| Image search results - "lysimachus" |
Kassander, 317 - 297 BC. AE18. Struck 319 - 305 BC at an uncertain mint in MacedoniaObverse: No legend. Head of Herakles, wearing lion's skin, facing right.
Reverse: KAΣΣAN - ΔPOY, above and below crouching lion facing right, Λ in right field, before lion.
Diameter: 17.77mm | Weight: 3.76gms | Die Axis: 6
SNG Cop 1138 | Sear GCV 6753 | Forrer/Weber 2161
This type was issued before Kassander's assumption of the royal title in 305 BC
Kassander (Cassander) was one of the Diadochoi, a group of Macedonian generals, and the self proclaimed ruler of Macedonia during the political turmoil following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC. He was the son of Antipater, who had been appointed as regent in Macedonia while Alexander was in the East.
In 319 BC and close to death, Antipater transferred the regency of Macedonia to Polyperchon. Kassander refused to acknowledge the new regent and, with the aid of Antigonus I Monopthalmus the ruler of Phrygia, he seized Macedonia and most of Greece, including Athens. In 317 BC, he declared himself regent and had Alexander's widow, Roxanna and son, Alexander IV confined in Amphipolis. Later, in 310 or 309 BC, he had them put to death by poisoning. But, even though he had murdered Alexander's heirs and had been the de facto ruler of Macedonia from 317 BC, Kassander did not take the royal titles and declare himself king until 305 BC.
Meanwhile, Antigonus was intent on reuniting Alexander's empire under his own sovereignty and so Kassander joined forces with Ptolemy I of Egypt, Seleucus in Babylon and Lysimachus ruler of Thrace to oppose him. The two sides fought several battles between 319 and 303 BC resulting in Kassander losing Athens in 307 BC and his possessions south of Thessaly between 303 and 302 BC. However, in 301 BC Antigonus was defeated and killed at the Battle of Ipsus in Phrygia which allowed Kassander to secure undisputed control over Macedonia.
During his rule Kassander restored peace and prosperity to the kingdom, founding or restoring numerous cities, including Thebes which had been levelled by Alexander as punishment for rebelling against him. He also founded Thessalonica, naming the city after his wife, and Cassandreia, founded upon the ruins of Potidaea, which was named after himself.
Kassander died of dropsy in 297 BC and may have been buried in a royal tomb recently discovered at Vergina, identified as Aigai, the first Macedonian capital.
*Alex
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23. Lysimachos.Tetradrachm, 287 - 282 BC, Pergamum mint.
Obverse: Diademed head of Alexander, wearing the Horn of Ammon. K under bust.
Reverse: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΟΣ ΛΥΣΙΜΑΧΟΥ / Athena seated, with spear and shield, holding Nike. A crescent and archaic xoanon at left, ΘΞ monogram in exergue.
17.29 gm., 30 mm.
Thompson #221; S. #6816 var.
The mint at Pergamum was open for only 5 years from 287 - 282 BC. This coin was issued by Philetareus who was Lysimachus' governor at Pergamum. One of the most striking portraits on Greek coinage ! Callimachus
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Alexander DrachmAlexander III posthumous issue, 4 grams. Lysimachus, 305-281 BC, KINGDOM OF THRACE.
I've never seen Zeus's legs positioned like this in any coin!
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Antigonos II Gonatas, 277 - 239 BC. AE20. Struck at an uncertain mint in MacedoniaObverse: No legend. Head of Athena, in crested Corinthian helmet, facing right.
Reverse: Pan advancing right, erecting trophy of Gallic arms. B - A across upper field; ANTI monogram of Antigonos between Pan's feet; helmet symbol in field to left.
Diameter: 18mm | Weight: 4.82gms | Die Axis: 12
SNG Alpha Bank 1017 | Sear GCV 6786
Antigonos II Gonatas was the son of Demetrios Poliorketes, himself the son of Antigonos I Monophthalmus, who then controlled much of Asia. The origin of the nickname Gonatas is unknown. Antigonos' mother was Phila, the daughter of Antipater, who had controlled Macedonia and the rest of Greece since 334 BC and was recognized as regent of the empire, which in theory remained united. In the year of Antigonos Gonatas' birth, however, Antipater died, leading to further struggles for dominance. After coming closer than anyone to reuniting the empire of Alexander, Antigonos Monophthalmus was defeated and killed in the great Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC and the territory he formerly controlled was divided among his enemies, which included Kassander, Ptolemy and Lysimachus.
The fate of Antigonos Gonatas was closely tied with that of his father Demetrios, who had escaped from the battle with 9,000 troops. Jealousy among the victors eventually allowed Demetrios to regain part of the power his father had lost. He conquered Athens and, in 294 BC, he seized the throne of Macedonia from Alexander, the son of Kassander. Because Antigonos Gonatas was the grandson of Antipater and the nephew of Kassander through his mother, his presence helped to reconcile the supporters of these former kings to the rule of his father.
In the winter of 279 BC, a great horde of Gauls under their leader Brennus descended on Macedonia from the north. After plundering Macedonia, the Gauls invaded further regions of Greece, moving southwards. Antigonos cooperated in the defence of Greece, but the Aetolians took the lead in defeating the Gauls. In 278 BC a Greek army with a large Aetolian contingent checked the Gauls at Thermopylae and Delphi, inflicting heavy casualties and forcing them to retreat.
The next year (277 BC), Antigonos sailed to the Hellespont, landing near Lysimachia at the neck of the Thracian Chersonese. When an army of Gauls under the command of Cerethrius appeared, Antigonos laid an ambush. He abandoned his camp, beached his ships and concealed his men. The Gauls looted the camp but, when they started to attack the ships, Antigonos's army appeared, trapping them with the sea to their backs. The Gauls were utterly defeated at the Battle of Lysimachia, and, after this resounding victory, Antigonos claimed the Macedonian throne.
In 239 BC, at the age of 80, Antigonos II Gonatas died and left his kingdom to his son Demetrios II Aetolicus, who was to reign for the next 10 years. Except for a short period when he defeated the Gauls, Antigonos was not a heroic or successful military leader. His skills were mainly political and he preferred to rely on cunning, patience, and persistence to achieve his goals.*Alex
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Arsinoë II Philadelphos - 1st daughter of Pharaoh Ptolemy I SoterPTOLEMAIC KINGS of EGYPT, ALEXANDRIA, 253 - 252 BC, Struck under Ptolemy II.
AV Octodrachm (Mnaïeion) - 27mm, 27.69 g, 12h
O - Arsinoë II head right, veiled and wearing stephane; lotus-tipped scepter in background, Θ to left
R - APΣINOHΣ ΦIΛAΔEΛΦOY, double cornucopia bound with fillet.
Svoronos 460; Troxell, Arsinoe, Transitional to Group 3, p. 43 and pl. 6, 2-3 (same obv. die); SNG Copenhagen 134.
Arsinoe II married Lysimachus at the age of 15. After Lysimachus' death in battle in 281 BC, she fled to Cassandreia and married her paternal half-brother Ptolemy Keraunos. As he became more powerful, she conspired against him leading to the killing of her sons, Lysimachus and Philip. After their deaths, she fled to Alexandria, Egypt to seek protection from her brother, Ptolemy II Philadelphus; whom she later married. As a result, both were given the epithet "Philadelphoi" ("Sibling-loving (plural)") by the presumably scandalized Greeks.
Arsinoe II Philadelphos, died 270-268 BC. robertpe
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Arsinoe II; Head of Arsinoe right/ Eagle; Svoronos 351Ptolemaic Kingdom, Arsinoe II, c. 273 - 268 B.C. Bronze AE 16, 1/16th drachm?, Svoronos 351; Weiser -; SNG Copenhagen 100, Fair, edge broken, uncertain mint, 2.772g, 15.9mm, 0o, c. 264 BC; obverse veiled and diademed head of Arsinoë II right; reverse PTOLEMAIOY BASILEWS, eagle standing left on thunderbolt; wings open, “DI” above monogram before; rare. Arsinoe II (316 B.C. - July 270 B.C.) was the daughter of king Ptolemy I Soter, the founder of the Hellenistic state of Egypt, and his second wife Berenice I., As the wife of King Lysimachus, she was queen of Thrace, Asia Minor and Macedonia. Later she was co-ruler of Egypt with her brother and husband Ptolemy II. Ex FORVMPodiceps
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![0116lyc2[1].jpg](albums/userpics/32314/thumb_0116lyc2%5B1%5D.jpg "Filename=0116lyc2[1].jpg
Filesize=215KiB
Dimensions=2216x850
Date added=Mar 26, 2016")
Countermark of KALLATIS on LYSIMACHUS (Lysimachos) 305-281 BCEMint, Thrace
Obverse: Head of Athena attic helmet.
Reverse: BAΣIΛEΩΣ – ΛΥΣIMAXOÎ¥, lion running jumping right, spearhead below
Nice smooth, deep-green patina. SNG COP 1149-1151, McClean 4499. s.sch.4.80g/22mmNORMAN K
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G., Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (305-281 B.C.), SNG Cop 1168, AE-15, the wreath of corn, #1Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (305-281 B.C.), SNG Cop 1168, AE-15, the wreath of corn, #1
avers: Head of Herakles right, clad in lion skin headdress,
reverse: BAΣI/ΛYΣI, in two lines within the wreath of corn.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter:15,0-15,5mm, weight:2,2g, axes:11h,
mint: Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (Kallatis(?)), date: 323 - 281 B.C.,
ref: SNG Cop 1168, 1169, Mueller-15; Sear Greece-6822,
Q-001
Lysimachus, one of Alexander the Great's personal bodyguards, was appointed strategos (general) in Thrace and the Chersonesos after Alexander's death. He became one of the Diadochi (successors of Alexander) who were initially generals and governors, but who continuously allied and warred with each other and eventually divided the empire. In 309, he founded his capital Lysimachia in a commanding situation on the neck connecting the Chersonesos with the mainland. In 306, he followed the example of Antigonus in taking the title of king, ruling Thrace, Asia Minor, and Macedonia. In 281, he was killed in battle against Seleucus, another successor of Alexander.quadrans
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G., Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (305-281 B.C.), SNG Cop 1168, AE-15, the wreath of corn, #2Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (305-281 B.C.), SNG Cop 1168, AE-15, the wreath of corn, #2
avers: Head of Herakles right, clad in lion skin headdress,
reverse: BAΣI/ΛYΣI, in two lines within the wreath of corn.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter:15mm, weight:2,14g, axes:0h,
mint: Thrace, Kings, Macedonian, Lysimachos, (Kallatis(?)), date: 323 - 281 B.C.,
ref: SNG Cop 1168, 1169, Mueller-15; Sear Greece-6822,
Q-002
Lysimachus, one of Alexander the Great's personal bodyguards, was appointed strategos (general) in Thrace and the Chersonesos after Alexander's death. He became one of the Diadochi (successors of Alexander) who were initially generals and governors, but who continuously allied and warred with each other and eventually divided the empire. In 309, he founded his capital Lysimachia in a commanding situation on the neck connecting the Chersonesos with the mainland. In 306, he followed the example of Antigonus in taking the title of king, ruling Thrace, Asia Minor, and Macedonia. In 281, he was killed in battle against Seleucus, another successor of Alexander.
quadrans
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Greek, Alexander the Great, Lysimachos tetradrachmMinted in Magnesia, this is one of the most beautiful portraits of Alexander the Great, a true Hellenistic masterpiece. He is looking to the sky, towards Olympus and he is sending a truly arogant smile to the Gods, as if containing the message "I was a true God on Earth!"vercingetorix
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GREEK, Lysimachus, Thrace AE15obv: Helmeted bust of Athena right
rev: Forepart of lion right
Struck 297-281 B.C.
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GREEK, Macedonian Kingdom, Lysimachos, tetradrachma, 297-282 B.C.THRACE, Lysimachus (306-281), AR tetradrachm, 297-282 BC. BC Lampsacus.
Obverse: Tiara Head. Alexander the Great right, wearing horn of Ammon.
Reverse: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ / ΛYΣΙΜΑΧΟY Athena seated left, leaning on shield and holding a small Nike. A left aplustre.
Ref: Thompson, Lysimachus, 48; Müller, Lysimacus 356.. 17.19 g.
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GREEK, Mysia, Pergamon, Cistophoric TetradrachmGreece, Mysia, Pergamon, Cistophoric Tetradrachm, 12.57g, 28mm, 166-67 BC, issued 76 BC
Obv: Cista Mystica containing serpent escaping, all within an ivy wreath.
Rev: Bow case between 2 serpents. Pergamon monogram at left. Snake entwined Asklepian staff at right. "AP" above.
Near the West coast of present day Turkey, Pergamon, in the province of Mysia, was an insignificant city under the Persian empire. After Alexander the Great died, his bodyguard "Lysimachus" was given Thrace and north western Asia. After the battle of Ipsus "Lysimachus" secured Alexander's treasury worth over 25,000 talents. Pergamon was located in a natural fortress and "Lysimachus" strengthened the city and deposited his Asian treasure (9000 talents) in the city along with a military guard under his loyal follower "Philetaerus". "Lysimachus" died in 281 BC and Pergamon officially fell under Seulcid control. "Philetaerus" played the part of a faithful governor, but all the time he used the money to strengthen the city's defenses and founded the Attalid dynasty of the kingdom of "Pergamon". The kingdom successfully withstood attempts by Seulicid rulers to regain control. In 190 BC, Pergamon assisted the Romans to defeat Antiochus III of Syria. At this time, Rome had no territorial desires in Asia and they gave all the territories to Pergamon. Pergamon prospered and soon ranked as one of the major Greek cultural centers. Pergamon's library ranked second only to the library of Alexandria. But, to Rome's surprize the Pergamon King Attalus III (138 - 133 BC) gave the kingdom to Rome upon his death in 133 BC. During the confusion a certain "Aristonicus" seized the throne and changed his name to "Eumenes III". This forced the Romans to intervene and they seized the kingdom and made it the capital of the Roman province of Asia.
Pergamon first issued this coin under Eumenes II, who likely required a new currency after the treaty with Apameia in 188 BC expanded his economic and political territory. The new coinage is the first time a king’s portrait and name are omitted from Hellenistic currency. The cistophori (basket bearers) were the chief currency in Asia Minor for about 300 years. Originally introduced by king Eumenes II of Pergamon around 166 BCE, the obverse of these coins shows a cista mystica, i.e., a woven basket containing the sacred objects of a mystery cult. In the case of the cistophori, the basket contains snakes associated with the worship of Dionysus (Bacchus), the Greek god of wine and ecstasy. In the Dionysian mysteries a serpent, representing the god, was carried in a box called a cista on a bed of vine leaves. This may be the Cista mentioned by Clement of Alexandria which was exhibited as containing the phallus of Dionysus. The depiction on this famous type is what gives the coin its name - the Cistophorus. It was one of the most widely minted coin types in the ancient world. It seems that the Asian Greek states in what is now Turkey minted this coin in unison from around 150 BC. Some scholars believe this was undertaken for the common good, so traders could be confident in a coin of uniform weight and value, representing the collective wealth of Asian Greekdom.
The ivy wreath and the thyrsos staff on the reverse are also references to this god whom the Attalid kings of Pergamon claimed as their ancestor. The bow case (gorytos) on the reverse points to Herakles, the father of Telephos, the legendary founder and first king of Pergamon. Taken together, the obverse and reverse scenes appear to capture allegorical acts one and two of the Dionysian Cista fertility mythology in progress.
When the last Attalid king, Attalos III, died in 133 BCE, he left his entire kingdom to the Roman people. At the same time, his last will declared Pergamon and the other important cities of his realm "free cities", which meant that they did not have to pay tribute to Rome. Not surprisingly, Pergamon and the other cities continued to mint cistophori in grateful tribute to their former ruler. The city of Pergamum continued issue of cistophoric tetradrachm for eight decades after the city was willed to Rome in 133 BC.
1 cistophor equaled 3 Attic drachms, the currency of Athens, which had become the world's key currency during the campaigns of Alexander the Great. Later, 1 cistophor was equivalent to 3 Roman denarii. Because they were so easy to convert into the key currencies, 16 Anatolian towns soon minted cistophors, forming a kind of monetary union. When Pergamum became Roman about 133 BC, the Romans continued to mint cistophors.
Under the Attalids, Pergamon was not only the capital of an empire that soon stretched over most of Asia Minor, but also the seat of the second most famous library of the ancient world with more than 200,000 book rolls. When the kings of Egypt, the Ptolemies, whose capital, Alexandria, boasted the only comparable library, cut off Pergamene access to papyrus, the most important writing material, the Pergamenes invented pergamentum, i.e., parchment or vellum made from animal skins.
Today, the city is called Bergama and belongs to Turkey.
mitresh
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GREEK, Thrace, Lysimachus. 297-281 BC. AR tetradrachm. 297-281 BC. Lampsakos mint. Head of the deified Alexander right, wearing horn of Ammon / BASILEWS LYSIMAXOY, Athena seated left, holding Nike in her extended right hand, left arm leaning on her shield; monogram in inner left field, crescent in exergue. Thompson 50
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Kingdom of Thrace. Lysimachos (323-281 B.C.)Sear 6822; Müller pl. XLII, 14; SNG Copenhagen 1168-1169.
AE unit, Kallatis (now Mangalia, Romania) mint, ca. 297-281 B.C. or Lysimacheia (now Eksemil, Turkey) mint, 1.15 g., 14.13 mm. max., 0°
Obv.: Head of young Herakles right, wearing lion skin headdress.
Rev.: BAΣI / ΛYΣI in two lines within a wreath of grain.
Lysimachus, one of Alexander the Great's personal bodyguards, was appointed strategos in Thrace and the Chersonesos after Alexander's death. In 309 B.C. he founded his capital Lysimacheia and in 306 B.C. he followed the example of Antigonus in taking the title of king, ruling Thrace, Asia Minor and Macedonia. In 281 B.C. he was killed in battle against Seleucus.Stkp
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Kings of Macedon, Lysimachus, 306-281 BCAR Drachm, 17mm, 4.1g, 12h; Kolophon mint.
Struck under Lysimachos' general, Prepelaus, circa 301-297 BC.
Obv.: Head of Herakles right, wearing lion's skin headdress.
Rev.: AΛEΞANΔPOY, Zeus seated left, holding eagle and sceptre; lion's head above B in left field, pentagram below throne.
Reference: Price 1833; Müller 342.John Anthony
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KINGS OF THRACE, Lysimachus (Lysimachos) 306-281 BCE. Ae. Uncertain mint. Obverse: Helmeted head of Athena right.
Reverse: BAΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΛYΣIMAXOY.
Lion jumping right, spearhead below.
SNG Copenhagen 1149.
20 mm., 5.9 g.NORMAN K
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KINGS OF THRACE, Lysimachus, 323-281 BCAR Tetradrachm, 31mm, 16.5g, 12h; Lampsacus, c. 297-281 BC
Obv.: Diademed head of deified Alexander right, with the horn of Ammon.
Rev.: BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΛYΣIMAXOY; Athena enthroned left, holding Nike and spear; in left field monogram / crescent.
Reference: Thompson 61 / 17-54-379John Anthony
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Kings of Thrace. Lysimachos. (Circa 305-281 B.C.)AE 18, 4.87 g
Obverse: Helmeted Head of Athena right
Reverse: BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΛYΣIMAXOY (Of King Lysimachos), lion leaping right, EAM monogram and caduceus in left field, spear head below.
SNG Copenhagen 1153-4; Müller 76
Lysimachos (360 BC – 281 BC) was a Macedonian officer and diadochus "successor" of Alexander the Great, who became a king in 306 BC, ruling Thrace, Asia Minor and Macedon. In 302 BC, when the second alliance between Cassander, Ptolemy and Seleucus was made, Lysimachus, reinforced by troops from Cassander, entered Asia Minor, where he met with little resistance. On the approach of Antigonus he retired into winter quarters near Heraclea, marrying its widowed queen Amastris, a Persian princess. Seleucus joined him in 301 BC, and at the Battle of Ipsus Antigonus was defeated and slain. Antigonus' dominions were divided among the victors. Lysimachus' share was Lydia, Ionia, Phrygia and the north coast of Asia Minor. He was later killed at the battle of Corupedium when fighting another of Alexander's successors, Seleucus, who ruled much of what was formerly Persia.Nathan P
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LysimachosOBV:Hercules wearing a lion skin headdress.
REV:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΛΥΣΙΜΑΧΟΥ
Zeus seated on throne, holding an eagle and staff, legs crossed.
306 B.C. - 281 B.C.
4.3gm 17mmDanny S. Jones
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LYSIMACHUS (Lysimachos) 305-281 BCE, With Countermark of KALLATISMint, Thrace
Obverse: Head of Athena attic helmet.
Reverse: BAΣIΛEΩΣ – ΛΥΣIMAXOÎ¥, lion running jumping right, spearhead below
Nice smooth, deep-green patina. SNG COP 1149-1151, McClean 4499. s.sch.4.80g/22mmNORMAN K
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Lysimachus AR tetradrachmTHRACIAN KINGDOM. Lysimachus (305-281 BC) struck 287/6-281/0. AR tetradrachm (30mm, 17.17 gm, 11h). Thrace, Lysimachia.
O: Diademed head of deified Alexander III right, with horn of Ammon
R: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΛΥΣΙΜΑXΟ[Υ]; (King Lysimachus), Athena seated left, Nike in right hand crowning name, left arm resting on shield, transverse spear in background; YE monogram in exergue.
- From the Medicus Collection, Ex CGB.fr MONNAIES 9 lot 33, MONNAIES 19 lot 44 2004, MONNAIES 34 lot 102 2008, Ex Gorny and Mosch, Auction 42 (10 October 1988) lot 138. Formerly known as NGC Choice XF 5/5 - 4/5, Fine Style. - Müller 41?, Gülnar II 2696? (A. Davesne & G. Le Rider. Le trésor de Meydancikkale. 2 Vols. Paris. 1989.) Possibly unique with this monogram.
Missing the final upsilon of the name of Lysimachus, how could such a talented engraver make this mistake?Nemonater
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Lysimachus drachm in the name of AlexanderAlexander III posthumous issue, 4 grams. Lysimachus, 305-281 BC, KINGDOM OF THRACE.
I've never seen Zeus's legs positioned like this in any coin!JayAg47
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Lysimachus king of Thracia AE20, SNG Cop1149-51, Lion OBV: Helmeted head of Athena right
REV: BASILEWS LUSIMACOU, above and beneath lion running right, small caduceus, spearhead below
6.1g, 20mm
Minted at Uncertain mint, Thrace, 305-281 BCLegatus
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LYSIMACHUS KING OF THRACIA AR DrachmOBVERSE: Head of Heracles right wearing lionskin headdress
REVERSE: BASILEWS LUSIMACOU, Zeus seated left, holding eagle on outstretched right hand & sceptre in left, lion forepart & crescent before, pentagram under throne.
Struck at Colophon, Thrace 301-297 BC
4.17g, 18mm
Price L1842 Legatus
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Lysimachus Posthujous TetradrachmCurrently unattributed.cliff_marsland
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Lysimachus Tetradrachm - Rare LAX Monogram -- 297-240 BC15.98 g, 29.30 mm, 0°
Uncertain Mint
Silver Tetradrachm; Very Rough,
Müller Lysimachus 559; Otherwise Unpublished; Very Rare
Obverse: Diademed Head of Deified Alexander the Great Wearing Horn of Ammon Right.
Reverse: BΑΣΙΛΕΛΣ ΛYΣIMAXOY (Of King Lysimachus), Athena Nikephoros Enthroned Resting on Shield, Transverse Spear Resting Against Her. LAX monogram
Lysimachus was a distinguished bodyguard of Alexander the Great during the conquest of Persia. Following Alexander's death, he became strategos (military governor) of Thrace. He took the title of King in 305 BC and expanded his rule over Asia Minor and Macedonia. In 281 BC, Lysimachus attacked Seleukos I of Syria and died in the battle of Korupedion. His kingdom disappeared with his death, Ptolemy Keraunos, son of Ptolemy I Soter, becoming King of Macedon and Thrace.
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A great win from one of FORVM's eBay auctions.Hydro
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Lysimachus Tetradrachm -- Magnesia -- 297-282 BC16.34 g, 30.29 mm, 0°
Minted in Magnesia
Silver Tetradrachm; Rough
Price 6813-6816; Thompson 116
Obverse: Diademed Head of Deified Alexander the Great Wearing Horn of Ammon Right.
Reverse: BΑΣΙΛΕΛΣ ΛYΣIMAXOY (Of King Lysimachus), Athena Nikephoros Enthroned Resting on Shield, Transverse Spear Resting Against Her.
Lysimachus was a distinguished bodyguard of Alexander the Great during the conquest of Persia. Following Alexander's death, he became strategos (military governor) of Thrace. He took the title of King in 305 BC and expanded his rule over Asia Minor and Macedonia. In 281 BC, Lysimachus attacked Seleukos I of Syria and died in the battle of Korupedion. His kingdom disappeared with his death, Ptolemy Keraunos, son of Ptolemy I Soter, becoming King of Macedon and Thrace.Hydro
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Macedonian Kingdom, Antigonos I Monophthalmos, 320 - 306 B.C., In the Name and Types of Alexander the Great.Under Study by President Joseph Sermarini - ( very rare ).
Antigonos I Monophthalmos ("the One-eyed") (382 B.C. - 301 B.C.) was a nobleman, general, and governor under Alexander the Great. Upon Alexander's death in 323 B.C., he established himself as one of the successors and declared himself King in 306 B.C. The most powerful satraps of the empire, Cassander, Seleucus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus, answered by also proclaiming themselves kings. Antigonus found himself at war with all four, largely because his territory shared borders with all of them. He died in battle at Ipsus in 301 B.C. Antigonus' kingdom was divided up, with Seleucus I Nicator gaining the most. His son, Demetrius I Poliorcetes, took Macedon, which the family held, off and on, until it was conquered by Rome in 168 B.C. -- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
From The Sam Mansourati Collection.Sam
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Macedonian Kingdom, Antigonos I Monophthalmos, 320 - 306 B.C., In the Name and Types of Alexander the Great.Silver drachm, Hersh 29, Hersh Near East 2.1d, Price -, Müller Alexander -, SNG Cop -, SNG Munchen -, SNG Alpha Bank -, NGC Choice XF, Strike 4/5, Surface 3/5 (2490379-006), 4.000g, 18.2mm, 0o, Ionia, Magnesia ad Maeandrum mint, struck under Menander, c. 325 - 323 B.C.; obverse head of Herakles right, clad in Nemean Lion scalp headdress tied at neck; reverse Zeus Aëtophoros seated left on throne without back, nude to waist, himation around hips and legs, right leg drawn back, feet on footstool, eagle in extended right hand, long scepter vertical behind in left hand, head of ram left on left, AΛEΞAN∆POY, ( " Of Alexander " in Ancient Greek ) downward on right; very rare.
Antigonos I Monophthalmos ("the One-eyed") (382 B.C. - 301 B.C.) was a nobleman, general, and governor under Alexander the Great. Upon Alexander's death in 323 B.C., he established himself as one of the successors and declared himself King in 306 B.C. The most powerful satraps of the empire, Cassander, Seleucus, Ptolemy, and Lysimachus, answered by also proclaiming themselves kings. Antigonus found himself at war with all four, largely because his territory shared borders with all of them. He died in battle at Ipsus in 301 B.C. Antigonus' kingdom was divided up, with Seleucus I Nicator gaining the most. His son, Demetrius I Poliorcetes, took Macedon, which the family held, off and on, until it was conquered by Rome in 168 B.C. -- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
FORVM Ancient Coins./ The Sam Mansourati Collection.
*A special Thank to president Joe Sermarini for his work for complete information on this very rare Drachm.Sam
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Macedonian Kingdom, Lysimachos, 306 - 300 B.C. Lysimachia mint AE unit; SNG ANS 8-1001. Weight 5.82 gr., max diameter 17.9 mm; Lysimachia mint. Obv. Apollo facing right, laureate; Rev. Φ Ι Λ Ι ΠΠO Υ above; boy riding horse galloping right, holding palm branch, Λ Y below, forpart of lion right, bow left. Rough dark greenish patina.
Background info; Lysimachos (Lysimachus) c. 361 BCE – 281 BCE, was a Macedonian officer and diadochus (i.e. "successor") of Alexander the Great, who became a basileus ("king") in 306, ruling Thrace, Asia Minor and Macedonia.
Ex. Forvm Ancient Coins
Background info. courtesy of Forvm Ancient Coins
Struck by Lysimachos before he assumed the title basileus (king)Steve E
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ROMAN EMPIRE PROVINCIAL, SEVERUS ALEXANDER (222-235 AD) AE19 of NICAEA, BITHYNIA(4.4g). Obv: Bust right (MAVPCEVHALEXANDPOCA). Rev: 3 Standards with legend between (N/IK/AI/E). Reference for this coin is BMC 103. This city was built by Antigonus and then named Antigonia. Later enlarged by Lysimachus and renamed Nicaea in honor of his wife. It was the site of the Council of Nicaea in 325 AD.
BMC 103
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Seleukid Kingdom, Seleukos I Nikator, 312 - 280 B.C.Silver Drachm.
Ref; Houghton-Lorber II 131.10b, Newell ESM 103, HGC 9 32a (R1), SNG Spaer -.
About VF, centered on a tight flan, light toning, light marks, Seleukeia on the Tigris (Baghdad, Iraq) II mint, weight 3.612 Gr, maximum diameter 16.1 MM, die axis 180o, Struck Circa 296/5 - 281 B.C.;
Obverse : laureate head of Zeus right.
Reverse : Athena driving quadriga of horned elephants right, helmeted, brandishing spear in right hand, oval shield on left arm, anchor (Seleukid symbol) above right, BAΣIΛEΩΣ (king) on left, ΣEΛEYKOY in exergue, Θ (control letter) behind Athena, pentalpha (control symbol) above elephants . Very Rare.
FORVM Ancient Coins / The Sam Mansourati Collection.
Seleukos (Seleucus) founded the Seleukid Empire and the Seleukid dynasty which ruled Syria until Pompey made it a Roman province in 63 B.C. Seleukos was never one of Alexander the Great's principal generals but he commanded the royal bodyguard during the Indian campaign. In the division of the empire after Alexander's death Seleukos did not receive a satrapy. Instead, he served under the regent Perdikkas until the latter's murder in 321 or 320. Seleukos was then appointed satrap of Babylonia. Five years later Antigonus Monophthalmus (the One-eyed) forced him to flee, but he returned with support from Ptolemy. He later added Persia and Media to his territory and defeated both Antigonus and Lysimachus. He was succeeded by his son Antiochus I.Sam
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Seleukos I Nikator; Winged head of Medusa r./ Indian humped bull r.; AE18Seleukid Kingdom, Seleukos I Nikator, 312 - 280 B.C. Bronze AE 18, Houghton and Lorber 6, SNG Spaer 21 ff. (various control-marks), SGCV II 6852, Lydia, Sardes mint, 5.291g, 19.4mm, 0o, obverse winged head of Medusa right, snakes in hair; reverse “ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΕΛΕΥΚΟΥ”, Indian humped bull butting to right. The type of the Indian humped bull is attributed solely to Nikator, along with the well-known anchor symbol. The bull alludes to Nikator's unarmed action stopping such a bull that broke free while Alexander the Great was sacrificing at the altar. Seleucus captured Sardes from Lysimachus in 282 B.C. This type has been attributed to Sardes based on find locations. Ex FORVM, photo credit FORVMPodiceps
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Thrace - LysimachusBronze AE 17, 305 - 281 B.C.; obverse helmeted head of Athena right; reverse "BASILEWS LUSIMACOU", lion forepart right, spear head below, caduceus and monogram leftNeal A
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Thrace, Coela; CommodusCommodus AE20 of Coela, Thrace. 176-192 AD. COMMODOS ANTO A, bare-headed, draped bust right / AELI MVNICIPI COILA, dolphin above and below prow right, Varbanov 2908.
Coela or Coelus, a port in the vicinity of Sestus. To this town Müller ascribes various coins of Philip II, Alexander, Philip Aridaeus, and Lysimachus, with the cornucopiae as a symbol, on the ground that this is the usual symbol on the money of Coela as a Roman Municipium. The attribution, however, cannot be accepted as sufficiently established. ecoli
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Thrace, Lysimachos 305-281 B.C.AE 20 5.07g, 19.5mm 305-281 B.C.
Obverse: helmeted head of Athena right
Reverse: BASILEWS LUSIMACOU, lion leaping right, monogram and spear head below.
The legend behind the lion on the reverse is that Lysimachus had angered Alexander the great one evening, and for punishment he was locked inside a cage with a lion. Lysimachus killed the lion by tearing out his tongue. Later Lysimachus would supposedly show his scars and tell of the story in which he killed the best with his bear hands. Dk0311USMC
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Thrace, Lysimachus 297-282 BC
Tetradrachm,
16.84g
Thompson-not, Meydancikkale-2675, SNG Fitzwilliam-1849 var.
Amphipolis mint
Obv: Head of Alexander the Great with Ammon horns r.
Rx: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΛΥΣΙΜΑΧΟΥ Athena enthroned to l., her l. arm resting on round shield (with lion's head in center), holding Nike on outstretched r. hand, Nike crowning the king's name. In inner r. field, monogram.VF
JBGood
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Thrace, Lysimachus. 323 - 287 BC. Bronze drachm
AE Drachm
Obv: Head of Athena*, facing right.
Rev: Pouncing lion, BASILEOS above, spearhead and LYSIMACHOY below.
Size: 19 mm.
Weight: 5.50 grams
Mint: Pella (?)
Struck: 323-287 BC.
SNG C 1149
* Olympian
Tiathena
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Thrace, Tetradrachm of Lysimachos, Magnesia ad Maeandrum.Thrace. Lysimachos. 323-281 BC. AR Tetradrachm (16.78 gm, 22mm, 1h) of Magnesia ad Maeandrum, 297-281 BC. Head of deified Alexander right, wearing horn of Ammon. / Athena Nikephoros seated left, holding Nike and leaning on shield. ΔΞ monogram to left. ΠΩ monogram in ex. ΛΥΣΙΜΑΧΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ. nEF. CNG 47 #299. Very Rare. Thompson Essays #104; Thompson Armenak Hoard (1423) #834. HGC 3.2 #1750e. cf. (with crescent in ex.): SNG Cop 2 (Thrace) #1097; Muller Lysimachus (Sigeum) #399; SNG Lockett 1249. Jenkins 1967 - .Anaximander
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THRACE. Byzantium. Ca. late 2nd-1st centuries BC. AR tetradrachm (35mm, 11h).THRACE. Byzantium. Ca. late 2nd-1st centuries BC. AR tetradrachm (35mm, 11h). NGC VF. Name and types of Lysimachus of Thrace. Diademed head of deified Alexander III right, wearing horn of Ammon / ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ / ΛΥΣΙΜΑΧΟΥ, Athena seated left, Nike in right hand crowning royal name, left arm leaning on large grounded shield, transverse spear in background; MT monogram in inner left field, BY under seat, filleted trident left below ground line. Müller 168.
Mark R1
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Thracia, Lysimacheia, BMC 1Kingdom of Thrace, Lysimacheia, ca. 309-281/79 BC
AE 24, 13.56g, 24.18mm, 0°.
obv.: Head of Lysimachos, diademed, r.
rev.: Lion leaping r.; below monogram AP
c/m spearhead
ref.: BMC 1; SNG Copenhagen 899; HGC 3, 1496
rare, VF, dark green patina
Considered the only portrait of Lysimachos on a coin. See the article "A portrait of Lysimachus? Notes on an anonymous ruler's portrait on the coins of Lysimacheia", in Asia Minor Studies, vol. 65, 2008.Jochen
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Thracian Kingdom - Lysimachus (305-281 BC)AR tetradrachm (30mm, 16.85 gm, 12h) Lampsacus. ca. 297-281 BC. Diademed head of the deified Alexander right, with horn of Ammon / BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΛYΣIMAXOY, Athena seated left, left arm resting on shield, spear behind, holding Nike; monogram to inner left; crescent in exergue. Thompson 49. Müller 399.RobertBohn
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Thracian Kingdom - Lysimachus (305-281 BC)AR tetradrachm (16.96 gm). Ephesus. Diademed head of the deified Alexander right, wearing horn of Ammon / Helmeted Athena seated left, holding Victory; bee to left. Müller 424.RobertBohn
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THRACIAN KINGDOM - Lysimachus (305-281 BC)AR tetradrachm (27mm, 17.16 gm, 11h). Pella or Amphipolis, 286/5-282/1 BC. Head of the deified Alexander the Great right, wearing horn of Ammon / ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΛYΣΙΜΑΧΟY, Athena enthroned left, supporting Nike on extended right hand and resting left elbow on shield propped against throne, HP monogram in inner left field, second monogram in exergue. Thompson 248. Müller 353. Well struck from dies of excellent style in sound metal and beautifully toned. NGC Choice XF 5/5 - 4/5.
From the Mayflower Collection. Ex NFA MBS 10 (June 1986), lot 165.RobertBohn
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THRACIAN KINGDOM. Lysimachus (305-281 BC). AR tetradrachm (29mm, 16.97 gm, 11h)THRACIAN KINGDOM. Lysimachus (305-281 BC). AR tetradrachm (29mm, 16.97 gm, 11h). NGC Choice XF 5/5 - 3/5. Lampsacus, 297-281 BC. Diademed head of deified Alexander III right, with horn of Ammon / ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ / ΛΥΣΙΜΑΧΟΥ, Athena enthroned left, Nike in right hand crowning royal name, resting left arm on shield decorated with gorgoneion boss, transverse spear beyond; aplustre to outer left, monogram to inner left. Thompson 48.Mark R1
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Troas, Alexandria; CommodusAlexandria, Troas
Commodus
IMP CAI M AVR COMMOD AVG
Head of Commodus laureate r.
COL AVG TROAD
Horse feeding r.; behind, herdsman; tree on l.
Bellinger A202; cf. BMC 17, 68; cf. Aulock 7557.
According to Strabo, this site was first called Sigeia;around 306 BC Antigonus refounded the city as the much-expanded Antigonia Troas by settling the people of five other towns in Sigeia, including the once influential city of Neandreia. Its name was changed by Lysimachus to Alexandria Troas, in memory of Alexander III of Macedon (Pliny merely states that the name changed from Antigonia to Alexandria). As the chief port of north-west Asia Minor, the place prospered greatly in Roman times, becoming a "free and autonomous city" as early as 188 BC, and the existing remains sufficiently attest its former importance. In its heyday, the city may have had a population of about 100,000. Strabo mentions that a Roman colony was created at the location in the reign of Augustus, named Colonia Alexandria Augusta Troas (called simply Troas during this period). Augustus, Hadrian and the rich grammarian Herodes Atticus contributed greatly to its embellishment; the aqueduct still preserved is due to the latter. Constantine considered making Troas the capital of the Roman Empire.
Roman
In Roman times, it was a significant port for travelling between Anatolia and Europe. Paul of Tarsus sailed for Europe for the first time from Alexandria Troas and returned there from Europe (it was there that the episode of the raising of Eutychus later occurred). Ignatius of Antioch also paused at this city before continuing to his martyrdom at Rome.
ecoli
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Virtual Tray of Philip II, Alexander III and the DiadochiPhilip II, Alexander III, Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus and Kassander.Nemonater
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[2400d] Pergamene Kingdom, Mysia, Western Asia Minor, Philetairos I, 282 - 263 B.C.Silver tetradrachm, Meydancikkale 3000, SNG Paris 1603 var, SNG Von Aulock -, SNG Cop -, VF, Pergamon mint, 16.629g, 28.1mm, 0o, c. 265 - 263 B.C. Obverse: head of Philetaerus right in taenia; Reverse: FILETAIROU downward on right, Athena enthroned left, right hand on shield before her, spear over shoulder in left, leaf above arm, bow right; high relief portrait; very rare. Ex FORVM.
This coin bears the first portrait of Philetairos, the founder of the Pergamene Kingdom, 282 -263 B.C. Hoard evidence and recent studies indicate it was struck at the end of his reign. Philetairos first struck in the name of Lysimachos, then posthumous Alexander types under Seleukos I, then Seleukos and Herakles (see coin 309p) portrait types under Antiochos I, and lastly this type with his own portrait. This same reverse was used for the Seleukos I portrait types. Philetairos' coinage is known for its magnificent realistic portraits and this coin is an excellent example. Very rare and absent from most major collections.
Attalid Dynasty(270-133 BC) - capital at Pergamum
Founded by Philetairos, the Greek secretary of Alexander the Great's general Lysimachus.
In his monograph "The Pergamene Mint Under Philetaerus" (The American Numismatic Society, No.76, 1936), Edward T. Newell notes, "The event which precipitated the end of Lysimachus' empire and resulted in the rise to power of the Attalid Dynasty, was the execution in 286-5 B.C. of his son, the heir apparent Agathocles. For Philetareus the situation had now become impossible. He belonged to the faction which had gathered about that able and much beloved young man--in opposition to the party headed by Lysimachus' wife, the ambitious Arsinoe, scheming for the preferment of her own children. So after having functioned for many years as the governor of Pergamum and the trusted guardian of the great treasure there deposited, Philetaerus was now forced to take steps for his own safety. Sometime between 284 and 282 B.C. many of the Asiatic cities and certain officers of Lysimachus openly rebelled and called upon Seleucus for aid. Philetaerus also wrote to the Syrian king, placing himself, and the treasure under his care, at the latter's disposal. Seleucus led his army, together with a large contingent of elephants, into the Asiatic provinces of Lysimachus. On the plain of Corupedium in Lydia there occurred the final and decisive battle in which, as is well known, Lysimachus lost both life and empire" (3-5).
When [Lysimachus] fell fighting Seleucus, Philetairos (a eunuch) withdrew with his commander's military war chest to a mountain fortress that ultimately became his palace acropolis of Pergamum. He gained royal recognition through his successful efforts at repulsing the Gallic invasion of western Anatolia in 270-269 BC. Philetairos drove the Gauls into the Phrygian highlands where they settled in the region thereafter known as Galatia. He became recognized by the Greek cities of the coastal region as a liberator and savior and established his hegemony over them. Since he had no children, his domain passed to the four sons of his brother, Attalus I. Normally, so many rival dynasts would have spelled disaster (as it eventually did in Syria and Egypt), but the Attalids became celebrated for their cooperation at state building. They handed the royal authority from one to another in succession and managed to elevate their realm into the top echelon of Mediterranean states.
Particularly skillful diplomacy with Rome enabled the Attalids to enjoy further success during the early second century BC. At their peak under Eumenes II, c. 190-168 BC, they controlled the entire western seaboard of Anatolia and much of Phrygian highland as well. In direct competition with the Ptolemies and the Seleucids, the Attalids succeeded at establishing Pergamum as a leading cultural center, its library second only to that of Alexandria, its sculpture, woven tapestries, and ceramics prized throughout the Mediterranean. An expressive, highly baroque style of sculpture known as the Asian school, set important trends in the Greek world and profoundly influenced artistic development at Rome. The Attalids likewise competed for control of the eastern luxury trade, relying on the overland route of the now ancient Persian Royal Road across Anatolia.
When a dynastic dispute threatened to undermine the stability of Pergamum at the end of the second century BC, King Attalus III (138-133) left his royal domain to the people of the Roman Republic in his will. His nobles were concerned about security after his passing, and to prevent a dynastic dispute (which ultimately did arise) he wrote this into his will as a form of "poison pill." At his demise in 133 BC, ambassadors brought the report of his bequest to Rome, where it was accepted and secured by military intervention. By 126 BC the royal territories of Pergamum became the Roman province of Asia, the richest of all Roman provinces.
Abusive exploitation by Roman tax collectors (publicans) induced a province-wide revolt in Asia in 88 BC (encouraged by Mithridates VI Eupator), culminating in the massacre reportedly of some 80,000 Romans, Italians, their families, and servants throughout the province. L. Cornelius Sulla restored order in 84 BC just prior to his assumption of the dictatorship at Rome. Indemnities imposed by Sulla remained burdensome throughout the following decade, but the resilience and economic vitality of the province ultimately enabled impressive recovery.
In 63 BC the Roman orator and senator, M. Tullius Cicero, stated that approximately 40% of tribute raised by the Republican empire came from Asia alone. The merger of Greco-Roman culture was probably most successfully achieved here. In the imperial era, cities such as Pergamum, Ephesus, Sardis, and Miletus ranked among the leading cultural centers of the Roman world.
http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:n9hG5pYVUV0J:web.ics.purdue.edu/~rauhn/hellenistic_world.htm+Philetairos&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=29
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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[2400d] Pergamene Kingdom, Mysia, Western Asia Minor, Philetairos I, 282 - 263 B.C.Silver tetradrachm, Meydancikkale 3000, SNG Paris 1603 var, SNG Von Aulock -, SNG Cop -, VF, Pergamon mint, 16.629g, 28.1mm, 0o, c. 265 - 263 B.C. Obverse: head of Philetaerus right in taenia; Reverse: FILETAIROU downward on right, Athena enthroned left, right hand on shield before her, spear over shoulder in left, leaf above arm, bow right; high relief portrait; very rare. Ex FORVM. Photo by jpfjr.
This coin bears the first portrait of Philetairos, the founder of the Pergamene Kingdom, 282 -263 B.C. Hoard evidence and recent studies indicate it was struck at the end of his reign. Philetairos first struck in the name of Lysimachos, then posthumous Alexander types under Seleukos I, then Seleukos and Herakles (see coin 309p) portrait types under Antiochos I, and lastly this type with his own portrait. This same reverse was used for the Seleukos I portrait types. Philetairos' coinage is known for its magnificent realistic portraits and this coin is an excellent example. Very rare and absent from most major collections (Joseph Sermarini).
Attalid Dynasty(270-133 BC) - capital at Pergamum
Founded by Philetairos, the Greek secretary of Alexander the Great's general Lysimachus.
In his monograph "The Pergamene Mint Under Philetaerus" (The American Numismatic Society, No.76, 1936), Edward T. Newell notes, "The event which precipitated the end of Lysimachus' empire and resulted in the rise to power of the Attalid Dynasty, was the execution in 286-5 B.C. of his son, the heir apparent Agathocles. For Philetareus the situation had now become impossible. He belonged to the faction which had gathered about that able and much beloved young man--in opposition to the party headed by Lysimachus' wife, the ambitious Arsinoe, scheming for the preferment of her own children. So after having functioned for many years as the governor of Pergamum and the trusted guardian of the great treasure there deposited, Philetaerus was now forced to take steps for his own safety. Sometime between 284 and 282 B.C. many of the Asiatic cities and certain officers of Lysimachus openly rebelled and called upon Seleucus for aid. Philetaerus also wrote to the Syrian king, placing himself, and the treasure under his care, at the latter's disposal. Seleucus led his army, together with a large contingent of elephants, into the Asiatic provinces of Lysimachus. On the plain of Corupedium in Lydia there occurred the final and decisive battle in which, as is well known, Lysimachus lost both life and empire" (3-5).
When [Lysimachus] fell fighting Seleucus, Philetairos (a eunuch) withdrew with his commander's military war chest to a mountain fortress that ultimately became his palace acropolis of Pergamum. He gained royal recognition through his successful efforts at repulsing the Gallic invasion of western Anatolia in 270-269 BC. Philetairos drove the Gauls into the Phrygian highlands where they settled in the region thereafter known as Galatia. He became recognized by the Greek cities of the coastal region as a liberator and savior and established his hegemony over them. Since he had no children, his domain passed to the four sons of his brother, Attalus I. Normally, so many rival dynasts would have spelled disaster (as it eventually did in Syria and Egypt), but the Attalids became celebrated for their cooperation at state building. They handed the royal authority from one to another in succession and managed to elevate their realm into the top echelon of Mediterranean states.
Particularly skillful diplomacy with Rome enabled the Attalids to enjoy further success during the early second century BC. At their peak under Eumenes II, c. 190-168 BC, they controlled the entire western seaboard of Anatolia and much of Phrygian highland as well. In direct competition with the Ptolemies and the Seleucids, the Attalids succeeded at establishing Pergamum as a leading cultural center, its library second only to that of Alexandria, its sculpture, woven tapestries, and ceramics prized throughout the Mediterranean. An expressive, highly baroque style of sculpture known as the Asian school, set important trends in the Greek world and profoundly influenced artistic development at Rome. The Attalids likewise competed for control of the eastern luxury trade, relying on the overland route of the now ancient Persian Royal Road across Anatolia.
When a dynastic dispute threatened to undermine the stability of Pergamum at the end of the second century BC, King Attalus III (138-133) left his royal domain to the people of the Roman Republic in his will. His nobles were concerned about security after his passing, and to prevent a dynastic dispute (which ultimately did arise) he wrote this into his will as a form of "poison pill." At his demise in 133 BC, ambassadors brought the report of his bequest to Rome, where it was accepted and secured by military intervention. By 126 BC the royal territories of Pergamum became the Roman province of Asia, the richest of all Roman provinces.
Abusive exploitation by Roman tax collectors (publicans) induced a province-wide revolt in Asia in 88 BC (encouraged by Mithridates VI Eupator), culminating in the massacre reportedly of some 80,000 Romans, Italians, their families, and servants throughout the province. L. Cornelius Sulla restored order in 84 BC just prior to his assumption of the dictatorship at Rome. Indemnities imposed by Sulla remained burdensome throughout the following decade, but the resilience and economic vitality of the province ultimately enabled impressive recovery.
In 63 BC the Roman orator and senator, M. Tullius Cicero, stated that approximately 40% of tribute raised by the Republican empire came from Asia alone. The merger of Greco-Roman culture was probably most successfully achieved here. In the imperial era, cities such as Pergamum, Ephesus, Sardis, and Miletus ranked among the leading cultural centers of the Roman world.
http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:n9hG5pYVUV0J:web.ics.purdue.edu/~rauhn/hellenistic_world.htm+Philetairos&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=29
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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[2410a] Mysia, Pergamon. Regal Issue, 281-133 BC.Mysia, Pergamon. Regal Issue, 281-133 BC. AE 14mm (1.94 gm). Obverse: Athena in Attic helmet right. Reverse: ΦIΛE-TAIPOY; bow. SNG France 5, 1683. Good very fine. Ex Tom Vossen.
The Attalid dynasty was a Hellenistic dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great. The Attalid kingdom was the rump state left after the collapse of the Lysimachian Empire. One of Lysimachus' officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city in 282 BC. The later Attalids were descended from his father, and they expanded the city into a kingdom. Attalus I proclaimed himself King in the 230s BC, following his victories over the Galatians. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.
On the interior of The Great Altar of Zeus at Pergamon is a frieze depicting the life of Telephos, son of Herakles, whom the ruling Attalid dynasty associated with their city and utilized to claim descendance from the Olympians. Pergamon, having entered the Greek world much later than their counterparts to the west, could not boast the same divine heritage as older city-states, and had to retroactively cultivate their place in Greek mythos.
The Pergamon Museum (in German, Pergamonmuseum) is one of the museums on the Museum Island in Berlin. It was planned by Alfred Messel and Ludwig Hoffmann and was built over a period from 1910 to 1930. It houses original-sized, reconstructed monumental buildings such as the Pergamon Altar. Sections of The Telephos Frieze, originaly composed of the sequnce of 52 panels--only some scenes of this beautiful frieze were "saved" by German archeologists in the 19th century--are exhibited there.
The Attalid Dynasty of Pergamum
Philetaerus (282 BC–263 BC)
Eumenes I (263 BC–241 BC)
Attalus I Soter (241 BC–197 BC)
Eumenes II (197 BC–158 BC)
Attalus II Philadelphus (160 BC–138 BC)
Attalus III (138 BC–133 BC)
Eumenes III Aristonicus (pretender, 133 BC–129 BC)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attalid_dynasty
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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