solidus (19.5mm, 4.40 g, 6h). Constantinople mint, 9th officina. D N ZENO-PERP AVG Pearl-diademed, helmeted, and cuirassed bust facing slightly right, holding spear over shoulder and shield / Victory standing left, holding long jeweled cross; star to right; VICTORI-A AVGGGΘ//CONOB. RIC X 910 and 929; Depeyrot 108/1.. CNG Auction 524, Lot 709, 28 Sep 2022lawrence c
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1399 - 1413, Henry IV, AR Hardi d'Argent, Struck 1399 -1453 at Bordeaux, Aquitaine, FranceObverse: ERIC R ANGLIE ✤ Crowned and robed half-length figure of Henry facing under Gothic canopy, holding sword in right hand, left hand raised with finger pointing in benedictory position. Mullet over crown, rosette either side of crown. Rosette (marked in text by ✤) in legend.
Reverse: FRA-CIE ✤ DNS AQI ✤ Long cross collarino, pattée at the ends, extending through legend. Fleur de lis with roundel underneath in second and third quarters; lion passant, guardant in first and fourth quarters, roundel over lion in fourth quarter. Rosettes (marked in text by ✤) in legend.
Diameter: 18mm | Weight: 1.13gms | Axis 10h
SPINK: 8147 | Elias: 233h
Ex. Bazas Hoard | Ex. Jean Elsen (Belgium) | Scarce
The last series of these Anglo-Gallic coins was likely struck under more than one Henry and they have not currently been differentiated by ruler because the legends and types are generic. However, over time, Anglo-Gallic issues suffered from regular debasement and a deterioration in workmanship, the size, weight and quality of the strike of this coin would therefore all seem to point to it being an early example.
Henry IV
In 1399, Henry, Duke of Lancaster, overthrew his cousin, Richard II and took the throne as Henry IV, ruling until his death in 1413. Henry's first major problem as monarch was what to do with the deposed Richard. In January 1400, soon after an early assassination plot against Henry was foiled, Richard died in prison, allegedly of starvation. Though Henry was suspected of having had Richard murdered, it was also claimed that he took his own life.
Henry, also known as Henry Bolingbroke, was a grandson of Edward III and when he took the throne he asserted his grandfather's claim to the Kingdom of France. He founded the Lancaster branch of the House of Plantagenet and he was the first King of England since the Norman Conquest whose mother tongue was English rather than French.
Early in his reign, Henry hosted the visit of Manuel II Palaiologos, the only Byzantine emperor ever to visit England, and he gave monetary support to Manuel II to aid him against the Ottoman Empire.
Despite the example set by most of his recent predecessors, after their deaths, Henry and his second wife, Joan of Navarre, Queen of England, were buried not at Westminster Abbey but at Canterbury Cathedral, on the north side of Trinity Chapel and directly adjacent to the shrine of St Thomas Becket.
The Bazas Hoard
This hoard was discovered in May 2004 by a builder at Bazas in south West France when he was renovating a house. Bazas was a regional centre in the middle ages. The hoard consisted of a mixture of medieval coins which had been minted in Spain, Portugal, Italy, England, the Netherlands and various French duchies. Of the 1010 coins found, 157 were gold, 300 were silver and the remainder were billon. The oldest coin was a King Jean II franc from 1360 and the rarest coin was a gold castellano from the time of Henry IV of Castile, of which only one other example is known to exist.
Henry is depicted here standing in a similar pose to that shown on this coin.*Alex
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1401a, St. Helena, Augusta 8 November 324 - 328 to 330 A.D., mother of Constantine the GreatBronze AE 3, RIC 148, VF, Alexandria mint, 3.243g, 19.4mm, 165o, 327 - 328 A.D. Obverse: FL HELENA AVGVSTA, diademed and mantled bust right wearing double necklace; Reverse: SECVRITAS REIPVBLICE, Securitas holding branch downward in right and lifting fold of robe in left, wreath left, I right, SMAL in exergue; rare.
The mother of Constantine the Great, born about the middle of the third century, possibly in Drepanum (later known as Helenopolis) on the Nicomedian Gulf; died about 330. She was of humble parentage; St. Ambrose, in his "Oratio de obitu Theodosii", referred to her as a stabularia, or inn-keeper. Nevertheless, she became the lawful wife of Constantius Chlorus. Her first and only son, Constantine, was born in Naissus in Upper Moesia, in the year 274. The statement made by English chroniclers of the Middle Ages, according to which Helena was supposed to have been the daughter of a British prince, is entirely without historical foundation. It may arise from the misinterpretation of a term used in the fourth chapter of the panegyric on Constantine's marriage with Fausta, that Constantine, oriendo (i. e., "by his beginnings," "from the outset") had honoured Britain, which was taken as an allusion to his birth, whereas the reference was really to the beginning of his reign.
On the death of Constantius Chlorus, in 308, Constantine, who succeeded him, summoned his mother to the imperial court, conferred on her the title of Augusta, ordered that all honour should be paid her as the mother of the sovereign, and had coins struck bearing her effigy. Her son's influence caused her to embrace Christianity after his victory over Maxentius. This is directly attested by Eusebius (Vita Constantini, III, xlvii): "She (his mother) became under his (Constantine's) influence such a devout servant of God, that one might believe her to have been from her very childhood a disciple of the Redeemer of mankind". It is also clear from the declaration of the contemporary historian of the Church that Helena, from the time of her conversion had an earnestly Christian life and by her influence and liberality favoured the wider spread of Christianity. Tradition links her name with the building of Christian churches in the cities of the West, where the imperial court resided, notably at Rome and Trier, and there is no reason for rejecting this tradition, for we know positively through Eusebius that Helena erected churches on the hallowed spots of Palestine. Despite her advanced age she undertook a journey to Palestine when Constantine, through his victory over Licinius, had become sole master of the Roman Empire, subsequently, therefore, to the year 324. It was in Palestine, as we learn from Eusebius (loc. cit., xlii), that she had resolved to bring to God, the King of kings, the homage and tribute of her devotion. She lavished on that land her bounties and good deeds, she "explored it with remarkable discernment", and "visited it with the care and solicitude of the emperor himself". Then, when she "had shown due veneration to the footsteps of the Saviour", she had two churches erected for the worship of God: one was raised in Bethlehem near the Grotto of the Nativity, the other on the Mount of the Ascension, near Jerusalem. She also embellished the sacred grotto with rich ornaments. This sojourn in Jerusalem proved the starting-point of the legend first recorded by Rufinus as to the discovery of the Cross of Christ.
Constantine I, in 327, improved Drepanum, his mother's native town, and decreed that it should be called Helenopolis, it is probable that the latter returned from Palestine to her son who was then residing in the Orient. Constantine was with her when she died, at the advanced age of eighty years or thereabouts (Eusebius, "Vita Const.", III, xlvi). This must have been about the year 330, for the last coins which are known to have been stamped with her name bore this date. Her body was brought to Constantinople and laid to rest in the imperial vault of the church of the Apostles. It is presumed that her remains were transferred in 849 to the Abbey of Hautvillers, in the French Archdiocese of Reims, as recorded by the monk Altmann in his "Translatio". She was revered as a saint, and the veneration spread, early in the ninth century, even to Western countries. Her feast falls on 18 August.
(See The Catholic Encyclopedia: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07202b.htm)
Cleisthenes
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1403a,1, Constantine I (the Great), 307-337 A.D.Constantine I (the Great), 307-337 A.D. Bronze AE 3, RIC 16, C -, VF, 2.854g, 19.1mm, 180o, Constantinople mint, 327 A.D. Obverse: CONSTANTI-NVS MAX AVG, rosette diademed head right; Reverse: GLORIA EXERCITVS, Soldier standing left, head right, resting left hand on shield and holding inverted spear in right, G in left field, CONS in exergue; very rare (R3).
The Emperor Constantine I was effectively the sole ruler of the Roman world between 324 and 337 A.D.; his reign was perhaps one of the most crucial of all the emperors in determining the future course of western civilization. By beginning the process of making Christianity the religious foundation of his realm, he set the religious course for the future of Europe which remains in place to this very day. Because he replaced Rome with Constantinople as the center of imperial power, he made it clear that the city of Rome was no longer the center of power and he also set the stage for the Middle Ages. His philosophical view of monarchy, largely spelled out in some of the works of Eusebius of Caesarea, became the foundation for the concept of the divine right of kings which prevailed in Europe.
Constantine was not a "Christian convert" in any traditional sense. He was not baptized until close to death, and while that was not an uncommon practice, the mention of Christ in his speeches and decrees is conspicuous by its absence. Eusebius, Church historian and Constantine biographer, is responsible for much of the valorization of Constantine as the Christian Emperor. The somnambulant "sign" in which Constantine was to become victor at the Milvian Bridge is, not so surprisingly, revealed to posterity long after the "fact." Throughout his reign, Constantine continues to portray himself on coins as a sun god (Freeman, Charles. Egypt, Greece and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean; Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 582). Above all, Constantine was a pragmatist. It would be cynical to egregiously disavow his commitment to Christianity, but it would be equally wrong to think that he would allow Christianity to meddle in the governance of his empire. As he reputedly told a group of bishops, "You are bishops of those within the church, but I am perhaps a bishop appointed by God of those outside." Whatever the motives for his decision to support Christianity, Christianity benefitted from the arrangement. So, too, did Constantine. It was a match made in heaven.
J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
For perhaps the best Constantine The Great site on the web, see Victor Clark's Constantine The Great Coins: http://www.constantinethegreatcoins.com/ Cleisthenes
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1403b, Constantine I (the Great), early 307 - 22 May 337 A.D.Constantine the Great, early 307 - 22 May 337 A.D., Bronze AE 3, RIC 137, VF, Constantinople mint, 1.476g, 16.4mm, 180o, 336 - 337 A.D. Obverse: CONSTANTI-NVS MAX AVG, laurel and rosette-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right; Reverse: GLOR-IA EXERC-ITVS, two soldiers, each holding spear and shield on ground, flanking standard, CONS[ ] in exergue. Ex FORVM.
The Emperor Constantine I was effectively the sole ruler of the Roman world between 324 and 337 A.D.; his reign was perhaps one of the most crucial of all the emperors in determining the future course of western civilization. By beginning the process of making Christianity the religious foundation of his realm, he set the religious course for the future of Europe which remains in place to this very day. Because he replaced Rome with Constantinople as the center of imperial power, he made it clear that the city of Rome was no longer the center of power and he also set the stage for the Middle Ages. His philosophical view of monarchy, largely spelled out in some of the works of Eusebius of Caesarea, became the foundation for the concept of the divine right of kings which prevailed in Europe.
Constantine was not a "Christian convert" in any traditional sense. He was not baptized until close to death, and while that was not an uncommon practice, the mention of Christ in his speeches and decrees is conspicuous by its absence. Eusebius, Church historian and Constantine biographer, is responsible for much of the valorization of Constantine as the Christian Emperor. The somnambulant "sign" in which Constantine was to become victor at the Milvian Bridge is, not so surprisingly, revealed to posterity long after the "fact." Throughout his reign, Constantine continues to portray himself on coins as a sun god (Freeman, Charles. Egypt, Greece and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean; Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 582). Above all, Constantine was a pragmatist. It would be cynical to egregiously disavow his commitment to Christianity, but it would be equally wrong to think that he would allow Christianity to meddle in the governance of his empire. As he reputedly told a group of bishops, "You are bishops of those within the church, but I am perhaps a bishop appointed by God of those outside." Whatever the motives for his decision to support Christianity, Christianity benefitted from the arrangement. So, too, did Constantine. It was a match made in heaven.
J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
For perhaps the best Constantine The Great site on the web, see Victor Clark's Constantine The Great Coins: http://www.constantinethegreatcoins.com/ Cleisthenes
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