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S.1151 Aethelred II (long cross penny, Winchester)Aethelred II, king of the English (978-1013 and 1014-1016)
Long cross penny (moneyer: Godwine, mint: Canterbury, 997-1003)
A/ +ΛEDELRED REX ΛNGLO (AE and NG ligated) around central circle enclosing draped bust left
R/ +GODE-PINE-MΩO-CΛENT (NE and ΛE ligated) ; long voided cross with terminal lunettes
silver, 1.65 g, diameter 19 mm, die axis 1h
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24. Alfred.Penny, first coinage 871-875, mint ?.
Obverse: +AELBRED REX / bust of Alfred.
Reverse: MON / EALHERE / ETA
Moneyer: Ealhere.
1.21 gm., 19 mm.
North #627; Seaby #1057.
The similarities of the lunnettes coinage of Burgred and the first coinage of Alfred has long been noted. There is evidence of an agreement between Mercia and Wessex to produce a unified coinage in the two states. This agreement was continued by Burgred and Alfred. At the beginning of Alfred's reign in 871, there were just two mints operating in Mercia and Wessex: London and Canterbury. Philip Grierson, in his book Medieval European Coinage: Volume 1, The Early Middle Ages, has Ealhere a moneyer in Canterbury.
A more detailed analysis of Alfred's coinage comes to a different conclusion. The Lunettes Coinage of Alfred the Great by A. W. Lyons & W. A. Mackay (2008, BNJ 78, 4) places this obverse die in Group 2 Mercian Style Lunettes, variant IV: "Horizonal bust." Characteristics: Bust lacks a bonnet, the hair is comprised of several horizontal lines usually ending in pellets and sloping between 45 to 60 degrees. Double-banded diadem surmounted by a crescent. Distinctively cut "wedge" lips. The eye is a small circle with a dot in the center.
The reverse die of this coin is Lunettes type C (illustrated under Burgred in North, p. 67.) However, Table 2B does not show the moneyer Ealhere using reverse type Lunette C. So coins with this die combination were evidentally not known to Lyons & Mackay.
Table 2D, listing all the moneyers of Alfred's Lunette coinage, says Ealhere used obverse dies of Group 1 variant I, and Group 2 variant IV (the obverse die on this coin). Lyons & Mackay suggest that Ealhere was located in central or west Wessex as he used London and Canterbury dies. Callimachus
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Archbishop of Canterbury, CeolnothStruck c.865-868AD Kent, Canterbury mint. AR Penny 1.20g Ceolnoth Group III. Floriated Cross type. Obv tonsured bust facing, breaking inner circle 'ARCHIEP- CEOLNOD'; Rev 'BIARNRED MONETA' (Moneyer Beornraed) around, in inner circle a floriated cross. S.895? (Group III) N.247.
There are 58 recorded coins of Ceolnoth at the SCBI/EMC but only 3 coins of this moneyer for him. He also struck 6 more recorded coins for Alfred, Edward the Elder and some Danish imitative Alfred coins from East Anglia. This actual type is not listed in the corpus. However, a fragment at the British Museum, see BNJ28 CE Blunt 'A new coin of Ceolnoth' and JJ North plate III/9, is likely the same. Infact, I believe these coins are of the same dies and moneyer. Blunt & North describe 'LD' in the fragmented moneyer legend though it is likely 'ED' with the top half of the 'E' missing at the break. The Floriated Cross design is also found on coins of Aethelberht for the moneyers Dudda and Oshere but only 4 on database (N.621). In superb condition, a single find from the Driffield area in Yorkshire. This coin is potentially the only complete specimum and should be considered a great rarity. It is now recorded in the 2011 'The Coinage of Southern England' by Rory Naismith, Volume 1 Plate 65 C218.2b.
Gareth Williams at the British Museum kindly commented:
'I agree with your reading of the coin, and think that it is probably from the same dies as our fragment 1947, 14-4, 6, as you suggest, although it's difficult to be absolutely certain - the angle of the D on the reverse in particular looks slightly different, but that may just be the lighting on the photograph'
Rory Naismith from the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge is studying the period for his PhD dissertation. He kindly commented as below:
'The Ceolnoth in particular is quite spectacular: not only is it, as you say, the only known whole floreate cross penny of Ceolnoth, but it is also a stunning coin of considerable historical importance. There is some reason to believe that it was found as part of a small hoard comprising at least three floreate cross pennies, the other two both being of Aethelberht by the moneyer Dudda. One is unfortunately only a small fragment, but the other is beautifully preserved. As the only known hoard of floreate cross coins, this is understandably a find of some significance, although it is odd to find it deposited so far north. A trawl through the BM and as many other catalogues and find records as I could find turned up only a total of nineteen floreate cross pennies, including yours, struck by seven moneyers. It was probably a lot larger than this meagre record seems to suggest: were it not for the large Dorking hoard of 1817 the preceding Inscribed Cross phase would be almost as little-known, and many moneyers who produced this type reappeared in the Lunettes coinage, so they may well have continued over the intervening period as well'.
The initial coinage of Group III has as the reverse motif a cross crosslet with pellets in the angles [coin 1, illustrated above]. Those of Ceolnoth are of good style and feature a neater tonsured bust of the archbishop possibly wearing his pallium. Those of Aethelwulf for the same period, Phase II at Canterbury, tend to have a rather crude right facing bust with thick lettering in the legend - although a few are of better style. Not all of Aethelwulf's coins of this type have pellets in the angles of the cross crosslet. This type was struck until c.852, when it was replaced by a coinage that was to become standard at Canterbury throughout the remainder of Aethelwulf's reign and the majority of the reign of his son Aethelberht. The Inscribed Cross coinage, struck only by Ceolnoth and the two aforementioned kings, have an identical reverse with a large voided cross that contains the moneyers name within and in the angles. Comparitively large numbers of these coins survive and they have been the subject of much study with regard to dating, reduced silver content and so on. Toward the end of his reign, c.854, Aethelberht minted a new coinage mirrored by Ceolnoth, the extremely rare Floriate Cross issue. These coins as would be expected have a large floriated cross on the reverse and had a very limited striking - perhaps as little as a year. Less than ten examples survive today for the king and archbishop. Illustrated below is the only known complete example of the Floriate Cross type of archbishop Ceolnoth.
AlexB
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Athena and her owl In Greek mythology, a Little Owl baby (Athene noctua) traditionally represents or accompanies Athena, the virgin goddess of wisdom, or Minerva, her syncretic incarnation in Roman mythology. Because of such association, the bird often referred to as the "owl of Athena" or the "owl of Minerva" has been used as a symbol of knowledge, wisdom, perspicacity and erudition throughout the Western world.
The reasons behind the association of Athena and the owl are lost in time. Some mythographers, such as David Kinsley and Martin P. Nilsson suggest that she may descend from a Minoan palace goddess associated with birds and Marija Gimbutas claim to trace Athena's origins as an Old European bird and snake goddess.
On the other hand, Cynthia Berger theorizes about the appeal of some characteristics of owls such as their ability to see in the dark to be used as symbol of wisdom while others, such as William Geoffrey Arnott, propose a simple association between founding myths of Athens and the significant number of Little Owls in the region (a fact noted since antiquity by Aristophanes in The Birds and Lysistrata).
In any case, the city of Athens seems to have adopted the owl as proof of allegiance to its patron virgin goddess, which according to a popular etiological myth reproduced on the West pediment of the Parthenon, secured the favor of its citizens by providing them with a more enticing gift than Poséidon.
Owls were commonly reproduced by Athenians in vases, weights and prize amphoras for the Panathenaic Games. The owl of Athena even became the common obverse of the Athenian tetradrachms after 510 BC and according to Philochorus, the Athenian tetradrachm was known as glaux throughout the ancient world and "owl" in present day numismatics. They were not, however, used exclusively by them to represent Athena and were even used for motivation during battles by other Greek cities, such as in the victory of Agathocles of Syracuse over the Carthaginians in 310 B.C. in which owls flying through the ranks were interpreted as Athena’s blessing or in the Battle of Salamis, chronicled in Plutarch's biography of Themistocles.
(Source: Wikipédia)
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Boiotia, Tanagra AR Obol, Shield & Horse (BCD Boiotia 277) Greek (Classical). Boiotia, Tanagra AR Obol (8.5-11mm, 0.90g), early-mid 4th century BCE.
Obv: Boiotian shield.
Rev: T / A (above l./below r.). Forepart of rearing horse right; all within incuse concave circle with curved edge.
Ref: BCD Boiotia 277 (this coin); see also SNG Cop 230; Head, Boeotia p. 52; Dewing 1499.
Prov: Ex BCD Collection (Triton IX [10 Jan 2006], Lot 277 [LINK]); HJB 223 (22 Jun 2023), Lot 67 [LINK] (corr.; die match to, not ex, V. Luneau, Platt 27 Mar 1922, 494).Curtis JJ
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Bramsen 0107. Paix de Luneville, 1801.Obv. Bust of Bonaparte. On the base of the bust, the artist's name, ANDRIEU F.
Legend - BONAPARTE PREMIER CONSUL DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE FRANSE.
Rev. an elegant female figure emblematic of peace, she holds in her right hand, which is extended, an olive branch, in her left a cornucopia filled with fruit and wheat ears, her hair and costume is à la grecque, with a laurel wreath round the head.
Legend, PAIX DE LUNÉVILLE. On the ground whereon she stands, ANDRIEU F.
Exergue, LE XX. PLUVIOSE, AN IX.
42mm
Struck to commemorate the LordBest
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BRUNSWICK-LUNEBERG-CALENBERG-HANNOVER -- George Ludwig (George I of England)BRUNSWICK-LUNEBERG-CALENBERG-HANNOVER -- George Ludwig (George I of England) (1698-1727) SILVER 2 Mariengroschen, 1708-HB. Obv.: In circle: * II * / MARIEN / GROS: / FELS . S . / H•B Around: * GEORG : LVD : D • G • BR • ET • LVN : S • R • I • EL • Rev.: In circle: St. Andrew with cross, date 1708 below; around: S.ANDREAS REVIVISCENS. Reference: KM #52.dpaul7
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Eadwig the Fair. Circumscription Cross Penny of York. Anglo-Saxon. Eadwig the Fair. 955-959. AR Penny (1.15gm, 21.1mm, 2h) of York. Horizontal 2 line type (HT1) Circumscription cross. ✠⠁EADWIG REX· (final pellet with demi-lune above and below). / ∴HERIG✠✠✠ER MO∵ (moneyer Heriger, barred and pelleted M). gF. DNW 12 Nov. 2015 #30 £380. Spink SCBC 1122; North 724; CTCE 68; SCBI BM 788.Anaximander
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German States. Brunswick-Luneburg-Calenburg-Hannover. George III, king of Britain 1760 - 1814. Copper pfenning 1768 I.A.P.German States. Brunswick-Luneburg-Calenburg-Hannover. George III, king of Britain 1760 - 1814. Copper pfenning 1768 I.A.P. Wild man holding tree in right hand / .I. PFENNING SCHEIDE MVNTZ 1768.
KM 330
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Great Britain, George II, 1727 - 1760Obv: GEORGIUS . II . DEI . GRATIA, laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust facing left, LIMA below.
Rev: M . B . F . ET . H . REX . F . D . B . ET . L . D . S . R . I . A . T . ET . E . 1745, four crowned shields.
Note: The complicated reverse inscription states: "Magnae Britannieae, Franciae ET Hiberniae REX Fidei Defensor Brunsviciensis ET Luneburgensis Dux, Sacri Romani Imperii Archi-Thesaurarius ET Elector."
Translation: King of Great Britain, France (Normandy) and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Duke of Brunswick and Luneburg, High Treasurer and Elector of the Holy Roman Empire."
With all that work who says “it’s good to be the king?”
The “Lima” inscription under the bust identifies that this coin was made from silver captured in raids on Spanish settlements in the New World in what now is Peru. (All of Latin American except Brazil was called El Peru. Individual countries independent from Spain didn’t emerge in South and Central America until the 19th century.) The state of war between England and Spain was the normal state of affairs for more than a century.
Silver Shilling, London Mint, 1745
5.8 grams, 26 mmMatt Inglima
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Great Britain, George III, 1760 - 1820Obv: GEORGIVS . III . DEI . GRATIA, laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust facing right.
Rev: M . B . F . ET . H . REX . F . D . B . ET . L . D . S . R . I . A . T . ET . E . 1787, four shields, crowns between.
Note: The complicated reverse inscription states: "Magnae Britannieae, Franciae ET Hiberniae REX Fidei Defensor Brunsviciensis ET Luneburgensis Dux, Sacri Romani Imperii Archi-Thesaurarius ET Elector."
Translation: King of Great Britain, France (Normandy) and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Duke of Brunswick and Luneburg, High Treasurer and Elector of the Holy Roman Empire."
Silver Shilling, London Mint, 1787
6.1 grams, 25.1 mmMatt Inglima
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Holy Roman Empire; Duchy of Brunswick-LüneburgMader 9 ff.
AR hohlpfennig (bracteate); Stendal mint; .30 gr., 15.65 mm. max.
Obv: Half eagle facing left, four prllets to right, surrounded by rays.
Rev.: Incuse.
Ref: Herbert Mader, Die Münzen der Stadt Lüneburg, 1293-1777. Bremen 2012.Stkp
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Louis XV, Roi de France (1715-1774) - Louis d'orLouis aux lunettes, or, 8,23 g
& sous les écus pour Aix
A/ LUD XV D G FR ET NAV REX, buste du roi à gauche.
R/ CHRS REGN VINC IMPER 1734
Réfs : Droulers 540 (18.237 ex.)Gabalor
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Rhegion TetradrachmBruttium, Rhegion, 356-351 av. J.C AR Tetradrachme 15,37g
D:/ ΡΗΓΙΝΟΣ Tête d'Apollon laurée, à g. les cheveux retombent sur la nuque
R:/ Mufle de lion de face, les oreilles en forme de demi-lune; la crinière ébouriffée
Hertzfelder 116d (this coin) (D71/R98) , HGC Italy 1639, HN ITaly 2501
from the Hoskier collection sale Adolph Hess 15/02/1934 lot 116
Brennos
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Constantius II, AR siliqua, Siscia mintObv: CONSTANTI-VS P F AVG
Rev: VICTORIA-AVGVSTORVM//SIS(lune)
RIC VIII 164
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S.1055 Æthelred I (Ælfhere)Penny of Æthelred I, king of Wessex, 865-871
Moneyer: Ælfhere
Mint: Probably Canterbury
S. 1055
O: +AEÐELRED REX
R: MON ELBERE ETA
Penny of Æthelred, the 4th son of King Æthelwulf. There was much fighting between Wessex and Viking armies during his fairly short reign. Æthelred was nominally in charge of the army of Wessex for the battle of Ashdown, one of the few English victories against the Viking army at this time. Historically, the victory is remembered for the leadership of Ælfred (later to be known as 'the Great') who was apparently the military commander on the field.
During the time of Æthelred, the currency of Wessex and Mercia were unified, and coins of the same "lunette" type are produced for Æthelred, his brother and successor Ælfred, and Burgred of Mercia.
Ex- Keith ChapmanSt. George's Collection
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S.934 Wiglaf (Redmund)Penny of Wiglaf, king of Mercia (second reign) 830-839
Moneyer: Redmund
Mint: Probably London
S. 934
N 401.2
O: +VVIGLAF REX M
R: N +REDMV D
Penny of Wiglaf, king of Mercia. Wiglaf was king from 827-839. His reign was interrupted from 829-830 by the conquest of Mercia by Ecgberht of Wessex, who took London in 829. The occupation was short lived however, and Wiglaf regained his throne the next year.
Despite a relatively long rule (compared to other 9th century Mercian kings), coins of Wiglaf are excessively rare. There are two major types, one with a portrait of the king by the moneyer Aethelhun, and a nonportrait type by the moneyers Burgherd and Redmund. Redmund also struck coins for King Ecgberht when he occupied Mercia. The portrait coins are typically assigned to Wiglaf's first reign while the nonportrait type is given to the second reign, but this is a guess at best. There are 8 coins (of all types) documented in the Early Medieval Corpus, but one is a forgery. Another is a fragment. Only one is the portrait variety. There are two other portrait coins in the British Museum and two non-portrait coins that have yet to be added to the corpus, giving a total known extant specimens of 11.
This particular coin is chipped, but otherwise readable and is of different dies than any other known specimen, and is the only non-portrait coin without reverse lunettes, and also does not have any pellets.
Ex- Downies Auction 320 (lot 2611), Glendining 11 Mar 1992 (lot 359), Bonser 1123, EMC 2001.0960, found Gravesend 1992St. George's Collection
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