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Image search results - "mediolanum"

CLAVDIVS II Gothicus - AE Antoninianus - Mediolanum mint, 268-270 AD
Obv.: IMP CLAVDIVS P F AVG, radiate draped bust right
Rev.:VICTORIA AVG, Victory running right holding wreath & palm, S in ex.
Gs. 2,9 mm. 21,2
Cohen 302, RIC 171Maxentius

VOLUSIAN - AR Antoninianus - Mediolanum mint - 251/253 AD.
Obv.: IMP CAE C VIB VOLVSIANO AVG, radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right
Rev.:AEQVITAS AVGG, Aequitas standing left with scales & cornucopiae.
Gs. 4,2 mm. 22,5
RIC 166, Cohen 8Maxentius

Claudius II Gothicus. 268-270 AD. AE18mm Claudius II Gothicus. 268-270 AD.
Obv. IMP CLAVDIVS P F AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right.
Rev. PA-X A-VG, Pax advancing left, holding transverse scepter in left hand and olive branch in right hand;
T in ex. Mediolanum (Milan) mint.
Ref. RIC 157
Ex Forvms Never-Ending Cleaning Competition.Lee S

002d Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC IV-III 0078 (Traj.Dec.), Mediolanum, AR-Antoninianus, CONSECRATIO, Flaming Altar,002d Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC IV-III 0078 (Traj.Dec.), Mediolanum, AR-Antoninianus, CONSECRATIO, Flaming Altar,
avers:- DIVO-AVGVSTO, Radiate head of Divus Augustus right.
revers:- CONSECRATIO, Flaming altar.
exe: -/-//--, diameter: 20-21,5mm, weight: 3,37g, axis:7 h,
mint: Rome, date: struck under Trajan Decius, 249-251, A.D., ref: RIC IV-III 78; p-130C (Augustus) 578;
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016 - Claudius II (268-270 AD), Antoninianus - RIC 153Obv: IMP CLAVDIVS P F AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: ORIENS AVG, Sol standing right, holding right hand rised and globe in left.
Minted in Mediolanum - Milan - (P in exe) 268-270 AD.
17 mm in diam.
pierre_p77

022d Titus (69-79 A.D. Caesar, 79-81 A.D. Augustus), RIC IV-III 0081a (Traj.Dec.), Mediolanum, AR-Antoninianus, CONSECRATIO, Eagle standing, its wings spread, #1022d Titus (69-79 A.D. Caesar, 79-81 A.D. Augustus), RIC IV-III 0081a (Traj.Dec.), Mediolanum, AR-Antoninianus, CONSECRATIO, Eagle standing, its wings spread, #1
avers: DIVO TITO, Radiate head of Divus Titus right.
reverse: CONSECRATIO, Eagle standing, its wings spread.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: mm, weight: g, axis:h,
mint: Rome, date: struck under Trajan Decius, 250-251, A.D., ref: RIC IV-III 81a; C (Titus) 404; RCV 9462;
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035d Antoninus Pius (138-161 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC IV-III 0089 (Traianus Decius), AR-Antoninianus, CONSECRATIO, Eagle standing, #1035d Antoninus Pius (138-161 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC IV-III 0089 (Traianus Decius), AR-Antoninianus, CONSECRATIO, Eagle standing, #1
Silver Denarius "Divine father Antoninus Pius."
avers: DIVO PIO, Radiate, head right.
reverse: CONSECRATIO, Eagle standing with wings open, head left.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 22-23mm, weight: 2,56g, axis: 7h,
mint: Mediolanum, date: 250-251 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV-III (Traianus Decius) 89, RSC 1188, Sear 9474,
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035d Antoninus Pius (138-161 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC IV-III 0090 (Traianus Decius), AR-Antoninianus, CONSECRATIO, Flaming Altar, #1035d Antoninus Pius (138-161 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC IV-III 0090 (Traianus Decius), AR-Antoninianus, CONSECRATIO, Flaming Altar, #1
Silver Denarius "Divine father Antoninus Pius."
avers: DIVO PIO, Radiate, head right.
revers: CONSECRATIO, Square altar with double doors.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 21,0-22,0mm, weight: 2,56g, axis: 7h,
mint: Mediolanum, date: 250-251 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV-III (Traianus Decius) 90, RSC 1189, Sear 9475,
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041a07. Trebonianus GallusAntoninianus. Mediolanum. Obv: IMP C C VIB TREB GALLVS AVG. Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Rev: PIETAS AVGG. Pietas, veiled, standing left, raising both hands; to left, altar. RIC 72. 3.70 g.,
24 mm. Naumann Auction 120, Lot 621.
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041b01. VolusianAR Antoninianus. Mediolanum Mint. Obv: IMP C C VIB VOLVSIANVS AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Rev: FELICITAS PVBL, Felicitas standing left with caduceus and cornucopia. RIC 205, RSC 32, Sear 9746.lawrence c

043. Claudius II Gothicus, A.D. 268-270.AE Antoninianus. Mediolanum mint.

Obv: IMP CLAVDIVS P F AVG, radiate, draped, cuirassed bust right, seen from behind.

Rev: FELIC TEMPO, Felicitas standing facing, head left, vertical sceptre in left hand, short caduceus in right hand, T in ex.

RIC V-1 145 Milan/Mediolanum.LordBest

045a07. ValerianAntoninianus. Mediolanum mint, 259 AD. Obv: IMP VALERIANVS PF AVG, Radiate, draped bust right. Rev: VICTORIA AVGG, Victory standing left, right hand resting on shield, left holding palm. RIC 261lawrence c

046a02. GallienusBI antoninianus. Legionary Series. Legion II - Italica. Mediolanum (Milan). AD 258. Obv: GALLIENVS AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: LEG II ITAL VI P VI F, She-Wolf left, suckling twins. RIC V.I 329.lawrence c

046a03. GallienusBI antoninianus. Legionary Series. Legion II - Italica. Mediolanum (Milan). AD 258. Obv: GALLIENVS AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: LEG II ITAL VI P VI F, wild boar right. RIC V.I 325.lawrence c

046a04. GallienusBI antoninianus. Legionary Series. Praetorian Cohort. VF. Mediolanum (Milan). AD 258. Obv: GALLIENVS AVG, radiate, cuirassed bust of Gallienus right, seen from front. Rev: COHH PRAET VI P VI F, radiate lion roaring right. RIC V.I 370.lawrence c

046a05. GallienusBI antoninianus. Legionary Series. Legion II - Adiutrix. Mediolanum (Milan). AD 258. Obv: GALLIENVS AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: LEG II ADI VI P VI F, Pegasus flying right. RIC V.I 324.lawrence c

049d Septimius Severus (193-211 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC IV-III 0095 (Traj.Dec.), AR-Antoninianus, CONSECRATIO, Eagle standing, its wings spread, R2!! #1049d Septimius Severus (193-211 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC IV-III 0095 (Traj.Dec.), AR-Antoninianus, CONSECRATIO, Eagle standing, its wings spread, R2!! #1
avers: DIVO SEVERO, Radiate head right.
revers: CONSECRATIO, Eagle standing right, head left.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter:21,0mm, weight: 4,05g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 250-251 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV-III 95 (Traianus Decius), p-132, RSC 799,
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053a. AureolusAlly of Postumus

Aureolus was one of the premier generals serving under Gallienus. After a seeming demotion, he turned against Gallienus and began to support Postumus. After Claudius Gothicus assumed power, his praetorians killed Aureolus. Aureolus struck a number of coins in Mediolanum in the name of Postumus; most are marked by inscriptions that include EQVIT in honor of the cavalry.lawrence c

053a01. AureolusStriking in the name of Postumus. AE Antoninianus. Mediolanum (Milan) mint. 268 AD. Obv: IMP C POSTVMVS P F AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Rev: FIDES EQVIT, Fides seated left holding patera and standard. RIC 377, Cohen 59; Sear 10938. A FORUM coin.lawrence c

054a03. Claudius GothicusAE Antoninianus. Mediolanum mint. AD 268-270. Obv: IMP CLAVDIVS PF AVG, radiate draped bust right. Rev: VIRTVS AVG, Mars advancing right, holding trophy and spear, P in ex. RIC 172, Cohen 315.lawrence c

054a12. Claudius GothicusBI Antoninianus. Mediolanum, AD 268-269. IMP CLAVDIVS P F AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust to right / VICTO[RI]A AVG, Victory advancing to right, holding wreath and palm; S in exergue. RIC V.1 171 var. (bust type); MER-RIC 33 (temporary). 3.93g, 19mm, 12h. Roma Numismatics Auc 102, Lot 1122 (Nov 2022)lawrence c

060a02. AurelianAntoninianus. Mediolanum mint. AD 272-274. Obv: IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, radiate, cuirassed bust right. Rev: RESTITVT ORBIS, Woman presents wreath to Aurelian on right holding spear. Mintmark R. RIC 139, Sear 11592v.
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 489var2., AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//--, LAETITIA AVG G, Laetitia left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 489var2., AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//--, LAETITIA AVG G, Laetitia left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiated bust right.
reverse: LAETITIA AVG G, Laetitia left, holding wreath and anchor.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 19,0mm, weight: 1,89g, axes: 6h,
mint: Mediolanum, date: 253-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 489var2.(489K var (no field mark or mintmark)), p-173, C-423,425, Göbl 1093h,
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 495, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//--, ORIENS AVG, Sol left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 495, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-//--, ORIENS AVG, Sol left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiated bust right.
reverse: ORIENS AVG, Sol standing left, holding globe, and raising right hand.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 19,0-21,5mm, weight: 2,34g, axes: 7h,
mint: Rome, date: 264-265-A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 495, p-, C-, Göbl 1126h,
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 502var. (Bust), AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, S/-//--, PAX AVGVSTI, Pax advancing left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 502var. (Bust), AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, S/-//--, PAX AVGVSTI, Pax advancing left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head left, slight drapery on both shoulders.
reverse: PAX AVGVSTI, Pax advancing left, raising branch in the right hand and holding scepter transverse in left. S in left field.
exergue: S/-//--, diameter: 22,0-25,5mm, weight: 3,46g, axes: 5h,
mint: Mediolanum, date: A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 502var. (Bust), p-, C-, Göbl 1040g "S in the left field in rev."
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 507, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-/P, PIETAS AVG, Pietas left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 507, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/-/P, PIETAS AVG, Pietas left, #1
avers: IMP GALLIENVS AVG, Radiated bust right.
reverse: PIETAS AVG, Pietas standing left by altar, hands raised, and outspread.
exergue: -/-/P, diameter: 21,0mm, weight: 2,47g, axes: 5h,
mint: Mediolanum, date: 253-268-A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 507var., p-175, C-786, Göbl 1263fvar. (avers legend IMP..!, and officina letter)
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 748var., AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/P//--, FIDES EXERC VIII, Fides standing left, Rare! #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 748var., AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/P//--, FIDES EXERC VIII, Fides standing left, Rare! #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate cuirassed bust right.
reverse: FIDES EXERC VIII, Fides standing left, holding upright standard with a right hand and transverse standard with left.
exergue: -/P//--, diameter: 19-19,5mm, weight: 3,28g, axes: 6h,
mint: Mediolanum, date: A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 748var, p-, C-, Göbl 1029r-var "P in the right field in rev."
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091 Salonina (? - 268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 058, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//S, AVG IN PACE, Salonina seated left, Rare! #1091 Salonina (? - 268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 058, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//S, AVG IN PACE, Salonina seated left, Rare! #1
avers: SALONINA AVG, Diademed and draped bust right, resting on crescent.
revers: AVG IN PACE, Salonina seated left, holding olive-branch and scepter.
exergue: -/-//S, diameter: 20,0-22,0 mm, weight: 2,40 g, axis: 11h,
mint: Mediolanum, 2nd officina, 6th emission, date: 266 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 58, p-, RSC 17, Göbl 1305, Sear-, Rare!
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091 Salonina (? - 268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 067, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//MS, VENVS VICT, Venus standing left, #1091 Salonina (? - 268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-I 067, AE-Antoninianus, -/-//MS, VENVS VICT, Venus standing left, #1
avers: SALONINA AVG, Diademed draped bust right on crescent.
reverse: VENVS VICT, Venus standing left, holding helmet left and transverse scepter. MS in exergue.
exergue: -/-//MS, diameter: 19,0-22,0mm, weight: 2,26g, axis: 0h,
mint: Mediolanum, date: A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 067, p-, Göbl 1368o,
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098a Aureolus (267-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-II 372 (Postumus), AE-Antoninianus, -/-//S, CONCORDIA EQVIT, Fortuna standing left, #1098a Aureolus (267-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-II 372 (Postumus), AE-Antoninianus, -/-//S, CONCORDIA EQVIT, Fortuna standing left, #1
avers: (IMP C )POSTVMVS AVG, In the name of Postumus. Radiate draped and cuirassed bust right. Attributed by Alföldi to Aureolus.
reverse: CONCORDIA EQVIT, Fortuna standing left, foot on prow, holding patera and rudder.
exergue: -/-//S, diameter: 18,5-19,5mm, weight: 2,20g, axes:11h,
mint: Mediolanum, date: 267-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-II 372 (Postumus), RSC-20a (Postumus),
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098a Aureolus (267-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-II 372 (Postumus), AE-Antoninianus, -/-//S, CONCORDIA EQVIT, Fortuna standing left, #2098a Aureolus (267-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-II 372 (Postumus), AE-Antoninianus, -/-//S, CONCORDIA EQVIT, Fortuna standing left, #2
avers: IMP C POSTVMVS AVG, In the name of Postumus. Radiate draped and cuirassed bust right. Attributed by Alföldi to Aureolus.
reverse: CONCORDIA EQVIT, Fortuna standing left, foot on prow, holding patera and rudder.
exergue: -/-//S, diameter: 18,5-21,5mm, weight: 2,42g, axes:0h,
mint: Mediolanum, date: 267-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-II 372 (Postumus), RSC-20a (Postumus),
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098a Aureolus (267-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-II 388 (Postumus), AE-Antoninianus, -/-//T, VIRTVS EQVIT, Virtus advancing right, #1098a Aureolus (267-268 A.D.), Mediolanum, RIC V-II 388 (Postumus), AE-Antoninianus, -/-//T, VIRTVS EQVIT, Virtus advancing right, #1
avers: IMP POSTVMVS AVG, In the name of Postumus. Radiate draped and cuirassed bust right. Attributed by Alföldi to Aureolus.
reverse: VIRTVS EQVIT, Virtus advancing right, holding spear and shield.
exergue: -/-//T, diameter: 18,0-19,0 mm, weight: 2,57g, axes:11h,
mint: Mediolanum, date: 267-268 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-II 388(Postumus), RSC 441 (Postumus),
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099a. Valentinian IWestern Augustus February 364-November 375.

Pannonian. Chosen after debate among army officers. He re-split empire with his brother Valens, who took charge of the East. Valentinian ruled from Mediolanum (Milan). Fought a series of wars against barbarians. Died of stroke while negotiating with barbarians.lawrence c

103a. Valentinian IIEmperor November 375-May 392.

Son of Valentinian I. Proclaimed emperor by officers at age 4 on death of father. Remained junior augustus in West under Gratian, and the East was governed by his uncle Valens until 378 and Theodosius I from 379. When Gratian was killed in 383, Valentinian II established his court in Mediolanum. In 387, Maximus invaded Italy, and Valentinian fled to Theodosius’s court. After Theodosius defeated Maximus, Valentinian was re-installed in the West. However, Valentinian soon found himself struggling to break free from the control of his magister militum Arbogast. In 392, Valentinian was discovered hanged in his room, either suicide or murder.
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104 Claudius II. (268-270 A.D.), T-0060 (Estiot), RIC V-I 157, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, PAX-AVG, -/-//T, Pax running left,104 Claudius II. (268-270 A.D.), T-0060 (Estiot), RIC V-I 157, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, PAX-AVG, -/-//T, Pax running left,
avers:- IMP-CLAVDIVS-PF-AVG, Bust right, radiate, cuirassed and draped with paludamentum, seen from rear, (D2).
revers:- PAX-AVG, Pax running left, holding olive branch in right hand and long transverse sceptre in left hand, (Pax4).
exerg: -/-//T, diameter: 18-21 mm, weight: 3,88 g, axes: 5 h,
mint: Mediolanum, iss-3, off-3, date: 269-270 A.D., ref: T-0060, RIC V-I 157,
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104 Claudius II. (268-270 A.D.), T-0085 (Estiot), RIC V-I 151, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, FORTVNAE RED, -/-//S, Fortuna standing left, #1104 Claudius II. (268-270 A.D.), T-0085 (Estiot), RIC V-I 151, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, FORTVNAE RED, -/-//S, Fortuna standing left, #1
avers: IMP CLAVDIVS P F AVG, Bust right, radiate, cuirassed and draped with paludamentum, seen from the rear, (D2).
reverse: FORTVNAE RED, Fortuna standing left, holding the rudder in right hand and cornucopiae in left hand, (Fortuna 2).
exergue: -/-//S, diameter: 19,0-20,5 mm, weight: 3,70 g, axes: 6h,
mint: Mediolanum, iss-3, off-3, date: 269-270 A.D., ref: T-0085, RIC V-I 151,
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105b01. Flavius VictorAR Siliqua. 11.8mm (clipped), .79 g. Mediolanum (Milan) mint.
Obv: D N FL VICTOR P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped & cuirassed bust right. Rev: VIRTVS ROMANORVM, Roma seated left, holding globe in right hand, reversed spear in left. Mintmark MDPS. RIC IX Milan 19b; RSC 6Ac; Sear (1988) 4210. A FORUM coin.lawrence c

106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T- not in, RIC V-I Not in, Siscia, AE-Antoninianus, CONCORDIA MILI ???, -/-//--, Concordia standing left, 106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T- not in, RIC V-I Not in, Siscia, AE-Antoninianus, CONCORDIA MILI ???, -/-//--, Concordia standing left,
avers:- IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, Bust right, radiate, cuirassed and draped with paludamentum, seen from rear. (D2)
revers:- CONCORDIA MILI, Concordia standing left, holding two standard in each hand. (Concordia 3c.)
exerg: -/-//?, diameter: 20,0-22,0mm, weight: 3,31g, axes: 11h,
mint: Siscia, iss-, off-, date: 270 A.D., ref: T- not in(Estiot), RIC V-I Not in , Rare !!!
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106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1442, RIC V-I 143, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, VICTORIA AVG, -/-//T, Victory running right, 106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1442, RIC V-I 143, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, VICTORIA AVG, -/-//T, Victory running right,
avers:-IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, Bust right, radiate, cuirassed and draped with paludamentum. (D1)
revers:-VICTORIA AVG, Victory running right, holding wreath in right hand and palm against left shoulder. (Victory 8)
exerg: -/-//T, diameter: 21,0mm, weight: 3,15g, axes: 6h,
mint: Mediolanum, iss-2, off-3, date: 271 A.D., ref: T-1442 (Estiot), RIC V-I 143,
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106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1459, RIC V-I 129, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, IOVI CONSER, -/-//P, Emperor and Jupiter,106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1459, RIC V-I 129, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, IOVI CONSER, -/-//P, Emperor and Jupiter,
avers:-IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, Bust right, radiate, cuirassed. (B1)
revers:-IOVI CONSER, Emperor in military dress standing right, holding short sceptre in left hand, receiving a globe from Jupiter standing left, holding long sceptre in left hand. (Emperor and Jupiter 1c)
exerg: -/-//P, diameter: 22,5-25mm, weight: 4,42g, axes: 6h,
mint: Mediolanum, iss-3, off-1, date: 271-272 A.D., ref: T-1459 (Estiot), RIC V-I 129,
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106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1468, RIC V-I 138, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, PIETAS AVG, -/-//S, Emperor and Pietas,106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1468, RIC V-I 138, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, PIETAS AVG, -/-//S, Emperor and Pietas,
avers:-IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, Bust right, radiate, cuirassed. (B1)
revers:- PIETAS AVG, Emperor togate stg. r., holding short sceptre in l. hand, facing Pietas stg. l., holding short sceptre in l. hand, both sacrificing over an altar placed between them. (Emperor and Pietas 1)
exerg: -/-//S, diameter: 21-21,5mm, weight: 4,14g, axes: 6h,
mint: Mediolanum, iss-3, off-2, date: 271-272 A.D., ref: T-1468 (Estiot), RIC V-I 138corr,
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106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1476, RIC V-I 142, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, ROMAE AETERNAE, -/-//Q, Emperor and Roma,106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1476, RIC V-I 142, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, ROMAE AETERNAE, -/-//Q, Emperor and Roma,
avers:- IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, Bust right, radiate, cuirassed. (B1)
revers:- ROMAE AETERNAE, Emperor togate standing right, receiving Victory from Roma seated left on shield holding a long sceptre (or a spear) in left hand. (Emperor and Roma 1)
exerg: -/-//Q, diameter: 20mm, weight: 2,57g, axes: h,
mint: Mediolanum (Milan), iss-4, off-3, date: 271-272. A.D., ref: T-1476 (Estiot), RIC V-I 142,
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106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1496, RIC V-I 128, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, FORTVNA REDVX, -/-//S, Fortuna seated left on wheel, #1106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1496, RIC V-I 128, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, FORTVNA REDVX, -/-//S, Fortuna seated left on wheel, #1
avers: IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated and cuirassed bust right. (B1)
reverse: FORTVNA REDVX, Fortuna seated left on the wheel, holding rudder in right hand and cornucopiae in the left hand. (Fortuna 1b)
exergue: -/-//S, diameter: 20,0-21,5mm, weight: 3,77g, axes: 0h,
mint: Mediolanum, off-2, iss-4, date: 272-274 A.D.,
ref: RIC V-I 128, T-1496 (Estiot), LV 3128-91,
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106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1506, RIC V-I 142, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, ROMAE AETER, -/-//Q, Emperor and Roma,106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1506, RIC V-I 142, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, ROMAE AETER, -/-//Q, Emperor and Roma,
avers:- IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated and cuirassed bust right. (B1)
revers:- ROMAE AETER, Emperor togate standing right, receiving Victory from Roma seated left on shield holding a long sceptre (or a spear) in left hand. (Emperor and Roma 1)
exerg: -/-//Q, diameter: 23,5-25mm, weight: 3,21g, axes: 11h,
mint: Mediolanum, off-4, iss-4, date: 272-274 A.D., ref: RIC V-I 142, T-1506 (Estiot),
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1509, RIC V-I 135, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-/S, Sol standing faceing, head left, #1106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1509, RIC V-I 135, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-/S, Sol standing faceing, head left, #1
avers:- AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated, cuirassed bust right. (B1)
revers:- ORIENS AVG, Sol standing facing, head left, with right hand raised and holding globe in left hand; at feet to left, a bound and seated captive in oriental dress. (Sol 2c)
exerg: -/-/S, diameter: 20,5-21,5mm, weight: 3,70g, axes: 7h,
mint: Mediolanum, iss-5, ph-1, off-2, date: 274 A.D., ref: T-1509 (Estiot), RIC V-I 135,
Q-001quadrans

106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1509, RIC V-I 135, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-/S, Sol standing faceing, head left, #2106 Aurelianus (270-275 A.D.), T-1509, RIC V-I 135, Mediolanum, AE-Antoninianus, ORIENS AVG, -/-/S, Sol standing faceing, head left, #2
avers:- AVRELIANVS AVG, Radiated, cuirassed bust right. (B1)
revers:- ORIENS AVG, Sol standing facing, head left, with right hand raised and holding globe in left hand; at feet to left, a bound and seated captive in oriental dress. (Sol 2c)
exerg: -/-/S, diameter: 21,5mm, weight: 3,85g, axes: 0h,
mint: Mediolanum, iss-5, ph-1, off-2, date: 274 A.D., ref: T-1509 (Estiot), RIC V-I 135,
Q-002quadrans

107 - Gallienus - RIC 483Antoninianus
Obv:– IMP GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate bust right, slight drapery on both shoulders
Rev:– FORT REDVX, Fortuna seated left holding rudder and cornucopia
Minted in Mediolanum/Milan (//MS)
Reference:– Göbl 1350f. RIC 483maridvnvm

115 - Aureolus, rebel under Postumus - RIC Postumus 372Antoninianus
Obv:– IMP C POSTVMVS P F AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– CONCORD EQVIT, Fortuna standing left, foot on prow, holding patera and rudder, S in exergue
Minted in Mediolanum (Milan). A.D. 268
Reference– RIC Postumus 372. Cohen.20 -. Cunetio-. E.616. AGK.6 amaridvnvm

1302a, Maximian, 285 - 305, 306 - 308, and 310 A.D.Maximianus AE Antoninianus. RIC V Part II 506 Bust Type C. Cohen 355; VF; Minted in Rome A.D. 285-286. Obverse: IMP MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right; Rverse: IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG, Jupiter standing left holding thunderbolt & scepter, XXIZ in exergue. Ex maridvnvm.

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D.

Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University

Perhaps born ca. 249/250 A.D. in Sirmium in the area of the Balkans, Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus, more commonly known as Maximianus Herculius (Maximian), had been a soldier before he put on the purple. A fellow soldier with the Emperor Diocletian, he had served in the military during the reigns of Aurelian and Probus.

When the Emperor Diocletian determined that the empire was too large for one man to govern on his own, he made Maximian his Caesar in 285/6 and elevated him to the rank of Augustus in perhaps the spring of 286. While Diocletian ruled in the East, Maximian ruled in the West. In 293, in order to maintain and to strengthen the stability of the empire, Diocletian appointed Constantius I Chlorus to serve Maximian as a Caesar in the West, while Galerius did the same job in the East. This arrangement, called the "Tetrarchy", was meant not only to provide a stronger foundation for the two emperors' rule, but also to end any possible fighting over the succession to the throne once the two senior Augusti had left the throne--a problem which had bedeviled the principate since the time of the Emperor Augustus. To cement the relationship between Maximian and his Caesar, Constantius married Maximian's elder daughter Theodora. A decade later, Constantius' son Constantine would marry Maximia's younger daughter Fausta.

On 1 May 305 Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximian, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple. Their resignations seem largely due to the almost fatal illness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of 304. Diocletian seems to have forced his colleague to abdicate. In any case, Herculius had sworn an oath at the temple of Capitoline Jupiter to carry out the terms of the abdication. Constantius and Galerius were appointed as Augusti, with Maximinus Daia and Severus as the new Caesars. The retired emperors then returned to private life. Diocletian's retirement was at Salonae in Dalmatia, while Herculius' retreat was either in Lucania or Campania.

Maximian's retirement, however, was of short duration because, a little more than a year later on 28 October 306, his son Maxentius was proclaimed emperor at Rome. To give his regime an aura of legitimacy, Maximian was forced to affirm his son's acclamation. When Galerius learned of Maxentius' rebellion, he sent Severus against him with an army that had formerly been under his father's command. Maxentius invested his father with the purple again to win over his enemy's troops, a ruse which succeeded. Perhaps to strengthen his own position, in 307 Maximian went to Gaul and married his daughter Fausta to Constantine. When Constantine refused to become embroiled in the civil war between Galerius and Maxentius, Maximian returned to Rome in 308 and attempted to depose his son; however, he did not succeed. When Maximian was unable to convince Diocletian to take up the purple again at a meeting in Carnuntum in late 308, he returned to his son-in-law's side in Gaul.

Although Maximian was treated with all of the respect due a former emperor, he still desired to be more than a figurehead. He decided to seize the purple from Constantine when his son-in-law least expected it. His opportunity came in the summer of 310 when the Franks revolted. When Constantine had taken a small part of his army into enemy territory, Maximian proclaimed himself again emperor and paid the soldiers under his command a donative to secure their loyalty. As soon as Constantine received news about Maximian's revolt in July 310, he went south and reached Arelate before his father-in-law could mount a defense of the city. Although Maximian fled to Massilia, his son-in-law seized the city and took Maximian prisoner. Although he was deprived of the purple, he was granted pardon for his crimes. Unable to endure the humiliation of his defeat, he attempted to have Constantine murdered in his bed. The plot failed because he tried to get his daughter Fausta's help in the matter; she chose to reveal the matter to her husband. Because of this attempt on his son-in-law's life Maximian was dead by the end of July either by his own hand or on the orders of his intended victim.

Eutropia was of Syrian extraction and her marriage to Maximian seems to have been her second. She bore him two children: Maxentius and Fausta. An older daughter, Theodora, may have been a product of her first marriage. Fausta became the wife of Constantine I , while her sister Theodora was the second spouse of his father Constantius I Chlorus . Eutropia apparently survived all her children, with the possible exception of her daughter Fausta who seems to have died in 326. Eutropia is also said to have become a Christian.

By Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr. Cleisthenes

1302b, Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D., commemorative issued by Constantine the Great (Siscia)Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D., commemorative issued by Constantine the Great. Bronze AE3, RIC 41, VF, Siscia, 1.30g, 16.1mm, 0o, 317-318 A.D. Obverse: DIVO MAXIMIANO SEN FORT IMP, laureate and veiled head right; Reverse: REQVIES OPTIMO-RVM MERITORVM, Emperor seated left on curule chair, raising hand and holding scepter, SIS in exergue; scarce (R3).

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D.

Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University

Perhaps born ca. 249/250 A.D. in Sirmium in the area of the Balkans, Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus, more commonly known as Maximianus Herculius (Maximian), had been a soldier before he put on the purple. A fellow soldier with the Emperor Diocletian, he had served in the military during the reigns of Aurelian and Probus.

When the Emperor Diocletian determined that the empire was too large for one man to govern on his own, he made Maximian his Caesar in 285/6 and elevated him to the rank of Augustus in perhaps the spring of 286. While Diocletian ruled in the East, Maximian ruled in the West. In 293, in order to maintain and to strengthen the stability of the empire, Diocletian appointed Constantius I Chlorus to serve Maximian as a Caesar in the West, while Galerius did the same job in the East. This arrangement, called the "Tetrarchy", was meant not only to provide a stronger foundation for the two emperors' rule, but also to end any possible fighting over the succession to the throne once the two senior Augusti had left the throne--a problem which had bedeviled the principate since the time of the Emperor Augustus. To cement the relationship between Maximian and his Caesar, Constantius married Maximian's elder daughter Theodora. A decade later, Constantius' son Constantine would marry Maximia's younger daughter Fausta.

On 1 May 305 Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximian, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple. Their resignations seem largely due to the almost fatal illness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of 304. Diocletian seems to have forced his colleague to abdicate. In any case, Herculius had sworn an oath at the temple of Capitoline Jupiter to carry out the terms of the abdication. Constantius and Galerius were appointed as Augusti, with Maximinus Daia and Severus as the new Caesars. The retired emperors then returned to private life. Diocletian's retirement was at Salonae in Dalmatia, while Herculius' retreat was either in Lucania or Campania.

Maximian's retirement, however, was of short duration because, a little more than a year later on 28 October 306, his son Maxentius was proclaimed emperor at Rome. To give his regime an aura of legitimacy, Maximian was forced to affirm his son's acclamation. When Galerius learned of Maxentius' rebellion, he sent Severus against him with an army that had formerly been under his father's command. Maxentius invested his father with the purple again to win over his enemy's troops, a ruse which succeeded. Perhaps to strengthen his own position, in 307 Maximian went to Gaul and married his daughter Fausta to Constantine. When Constantine refused to become embroiled in the civil war between Galerius and Maxentius, Maximian returned to Rome in 308 and attempted to depose his son; however, he did not succeed. When Maximian was unable to convince Diocletian to take up the purple again at a meeting in Carnuntum in late 308, he returned to his son-in-law's side in Gaul.

Although Maximian was treated with all of the respect due a former emperor, he still desired to be more than a figurehead. He decided to seize the purple from Constantine when his son-in-law least expected it. His opportunity came in the summer of 310 when the Franks revolted. When Constantine had taken a small part of his army into enemy territory, Maximian proclaimed himself again emperor and paid the soldiers under his command a donative to secure their loyalty. As soon as Constantine received news about Maximian's revolt in July 310, he went south and reached Arelate before his father-in-law could mount a defense of the city. Although Maximian fled to Massilia, his son-in-law seized the city and took Maximian prisoner. Although he was deprived of the purple, he was granted pardon for his crimes. Unable to endure the humiliation of his defeat, he attempted to have Constantine murdered in his bed. The plot failed because he tried to get his daughter Fausta's help in the matter; she chose to reveal the matter to her husband. Because of this attempt on his son-in-law's life Maximian was dead by the end of July either by his own hand or on the orders of his intended victim.

Eutropia was of Syrian extraction and her marriage to Maximian seems to have been her second. She bore him two children: Maxentius and Fausta. An older daughter, Theodora, may have been a product of her first marriage. Fausta became the wife of Constantine I , while her sister Theodora was the second spouse of his father Constantius I Chlorus . Eutropia apparently survived all her children, with the possible exception of her daughter Fausta who seems to have died in 326. Eutropia is also said to have become a Christian.

By Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes

1303a, Galerius, 1 March 305 - 5 May 311 A.D.Galerius, RIC VI 59, Cyzicus S, VF, Cyzicus S, 6.4 g, 25.86 mm; 309-310 AD; Obverse: GAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, laureate bust right; Reverse: GENIO A-VGVS[TI], Genius stg. left, naked but for chlamys over left shoulder, holding patera and cornucopiae. A nice example with sharp detail and nice brown hoard patina. Ex Ancient Imports.

De Imperatoribus Romanis,
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors

Galerius (305-311 A.D.)

Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University

Caius Galerius Valerius Maximianus, more commonly known as Galerius, was from Illyricum; his father, whose name is unknown, was of peasant stock, while his mother, Romula, was from beyond the Danube. Galerius was born in Dacia Ripensis near Sardica. Although the date of his birth is unknown, he was probably born ca. 250 since he served under Aurelian. As a youth Galerius was a shepherd and acquired the nickname Armentarius. Although he seems to have started his military career under Aurelian and Probus, nothing is known about it before his accession as Caesar on 1 March 293. He served as Diocletian's Caesar in the East. Abandoning his first wife, he married Diocletian's daugher, Valeria.

As Caesar he campaigned in Egypt in 294; he seems to have taken to the field against Narses of Persia, and was defeated near Ctesiphon in 295. In 298, after he made inroads into Armenia, he obtained a treaty from the Persians favorable to the Romans. Between 299-305 he overcame the Sarmatians and the Carpi along the Danube. The Great Persecution of the Orthodox Church, which was started in 303 by the Emperor Diocletian, was probably instigated by Galerius. Because of the almost fatal illness that he contracted toward the end of 304, Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximianus Herculius, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple on 1 May 305. Constantius and Galerius were appointed as Augusti, with Maximinus Daia and Severus as the new Caesars. Constantius and Severus reigned in the West, whereas Galerius' and Daia's realm was the East. Although Constantius was nominally senior Augustus, the real power was in the hands of Galerius because both Caesars were his creatures.

The balance of power shifted at the end of July 306 when Constantius, with his son Constantine at his side, passed away at York in Britain where he was preparing to face incursions by the Picts; his army proclaimed Constantine his successor immediately. As soon as he received the news of the death of Constantius I and the acclamation of Constantine to the purple, Galerius raised Severus to the rank of Augustus to replace his dead colleague in August 306. Making the best of a bad situation, Galerius accepted Constantine as the new Caesar in the West. The situation became more complicated when Maxentius, with his father Maximianus Herculius acquiesing, declared himself princes on 28 October 306. When Galerius learned about the acclamation of the usurper, he dispatched the Emperor Severus to put down the rebellion. Severus took a large field army which had formerly been that of Maximianus and proceeded toward Rome and began to besiege the city, Maxentius, however, and Maximianus, by means of a ruse, convinced Severus to surrender. Later, in 307, Severus was put to death under clouded circumstances. While Severus was fighting in the west, Galerius, during late 306 or early 307, was campaigning against the Sarmatians.

In the early summer of 307 Galerius invaded Italy to avenge Severus's death; he advanced to the south and encamped at Interamna near the Tiber. His attempt to besiege the city was abortive because his army was too small to encompass the city's fortifications. Not trusting his own troops, Galerius withdrew. During its retreat, his army ravaged the Italian countryside as it was returning to its original base. When Maximianus Herculius' attempts to regain the throne between 308 and 310 by pushing his son off his throne or by winning over Constantine to his cause failed, he tried to win Diocletian and Galerius over to his side at Carnuntum in October and November 308; the outcome of the Conference at Carnuntum was that Licinius was appointed Augustus in Severus's place, that Daia and Constantine were denoted filii Augustorum, and that Herculius was completely cut out of the picture. Later, in 310, Herculius died, having been implicated in a plot against his son-in-law. After the Conference at Carnuntum, Galerius returned to Sardica where he died in the opening days of May 311.

By Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University; Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Galerius was Caesar and tetrarch under Maximianus. Although a talented general and administrator, Galerius is better known for his key role in the "Great Persecution" of Christians. He stopped the persecution under condition the Christians pray for his return to health from a serious illness. Galerius died horribly shortly after. Joseph Sermarini, FORVM.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.

Cleisthenes

1304a, Constantius I, May 305 - 25 July 306 A.D.Silvered follis, RIC 20a, S 3671, VM 25, gVF, Heraclea mint, 10.144g, 27.7mm, 180o, 297 - 298 A.D. Obverse: FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES, laureate head right; Reverse GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, modius on head, naked except for chlamys over shoulder, cornucopia in left, pouring liquor from patera, HTD in exergue; some silvering, nice portrait, well centered.

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Constantius I Chlorus (305-306 A.D.)

Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University

Constantius' Early Life and Marriage

Born March 31st, Emperor Flavius Valerius Constantius may have come into the world ca. 250. His family was from Illyricum. In the army he served as a protector, tribunus, and a praeses Dalmatiarum. During the 270s or the 280s, he became the father of Constantine by Helena, his first spouse. By 288 he was the Praetorian Prefect of the western emperor Maximianus Herculius.

Constantius' Reign as Caesar

On 1 March 293 Diocletian appointed Galerius as his Caesar (junior emperor) in the east and Constantius as the Caesar of Maximianus Herculius. Caesar in the west. Both Caesars had the right of succession. In order to strengthen the dynastic relationship between himself and Herculius., Constantius put aside his wife Helena and married Theodora, the daughter, or perhaps stepdaughter, of Maximianus Herculius.. The union was fruitful and of it there were six issue: Flavius Dalmatius, Julius Constantius, Hannibalianus, Constantia, Anastasia, and Eutropia. To strengthen his bond with Galerius and Diocletian in the east, Constantius allowed Galerius to keep his son Constantine as a hostage for his good behavior.

In the remainder of the time that he was a Caesar, Constantius spent much of his time engaged in military actions in the west. In the summer of 293 Constantius expelled the troops of the usurper Carausius from northern Gaul; after Constantius' attack on Bononia (Boulogne), Carausius was murdered. At the same time he dealt with the unrest of the Germans. In 296 he invaded Britain and put down the revolt of the usurper Allectus. Between 300 and 305 A.D. the Caesar campaigned successfully several times with various German tribes. It is worth noting in passing, that while his colleagues rigidly enforced the "Great Persecution in 303," Constantius limited his action to knocking down a few churches.

Constantius as Augustus and His Untimely Death

On 1 May 305 Diocletian, at Nicomedia, and Maximianus Herculius, at Mediolanum (Milan), divested themselves of the purple, probably because of the almost fatal illness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of 304. Diocletian forced Maximianus to abdicate. They appointed as their successors Constantius and Galerius, with Severus and Maximinus Daia as the new Caesars. The retired emperors then returned to private life. Constantius, as had his predecessor, ruled in the west, while Galerius and Daia ruled in the east. Almost as soon as he was appointed Augustus, he crossed to Britain to face incursions by the Picts where he died at York on 25 July 306 with his son (Constantine I, known to history as “The Great”) at his side.

Copyright (C) 1996, Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes

1308b, Licinius I, 308 - 324 A.D. (Siscia)Licinius I, 11 November 308 - 18 September 324 A.D. Bronze follis, RIC 4, F, Siscia, 3.257g, 21.6mm, 0o, 313 - 315 A.D. Obverse: IMP LIC LICINIVS P F AVG, laureate head right; Reverse IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN, Jupiter standing left holding Victory on globe and scepter, eagle with wreath in beak left, E right, SIS in exergue.

De Imperatoribus Romanis : An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Licinius (308-324 A.D.)

Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University

Licinius' Heritage

Valerius Licinianus Licinius, more commonly known as Licinius, may have been born ca. 265. Of peasant origin, his family was from Dacia. A close friend and comrade of arms of the Emperor Galerius, he accompanied him on his Persian expedition in 297. When campaigns by Severus and Galerius in late 306 or early 307 and in the summer of 307, respectively, failed to dislodge Maxentius who, with the luke warm support of his father Maximianus Herculius, was acclaimed princeps on 28 October 306, he was sent by the eastern emperor to Maxentius as an ambassador; the diplomatic mission, however, failed because the usurper refused to submit to the authority of his father-in-law Galerius. At the Conference of Carnuntum which was held in October or November of 308, Licinius was made an Augustus on 11 November 308; his realm included Thrace, Illyricum, and Pannonia.

Licinius' Early Reign

Although Licinius was initially appointed by Galerius to replace Severus to end the revolt of Maxentius , Licinius (perhaps wisely) made no effort to move against the usurper. In fact, his first attested victory was against the Sarmatians probably in the late spring, but no later than the end of June in 310. When the Emperor Galerius died in 311, Licinius met Maximinus Daia at the Bosporus during the early summer of that year; they concluded a treaty and divided Galerius' realm between them. It was little more than a year later that the Emperor Constantine defeated Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge on 28 October 312. After the defeat of the usurper, Constantine and Licinius met at Mediolanum (Milan) where Licinius married the former's sister Constantia; one child was born of this union: Valerius Licinianus Licinius. Licinius had another son, born of a slave woman, whose name is unknown. It appears that both emperors promulgated the so-called Edict of Milan, in which Constantine and Licinius granted Christians the freedom to practice their faith without any interference from the state.

As soon as he seems to have learned about the marital alliance between Licinius and Constantine and the death of Maxentius, who had been his ally, Daia traversed Asia Minor and, in April 313, he crossed the Bosporus and went to Byzantium, which he took from Licinius after an eleven day siege. On 30 April 313 the armies of both emperors clashed on the Campus Ergenus; in the ensuing battle Daia's forces were routed. A last ditch stand by Daia at the Cilician Gates failed; the eastern emperor subsequently died in the area of Tarsus probably in July or August 313. As soon as he arrived in Nicomedeia, Licinius promulgated the Edict of Milan. As soon as he had matters in Nicomedeia straightened out, Licinius campaigned against the Persians in the remaining part of 313 and the opening months of 314.

The First Civil War Between Licinius and Constantine

Once Licinius had defeated Maximinus Daia, the sole rulers of the Roman world were he and Constantine. It is obvious that the marriage of Licinius to Constantia was simply a union of convenience. In any case, there is evidence in the sources that both emperors were looking for an excuse to attack the other. The affair involving Bassianus (the husband of Constantius I's daughter Anastasia ), mentioned in the text of Anonymus Valesianus (5.14ff), may have sparked the falling out between the two emperors. In any case, Constantine' s forces joined battle with those of Licinius at Cibalae in Pannonia on 8 October 314. When the battle was over, Constantine prevailed; his victory, however, was Pyrrhic. Both emperors had been involved in exhausting military campaigns in the previous year and the months leading up to Cibalae and each of their realms had expanded so fast that their manpower reserves must have been stretched to the limit. Both men retreated to their own territory to lick their wounds. It may well be that the two emperors made an agreement, which has left no direct trace in the historical record, which would effectively restore the status quo.

Both emperors were variously engaged in different activities between 315 and 316. In addition to campaigning against the Germans while residing in Augusta Treverorum (Trier) in 315, Constantine dealt with aspects of the Donatist controversy; he also traveled to Rome where he celebrated his Decennalia. Licinius, possibly residing at Sirmium, was probably waging war against the Goths. Although not much else is known about Licinius' activities during this period, it is probable that he spent much of his time preparing for his impending war against Constantine; the latter,who spent the spring and summer of 316 in Augusta Treverorum, was probably doing much the same thing. In any case, by December 316, the western emperor was in Sardica with his army. Sometime between 1 December and 28 February 317, both emperors' armies joined battle on the Campus Ardiensis; as was the case in the previous engagement, Constantine' s forces were victorious. On 1 March 317, both sides agreed to a cessation of hostilities; possibly because of the intervention of his wife Constantia, Licinius was able to keep his throne, although he had to agree to the execution of his colleague Valens, who the eastern emperor had appointed as his colleague before the battle, as well as to cede some of his territory to his brother-in-law.

Licinius and the Christians

Although the historical record is not completely clear, Licinius seems to have campaigned against the Sarmatians in 318. He also appears to have been in Byzantium in the summer of 318 and later in June 323. Beyond these few facts, not much else is known about his residences until mid summer of 324. Although he and Constantine had issued the Edict of Milan in early 313, Licinius turned on the Christians in his realm seemingly in 320. The first law that Licinius issued prevented bishops from communicating with each other and from holding synods to discuss matters of interest to them. The second law prohibited men and women from attending services together and young girls from receiving instruction from their bishop or schools. When this law was issued, he also gave orders that Christians could hold services only outside of city walls. Additionally, he deprived officers in the army of their commissions if they did not sacrifice to the gods. Licinius may have been trying to incite Constantine to attack him. In any case, the growing tension between the two rulers is reflected in the consular Fasti of the period.

The Second Civil War Between Licinius and Constantine and Licinius' Death

War actually broke out in 321 when Constantine pursued some Sarmatians, who had been ravaging some territory in his realm, across the Danube. When he checked a similar invasion of the Goths, who were devastating Thrace, Licinius complained that Constantine had broken the treaty between them. Having assembled a fleet and army at Thessalonica, Constantine advanced toward Adrianople. Licinius engaged the forces of his brother-in-law near the banks of the Hebrus River on 3 July 324 where he was routed; with as many men as he could gather, he headed for his fleet which was in the Hellespont. Those of his soldiers who were not killed or put to flight, surrendered to the enemy. Licinius fled to Byzantium, where he was besieged by Constantine. Licinius' fleet, under the command of the admiral Abantus, was overcome by bad weather and by Constantine' s fleet which was under the command of his son Crispus. Hard pressed in Byzantium, Licinius abandoned the city to his rival and fled to Chalcedon in Bithynia. Leaving Martinianus, his former magister officiorum and now his co-ruler, to impede Constantine' s progress, Licinius regrouped his forces and engaged his enemy at Chrysopolis where he was again routed on 18 September 324. He fled to Nicomedeia which Constantine began to besiege. On the next day Licinius abdicated and was sent to Thessalonica, where he was kept under house arrest. Both Licinius and his associate were put to death by Constantine. Martinianus may have been put to death before the end of 324, whereas Licinius was not put to death until the spring of 325. Rumors circulated that Licinius had been put to death because he attempted another rebellion against Constantine.

Copyright (C) 1996, Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.

Cleisthenes

1308c, Licinius I, 308-324 A.D. (Alexandria)Licinius I, 308-324 A.D. AE Follis, 3.60g, VF, 315 A.D., Alexandria. Obverse: IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS P F AVG - Laureate head right; Reverse: IOVI CONS-ERVATORI AVGG - Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on a globe and scepter; exergue: ALE / (wreath) over "B" over "N." Ref: RIC VII, 10 (B = r2) Rare, page 705 - Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, Scotland.

De Imperatoribus Romanis : An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Licinius (308-324 A.D.)

Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University

Licinius' Heritage

Valerius Licinianus Licinius, more commonly known as Licinius, may have been born ca. 265. Of peasant origin, his family was from Dacia. A close friend and comrade of arms of the Emperor Galerius, he accompanied him on his Persian expedition in 297. When campaigns by Severus and Galerius in late 306 or early 307 and in the summer of 307, respectively, failed to dislodge Maxentius who, with the luke warm support of his father Maximianus Herculius, was acclaimed princeps on 28 October 306, he was sent by the eastern emperor to Maxentius as an ambassador; the diplomatic mission, however, failed because the usurper refused to submit to the authority of his father-in-law Galerius. At the Conference of Carnuntum which was held in October or November of 308, Licinius was made an Augustus on 11 November 308; his realm included Thrace, Illyricum, and Pannonia.

Licinius' Early Reign

Although Licinius was initially appointed by Galerius to replace Severus to end the revolt of Maxentius , Licinius (perhaps wisely) made no effort to move against the usurper. In fact, his first attested victory was against the Sarmatians probably in the late spring, but no later than the end of June in 310. When the Emperor Galerius died in 311, Licinius met Maximinus Daia at the Bosporus during the early summer of that year; they concluded a treaty and divided Galerius' realm between them. It was little more than a year later that the Emperor Constantine defeated Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge on 28 October 312. After the defeat of the usurper, Constantine and Licinius met at Mediolanum (Milan) where Licinius married the former's sister Constantia; one child was born of this union: Valerius Licinianus Licinius. Licinius had another son, born of a slave woman, whose name is unknown. It appears that both emperors promulgated the so-called Edict of Milan, in which Constantine and Licinius granted Christians the freedom to practice their faith without any interference from the state.

As soon as he seems to have learned about the marital alliance between Licinius and Constantine and the death of Maxentius, who had been his ally, Daia traversed Asia Minor and, in April 313, he crossed the Bosporus and went to Byzantium, which he took from Licinius after an eleven day siege. On 30 April 313 the armies of both emperors clashed on the Campus Ergenus; in the ensuing battle Daia's forces were routed. A last ditch stand by Daia at the Cilician Gates failed; the eastern emperor subsequently died in the area of Tarsus probably in July or August 313. As soon as he arrived in Nicomedeia, Licinius promulgated the Edict of Milan. As soon as he had matters in Nicomedeia straightened out, Licinius campaigned against the Persians in the remaining part of 313 and the opening months of 314.

The First Civil War Between Licinius and Constantine

Once Licinius had defeated Maximinus Daia, the sole rulers of the Roman world were he and Constantine. It is obvious that the marriage of Licinius to Constantia was simply a union of convenience. In any case, there is evidence in the sources that both emperors were looking for an excuse to attack the other. The affair involving Bassianus (the husband of Constantius I's daughter Anastasia ), mentioned in the text of Anonymus Valesianus (5.14ff), may have sparked the falling out between the two emperors. In any case, Constantine' s forces joined battle with those of Licinius at Cibalae in Pannonia on 8 October 314. When the battle was over, Constantine prevailed; his victory, however, was Pyrrhic. Both emperors had been involved in exhausting military campaigns in the previous year and the months leading up to Cibalae and each of their realms had expanded so fast that their manpower reserves must have been stretched to the limit. Both men retreated to their own territory to lick their wounds. It may well be that the two emperors made an agreement, which has left no direct trace in the historical record, which would effectively restore the status quo.

Both emperors were variously engaged in different activities between 315 and 316. In addition to campaigning against the Germans while residing in Augusta Treverorum (Trier) in 315, Constantine dealt with aspects of the Donatist controversy; he also traveled to Rome where he celebrated his Decennalia. Licinius, possibly residing at Sirmium, was probably waging war against the Goths. Although not much else is known about Licinius' activities during this period, it is probable that he spent much of his time preparing for his impending war against Constantine; the latter,who spent the spring and summer of 316 in Augusta Treverorum, was probably doing much the same thing. In any case, by December 316, the western emperor was in Sardica with his army. Sometime between 1 December and 28 February 317, both emperors' armies joined battle on the Campus Ardiensis; as was the case in the previous engagement, Constantine' s forces were victorious. On 1 March 317, both sides agreed to a cessation of hostilities; possibly because of the intervention of his wife Constantia, Licinius was able to keep his throne, although he had to agree to the execution of his colleague Valens, who the eastern emperor had appointed as his colleague before the battle, as well as to cede some of his territory to his brother-in-law.

Licinius and the Christians

Although the historical record is not completely clear, Licinius seems to have campaigned against the Sarmatians in 318. He also appears to have been in Byzantium in the summer of 318 and later in June 323. Beyond these few facts, not much else is known about his residences until mid summer of 324. Although he and Constantine had issued the Edict of Milan in early 313, Licinius turned on the Christians in his realm seemingly in 320. The first law that Licinius issued prevented bishops from communicating with each other and from holding synods to discuss matters of interest to them. The second law prohibited men and women from attending services together and young girls from receiving instruction from their bishop or schools. When this law was issued, he also gave orders that Christians could hold services only outside of city walls. Additionally, he deprived officers in the army of their commissions if they did not sacrifice to the gods. Licinius may have been trying to incite Constantine to attack him. In any case, the growing tension between the two rulers is reflected in the consular Fasti of the period.

The Second Civil War Between Licinius and Constantine and Licinius' Death

War actually broke out in 321 when Constantine pursued some Sarmatians, who had been ravaging some territory in his realm, across the Danube. When he checked a similar invasion of the Goths, who were devastating Thrace, Licinius complained that Constantine had broken the treaty between them. Having assembled a fleet and army at Thessalonica, Constantine advanced toward Adrianople. Licinius engaged the forces of his brother-in-law near the banks of the Hebrus River on 3 July 324 where he was routed; with as many men as he could gather, he headed for his fleet which was in the Hellespont. Those of his soldiers who were not killed or put to flight, surrendered to the enemy. Licinius fled to Byzantium, where he was besieged by Constantine. Licinius' fleet, under the command of the admiral Abantus, was overcome by bad weather and by Constantine' s fleet which was under the command of his son Crispus. Hard pressed in Byzantium, Licinius abandoned the city to his rival and fled to Chalcedon in Bithynia. Leaving Martinianus, his former magister officiorum and now his co-ruler, to impede Constantine' s progress, Licinius regrouped his forces and engaged his enemy at Chrysopolis where he was again routed on 18 September 324. He fled to Nicomedeia which Constantine began to besiege. On the next day Licinius abdicated and was sent to Thessalonica, where he was kept under house arrest. Both Licinius and his associate were put to death by Constantine. Martinianus may have been put to death before the end of 324, whereas Licinius was not put to death until the spring of 325. Rumors circulated that Licinius had been put to death because he attempted another rebellion against Constantine.

Copyright (C) 1996, Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.

Cleisthenes

22080 Trebonianus Gallus /Pietas22080 Trebonianus Gallus /Pietas
Obv: IMP C C VIB TREB GALLVS AVG
Bust of Trebonianus Gallus, radiate, draped, cuirassed, right
Rev: PIETAS AVGG
Pietas, veiled, draped, standing left, raising both hands; to left, altar
Mint: Milan (Mediolanum) 22.8mmm 2.7g
RIC 72; RSC 88; Sear (1998) 2790; Sear 9643

Blayne W

251-253 AD., Trebonianus Gallus, Antoninianus, 3,87 g., mint of Mediolanum, RIC 71Trebonianus Gallus, mint of Mediolanum (Milan), 251-253 AD.,
Antoninianus (3,87 g.),
Obv.: IMP C C VIB TREB GALLVS AVG , Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from behind.
Rev.: PAX - AETERNA , Pax standing left holding branch and transverse sceptre.
RIC 71 ; C 76 .

my ancient coin database
2 commentsArminius

260 Claudius IIClaudius II
Æ Antoninianus

Mediolanum (Milan) mint, 2nd officina, 2nd emission, (mid 269 – spring 270 A.D.)

Obv: IMP CLAVDIVS P F AVG, radiate, draped bust of Claudius II right
Rev: FIDES MILIT, S in ex , Fides standing left holding standards in each hand
RIC 149Randygeki(h2)

260 Claudius IIClaudius II
Æ Antoninianus
Mediolanum (Milan, Italy) mint

IMP CLAVDIVS P F AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right; reverse PAX AVG, Pax walking left, extending olive-branch in right hand, long transverse scepter in left, T in ex

RIC V 157, SRCV 3215, Cohen 202Randygeki(h2)

270 AD - QUINTILLUS - AE antoninianus obv: IMP.C.M.AVR.CL.QVINTILLVS.AVG (radiate & draped bust right)
rev: FIDES.MILIT (Fides standing left, holding two standards)
ref: RIC52 (?)
mint: no mint-marks (Mediolanum without 'S' or unpublished Siscia),
3.03gms, 22mm
Quintillus had been emperor for only a few weeks after the death of Claudius Gothicus.berserker

270-275 AD - AURELIAN silvered AE antoninianusobv: IMP.AVRELIANVS.AVG (radiate & cuirassed bust right)
rev: ORIENS.AVG (Sol standing left, holding right hand high in salute & in left hand a globe; two bound captives at feet), T in ex.
ref: RIC137, C.154
mint: Mediolanum
4,02gms, 22mm, 3rd officina, struck Fall 274 – January 275 ADberserker

309. GallienusOne of the key characteristics of the Crisis of the Third Century was the inability of the Emperors to maintain their hold on the Imperium for any marked length of time. An exception to this rule was the reign of the Emperor Gallienus. The fact that Gallienus served as junior Emperor with his father, Valerian, from 253 to 260 may have had something to do with his successes. Father and son each wielded his authority over a smaller area, thus allowing for more flexible control and imperial presence. Another, more probable reason, lay in Gallienus's success in convincing Rome that he was the best man for the job. However, Gallienus had to handle many rebellions of the so-called "Gallienus usurpers".

In 260, Valerian was taken prisoner by Sapor, King of Persia while trying to negotiate a peace settlement. Although aware that his father had been taken alive (the only Emperor to have suffered this fate), Gallienus did not make public Valerian's death until a year later. His decision hinged on the fact that Romans believed that their fate rose and fell with the fate of the Emperor, which in turn depended upon his demonstrating the proper amount of piety (Latin pietas) to the gods and maintaining their favor. A defeated Emperor would surely have meant that the gods had forsaken Valerian and, by extension, Gallienus.

Gallienus's chief method of reinforcing his position is seen in the coinage produced during his reign (see Roman currency). The coinage provides clear evidence of a successful propaganda campaign. Gallienus took pains to make sure that he was regularly represented as victorious, merciful, and pious. The people who used these coins on a daily basis saw these messages and, with little evidence to the contrary, remained supportive of their Emperor.

There were, however, those who knew better. During Gallienus' reign, there was constant fighting on the western fringes of the Empire. As early as 258, Gallienus had lost control over a large part of Gaul, where another general, Postumus, had declared his own realm (typically known today as the Gallic Empire). As Gallienus' influence waned, another general came to the fore. In time-honored tradition, Claudius II Gothicus gained the loyalty of the army and succeeded Gallienus to the Imperium.

In the months leading up to his mysterious death in September of 268, Gallienus was ironically orchestrating the greatest achievements of his reign. An invasion of Goths into the province of Pannonia was leading to disaster and even threatening Rome, while at the same time, the Alamanni were raising havoc in the northern part of Italy. Gallienus halted the Allamanic progress by defeating them in battle in April of 268, then turned north and won several victories over the Goths. That fall, he turned on the Goths once again, and in September, either he or Claudius, his leading general, led the Roman army to victory (although the cavalry commander Aurelian was the real victor) at the Battle of Naissus.

At some time following this battle, Gallienus was murdered during the siege of usurper Aureolus in Mediolanum; many theories abound that Claudius and Aurelian conspired to have the emperor killed. Be that as it may, Claudius spared the lives of Gallienus' family — Gallienus' wife, Iulia Cornelia Salonina, had given him three sons: Valerianus (who died in 258), Saloninus (died in 260 after becoming co-emperor), and Egnatius Marinianus — and had the emperor deified.

Gallienus Antoninianus - Minerva
OBVERSE: GALLIENVS AVG, radiate, cuirassed bust right
REVERSE: MINERVA AVG, Minerva standing right with spear and shield.
23mm - 3.7 gramsecoli

311a. AureolusAureolus. Romano-Gallic Usurper, AD 267-268. Antoninianus (19mm, 2.17 g, 7h). Struck in the name of Postumus. Mediolanum (Milan) mint, 2nd officina. 3rd emission, mid AD 268. Radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust of Postumus right / Concordia standing left, holding patera and rudder; prow of galley to left; S. RIC V (Postumus) 373; Mairat 215-21; AGK (Postumus) 6b; RSC (Postumus) 19. Near VF, dark brown patina.

Aureolus was an extraordinarily capable general who served under Valerian and Gallienus. Around AD 258, Gallienus stationed a new cavalry unit at Mediolanum that was to serve as a quick reaction force against any new invasions along the frontier of the central empire. Aureolus was given command of this unit. In AD 260-261 his forces defeated the armies of the usurpers Ingenuus and Macrianus, and recovered the province of Raetia. Following these victories, Gallienus and Aureolus led a Roman army against the breakaway Gallic provinces under Postumus. Gallienus was forced to leave the field after being injured in battle, and left the campaign in the hands of Aureolus. Aureolus ended the campaign shortly thereafter, and while the reason is uncertain, the historical record suggests it was due to either his incompetence or else treachery (he had come to a secret agreement with Postumus). While the former seems unlikely, given Aureolus’ record, the latter is possible, as there are indications that he had been preparing for a revolt as early as AD 262. Regardless, at some point in AD 267, Aureolus revolted and established his base at Mediolanum, where Gallienus besieged him in AD 268. The details of the revolt are unclear, but it appears that Aureolus first appealed to Postumus for aid, and, failing to gain the Gallic Emperor’s support, declared himself emperor. About the same time, Gallienus was murdered, and was succeeded by Claudius II Gothicus, who continued to beseige Mediolanum. Soon, though, it appeared that an agreement was reached, and Aureolus emerged from the city to meet Claudius. Any such concord, however, was simply a ruse, as Aureolus was taken into custody and executed.ecoli

315. QuintillusQuintillus, August or September - October or November 270 A.D.

Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus (d. 270) was brother of the Roman Emperor Claudius II, and became the Emperor himself in 270.

Historia Augusta reports that he became Emperor in a coup d'état. Eutropius reports Quintillus to have been elected by soldiers of the Roman army immediately following the death of his brother. The choice was reportedly approved by the Roman Senate. Joannes Zonaras however reports him elected by the Senate itself.

Records however agree that the legions which had followed Claudius in campaigning along the Danube were either unaware or disapproving of Quintillus' elevation. They instead elevated their current leader Aurelian to the rank of Augustus. Historia Augusta reports Aurelian to have been chosen by Claudius himself as a successor, apparently in a deathbed decision.

The few records of Quintillus' reign are contradictory. They disagree on the length of his reign, variously reported to have lasted as few as 17 days and as many as 177 days (about six months). Records also disagree on the cause of his death. Historia Augusta reports him murdered by his own soldiers in reaction to his strict military discipline. Jerome reports him killed, persumably in conflict with Aurelian. John of Antioch and Joannes Zonaras reported Quintillus to have committed suicide by opening his veins and bleeding himself to death. John reports the suicide to have been assisted by a physician. Claudius Salmasius pointed that Dexippus recorded the death without stating causes. All records however agree in placing the death at Aquileia.

Quintillus was reportedly survived by his two sons.

Historia Augusta reports Claudius and Quintillus having another brother named Crispus and through him a niece, Claudia. who reportedly married Eutropius and was mother to Constantius Chlorus. Historians however suspect this account to be a genealogical fabrication to flatter Constantine the Great.

Surviving Roman records considered Quintillus a moderate and capable Emperor. He was seen as a champion of the Senate and thus compared to previous Emperors Servius Sulpicius Galba and Publius Helvius Pertinax. All three were highly regarded by Senatorial sources despite their failure to survive a full year of reign.

Bronze antoninianus, RIC 58, C-47, S 3246, EF, 3.37g, 19.9mm, 180o, Mediolanum mint, obverse IMP QVINTILLVS AVG, radiate and draped bust right; reverse MARTI PACI, Mars holding olive branch and spear, P in ex; found in England; Ex Forum1 commentsecoli

405. CONSTANTIUS I, as CaesarBorn March 31st, Emperor Flavius Valerius Constantius may have come into the world ca. 250. His family was from Illyricum. In the army he served as a protector, tribunus, and a praeses Dalmatiarum. During the 270s or the 280s, he became the father of Constantine by Helena, his first spouse. By 288 he was the Praetorian Prefect of the western emperor Maximianus Herculius.

On 1 March 293 Diocletian appointed Galerius as his Caesar (junior emperor) in the east and Constantius as the Caesar of Maximianus Herculius. Caesar in the west. Both Caesars had the right of succession. In order to strengthen the dynastic relationship between himself and Herculius., Constantius put aside his wife Helena and married Theodora, the daughter, or perhaps stepdaughter, of Maximianus Herculius. The union was fruitful and of it there were six issue: Flavius Dalmatius, Julius Constantius, Hannibalianus, Constantia, Anastasia, and Eutropia. To strengthen his bond with Galerius and Diocletian in the east, Constantius allowed Galerius to keep his son Constantine as a hostage for his good behavior.

In the remainder of the time that he was a Caesar, Constantius spent much of his time engaged in military actions in the west. In the summer of 293 Constantius expelled the troops of the usurper Carausius from northern Gaul; after Constantius' attack on Bononia (Boulogne), Carausius was murdered. At the same time he dealt with the unrest of the Germans. In 296 he invaded Britain and put down the revolt of the usurper Allectus. Between 300 and 305 A.D. the Caesar campaigned successfully several times with various German tribes. It is worth noting in passing, that while his colleagues rigidly enforced the "Great Persecution in 303," Constantius limited his action to knocking down a few churches.

On 1 May 305 Diocletian, at Nicomedia, and Maximianus Herculius, at Mediolanum (Milan), divested themselves of the purple, probably because of the almost fatal illness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of 304. Diocletian forced Maximianus to abdicate. They appointed as their successors Constantius and Galerius, with Severus and Maximinus Daia as the new Caesars. The retired emperors then returned to private life. Constantius, as had his predecessor, ruled in the west, while Galerius and Daia ruled in the east. Almost as soon as he was appointed Augustus, he crossed to Britain to face incursions by the Picts where he died at York on 25 July 306 with his son at his side.

CONSTANTIUS I, as Caesar. 293-305 AD. Æ Follis (9.24 gm). Lugdunum mint. Struck 301-303 AD. CONSTANTIVS NO[B CAE]S, laureate and draped bust right, holding spear over right shoulder and shield at left / [GENIO POPV]LI ROMANI; altar-B/PLC. RIC VI 136a. VF, brown patina, some silvering. Ex CNG1 commentsecoli

407. Severus IIFlavius Valerius Severus was of humble origin and from Illyricum. Early in his career he had held a military command. When Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximianus Herculius, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple (Milan) on 1 May 305, they appointed Constantius I and Galerius as Augusti in their place, with Severus and Maximinus Daia as the new Caesars. Both Caesars were Galerius' creatures and received their appointment at his hands. Constantius I and Severus ruled the west, while Galerius and Daia controlled the east.

When Galerius learned of the death of Constantius I in August 306 and the acclamation of Constantine to the purple, he raised Severus to the rank of Augustus to replace the dead Augustus. Matters went from bad to worse for Galerius when Maxentius, the son of Maximianus Herculius, was proclaimed emperor at Rome on 28 October 306. Galerius was disturbed when he heard the news of Maxentius' revolt because the usurper seized Rome, then part of Severus' realm. Galerius sent Severus from Mediolanum (Milan) to fight the enemy. Severus took a large field army which had formerly been that of Maximianus and proceeded toward Rome.

When Maxentius learned about the advance of Severus, he sent his own father the purple and offered to make him Augustus again to win Severus' army to his side; Maximianus accepted his offer. Meanwhile, Severus and his army reached Rome and began to besiege the city; Maxentius, however, bribed Severus' soldiers and, at a set signal, the Augustus' forces joined the usurper. Severus fled ro Ravenna with a few remaining soldiers. Maximianus went to Ravenna and, with false promises of safety, convinced Severus to surrender. He took this action because he realized that Severus' position was impregnable. Under house arrest Severus was brought to Rome and imprisoned at Tres Tabernae. Severus was put to death in 307 under clouded circumstances, when Galerius invaded Italy

Severus II AD 305-306 AE Follis "Genius Serdica" "The genius of the people of Rome." Obv: FL VAL SEVERVS NOB C - Laureate head right Rev: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI - Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. Exe: SIS Siscia mint: AD 305-306 = RIC VI, p. 475, 170a Rare (r) ecoli

410. Licinius IFlavius Galerius Valerius Licinianus Licinius (c. 250 - 325) was Roman emperor from 308 to 324.

Of Dacian peasant origin, born in Moesia Superior, Licinius accompanied his close friend the Emperor Galerius on the Persian expedition in 297. After the death of Flavius Valerius Severus, Galerius elevated Licinius to the rank of Augustus in the West on November 11, 308. He received as his immediate command the provinces of Illyricum, Thrace and Pannonia.

On the death of Galerius, in May 311, Licinius shared the entire empire with Maximinus Daia, the Hellespont and the Bosporus being the dividing line.

In March 313 he married Flavia Julia Constantia, half-sister of Constantine, at Mediolanum (now Milan), the occasion for the jointly-issued "Edict of Milan" that restored confiscated properties to Christian congregations though it did not "Christianize" the Empire as is often assumed, although it did give Christians a better name in Rome. In the following month (April 30), Licinius inflicted a decisive defeat on Maximinus at Battle of Tzirallum, after Maximinus had tried attacking him. He then established himself master of the East, while his brother-in-law, Constantine, was supreme in the West.

In 314 his jealousy led him to encourage a treasonable enterprise in favor of Bassianus against Constantine. When his actions became known, a civil war ensued, in which he was first defeated at the battle of Cibalae in Pannonia (October 8, 314), and next some 2 years later (after naming Valerius Valens co-emperor) in the plain of Mardia (also known as Campus Ardiensis) in Thrace. The outward reconciliation left Licinius in possession of Thrace, Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt, but he later added numerous provinces to Constantine's control.

In 324 Constantine, tempted by the "advanced age and unpopular vices" of his colleague, again declared war against him, and, having defeated his army at the battle of Adrianople (July 3, 324), succeeded in shutting him up within the walls of Byzantium. The defeat of the superior fleet of Licinius by Flavius Julius Crispus, Constantine’s eldest son, compelled his withdrawal to Bithynia, where a last stand was made; the battle of Chrysopolis, near Chalcedon (September 18), resulted in his final submission. He was interned at Thessalonica under a kind of house arrest, but when he attempted to raise troops among the barbarians Constantine had him and his former co-emperor Martinianus assassinated.

O: IMP LICINIVS AVG; Emperor, facing left, wearing imperial mantle, holding mappa and globe.
R: IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG; Jupiter standing left holding Victory; palm to left, epsilon in right field, SMN in exergue. Sear 3804, RIC Nicomedia 24 (Scarce), Failmezger #278. Remarkable detail on this nicely silvered Late Roman bronze, ex Crisp Collection.

ecoli

501b. Crispus Ticinum VOTATicinum

Ticinum (the modern Pavia) was an ancient city of Gallia Transpadana, founded on the banks of the river of the same name (now the Ticino river) a little way above its confluence with the Padus (Po).

It is said by Pliny to have been founded by the Laevi and Marici, two Ligurian tribes, while Ptolemy attributes it to the Insubres.

Its importance in Roman times was due to the extension of the Via Aemilia from Ariminum (Rimini) to the Padus (187 BC), which it crossed at Placentia (Piacenza) and there forked, one branch going to Mediolanum (Milan) and the other to Ticinum, and thence to Laumellum where it divided once more, one branch going to Vercellae - and thence to Eporedia and Augusta Praetoria - and the other to Valentia - and thence to Augusta Taurinorum (Turin) or to Pollentia.

The branch to Eporedia must have been constructed before 100 BC. Ticinum is not infrequently mentioned by classical writers. It was a municipium, and from an inscription we know that a triumphal arch was erected in honor of Augustus and his family, but we learn little of it except that in the 4th century AD there was a manufacture of bows there.

It was pillaged by Attila in AD 452 and by Odoacer in 476, but rose to importance as a military centre in the Gothic period. At Dertona and here the grain stores of Liguria were placed, and Theodoric the Great constructed a palace, baths and amphitheatre and new town walls; while an inscription of Athalaric relating to repairs of seats in the amphitheatre is preserved (AD 528‑529). From this point, too, navigation on the Padus seems to have begun. Narses recovered it for the Eastern Empire, but after a long siege, the garrison had to surrender to the Lombards in 572.

001b. Crispus Ticinum

RIC VII Ticinum 153 R3

ecoli

508. Julian II VOTA SirmiumSirmium

Sirmium was one of the oldest cities in Europe. Archaeologists have found a trace of organized human life dating from the 5000 BC.

When the Romans conquered the city in the 1st century BC, Sirmium already was a settlement with a long tradition.

In the 1st century, Sirmium gained a status of a colony of the citizens of Rome, and became a very important military and strategic location in Pannonia province. The war expeditions of Roman emperors Traian, Marcus Aurelius, and Claudius II, were prepared in Sirmium.

In 103, Pannonia was split into two provinces: Upper Pannonia and Lower Pannonia, and Sirmius became the capital city of Lower Pannonia.

In 296, Diocletian operated a new territorial division of Pannonia. Instead of previous two provinces, there were four new provinces established in former territory of original province: Pannonia Prima, Pannonia Valeria, Pannonia Savia and Pannonia Secunda. Capital city of Pannonia Secunda was Sirmium.

In 293, with the establishment of tetrarchy, the Roman Empire was split into four parts; Sirmium become one of the four capital cities of Roman Empire, the other three being Trier, Mmediolanum, and Nicomedia. During the tetrarchy, Sirmium was the capital of emperor Galerius. With the establishment of praetorian prefectures in 318, the capital of the prefecture of Illyricum was Sirmium. Sirmium was capital of this prefecture until 379, when the prefecture was divided politically into Eastern and Western Illyricum. The western part (including Sirmium) was included into prefecture of Italia. The eastern part of Illyricum remained a separate prefecture with the capital in Thessalonica.

The city also was an important Christian centre. Several Christian councils were held in Sirmium.

008. Julian II Sirmium

RIC VIII Sirmium 108 ASIRM???

ecoli

78-02 - VOLUSIANO (251 - 253 D.C.)AR Antoniniano 23 x 21 mm 5.2 gr.
Hijo de Treboniano Galo y Co-Augusto de éste.

Anv: "IMP C C VIB VOLVSIANVS AVG" - Busto radiado, vestido y acorazado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "VIRTVS AVGG" - Virtus (El Valor) con ropaje y casco militar, de pié a derecha, portando lanza invertida en la mano del brazo derecho extendido y descansando con la izquierda sobre un escudo al frente.

Acuñada 251 - 253 D.C.
Ceca: Mediolanum - Hoy Milan Italia

Referencias: RIC Vol.IV Parte III #206 Pag.181 - Sear RCTV (1988) #2832 - Cohen Vol.V #133 Pag.279 - RSC Vol. IV #133 Pag.45 - DVM #45 Pag.237mdelvalle

78-02 - VOLUSIANO (251 - 253 D.C.)AR Antoniniano 23 x 21 mm 5.2 gr.
Hijo de Treboniano Galo y Co-Augusto de éste.

Anv: "IMP C C VIB VOLVSIANVS AVG" - Busto radiado, vestido y acorazado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "VIRTVS AVGG" - Virtus (El Valor) con ropaje y casco militar, de pié a derecha, portando lanza invertida en la mano del brazo derecho extendido y descansando con la izquierda sobre un escudo al frente.

Acuñada 251 - 253 D.C.
Ceca: Mediolanum - Hoy Milan Italia

Referencias: RIC Vol.IV Parte III #206 Pag.181 - Sear RCTV '88 #2832 - Sear RCTV III #9776 Pag.245 - Cohen Vol.V #133 Pag.279 - RSC Vol. IV #133 Pag.45 - DVM #45 Pag.237- Hunter #47mdelvalle

94-06 - CLAUDIO GÃ“TICO (268 - 270 D.C.)AE Antoniniano 19 x 17 mm 4.1 gr.

Anv: "[IMP CLA]VDIVS P F AVG" - Busto radiado y vestido, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "FELIC TEMPO" - Felicitas (La Felicidad) de pié de frente viendo a izquierda, portando un Caduceo en mano derecha y un largo cetro vertical en izquierda. "T" en exergo.

Acuñada 1ra. Emisión Set. 268 - Inicios 269 D.C.
Ceca: Mediolanum (Off. 3ra.) - Milan Italia
Rareza: C

Referencias: RIC Vol.V Parte I #145 Pag.223 - Cohen Vol.VI #74 Pag.138 - DVM #9 var Pag.255 - Nor.#1012mdelvalle

94-17 - CLAUDIO GOTICO (268 - 270 D.C.)AE Antoniniano 19 x 17 mm 4.1 gr.

Anv: "[IMP CLA]VDIVS P F AVG" - Busto radiado y vestido, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "FELIC TEMPO" - Felicitas (La Felicidad) de pié de frente viendo a izquierda, portando un Caduceo en mano derecha y un largo cetro vertical en izquierda. "T" en exergo.

Acuñada 1ra. Emisión Set. 268 - Inicios 269 D.C.
Ceca: Mediolanum (Off. 3ra.) - Milan Italia

Referencias: RIC Va #145 (C) P.223, Sear RCTV III #11330 P.400, Cohen VI #74 P.138, DVM #9 var (Ley.) P.255, Nor.#1012, Hunter #52mdelvalle

96-04 - AURELIANO (270 - 275 D.C.)AE Antoniniano 20 mm 3.0 gr.

Anv: "IMP AVRELIANVS AVG" - Busto radiado y con coraza, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "FORTVNA REDVX" - Fortuna sentada a izquierda, portando un timón en la mamo de su brazo derecho extendido y cornucopia en izquierda. Debajo de su silla una rueda. "Q" en exergo.

Acuñada 3ra. Emisión Otoño 271 - Otoño 272 D.C.
Ceca: Mediolanum (Off. 4ta.) - Milan Italia

Referencias: RIC Va #128 (C) P.279, RIC 2 Temp.#1473, Sear RCTV III #11539 P.423, Sear RCTV '88 #3259, Cohen VI #95 P.186, DVM #10 P.257, Göbl#66 c4, La Venera 2061/2125, CBN #477, MIR #16, mdelvalle

96-05 - AURELIANO (270 - 275 D.C.)AE Antoniniano 22 mm 2.4 gr.

Anv: "IMP AVRELIANVS AVG" - Busto radiado y con coraza, viendo a derecha. En el pecho del Emperador, sobre su coraza puede verse claramente grabada a SOL (corona radiada, conduciendo la cuadriga con la mano izquierda y levantando la izquierda) ó VICTORIA (conduciendo una cuadriga con la mano izquierda, levantando una corona de laureles con la derecha y con sus alas flotando detrás). Este tipo de Busto no lo he visto en ninguna de mis referencias.
Rev: "IOVI CON-SER" – Emperador laureado y con vestimenta militar a la izquierda, vuelto a la derecha, portando un cetro en mano derecha extiende la izquierda para recibir un Globo que le presenta Júpiter, desnudo, con su manto cayendo desde su hombro izquierdo y portando un largo cetro vertical en la mano izquierda. "T" en exergo.

Acuñada 3ra. Emisión (Otoño 271 - Otoño 272 D.C) y 4ta. Emisiones (Finales del 272 al principio del 274 D.C.)
Ceca: Mediolanum (Off. 3ra.) - Milan Italia
Rareza: C

Referencias: RIC Vol.V Parte I #129 Pag.279 - Sear RCTV (1988) #3260 - Cohen Vol.VI #105 Pag.187 - DVM # Pag. 1 commentsmdelvalle

96-06 - AURELIANO (270 - 275 D.C.)AE Antoniniano 21 mm 3.0 gr.

Anv: "AVRELIANVS AVG" - Busto radiado y con coraza, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "ORIENS AVG" - Sol radiado y desnudo, su manto sobre hombro izquierdo, de pié a derecha, levanta su mano derecha portando un globo en izquierda. A sus piés un prisionero sentado con sus manos atadas a la espalda. "S" en exergo.

Acuñada 5ta. Emisión - Período 1ro.- Primavera de 274 D.C.
Ceca: Mediolanum (Off. 2da.) - Milan Italia
Rareza: C

Referencias: RIC Vol.V Parte I #135 Pag.280 - Cohen Vol.VI #142 Pag.190 - DVM #15 Pag.257 - LV.#1156 - Göbl#67 a2 - La Venera. II.1/4611mdelvalle

96-06 - AURELIANO (270 - 275 D.C.)AE Antoniniano 21 mm 3.0 gr.

Anv: "AVRELIANVS AVG" - Busto radiado y con coraza, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "ORIENS AVG" - Sol radiado y desnudo, su manto sobre hombro izquierdo, de pié a derecha, levanta su mano derecha portando un globo en izquierda. A sus piés un prisionero sentado con sus manos atadas a la espalda. "S" en exergo.

Acuñada 5ta. Emisión - Período 1ro.- Primavera de 274 D.C.
Ceca: Mediolanum (Off. 2da.) - Milan Italia

Referencias: RIC Va #135 (C) P.280, RIC2 Temp #1509, Cohen VI #142 P.190, DVM #15 P.257, Göbl#67 a2, La Venera. 4611/37, BNC #544/5mdelvalle

96-08 - AURELIANO (270 - 275 D.C.)AE Antoniniano 24 x 21 mm 3.5 gr.

Anv: "IMP AVRELIANVS AVG" - Busto radiado y con coraza, viendo a derecha.
Rev: ""RES[T]ITVT O-RBIS" - Mujer (Pax?) de pié a derecha presenta una corona al Emperador de pié a der. viendo a izquierda, laureado con hábito militar y portando lanza en mano izquierda. "P" en exergo.

Acuñada 4ta. Emisión Fin 272 - Comienzo 274 D.C.
Ceca: Mediolanum (Off. 1ra.) - Milan Italia
Rareza: C

Referencias: RIC Vol.V Parte I #139 Pag.280 - Sear RCTV (1988) #3265 - Cohen Vol.VI #192 Pag.196 - DVM #23a Pag.258 - LV.#1414 - Göbl#57 c1 - La Venera. II.1/3705mdelvalle

96-08 - AURELIANO (270 - 275 D.C.)AE Antoniniano 24 x 21 mm 3.5 gr.

Anv: "IMP AVRELIANVS AVG" - Busto radiado y con coraza, viendo a derecha.
Rev: ""RES[T]ITVT O-RBIS" - Mujer (Pax?) de pié a derecha presenta una corona al Emperador de pié a der. viendo a izquierda, laureado con hábito militar y portando lanza en mano izquierda. "P" en exergo.

Acuñada 4ta. Emisión Fin 272 - Comienzo 274 D.C.
Ceca: Mediolanum (Off. 1ra.) - Milan Italia

Referencias: RIC Va #139 (C) P.280, RIC2 Temp #1493, Sear RCTV '88 #3265, Cohen VI #192 P.196, DVM #23a P.258, La Venera. 3705/3801, BNC #495/499mdelvalle

Alexander Severus - AR antoninianusstruck by Decius

Mediolanum
250-251 AD
radiate bust right, draped shoulder
DIVO ALEXANDRO
lit altar
CONSECRATIO
RIC 98[decius]; RSC 598; Sear (Decius) 9485.
5,1g 21mm
ex Vienna International AuctionsJ. B.

An Introduction to QuintillusThis Gallery displays my entire Quintillus collection.

I have long loved Quintillus as he is a fascinating Emperor.

Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus was reportedly a brother of Claudius II Gothicus who died of the plague in mid-August 270. It is uncertain how Quintillus came to power and how long he reigned. Eutropius says he was elected by the army and later approved by the Senate. Zonaras says he was chosen by the Senate. He is said to have ruled for either 17 days or 77 days. Given the volume of his coinage it is likely that the latter is true and 17 days is a copying error. When faced with the claims to the throne by Aurelian, Quintillus was either killed by his troops or died of suicide. In any event he died at Aquileia sometime in November 270.

When Quintillus came to power the mints in Gaul (Trier and Lugdunum) were already controlled by the Gallic usurpers as Antioch in the East was controlled by the Palmyrenes. That left him with the mints of Rome, Mediolanum, Siscia and Cyzicus. Alexandria also struck local tetradrachms for Quintillus. However, sometime in October the mints of Siscia and Cyzicus fell into the hands of Aurelian and ceased striking for Quintillus.

SC

Antoninianus. RSC 0238a. Rome.Obv. Radiate head right GALLIENVS AVG
Rev. Fides standing left holding staff and standard. FIDES MILITVM.
RSC 238a. Rome mint.

RIC and RSC incorrectly assign this cointo Milan/Mediolanum mint.LordBest

ARCADIUS siliqua - AD 393-394obv: D N ARCADI-VS P F AVG (diademed draped bust right)
rev: VIRTVS ROMANORVM (Roma seated left with Victory & spear), MDPS in ex.
ref: RIC IX Mediolanum 32b (R3)
mint: Mediolanum
1.02gms, 14mm
Rareberserker

Arcadius solidusObserve: D.N. ARCADIVS P.F. AVG.
Reverse: VICTORIA AVGGG. In the field, M.D. In the exergue COMOB
Mint: Mediolanum.
Weight: 4,4 gr.Corduba

Aurelian (RIC 142, Coin #472)RIC 142, AE Antoninianus, Mediolanum, 270 - 275 AD.
Obv: IMP AVRELIANVS AVG Radiate and draped bust right.
Rev: ROMAE AETERNAE (Q) Emperor standing right before Roma seated left on shield, holding Victory and sceptre.
Size: 23.2mm 3.94gmMaynardGee

Aurelian - AE antoninianusMediolanum
autumn 271 - autumn 272 AD
Issue 3
radiate and cuirassed bust right
IMP AVRELIANVS AVG
Aurelian in military dress standing right, receiving a globe from Jupiter standing left, holding long sceptre in left hand
IOVI CONSERVA_TORI
P
LV 2169-77; RIC1st 131 var.
http://www.ric.mom.fr/en/coin/1457
3,8g 21mm
ex NaumannJ. B.

Aurelian - AE antoninianusMediolanum
end 272 - early 274 AD
Issue 4
radiate and cuirassed bust right
IMP AVRELIANVS AVG
Aurelian standing right, wearing toga, holding short scepter, facing Pietas standing left, holding short scepter both sacrificing over lit altar between them
PIETAS AVG
S
LV 3956-4116; RIC1st 138 corr.
http://www.ric.mom.fr/en/coin/1497
3,5g 20,5mmJ. B.

Aurelian - AE antoninianusMediolanum
XII 270 - I 271 AD
Issue 1, Phase 2
radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right with paludamentum
IMP AVRELIANVS AVG
Concordia standing half left, holding two standards on each side
CONC_ORDI__LEGI
S
RIC1st 104; BNC 381
https://ric.mom.fr/en/coin/1410
3,9g 19mm
ex DionysosJ. B.

Aurelian - AE antoninianusMediolanum
XII 270 AD - I 271 AD
Issue 1, Phase 2
radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right with paludamentum with left sleeve raised
IMP AVRELIANVS AVG
Concordia standing half left holding two standards, one in either hand
CONC_ORD__LEGI
P
RIC1st 102; LV 1578
https://ric.mom.fr/en/coin/1405
3,4g 21,5mm
ex Soler y LlachJ. B.

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