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Image search results - "lima"

Abbasid Governors, anonymous, AE fals (21mm, 3.71gm, 11h), Halab, AH 136. O: Kalima; below, large pellet left and annulet right; in margin, mint and date formula. R: At center, Kalima continued; in margin, Qur'an 9:33. Ilisch (1996) Resafa IV, p. 117, 221 (dated xx6); cf. ibid. 220 (dated 135) and 222 (date illegible, either 135 or 136); see also Nützel (1898) Berlin 2074 (dated 135 but mint illegible) and Shamma p. 89, 3 (dated xx5). Very Fine and extremely rare, olive green patina with areas of red sand encrustation. Date full and clear. Mint missing but clearly style of Halab, AH 135 and 136.Quant.Geek

GREAT MONGOLS: Möngke, 1251-1260, AE jital (3.43g), NM, ND, A-3771D, cf. Zeno-256619, no mint name (Shafurqan style), möngku qa'an / al 'adil with floral symbol above and below // the kalima in 4 linesQuant.Geek

UNITED STATES
Brass Pistareen – 2 Reales
Uncertain illicit mint in the New York City area, copying an issue of the Lima mint
Dated 1787 (LIMA) F, though struck circa 1800-1811 or 1820-1830
• CAROLVS III DEI GRATIA •
Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust right; 1787 below
• HISPAN • ET IND • R EX • (LIMA) • F •
Crowned coat-of-arms flanked by Pillars of Hercules entwined with banners
Kleeburg dies 87A/M2Ardatirion

007. Galba (68 AD - 69 AD)GALBA. 68-69 AD.

Galba had displayed talent and ambition during his lengthy career. He enjoyed distinguished ancestry, moved easily among the Julio-Claudian emperors (with the exception of Nero towards the end of his principate), and had been awarded the highest military and religious honors of ancient Rome. His qualifications for the principate cannot be questioned. Even so, history has been unkind to him. Tacitus characterized Galba as "weak and old," a man "equal to the imperial office, if he had never held it." To be sure, Galba's greatest mistake lay in his general handling of the military. His treatment of the army in Upper Germany was heedless, his policy towards the praetorians short sighted. Given the climate in 68-69, Galba was unrealistic in expecting disciplina without paying the promised rewards.

AR Denarius (18mm, 2.97 gm). Rome mint. Bare head right / Legend in three lines within oak wreath. RIC I 167; RSC 287. Ex-CNG2 commentsecoli

010 Anund JacobPenny of Anund Jacob, king of Sweden 1022-1050
Mint: Sigtuna
Moneyer: Thormoth
Lagerqvist 9
Malmer 14.310/1252, chain 204
O: ANVN D REX SI
R: DORMOD ON SIHTV

King Anund Jacob of Sweden was born as just Jacob to king Olof "Skötkonung" of Sweden and Queen Estrid , his parents had converted to Christianity prior to his birth and gave their son a Christian biblical name. Sweden was only just adopting Christianity at this time, and the name Jacob was not very recognizable or acceptable to the Swedes, so he was also named Anund, and is remembered to history by this name. He became a co-ruler with his father late in Olof's reign, and became king in 1022. Despite a long reign (1022-1050), Anund's history is poorly remembered.

He did produce coins, but the volume of coinage seemed to take a sharp decline after Olof's death, and would cease altogether at some point during Anund's reign. Coins of Olof are by no means common, but those in the name of Anund are very rare. Anund's coins take three main flavors-
1- Those in his name imitating Aethelred's long cross type
2- Those in his name imitating Cnut's pointed helmet type
3- Blundered coins that die link or stylistically link to the above two

There is the likelihood that much if not all of his coinage was produced in the first few years of his reign, and may have ceased by 1030. The coins were probably all produced at Sigtuna.

Anund is remembered to history as "Kolbränna" or "coal-burner". Sadly, this was not because he cooked a mean steak on the barbecue. Rather, it presumably is due to his tactic of burning down the houses of his enemies. Keep in mind that this was probably not just an act of property vandalism. If you've read "Njáls saga", an Icelandic saga, you might recall the climax of the story, when the protagonist's house is burned by his enemies with the family still inside. This was a raiding tactic familiar to the Nordic people. A force would besiege a house, or hall, or fort, where people lived and farmed, and set the building on fire. Women and young children were usually permitted to leave, but the men would not be allowed exit and die by fire. This is brutal medieval Viking era stuff. This is our Anund 🙂

Ex- Antykwariat Numizmatyczny Michal Niemczyk Auction 38 (lot 2878)St. George's Collection

0236 - 1 Real Carlos III 1772 ACObv/ Coat of arms, R and I to the sides, around, CAR - III - D - G - HISP - ET IND - R -
Rev/ Pillars of Hercules on waves, flanking globe; around, VTRA QUE VNVM, below LM - 1772 - JM.

Ag, 21.2 mm, 3.23 g
Mint: Lima
Cy98/10556 - Cy/11314
ex-Cayón, auction Feb 2019, Pillars Milled Colln, lot 863dafnis

0250 - 1 Real Fernando VI 1755 ACObv/ Spanish coat of arms crowned, R and I to the sides between stars; around, · FRD · VI · D · G · HISP · ET · IND · R ·
Rev/ Pillars of Hercules on waves, flanking globe; around, VTRA QUE VNUM; below, LM · 1755 · JM

Ag, 16.4 mm, 3.26 g
Mint: Lima
Calicó (2019)/157
ex-Áureo & Calicó, auction 338 (Fleming colln., vol. I), lot 470 (ex-Áureo, auction 21/5/1997, lot 477)dafnis

136-138 AD - AELIUS Caesar AR denarius - struck 137 ADobv: L AELIVS CAESAR (bare head right)
rev: TR POT COS II (Concordia seated left, holding patera and leaning on cornucopiae), CONCORD in exergue.
ref: RIC II 436 (Hadrian), RSC 1 (12frcs), BMCRE 981(Hadrian)
Scarce
2.91gms, 18mm

Lucius Ceionius Commodus, a sleek Senator from a distinguished Roman family, was plucked from obscurity by Hadrian in 136 and named as his chosen successor, with the adoptive name Lucius Aelius Caesar. The adoption was marked by the appropriate games and ceremonies, but it soon became evident the young heir was consumptive, leading Hadrian to remark that he'd blown several million sesterces to no purpose. As governor of Pannonia did Aelius no good, the wet, frigid climate worsening his condition. In January 138, Aelius died.berserker

1660 - 1685, CHARLES II, AR Fourpence, Struck 1660 - 1662 at London, EnglandObverse: • CAROLVS • II • D • G • MAG • BR • FR • ET • HIB • REX • crown (mintmark). Legend within two pearl circles around crowned bust of Charles II facing left, IIII (mark of value) behind bust.
Reverse: • CHRISTO • AVSPICE • REGNO • crown (mintmark). Legend within two pearl circles around shield bearing Royal coat of arms. The reverse legend translates as 'Christ take care of the kingdom'.
Third issue from London
Diameter: 22mm | Weight: 1.95gms | Die Axis: 12h
SPINK: 3324

Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was King of Scotland from 1649 and King of Great Britain (England, Scotland, and Ireland) from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685.
Charles II was the eldest surviving child of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France. After Charles I's execution at Whitehall on the 30th of January 1649 at the climax of the English Civil War, the Parliament of Scotland, six days later, on the 5th of February, proclaimed Charles II king. England, however, did not recognise Charles II as king and entered the period known as the English Commonwealth, with a government led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on the 3rd of September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became Lord Protector of England and Charles spent the next nine years in exile, residing in various European countries.
The political crisis in England that followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy whereby Charles II was invited to return to the throne of England and, on the 29th of May 1660, he was received in London to public acclaim. Although Charles II was not recognised as king in England until 1660, all his legal documents in Britain were dated from 1649, the year when he had succeeded his father as king in Scotland.1 comments*Alex

1686 2 Reales1686 2 Reales
Lima, Peru
King Carlos II
Assayer: R (Miguel de Rojas Paramo)
7.38 grams
Sedwick type: L7cmcdon0923

1686 8 Reales1686 8 Reales
Lima, Peru
King Carlos II
Assayer: R (Miguel de Rojas Paramo)
27.62 grams
Sedwick type: L7cmcdon0923

1694 8 Reales1694 8 Reales
Lima, Peru
King Carlos II
Assayer: M (Felix Cristobal Cano Melgarejo - 1694 only)
27.14 grams
Sedwick type: L11cmcdon0923

1697 8 Reales1697 8 Reales
Lima, Peru
King Carlos II
Assayer: H (Francisco Hurtado)
26.53 grams
Sedwick type: L13
The date under the cross appears to exhibit a 7/6 overdate.cmcdon0923

1775 Potosi, 1788 Mexico City, 1779 Lima - 2 Reales - obverse1775 Potosi, Bolivia - Two Reales
1788 Mexico City - Two Reales
1779 Lima, Peru - Two Realesrexesq

1775 Potosi, 1788 Mexico City, 1779 Lima - 2 Reales - reverse1775 Potosi, Bolivia - Two Reales
1788 Mexico City - Two Reales
1779 Lima, Peru - Two Realesrexesq

29. Trebonianus Gallus.Antoninianus, ca 252 AD, Rome mint.
Obverse: IMP CAES VIB TREB GALLVS AVG / Radiate bust of Gallus.
Reverse: APOLL SALVTARI / Apollo standing, holding branch and a lyre set on a rock.
3.82 gm., 20 mm.
RIC #32; Sear #9627.

In his book The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, & the End of an Empire, author Kyle Harper suggests the plague described by Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, was not a localized plague of some sort, but was one and the same with the plague that ravaged the Roman Empire during the reign of Trebonianus Gallus and several of his successors.

The plague was first reported in Alexandria in 249 AD, and by 251 AD it had made its way to Rome where the boy emperor Hostilian died from it. Harper says (p, 138), “The Plague of Cyprian is in the background of imperial history from ca. AD 249 to AD 262, possibly with even later effects around AD 270.”

Harper also presents a case that the plague was either pandemic influenza (similar to that of 1918) or a viral hemorrhagic fever (similar to the Ebola virus of today).

Coins with the reverse legend APOLL SALVTARI (“Apollo the Healer”) exist on coins of Trebonianus Gallus, Volusian, Aemilian, and Valerian I. This reverse type is certainly to be interpreted as an appeal to Apollo for deliverance from the plague that was spreading through the Empire at this time.3 commentsCallimachus

48 - Saint-Alban, LozèreAsile, Saint Alban sur Limagnole, Lozère
Aluminium, 30 mm
A/ ASILE DE St ALBAN
R/ 2 F
Réfs : Elie 10.3
Gabalor

501. Constantine I In the year 320, Licinius, emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, reneged on the religious freedom promised by the Edict of Milan in 313 and began another persecution of the Christians. This was a puzzling inconsistency since Constantia, half-sister of Constantine and wife of Licinius, was an influential Christian. It became a challenge to Constantine in the west, climaxing in the great civil war of 324. The armies were so large another like these would not be seen again until at least the 14th century. Licinius, aided by Goth mercenaries, represented the past and the ancient faith of Paganism. Constantine and his Franks marched under the Christian standard of the labarum, and both sides saw the battle in religious terms. Supposedly outnumbered, but fired by their zeal, Constantine's army emerged victorious. With the defeat and death of Licinius (Constantine was known for being ruthless with his political enemies: Constantine had publicly promised to spare his life, but a year later he accused him of plotting against him and had him executed by strangulation), Constantine then became the sole emperor of the entire Roman Empire.[

RIC VII Siscia 235 c3

ecoli

5050 EGYPT, Alexandria. Hadrian Tetradrachm 117-18 AD Dikaiosyne standingReference.
RPC III, 5050 (this coin). Dattari-Savio Pl. 65, 1347 (this coin).Emmett 833.2

Issue L B = year 2

Obv. ΑΥΤ ΚΑΙС ΤΡΑΝΟС (sic) ΑΔΡΙΑΝΟС СƐΒ
Laureate head of Hadrian, r., drapery on l. shoulder

Rev. L Β
Dikaiosyne standing facing, head l., holding scales and cornucopia

12.52 gr
25 mm
12h

Note.
From the Dattari collection.

In ancient Greek culture, Dikē (/ˈdiːkeɪ/ or /ˈdɪkiː/; Greek: Δίκη, English translation: "justice") was the goddess of justice and the spirit of moral order and fair judgement based on immemorial custom, in the sense of socially enforced norms and conventional rules. According to Hesiod (Theogony, l. 901), she was fathered by Zeus upon his second consort, Themis. She and her mother were both personifications of justice. She is depicted as a young, slender woman carrying a physical balance scale and wearing a laurel wreath while her Roman counterpart (Justitia) appears in a similar fashion but blind-folded. She is represented in the constellation Libra which is named for the Latin name of her symbol (Scales). She is often associated with Astraea, the goddess of innocence and purity. Astraea is also one of her epithets referring to her appearance in the nearby constellation Virgo which is said to represent Astraea. This reflects her symbolic association with Astraea, who too has a similar iconography.

The sculptures of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia have as their unifying iconographical conception the dikē of Zeus, and in poetry she is often the attendant (paredros) of Zeus.
In the philosophical climate of late 5th century Athens, dikē could be anthropomorphised as a goddess of moral justice.
She was one of the three second-generation Horae, along with Eunomia ("order") and Eirene ("peace")okidoki

703a, Tiberius, 19 August 14 - 16 March 37 A.D., Tribute Penny of Matthew 22:20-21Silver denarius, RIC I 30, RSC II 16a, SRCV 1763, gVF, Lugdunum mint, 3.837g, 18.7mm, 90o, 16 - 37 A.D.; obverse TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS, laureate head right; reverse PONTIF MAXIM, Pax/Livia seated right holding scepter and branch, legs on chair ornamented, feet on footstool; toned. Ex FORVM.

De Imperatoribus Romanis
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors

Tiberius (A.D. 14-37)

Garrett G. Fagan
Pennsylvania State University

Introduction
The reign of Tiberius (b. 42 B.C., d. A.D. 37, emperor A.D. 14-37) is a particularly important one for the Principate, since it was the first occasion when the powers designed for Augustus alone were exercised by somebody else. In contrast to the approachable and tactful Augustus, Tiberius emerges from the sources as an enigmatic and darkly complex figure, intelligent and cunning, but given to bouts of severe depression and dark moods that had a great impact on his political career as well as his personal relationships.

. . . .

Early life (42-12 B.C.)
Tiberius Claudius Nero was born on 16 November 42 B.C. to Ti. Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla. Both parents were scions of the gens Claudia which had supplied leaders to the Roman Republic for many generations. . . [I]n 39 B.C., his mother Livia divorced Ti. Claudius Nero and married Octavian, thereby making the infant Tiberius the stepson of the future ruler of the Roman world. Forever afterward, Tiberius was to have his name coupled with this man, and always to his detriment.

. . . .

Accession and Early Reign (A.D. 14 - 23)
The accession of Tiberius proved intensely awkward. After Augustus had been buried and deified, and his will read and honored, the Senate convened on 18 September to inaugurate the new reign and officially "confirm" Tiberius as emperor. Such a transfer of power had never happened before, and nobody, including Tiberius, appears to have known what to do. Tacitus's account is the fullest. . . Rather than tactful, he came across to the senators as obdurate and obstructive. He declared that he was too old for the responsibilities of the Principate, said he did not want the job, and asked if he could just take one part of the government for himself. The Senate was confused, not knowing how to read his behavior. Finally, one senator asked pointedly, "Sire, for how long will you allow the State to be without a head?" Tiberius relented and accepted the powers voted to him, although he refused the title "Augustus."

. . . .

Tiberius allowed a trusted advisor to get too close and gain a tremendous influence over him. That advisor was the Praetorian Prefect, L. Aelius Sejanus, who would derail Tiberius's plans for the succession and drive the emperor farther into isolation, depression, and paranoia.

Sejanus (A.D. 23-31)
Sejanus hailed from Volsinii in Etruria. He and his father shared the Praetorian Prefecture until A.D. 15 when the father, L. Seius Strabo, was promoted to be Prefect of Egypt, the pinnacle of an equestrian career under the Principate. Sejanus, now sole Prefect of the Guard, enjoyed powerful connections to senatorial houses and had been a companion to Gaius Caesar on his mission to the East, 1 B.C. - A.D. 4. Through a combination of energetic efficiency, fawning sycophancy, and outward displays of loyalty, he gained the position of Tiberius's closest friend and advisor.

. . . .

[I]n a shocking and unexpected turn of events, [a] letter sent by Tiberius from Capri initially praised Sejanus extensively, and then suddenly denounced him as a traitor and demanded his arrest. Chaos ensued. Senators long allied with Sejanus headed for the exits, the others were confused -- was this a test of their loyalty? What did the emperor want them to do? -- but the Praetorian Guard, the very troops formerly under Sejanus's command but recently and secretly transferred to the command of Q. Sutorius Macro, arrested Sejanus, conveyed him to prison, and shortly afterwards executed him summarily. A witch-hunt followed. . . All around the city, grim scenes were played out, and as late as A.D. 33 a general massacre of all those still in custody took place.

Tiberius himself later claimed that he turned on Sejanus because he had been alerted to Sejanus's plot against Germanicus's family. This explanation has been rejected by most ancient and modern authorities, since Sejanus's demise did nothing to alleviate that family's troubles.

. . . .

The Last Years (A.D. 31-37)
The Sejanus affair appears to have greatly depressed Tiberius. A close friend and confidant had betrayed him; whom could he trust anymore? His withdrawal from public life seemed more complete in the last years. Letters kept him in touch with Rome, but it was the machinery of the Augustan administration that kept the empire running smoothly. Tiberius, if we believe our sources, spent much of his time indulging his perversities on Capri.

. . . .

Tiberius died quietly in a villa at Misenum on 16 March A.D. 37. He was 78 years old. There are some hints in the sources of the hand of Caligula in the deed, but such innuendo can be expected at the death of an emperor, especially when his successor proved so depraved. The level of unpopularity Tiberius had achieved by the time of his death with both the upper and lower classes is revealed by these facts: the Senate refused to vote him divine honors, and mobs filled the streets yelling "To the Tiber with Tiberius!" (in reference to a method of disposal reserved for the corpses of criminals).

Tiberius and the Empire
Three main aspects of Tiberius's impact on the empire deserve special attention: his relative military inertia; his modesty in dealing with offers of divine honors and his fair treatment of provincials; and his use of the Law of Treason (maiestas).

. . . .

Conclusion
. . . Tiberius's reign sporadically descended into tyranny of the worst sort. In the right climate of paranoia and suspicion, widespread denunciation led to the deaths of dozens of Senators and equestrians, as well as numerous members of the imperial house. In this sense, the reign of Tiberius decisively ended the Augustan illusion of "the Republic Restored" and shone some light into the future of the Principate, revealing that which was both promising and terrifying.

[For the entire article please refer to http://www.roman-emperors.org/tiberius.htm]

Copyright © 1997, Garrett G. Fagan. Used by permission.

"Some of the things he did are hard to believe. He had little boys trained as minnows to chase him when he went swimming and to get between his legs and nibble him. He also had babies not weaned from their mother breast suck at his chest and groin . . . "
(Suetonius. The Twelve Caesars. Trans. Robert Graves. London: Penguin Books, 1979. XLIV).

Jesus, referring to a "penny" asked, "Whose is this image and superscription?" When told it was Caesar, He said, ''Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's and unto God the things that are God's" (Matthew 22:20-21). Since Tiberius was Caesar at the time, this denarius type is attributed by scholars as the "penny" referred to in the Bible(Joseph Sermarini).

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.

Cleisthenes

703b, Tiberius, 19 August 14 - 16 March 37 A.D., Hierapolis, PhrygiaBronze AE 16, RPC I 2966 (1 specimen), F, Phrygia, Hierapolis, 3.300g, 15.6mm, 0o; Obverse: TIBEPIOC KAISAR, laureate head right; Reverse: IERAPOLEITWN ZOSIMOS [...], Apollo Archegetes (Lairbenos) standing left, playing lyre; reverse countermarked with star of six rays, in oval punch, 2.5 x 3.5 mm, Howgego 445 (3 pcs, 1 of which from this magistrate); dark patina; very rare. Ex FORVM.

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

TIBERIUS (A.D. 14-37)

Garrett G. Fagan
Pennsylvania State University

The reign of Tiberius Claudius Nero (b. 42 B.C., d. A.D. 37, emperor A.D. 14-37) is a particularly important one for the Principate, since it was the first occasion when the powers designed for Augustus alone were exercised by somebody else. In contrast to the approachable and tactful Augustus, Tiberius emerges from the sources as an enigmatic and darkly complex figure, intelligent and cunning, but given to bouts of severe depression and dark moods that had a great impact on his political career as well as his personal relationships. His reign abounds in contradictions. Despite his keen intelligence, he allowed himself to come under the influence of unscrupulous men who, as much as any actions of his own, ensured that Tiberius's posthumous reputation would be unfavorable; despite his vast military experience, he oversaw the conquest of no new region for the empire; and despite his administrative abilities he showed such reluctance in running the state as to retire entirely from Rome and live out his last years in isolation on the island of Capri. His reign represents, as it were, the adolescence of the Principate as an institution. Like any adolescence, it proved a difficult time.

. . . .

It is all but inevitable that any historical assessment of Tiberius will quickly devolve into a historiographical assessment of Tacitus. So masterful is Tacitus's portrayal of his subject, and so influential has it been ever since, that in all modern treatments of Tiberius, in attempting to get at the man, must address the issue of Tacitus's historiographical methods, his sources, and his rhetoric. The subject is too vast to address here, but some points are salient. Tacitus's methods, especially his use of innuendo and inference to convey notions that are essentially editorial glosses, makes taking his portrayal of Tiberius at face value inadvisable. Further, his belief in the immutable character of people -- that one's character is innate at birth and cannot be changed, although it can be disguised -- prevents him from investigating the possibility that Tiberius evolved and developed over his lifetime and during his reign. Instead, Tacitus's portrayal is one of peeling back layers of dissimulation to reach the "real" Tiberius lurking underneath.

Overall, Tiberius's reign can be said to show the boons and banes of rule by one man, especially a man as dark, awkward, and isolated as Tiberius. For the people of the provinces, it was a peaceful and well-ordered time. Governors behaved themselves, and there were no destructive or expensive wars. In the domestic sphere, however, the concentration of power in one person made all the greater the threat of misbehavior by ambitious satellites like Sejanus or foolish friends like Piso. Furthermore, if the emperor wished to remain aloof from the mechanics of power, he could do so. Administrators, who depended on him for their directions, could operate without his immediate supervision, but their dealings with a man like Sejanus could lead to disaster if that man fell from grace. As a result, although he was not a tyrant himself, Tiberius's reign sporadically descended into tyranny of the worst sort. In the right climate of paranoia and suspicion, widespread denunciation led to the deaths of dozens of Senators and equestrians, as well as numerous members of the imperial house. In this sense, the reign of Tiberius decisively ended the Augustan illusion of "the Republic Restored" and shone some light into the future of the Principate, revealing that which was both promising and terrifying.

[For the complete article please refer to http://www.roman-emperors.org/tiberius.htm]

By Garrett G. Fagan, Pennsylvania State University.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Hierapolis in History

Usually said to be founded by Eumenes II, king of Pergamum (197-159 BC), Hierapolis may actually have been established closer to the 4th century BC by the Seleucid kings.

The name of the city may derive from Hiera, the wife of Telephus (son of Hercules and grandson of Zeus), the mythical founder of Pergamum. Or it may have been called the "sacred city" because of the temples located at the site. (The name Pamukkale is sometimes used just to refer to the white terraces, but the modern name of the whole area is also Pamukkale.)

With Colossae and Laodicea, Hierapolis became part of the tri-city area of the Lycus River valley. Hierapolis was located across the river from the other two cities and was noted for its textiles, especially wool. The city was also famous for its purple dye, made from the juice of the madder root.

The hot springs at Hierapolis (which still attract visitors today) were believed to have healing properties, and people came to the city to bathe in the rich mineral waters in order to cure various ailments.

Hierapolis was dedicated to Apollo Lairbenos, who was said to have founded the city. The Temple of Apollo that survives in ruins today dates from the 3rd century AD, but its foundations date from the Hellenistic period.

Also worshipped at Hierapolis was Pluto, god of the underworld, probably in relation to the hot gases released by the earth (see the Plutonium, below). The chief religious festival of ancient Hierapolis was the Letoia, in honor of the the goddess Leto, a Greek form of the Mother Goddess. The goddess was honoured with orgiastic rites.

Hierapolis was ceded to Rome in 133 BC along with the rest of the Pergamene kingdom, and became part of the Roman province of Asia. The city was destroyed by an earthquake in 60 AD but rebuilt, and it reached its peak in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD.

Famous natives of Hierapolis include the Stoic philosopher Epictetus (c.55-c.135 AD) and the philosopher and rhetorician Antipater. Emperor Septimus hired Antipater to tutor his sons Caracalla and Geta, who became emperors themselves.

Hierapolis had a significant Jewish population in ancient times, as evidence by numerous inscriptions on tombs and elsewhere in the city. Some of the Jews are named as members of the various craft guilds of the city. This was probably the basis for the Christian conversion of some residents of Hierapolis, recorded in Colossians 4:13.

In the 5th century, several churches as well as a large martyrium dedicated to St. Philip (see "In the Bible," below) were built in Hierapolis. The city fell into decline in the 6th century, and the site became partially submerged under water and deposits of travertine. It was finally abandoned in 1334 after an earthquake. Excavations began to uncover Hierapolis in the 19th century.

Hierapolis in the Bible

Hierapolis is mentioned only once in the Bible, when St. Paul praises Epaphras, a Christian from Colossae, in his letter to the Colossians. Paul writes that Epaphras "has worked hard for you and for those in Laodicea and in Hierapolis" (Colossians 4:12-13). Epaphras was probably the founder of the Christian community at Hierapolis.

Ancient tradition also associates Hierapolis with a biblical figure, reporting that Philip died in Hierapolis around 80 AD. However, it is not clear which Philip is menat. It could be Philip the Apostle, one of the original 12 disciples, who is said to have been martyred by upside-down crucifixion (Acts of Philip) or by being hung upside down by his ankles from a tree.

Or Philip could be Philip the Evangelist, a later disciple who helped with administrative matters and had four virgin-prophetess daughters (Acts 6:1-7; 21:8-9). Early traditions say this Philip was buried in Hierapolis along with his virgin daughters, but confusingly call him "Philip the Apostle"! In any case, it seems a prominent person mentioned in Acts did die in Hierapolis.
Sacred Destinations - Hierapolis-Pamukkale
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes

707a, Galba, 3 April 68 - 15 January 69 A.D.Galba AE As, 68-69 AD; cf. SRC 727, 729ff; 27.85mm, 12g; Rome: Obverse: GALBA IMP CAESAR…, Laureate head right; Reverse: S P Q R OB CIV SER in oak wreath; gF+/F Ex. Ancient Imports.

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Galba (68-69 A.D.)

John Donahue
College of William and Mary

Introduction
The evidence for the principate of Galba is unsatisfactory. The sources either concentrate on the personality of the man, thereby failing to offer a balanced account of his policies and a firm chronological base for his actions; or, they focus on the final two weeks of his life at the expense of the earlier part of his reign. As a result, a detailed account of his principate is difficult to write. Even so, Galba is noteworthy because he was neither related to nor adopted by his predecessor Nero. Thus, his accession marked the end of the nearly century-long control of the Principate by the Julio-Claudians. Additionally, Galba's declaration as emperor by his troops abroad set a precedent for the further political upheavals of 68-69. Although these events worked to Galba's favor initially, they soon came back to haunt him, ending his tumultuous rule after only seven months.

Early Life and Rise to Power
Born 24 December 3 BC in Tarracina, a town on the Appian Way, 65 miles south of Rome, Servius Galba was the son of C. Sulpicius Galba and Mummia Achaica. Galba's connection with the noble house of the Servii gave him great prestige and assured his acceptance among the highest levels of Julio-Claudian society. Adopted in his youth by Livia, the mother of the emperor Tiberius, he is said to have owed much of his early advancement to her. Upon her death, Livia made Galba her chief legatee, bequeathing him some 50 million sesterces. Tiberius, Livia's heir, reduced the amount, however, and then never paid it. Galba's marriage proved to be a further source of disappointment, as he outlived both his wife Lepida and their two sons. Nothing else is known of Galba's immediate family, other than that he remained a widower for the rest of his life.

Although the details of Galba's early political career are incomplete, the surviving record is one of an ambitious Roman making his way in the Emperor's service. Suetonius records that as praetor Galba put on a new kind of exhibition for the people - elephants walking on a rope. Later, he served as governor of the province of Aquitania, followed by a six-month term as consul at the beginning of 33. Ironically, as consul he was succeeded by Salvius Otho, whose own son would succeed Galba as emperor. Over the years three more governorships followed - Upper Germany (date unknown), North Africa (45) and Hispania Tarraconensis, the largest of Spain's three provinces (61). He was selected as a proconsul of Africa by the emperor Claudius himself instead of by the usual method of drawing lots. During his two-year tenure in the province he successfully restored internal order and quelled a revolt by the barbarians. As an imperial legate he was a governor in Spain for eight years under Nero, even though he was already in his early sixties when he assumed his duties. The appointment showed that Galba was still considered efficient and loyal. In all of these posts Galba generally displayed an enthusiasm for old-fashioned disciplina, a trait consistent with the traditional characterization of the man as a hard-bitten aristocrat of the old Republican type. Such service did not go unnoticed, as he was honored with triumphal insignia and three priesthoods during his career.

On the basis of his ancestry, family tradition and service to the state Galba was the most distinguished Roman alive (with the exception of the houses of the Julii and Claudii) at the time of Nero's demise in 68. The complex chain of events that would lead him to the Principate later that year began in March with the rebellion of Gaius Iulius Vindex, the governor of Gallia Lugdunensis. Vindex had begun to sound out provincial governors about support for a rebellion perhaps in late 67 or early 68. Galba did not respond but, because of his displeasure with Neronian misgovernment, neither did he inform the emperor of these treasonous solicitations. This, of course, left him dangerously exposed; moreover, he was already aware that Nero, anxious to remove anyone of distinguished birth and noble achievements, had ordered his death. Given these circumstances, Galba likely felt that he had no choice but to rebel.

In April, 68, while still in Spain, Galba "went public," positioning himself as a vir militaris, a military representative of the senate and people of Rome. For the moment, he refused the title of Emperor, but it is clear that the Principate was his goal. To this end, he organized a concilium of advisors in order to make it known that any decisions were not made by him alone but only after consultation with a group. The arrangement was meant to recall the Augustan Age relationship between the emperor and senate in Rome. Even more revealing of his imperial ambitions were legends like LIBERTAS RESTITUTA (Liberty Restored), ROM RENASC (Rome Reborn) and SALUS GENERIS HUMANI (Salvation of Mankind), preserved on his coinage from the period. Such evidence has brought into question the traditional assessment of Galba as nothing more than an ineffectual representative of a bygone antiquus rigor in favor of a more balanced portrait of a traditional constitutionalist eager to publicize the virtues of an Augustan-style Principate.
Events now began to move quickly. In May, 68 Lucius Clodius Macer, legate of the III legio Augusta in Africa, revolted from Nero and cut off the grain supply to Rome. Choosing not to recognize Galba, he called himself propraetor, issued his own coinage, and raised a new legion, the I Macriana liberatrix. Galba later had him executed. At the same time, 68, Lucius Verginius Rufus, legionary commander in Upper Germany, led a combined force of soldiers from Upper and Lower Germany in defeating Vindex at Vesontio in Gallia Lugdunensis. Verginius refused to accept a call to the emperorship by his own troops and by those from the Danube, however, thereby creating at Rome an opportunity for Galba's agents to win over Gaius Nymphidius Sabinus, the corrupt praetorian prefect since 65. Sabinus was able to turn the imperial guard against Nero on the promise that they would be rewarded financially by Galba upon his arrival. That was the end for Nero. Deposed by the senate and abandoned by his supporters, he committed suicide in June. At this point, encouraged to march on Rome by the praetorians and especially by Sabinus, who had his own designs on the throne, Galba hurriedly established broad-based political and financial support and assembled his own legion (subsequently known as the legio VII Gemina). As he departed from Spain, he abandoned the title of governor in favor of "Caesar," apparently in an attempt to lay claim to the entire inheritance of the Julio-Claudian house. Even so, he continued to proceed cautiously, and did not actually adopt the name of Caesar (and with it the emperorship) until sometime after he had left Spain.

The Principate of Galba
Meanwhile, Rome was anything but serene. An unusual force of soldiers, many of whom had been mustered by Nero to crush the attempt of Vindex, remained idle and restless. In addition, there was the matter concerning Nymphidius Sabinus. Intent on being the power behind the throne, Nymphidius had orchestrated a demand from the praetorians that Galba appoint him sole praetorian prefect for life. The senate capitulated to his pretensions and he began to have designs on the throne himself. In an attempt to rattle Galba, Nymphidius then sent messages of alarm to the emperor telling of unrest in both the city and abroad. When Galba ignored these reports, Nymphidius decided to launch a coup by presenting himself to the praetorians. The plan misfired, and the praetorians killed him when he appeared at their camp. Upon learning of the incident, Galba ordered the executions of Nymphidius' followers. To make matters worse, Galba's arrival was preceded by a confrontation with a boisterous band of soldiers who had been formed into a legion by Nero and were now demanding legionary standards and regular quarters. When they persisted, Galba's forces attacked, with the result that many of them were killed.
Thus it was amid carnage and fear that Galba arrived at the capital in October, 68, accompanied by Otho, the governor of Lusitania, who had joined the cause. Once Galba was within Rome, miscalculations and missteps seemed to multiply. First, he relied upon the advice of a corrupt circle of advisors, most notably: Titus Vinius, a general from Spain; Cornelius Laco, praetorian prefect; and his own freedman, Icelus. Second, he zealously attempted to recover some of Nero's more excessive expenditures by seizing the property of many citizens, a measure that seems to have gone too far and to have caused real hardship and resentment. Third, he created further ill-will by disbanding the imperial corps of German bodyguards, effectively abolishing a tradition that originated with Marius and had been endorsed by Augustus. Finally, he seriously alienated the military by refusing cash rewards for both the praetorians and for the soldiers in Upper Germany who had fought against Vindex.

This last act proved to be the beginning of the end for Galba. On 1 January 69 ("The Year of the Four Emperors"), the troops in Upper Germany refused to declare allegiance to him and instead followed the men stationed in Lower Germany in proclaiming their commander, Aulus Vitellius, as the new ruler. In response, Galba adopted Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus to show that he was still in charge and that his successor would not be chosen for him. Piso, although an aristocrat, was a man completely without administrative or military experience. The choice meant little to the remote armies, the praetorians or the senate, and it especially angered Otho, who had hoped to succeed Galba. Otho quickly organized a conspiracy among the praetorians with the now-familiar promise of a material reward, and on 15 January 69 they declared him emperor and publicly killed Galba; Piso, dragged from hiding in the temple of Vesta, was also butchered.

Assessment
In sum, Galba had displayed talent and ambition during his lengthy career. He enjoyed distinguished ancestry, moved easily among the Julio-Claudian emperors (with the exception of Nero towards the end of his principate), and had been awarded the highest military and religious honors of ancient Rome. His qualifications for the principate cannot be questioned. Even so, history has been unkind to him. Tacitus characterized Galba as "weak and old," a man "equal to the imperial office, if he had never held it." Modern historians of the Roman world have been no less critical. To be sure, Galba's greatest mistake lay in his general handling of the military. His treatment of the army in Upper Germany was heedless, his policy towards the praetorians short sighted. Given the climate in 68-69, Galba was unrealistic in expecting disciplina without paying the promised rewards. He was also guilty of relying on poor advisors, who shielded him from reality and ultimately allowed Otho's conspiracy to succeed. Additionally, the excessive power of his henchmen brought the regime into disfavor and made Galba himself the principal target of the hatred that his aides had incited. Finally, the appointment of Piso, a young man in no way equal to the challenges placed before him, further underscored the emperor's isolation and lack of judgment. In the end, the instability of the post-Julio-Claudian political landscape offered challenges more formidable than a tired, septuagenarian aristocrat could hope to overcome. Ironically, his regime proved no more successful than the Neronian government he was so eager to replace. Another year of bloodshed would be necessary before the Principate could once again stand firm.

Copyright (C) 1999, John Donahue.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.

Cleisthenes

Abbasid AR Dirham. Kalima and below: "Abu'l 'Abbas ibn amir al-muminin"

inner edge:"bismillah duriba hadhà ad-dirham bi'l-Basrat sanah arba' 'ashrat wa thelath [mi'at]"; outer edge: Sura 30 vv 3 & 4.

"li-'llah mohammed rasul allah [al-mu]qtadir billah"Will Hooton

Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan , early Fals struck in Ma`arrat MisrinMa`arrat Misrin (in Jund Qinnarsrin) mint, 4.320 grams, 21.3 mm, die axis 90o, 670 - 685 A.D. Rare.
Obverse: Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan standing bearded, placing his right hand on the pommel of his sword and whip hanging from his right elbow; to left, 'Amir al-Mu 'minin' ('Commander of the Faithful' in Kufic); to right, Khalifat Allah' ('Caliph of God')., right hand on sword.
Reverse : modified cross on 3 or 4 steps, in field to right, 'ma'arrat' in Kufic; in field to left, 'misrin' in Kufic; around, part of the first Kalima reading 'la ilaha illa Allah wahdahu Muhammad (missing rasul Allah') meaning ('There is no God but God alone; Muhammad is the messenger of God) but missing the part : the messenger of God

The Sam Mansourati Collection / FORVM Ancient Coins
Sam

Anatolia & al-JaziraISLAMIC, Anatolia & al-Jazira (Post-Seljuk). Artuqids (Mardin). Najm al-Din Alpi. AH 547-572 / AD 1152-1176. Æ Dirhem (30mm, 13.03 g, 3h). Unlisted (Mardin[?]) mint. Undated, but struck AH 560-566 (AD 1164-1170). Two diademed and draped male heads facing slightly away from one another; in margins, Kalima above and below, name and title of Abbasid caliph to right and left / Facing female head, wearing necklace; name, title, and genealogy of Najm al-Din Alpi in outer margin. Whelan Type IV, 44-5; S&S Type 30.1; Album 1827.5. Near VF, green patina.ecoli

Anatolia and Al-Jazirah (Post-Seljuk). Artuqids (Mardin). Najm al-Din Alpi AD 1152-1176. (AH 547-572).Two diademed male heads facing slightly away from one another, in margins, Kalima above and below, name of Abbasid caliph to right and left / Female head facing, name and pedigree of Najm al-Din Alpi around.
Struck AH 560-566 (AD 1164-1170)
Dirhem AE31.
ancientone

Antoninus Pius Imperator II RIC 717bAntoninus Pius, Sestertius, Rome, 143 - 144 AD, 30.09g, 30mm, RIC 717b, Cohen 434, Strack 941, BM 1610 var, Sear 5 #4182
OBV: ANTONINVS AVG PI-VS PP TRP COS III, Laureate draped bust right
REV: IMPERATOR II, S-C in fields, Victory flying right, holding trophy in both hands,

Refers to Pius' second imperatorial acclimation, won for him in Britian by Lollius Urbicus, the provincial governor
SRukke

Artuqids of Mardin AE Dirhem, Islamic Coins and Their Values (vol 1) Plate CoinPhoto Credit: Künker
Islamic. Anatolia. Artuqids (Mardin), Najm ad-Din Alpi (AH 547-572). AE Dirhem (10.95g, 30mm, 3h). Struck, AH 560-566 / 1164-1170 CE.
Obv: Two diademed and draped male heads facing slightly away from one another; Kalima above/below and titles left/right. Rev: Female head facing; pedigree in margins.
Ref: Whelan Type IV, 44-5; S&S Type 30.1; Album 1827.5; ICV 1203 (this coin illustrated).
Prov: Ex-Dix Noonan Webb (10 Mar 2021), Lot 793; Tim Wilkes FPL 23 (July 2017), No. 99; Künker 204 (12 Mar 2012), Lot 1088.
Published in Tim Wilkes' Islamic Coins and Their Values, Volume 1: The Mediaeval Period (2015, London: Spink), p. 117, #1203.3 commentsCurtis JJ

Ayyubid Dynasty. Al-Adil Abu Bakr I (Al-Adil Saif al-Din Abu-Bakr Ahmed ibn Najm ad-Din Ayyub) (592-615 A.H. = 1196-1218 A.D.)Album 803 (variant without central annulets)

AR dirham, 2.78 g., 21.14 mm. max, 0°. Struck at the Dimashq mint (Damascus), in 598-608 A.H. (= 1201-1211 A.D.).

Obv: Imam (= the religious leader) al-Nasir / li-Din Allah amir (= commander), on middle two lines; al-mu' / minin (= of the faithful), above and below, fleur at bottom, all within double intertwined trefoil.

Rev: al-malik (= the king) al-'Adil / Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub, on middle two lines; al-din / saif (= sword of the faith), above and below, fleur at bottom, all within double intertwined trefoil.

As is typical with this type, the marginal legends (kalima / mint and date) are off the flan.

The obverse legend cites to the Abbasid Caliph, al-Nasir li-Din Allah (575/6-622 A.H. = 1180-1225 A.D.). The reverse legend cites to the Sultan of Egypt and Syria, al-Adil Saif al-Din Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub, who was the brother of Saladin. From his honorific title Saif al-Din ("Sword of Faith"), he was known to the Crusaders as Saphadin.Stkp

Ayyubid falsAleppo mint, Ayyubid fals, struck by Al-Zahir Ghazi (582-613 H/ 1186-1216 AD) in between 1207 and 1216 A.D. 14mm x 11mm 1.66g
Your coin is a fractional silver dirham of the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt and Syria. The problem with these fractions is that they are struck from dies intended for the larger full dirhams, so only a portion of the legend is captured. On your coin, the image at left is the reverse with the kalima: "There is no god but God / Muhammad is the prophet of God". The image on the right is the obverse and shows portions of "al-sultan".
casata137ec

Ayyubid. al-Zahir Ghazi (Governor of Halab (now Aleppo) from 581-613 A.H. = 1186-1216 A.D.)Balog 596 or 599 ff. or 629 (in which case it was issued posthumously (614-638 A.H. = 1218-1241 A.D.)).

AR dirham, 18-22 mm. Struck at the Halab mint. Dated but the date is unreadable.

Obv: al-Imam / al-Nasir Ahmed. / al-Malik al-Adil / Abu Bakr, in four lines within hexagram. La Ilaha Illa Allah. Muhammed Rasul Allah (Kalima), in margin.

Rev: al-Malik / al-Zahir Ghazi / ibn Yusuf bin / Ayyub, in four lines within hexagram. Duribe bi-Halab sene [date], in margin.

Note: al-Zahir Ghazi was the third son of Saladin (Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub). The lands that he was assigned to govern were under the control of his uncle, Al-Adil I (al-Malik al-Adil Sayf al-Din Abu-Bakr ibn Ayyub), who was Saladin’s younger brother.Stkp

Ayyubids, Branch at Aleppo (Halab), al-Zahir Ghiyath al-Din Ghazi ibn Yusuf (al-Zahir Ghazi) (emir of Aleppo 1186-1216 A.D = 582-613 A.H.)Balog 671, 674 or 676, most probably Balog 674; Album 838.4

AE fals, Halab mint, dated 604 A.H. = 1207/08 A.D., 607 A.H. = 1210/11 A.D. or 609 A.H. = 1211/12 A.D., most likely 607 A.H. (scarce with legible date, per Album); 4.39 g., 23.08 mm. max. 180°

Obv.: Border of pellets within which is an eight-pointed star, within which is an eight-pointed star of pellets; al-malik / al-Zahir in two lines in center; mint and date (counterclockwise) in margin segments.

Rev.: Border of pellets within which is an eight-pointed star, within which is an eight-pointed star of pellets; al-imam / al-Nasir (refering to caliph al-Nasir [1180-1225 A.D. = 575-622 A.H.]) in two lines in center; Kalima (counterclockwise) in margin segments.

al-Zahir Ghazi was the third son of al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (Saladin) (1169-1193 A.D. = 564-589 A.H.), the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.

Album rarity C

Dating assistance courtesy of Alex Koifman.Stkp

Ayyubids: al-Salih Ayyub (1239-1249) AE Fals, Hamah Mint (Balog-566; Album-828)Obv: al-malik al-[Salih] / Najm al-Din [Ayyub] within beaded square; mint and date in margin segments
Rev: al-imam / al-Musta'sim / Billah amir al-muminin; kalima in margin segmentsQuant.Geek

Bruttium, Kroton (Circa 530-500 BC)AR Nomos

28 mm, 7.82 g

Obverse: Tripod, legs surmounted by wreaths and terminating in lion's feet, two serpents rising from the bowl, set on basis of three lines, the center dotted, koppa-P-O (KRO - short for Kroton) to left

Reverse: Incuse tripod as obverse, but wreaths and serpents in outline.

HN Italy 2075; SNG ANS 231; Bement 272.

The importance of the Delphic oracle to the founding of Kroton was celebrated on its coinage from the earliest days. Despite later myths ascribing the founding of Kroton to Herakles, the city's historical oikist is recorded as Myskellos of Rhypai who, on consulting the Delphic oracle about his lack of children was given the response that Apollo would grant children, but that first Myskellos should found the city of Kroton 'among fair fields'. After being given directions on how to locate the site, Myskellos travelled to southern Italy to explore the land that he had been assigned, but seeing the territory of the Sybarites and thinking it superior, he returned once more to the oracle to ask whether he would be allowed to change. The answer came back that he should accept the gifts that the god gave him. A further element of the story is that Myskellos was accompanied on his expedition by Archias of Corinth; the Delphic oracle gave the pair the choice between health and wealth. Archias elected wealth, and was assigned the site of Syracuse, while Myskellos chose health: the favourable climate of Kroton, the eminent skill of its physicians and the prowess of its athletes later earned its citizens this reputation for good health.1 commentsNathan P

Bruttium, Rhegion, 415-387 B.C., Drachm 14mm, 3.89 grams
Reference: Sear 502; B.M.C.1.38
Lion's scalp facing.
PHÎ“INON, Laureate head of Apollo right, olive-sprig behind.

"Dionysios I, after concluding a peace with the Carthaginians, went about securing his power in the island of Sicily. His troops, however, rebelled against him and sought help from, among others, the city of Rhegion (Diod. Sic. 14.8.2). In the ensuing campaigns, Dionyios I proceeded to enslave the citizens of Naxos and Katane, with whom the Rhegians shared a common history and identity (Diod. Sic. 14.40.1). This association was a source of anger and fear for the inhabitants of Rhegion. The Syracusan exiles living there also encouraged the Rhegians to go to war with Syracuse (Diod. Sic. 14.40.3). The overarching strategy of Dionysios I included extending his power into Italy by using Rhegion as a stepping stone to the rest of the peninsula. In 387 BC, after a siege that lasted eleven months, the Rhegians, on the brink of starvation, surrendered to Dionysus. Indeed, we are told that by the end of the siege, a medimnos of wheat cost about five minai (Diod. Sic. 14.111.2). Strabo remarks that, following Dionysios' capture of the city, the Syracusan “destroyed the illustrious city” (Strabo 6.1.6).

The next decade or so of the history of Rhegion is unclear, but sometime during his reign, Dionysios II, who succeeded his father in 367 BC, rebuilt the city, giving it the new name of Phoibia (Strabo 6.1.6). Herzfelder argues that this issue was struck by Dionysios II of Syracuse after he rebuilt the city, and dates it to the period that Dionysios II is thought to have lived in the city. Due to civil strife at Syracuse, Dionysios II was forced to garrison Region, but was ejected from the city by two of his rivals circa 351 BC (Diod. Sic. 16.45.9).

The coin types of Rhegion, founded as a colony of Chalcis, are related to its founding mythology. Some of the earliest tetradrachms of the city, from the mid-5th century BC, depict a lion’s head on the obverse, and a seated figure on the reverse. J.P. Six (in NC 1898, pp. 281-5) identified the figure as Iokastos, the oikistes (founder) of Rhegion (Diod. Sic. 5.8.1; Callimachus fr. 202). Head (in HN), suggested Aristaios, son of Apollo. Iokastos was one of six sons of Aiolos, ruler of the Aeolian Islands. All of the sons of Aiolos secured their own realms in Italy and Sicily, with Iokastos taking the region around Rhegion. Aristaios, born in Libya, discovered the silphium plant, and was the patron of beekeepers (mentioned by Virgil), shepherds, vintners, and olive growers. He also protected Dionysos as a child, and was the lover of Eurydike. The replacement of the seated figure type with the head of Apollo circa 420 BC also suggests the figure could be Aristaios. An anecdote from the first-century BC geographer Strabo (6.1.6 and 6.1.9), which connects Rhegion’s founding to the orders of the Delphic Oracle and Apollo, as the reason for the advent of the new type could be simply serendipitous.

Different theories exist for the lion’s head on the coins of Rhegion. The lion’s head (or mask as it is sometimes described) first appeared on the coinage of Rhegion at the start of the reign of Anaxilas, in about 494 BC. E.S.G. Robinson, in his article “Rhegion, Zankle-Messana and the Samians” (JHS vol. 66, 1946) argues that the lion was a symbol of Apollo. He makes a comparison to the coinage of the nearby city of Kaulonia, “At Kaulonia Apollo’s animal was the deer; if at Rhegion it was the lion, the early appearance and persistence of that type is explained. The lion is a certain, though infrequent, associate of Apollo at all periods.” The link, he suggests, is that the lion was associated with the sun, as was Apollo himself.

The lion’s head could also relate to the exploits of Herakles, who had some significance for the city. The extant sources tell us that Herakles stopped at southern Italy near Rhegion on his return with the cattle of Geryon (Diod. Sic. 4.22.5). It was here that supposedly a bull broke away from the rest of the herd and swam to Sicily (Apollod. 2.5.10). Though but a passing reference in Apollodorus, it is very possible that the Rhegians venerated Herakles. Indeed, Herakles was a very important figure throughout the entire area. Dionysios of Halicarnassus says that “in many other places also in Italy [besides Rome] precincts are dedicated to this god [Herakles] and altars erected to him, both in cities and along highways; and one could scarcely find any place in Italy in which the god is not honoured” (I.40.6). As the skin of the Nemean Lion was one of the main attributes of Herakles, the lion’s head may refer to him through metonymic association."1 commentsLeo

Calabria, TarentumPunic occupation half shekel

Nude youth on horseback to left, crowning horse with wreath; IΩ to right, ΣΩΓENHΣ below

Taras astride dolphin to left, holding cornucopiae and Nike who crowns him with wreath; TAPAΣ below.

Calabria, Tarentum ; Punic occupation, circa 212-209 BC

AR Reduced didrachm or Half-Shekel.

2.69g chipped otherwise VF+

Vlasto 975-7; HN Italy 1079; SNG France 2065; McGill II, 120 and Cote 591-93.

Ex-ANE

Rare!

The climax of the Carthaginian invasion of Italy was reached when Tarentum changed sides in 212 BC. The takeover of the city was a carefully planned coup by Hannibal and members of the city's democratic faction who opened the gates to Hannibal's army. The Carthaginians failed to take the citadel, but subsequent fortifications around this enemy stronghold enabled the city to remain under Punic control. Hannibal installed his own magistrates and struck coinage based on the Punic half shekel standard.9 commentsJay GT4

China - Southern Han DynastySouthern Han Kingdom, Wu Wu type, lead, c. 900-971 AD. 21.97 mm 2.0 g. Reference: Hartill 15.145. Ex Ardatirion collection.
Southern Han was a kingdom that existed during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907-960) along China’s southern coast from 917 to 971. The Kingdom greatly expanded her capital city Hing Wong Fu, namely present-day Guangzhou. The Five Dynasties ended in 960 when the Song Dynasty was founded to replace the Later Zhou Dynasty. Through the 960s and 970s, the Song increased its influence in the south until finally it was able to force the Southern Han dynasty to submit to its rule in 971. The coinage produced by the Southern Hans is quite unique - the main coinage was lead, with 1 lead cash fixed in value as 1/100th of a copper cash. The circulation of the lead coins was restricted to towns (even nowadays, these lead coins are found mainly in large towns, most commonly in Guangzhou) while the copper coins are found in the coutryside. Many types of these lead coins are known. The coins are all scarce to very rare, with most of them surviving in low quality because of the hot wet climate of the regions.
dpaul7

Civil Wars RIC 12Civil Wars 68-69 CE. AR Denarius (17.50 mm, 3.39 g). Spanish mint, April-June 68 CE.
O: BONI EVENTVS, Female bust right, wearing fillet; hair rolled and looped above neck
R: VICTORIA P R, Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath in right hand and palm in left
- BMCRE I 292 Note + Taf 50.2; P.-H. Martin, the anonymous coins of the year 68 AD (1974) 82 # 99 PL 9; E. P. Nicolas, De Néron à Vespasien (1979) 1308 No. 31; 1435 f 1456 # 107 Taf 14.107 B; RIC I² Nr. 12 (Spain, 68 n. Chr.) R5 (Group I). Evidently the second known. The above references are all to one example found in Münzkabinett Berlin.

Likely struck by Galba in Spain between April 6 and early June, 68 AD, that is, between the dates of his acceptance of the offer from Vindex and of his receiving news of his recognition by the Senate.

The civil wars at the end of Nero’s reign began with the revolt of the governor of Gallia Lugdunensis, Gaius Julius Vindex, probably around the beginning of March of AD 68. Vindex had claimed that he had a force of 100,000 men, and a substantial coinage was certainly needed to pay them.

Vindex offered the leadership of the revolt to Servius Sulpicius Galba, then governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, who was hailed imperator by the Spanish legions at Carthago Nova in April of the same year. The title was cautiously refused, but Galba did declare himself the legatus of the senate and people of Rome. Just a month later, Galba’s confidence would be shaken by the crushing defeat of Vindex near Besançon by the general Lucius Verginius Rufus, governor of Germania Superior. By 9 June Nero was dead, having taken his own life. Galba began his march to Rome, and his brief reign was underway.

Without an emperor to strike in the name of (save for that in honor of the “model emperor” of Roman history, Augustus) the coinage was struck with messages suiting the political climate. The coinage under Vindex possesses a more aggressive air that underscores the militant nature of his revolt, while Galba’s tends to be more constitutional and optimistic in tone. Originally struck in large numbers, as indicated by the number of types employed, the coins of the civil wars are all rare today, having been recalled after the final victory of Vespasian in 69 AD. 5 commentsNemonater

CLAUDIO Denario Claudio 50 - 51 AC

Ceca : Roma
Peso: 3,68 gr
Diam: 18,5 mm
Mat: Plata

RIC 52 - R3

Ex Auctiones - 2021 - Good very fine / EF ( trazas de limado en el canto)

Anv: TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG P M TR P X IMP P P
Rev: PACI AUGUSTAE

Este tipo de reverso de Pax-Nemesis fue usado primeramente por C. Vibius Varus en 42 a.c y por los lideres partidarios de Julio Cesar antes de emprender a guerra contra sus asesinos (Brutus y Cassius). Claudio , enigmáticamente revivió este reverso que parece simbolizar mas que la revancha , sus deseos de paz ,victoria, salud y moderación para el Imperio.
Jose Vicente A

Constantius II RIC VII, Trier 480Constantius II 324-361, son of Constantine I
AE - reduced Follis (AE 3)
Trier 1st officina, AD 326, 3.02g, 18.15mm, 4h
obv. FL IVL CONSTANTIVS IVN NOB C
bust laureate, draped and cuirassed, l.
rev. PROVIDEN - TIA CAESS
camp-gate, without doors, with two turrets, one star above
exergue: PTR dot above crescent
RIC VII, Trier 480
near mint state, brown patina

The emperor wears at his left shoulder a fur trimming, called in German 'Trierer Pelzchen', i.e. 'small fur from Trier', due to the cold climate in this part of Germany.
From the Killingholme hoard (deposited around 333-334), found 19932 commentsJochen

Constantius II RIC VII, Trier 514Constantius II 324-361, son of Constantine I
AE - reduced Follis (AE 3)
Trier 1st officina, AD 327-328, 2.93g, 18.27mm, 4h
obv. FL IVL CONSTANTIVS IVN NOB C
bust laureate, draped and cuirassed, l.
rev. PROVIDEN - TIA CAESS
camp-gate, without doors, with two turrets, one star above
exergue: PTRE
RIC VII, Trier 514
near mint state, brown patina
added to www.wildwinds.com

The emperor wears at his left shoulder a fur trimming, called in German 'Trierer Pelzchen', i.e. 'small fur from Trier', due to the cold climate in this part of Germany.
From the Killingholme hoard (deposited around 333-334), found 19932 commentsJochen

Crawford 513/2, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, M. Arrius Secundus, AR DenariusRome, Moneyer Issues of the Imperatorial Period.
M. Arrius Secundus. 41 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.82g; 20mm).
Rome mint.

Obverse: M. ARRIVS - SECVNDVS; bare head, with slight beard, facing right.

Reverse: Victory honors - wreath, spear and phalera.

References: Crawford 513/2; HCRI 319; Sydenham 1084; BMCRR 4210; Arria 2; G. Lahusen, Die Bildnismunzen Der Romischen Republik, pl. 63, nos. 12 and 16 (this coin illustrated twice).

Provenance: Nomisma 59 (14 May 2019) Lot 134; Munzen und Medaillen XIX (5-6 Jun 1959) Lot 172; Munzhandlung Basel 10 (15 Mar 1938) Lot 486.

M. Arrius Secundus was likely son of Quintus Arrius, who had a victory in the Servile War against one of Spartacus’ lieutenants, but subsequently lost a battle to Spartacus himself. He was the only member of his gens to strike coins, and not much else is known about him.

The slightly-bearded, obverse portrait, while probably depicting the moneyer’s father, Quintus Arrius, also bears a striking resemblance to contemporaneous portraits of Octavian. However, without any inscription naming Caesar, a positive identification of the portrait remains debated by scholars. David Sear suggests that the portrait is deliberately ambiguous, as the political and military climate was very risky and the moneyer likely wanted plausible deniability that the portrait was Octavian. The reverse shows awards of victory granted to the moneyer’s father for his Servile War victory: a laurel wreath, golden spear and phalera (a military decoration attached to a harness and worn over a cuirass).
3 commentsCarausius

Dauphiné, Louis II (1440-1455), Dauphins de Viennois, France.Dauphiné, Louis II (1440-1455), Dauphins de Viennois, France.

Obole, 0,56 g, 16 mm
Point 3ème pour l'atelier de Montélimar
D/ + LVDOVICVS, dauphin dans le champ
R/ + IhSxXPCS, croix

Réfs : non retrouvé (proche de la PA-4941)
Gabalor

FatimidsISLAMIC, FATIMIDS
al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, rebel at Qayrawan
AR Half Dirham, al-Mansuriya mint, 343 AH / 955 A.D.

O: Kalima, Shi’ite profession, and Second Symbol in 3 concentric lines around central pellet

R: Caliphal name and titles, and mint formula and AH date in 3 concentric lines around central pellet.

Sosius

Gallienus (253 - 268 A.D.)AR Antoninianus
O: GALLIENVS P F AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust right.
R: DEO MARTI, Mars in temple.
Colonia Agrippinensis (Cologne) mint, 258-259 A.D.
21mm
3.45g
RIC 10

Reverse Die Clash2 commentsMat

Ghaznavids. Yamin al-Dawla Abu'l-Qasim Mahmud (998-1030 A.D. / 388-421 A.H.)Album 1611.1

AR (broad) dirham, Nishapur (Naysabur) mint, date off flan. 20 mm.

Obv: (Kufic) La Ilaha Illa / Allah WahDahu / La Sharik Lahu (Kalima Shahada in three lines) [= There is no god except Allah; He is Alone/Unique, there is no partner to Him], Adil [= Justice] above, symbol below. Margin [?]: bism allah duriba hadha’l-dirham bi- Naysabur sana [date off flan]" [= “in the name of God this dirham was struck in the year [off flan].”

Rev: (Kufic) Lillah [= for Allah] / Muhammad Rasool Allah [=Muhammad is the prophet of Allah] / Al-Qadir Billah [= name of the Abbassid Caliph overlord] / Yamin Al-Dawlah wa Amin al-Milla [= Mahmud's title, meaning Right Hand of the Empire]. Margin _______.

Ghaznavid dirhams were usually struck on planchets that were smaller than the dies, so that the marginal legends are frequently off the flan.

The Ghaznavids started as Turkish mamluk (slave) governors of the Samanids in the Afghanistan area around Ghazna. They became independent of the Samanids in 999 A.D. (389 A.H.). Mahmud greatly expanded the Ghaznavid empire beyond Afghanistan. He expanded his territory into Pakistan from Sind to Peshawar. His forays went as far as Mathura in India. The dynasty ended in 1186 A.D. (582 A.H.), when it was conquered by the Ghorids.

Attribution assistance from Vladimir Belyaev and Alex Koifman.Stkp

Great Britain, George II 1745 'LIMA' ShillingGREAT BRITAIN, King George II (1727-1760)
AR Shilling (26.08mm, 6.00g, 6h)
Dated 1745. Tower of London mint
Obverse: GEORGIUS · II · DEI · GRATIA ·, laureate, draped, and cuirassed old bust of King George II left; LIMA below
Reverse: ·M·B·F·ET H·REX· F·D·B ET·L·D·S·R·I A·T·ET·E· 17-45 (date), crowned cruciform coats-of-arms of England and France, Scotland, Ireland, and Hanover around rayed central Garter star
References: Numista 13121

Attractive old cabinet toning.

This coin was struck from silver captured from the Spanish treasure galleon Nuestra Señora de Cavadonga, off the coast of Peru in 1743. The British warship Centurion, commanded by Commodore George Anson, encountered the treasure ship as it left the port of Lima. After an intense, 90-minute battle, the Spanish vessel surrendered. In its hold were more than 1.3 million silver 8-reale coins, plus an additional 35,000 ounces of silver bullion. When Anson brought the plunder back to England, it was decided to use the captured silver for minting coins, each of which was stamped with the word "LIMA" on the obverse to commemorate the great victory.1 commentsCPK

Great Britain, George II, 1727 - 1760Obv: GEORGIUS . II . DEI . GRATIA, laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust facing left, LIMA below.

Rev: M . B . F . ET . H . REX . F . D . B . ET . L . D . S . R . I . A . T . ET . E . 1745, four crowned shields.

Note: The complicated reverse inscription states: "Magnae Britannieae, Franciae ET Hiberniae REX Fidei Defensor Brunsviciensis ET Luneburgensis Dux, Sacri Romani Imperii Archi-Thesaurarius ET Elector."

Translation: King of Great Britain, France (Normandy) and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Duke of Brunswick and Luneburg, High Treasurer and Elector of the Holy Roman Empire."

With all that work who says “it’s good to be the king?”

The “Lima” inscription under the bust identifies that this coin was made from silver captured in raids on Spanish settlements in the New World in what now is Peru. (All of Latin American except Brazil was called El Peru. Individual countries independent from Spain didn’t emerge in South and Central America until the 19th century.) The state of war between England and Spain was the normal state of affairs for more than a century.

Silver Shilling, London Mint, 1745

5.8 grams, 26 mmMatt Inglima

Great Mongols: Malik of Kurzuwan (June-July 1221) Æ Jital, Kurzuwan (Album-1971; Tye-324.2; Nyamaa-31)Obv: Arabic inscription around margin with date and month; ØªØ§Ø±ÙŠØ® Ø±Ø¨ÙŠØ¹ Ø§Ù„Ø¢Ø®Ø±Ø³Ù†Ø© Ø«Ù…Ø§Ù† Ø¹Ø´Ø±ÙˆØ³ØªÙ…Ø§Ø¦Ø© (dated to Rabi II, of the year 618); in center, Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù„Ùƒâ€Ž (al-Malik)
Rev: Mint and Kalima in four lines; â—‹ ÙƒØ±Ø²ÙˆØ§Ù† Ù„Ø§ Ø¥Ù„Ù‡ Ø¥Ù„Ø§ Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø±Ø³ÙˆÙ„ â—‹ Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ (Kurzuwan; There is no God but Allah; Muhammad is the apostle of Allah)1 commentsQuant.Geek

GREEK, Italy, Calabria, Taras. Time of Hannibal, c. 212-209 BC. Nomos3.34 gm. Magistrate Sogenes. Nude youth on horseback left, crowning horse with wreath; IΩ to right, ΣΩΓENHΣ below / Taras astride dolphin left, holding cornucopia and Nike, who crowns him with wreath. Vlasto 975-7. HN Italy 1079. Struck on a broad flan and attractively toned. Extremely Rare.
The climax of the Carthaginian invasion of Italy was reached when Tarentum changed sides in 212 BC. The takeover of the city was a carefully planned coup by Hannibal and members of the city's democratic faction who opened the gates to Hannibal's army. The Carthaginians failed to take the citadel, but subsequent fortifications around this enemy stronghold enabled the city to remain under Punic control. Hannibal installed his own magistrates and struck coinage based on the Punic half shekel standard.1 commentsLeo

House of Hanover, King George II, Silver 1 Shilling.Royal Mint London 1745 A.D. 5.94g - 25.9mm, Axis 6h.

Obv: GEORGIVS·II· - DEI·GRATIA· - LIMA - Old laureate and draped bust left.

Rev: M·B·F·ET· - H·REX·F·D·B· - ET·L·D·S·R·I· - A·T·ET·E· 17-45 - Four crowned shields arranged to form a cross, Star of the Garter at the centre.

Spink 3703.

In 1745 a great treasure of silver coins had been seized in the North Atlantic by two British privateers, the Duke and the Prince Frederick, from two French treasure ships that had come from Peru. This booty was transported in forty-five wagon loads from the port of Bristol to the mint in London. As the booty principally consisted of 'piece of eight' bearing the Lima mintmark it was requested that coins taken from these prizes might bear the name 'Lima' to celebrate the exploit.Christian Scarlioli

Isfendiyarids Isfendiyarids, Suleyman I, AH 709-742/ AD 1309-1341 Denomination: Anonymous AR Akche in the name of Abu Sa'id. Struck Date missing, but c. AH 725. No mint signature, but Qastamuniyah (Kostamonu) type. Obverse: Within divided square: al-sultan Abu Sa'id / arabesque ornament / khallad Allah mulkahu (blundered); date in three margin segments, knot at left in place of mint name. Reverse: Octofoil containing kalima in three lines, stars top and left, crescent at right; Rashidun in margin. Weight 1.16gm Diameter 18x17mm Reference Album 1279. Grade Good Very Fine with peripheral weakness, toned. Ex- CNG Triton IX, lot 2506 (part). dpaul7

ISLAMIC, Delhi Sultanate, Muhammed Bin Tughlaq, AV DinarDelhi Sultanate, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq, 1325-51 AD, Gold Heavy Dinar, 24mm, 12.8g, AH 726 / 1326 AD, Hazrat Delhi mint

References: Rajgor; T1206, Goron and Goenka; D343

Legend Description & Translation
Obverse: 'al-wathiq bi-ta'yid al-rahman muhammad shah al-sultan' (invocation in the name of the Abbassid Caliph Al-Wathiq (Ibn Mutasim) together with the name of Mohd Shah (Tughlaq) and his title (Sultan).

Reverse: Within inner circle: 'ashhad an la illah illa allah wa ashhad an muhammad 'abdahu wa rasuluhu' (invocation of the Islamic faith - Kalima/Shahada - stating 'there is no God other than Allah and Muhammad is His Messenger').

Reverse: around outer margin: 'darb hazah al-dinar ba-hadrat Dehli sanh sitta wa ashrin wa sab'amayah' (this coin of the denomination dinar was struck in Venerable Delhi in the Year 726).

Mohammad bin Tughlaq was formally crowned in AH 725 (1325 AD), when his father (Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, founder of the Tughlaq dynasty) met an accidental death in which Muhammad was implicated. Muhammad Bin Tughlaq is best remembered as a ruler who undertook a number of bold experiments, including coinage, and many administrative reforms that mostly failed due to his impatience and lack of judgement earning him the moniker of a 'wise fool' and an entry in the Urdu language dictionary where the word 'Tughlaqi' is immortalized as meaning 'eccentricity'. The famous Arab traveller from Morocco, Ibn Batuta, spent the maximum years of his travel in the court of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq as a 'Qazi' (Islamic Judge) from 1334-1343 AD ie 10 years, and documented his experience in his book 'Rahla' (The Journey).

Soon after his accession in 1325 AD, Muhammad experimented first with the weightage of the coins. The large influx of gold from his plunder of the South Indian campaign led him to increase the weight of the gold dinar from the standard of 172 grains (11g) to 202 grains (13g), however, due to the ensuing confusion between the weight differential of the standard vs heavy weight series, lack of popularity and acceptance among his subjects, the heavy weight series was soon withdrawn after 3 years.

The weight of these heavy series coins range from 12.7 to 13.0 grams and only 2 mints are known - Dehli and Shahr Sultanpur in Telangana (Deccan). The known dates for these coins is AH 725, 726 & 727 corresponding to the first 3 years of his reign ie 1325-27 AD. The featured coin is dated AH 726.

This coin type is indicated as the most rare of all Mohd Bin Tughlaq coins by Goron. Certainly, the calligraphy style is beautiful and the strike is full, bold and sharp with complete die impressions on both Obv & Rev. A lovely specimen of a remarkable but troubled ruler!mitresh

ISLAMIC, Egypt, dinar, year 422 h.Dinar. Egypte year 422 h.
wt. 4.08 gms d. 20 mm
Obv.
inner marginal insc.: second part of Shi'a Kalima
middle marginal insc.: initial statement of Kalima
outer marginal insc.: Quran 9:33
Rev.
inner and middle marginal insc.: A Kaliph's names and titles
outer margial insc.: mint name and date.
This is an example of the "three circle" style, the second coinage type of al-Zahir (562-575 h)
3 commentsTanit

ISLAMIC, India, Mughals, Shah Jahan, Nazrana MohurMughal Empire, Shihab ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan( AH 1037-1068 / AD 1628-1658), Gold Mohur, 24 mm, 10.88g, Akbarabad mint, AH 1052 (AD 1642), RY 15, Quatrefoil type

Reference: Lane-Poole 547; KM 258.1

Obverse: Centre (within Quatrefoil): Kalima. Margins: bi-sudq Abu Bakr / wa 'adl 'Umar / bi-azram 'Uthman / wa 'ilm 'Ali (name and attributes of the Four Caliphs - Ali, Usman, Omar and Abu Bakr)

Reverse: Centre (within Quatrefoil): Badshah Ghazi Shah Jahan 1052 / 15. Margins: Shihab ud-din / Muhammad Sahib / Qiran Sani / Zarb Akbarabad. (The title 'Badshah or Padshah' is a Persian title meaning Great King (literally meaning Lord or Master of Kings), often translated as Emperor, while 'Ghazi' means an Islamic warrior. 'Sahib Qiran Sani' means the splendid or guiding light, as 'Qiran' in Urdu means light and 'Sani' means brilliant or bright. 'Sahib' means lord, master or owner. 'Zarb' means mint.

Shah Jahan ascended the throne following the death of his father, Jahangir in AH 1037 (1627 AD). He maintained the fine numismatic tradition of his father but did not introduce any innovation. Shah Jahan concentrated more on the grandeur, design and architecture of monuments and fine buildings, Taj Mahal being the most well known.

Akbarabad was a name given to the city, and Mughal capital, of Agra by Shah Jahan in honour of his grandfather Akbar. This changeover of name happened in RY2/3 of Shah Jahan's reign.

The featured coin depicts fine calligraphy within a perfectly centred Quatrefoil (Obv/Rev) and alongside the margins. The complete die impression with legends is fully visible on the broad flan. A well struck specimen befitting its status as a Nazrana or presentation coin from the builder of one of the present wonders of the world.
1 commentsmitresh

ISLAMIC, Mongol Empire, Ogedei Khan, AR Dirham, AD 1227-1241ISLAM. CHINGIZIDEN (GREAT MONGOL). Ögedei (624-639 H. / 1227-1241). Dirham.
O: Kalima.
R: Mint, protective formula. Bow.
Baylaqan. 636 H. Album 1973.1. Extremely rare; 2.67g; 20 mm
Helios Numismatik 8 lot 823 13th October 2012; Pecunem 13 lot 277

Ogedei Khan was the third son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, succeeding his father. He continued the expansion of the empire that his father had begun, and was a world figure when the Mongol Empire reached its farthest extent west and south during the Mongol invasions of Europe and East Asia.

ISLAMIC, Mongol Empire, Toregene Khatun, AR Dirham, AD 1241-1246TÖREGENE KHATUN (639-644 H. / 1241-1246) dirham.
Obv: Kalima.
Rev: Mounted Archer. Title.
Album 1976. Rare. 2.68g 18 mm.
Pecunem 13 lot 279

Töregene Khatun was the Great Khatun and regent of the Mongol Empire from the death of her husband Ögedei Khan in AD 1241 until the election of her eldest son Güyük Khan in AD 1246.

ISLAMIC, Mongol Empire, Toregene Khatun, AR Dirham, AD 1241-1246TÖREGENE KHATUN (639-644 H. / 1241-1246) dirham.
Obv: Kalima.
Rev: Mounted Archer. Title.
Album 1976. Rare. 2.36g 19 mm.
Pecunem 13 lot 280

Töregene Khatun was the Great Khatun and regent of the Mongol Empire from the death of her husband Ögedei Khan in AD 1241 until the election of her eldest son Güyük Khan in AD 1246.

ISLAMIC, Mongol Empire, Toregene Khatun, AR Dirham, AD 1241-1246TÖREGENE Khatun (639-644 H. / 1241-1246) dirham.
Vs: Kalima. Rs: Mounted Archer. Title.
Album 1976 2.81g 18 mm.
Pecunem 13 lot 281

ISLAMIC, Zengids of Mosul, Saif al-Din Ghazi II, AE Dirhem, al-Jazira, AH 575 (Tim Wilkes plate coin)Tim Wilkes plate coin, Islamic Coins And Their Values, illustrated on page 123 as #1243.

Zengids of Mosul, Saif al-Din Ghazi II, AE Dirhem, al-Jazira, AH 575. (1170-1180 AD).
15.72 gm; 31 mm

Obverse: Helmeted male head left
Reverse: Kalima around.

Reference: S&S Type 61; Album 1861.2. Icv 1243 (this coin illustrated), Zeno #67807 (this coin)

Ex-CNG, Sale 84, lot #1688.
Ex-VAuction, Pars Coins Sale 5, lot #2695 commentsIstinpolin

John II Casimir Vasa 1665 solidusJohann Casimir, Lithuanian Copper Solidus. Bust of King Right IOAN CAS REX / Horseman armed with sword and shield jumping over royal emblem SOLIMAG DVCLIT 1665

JUCHIDS (GOLDEN HORDE) - TokhtamyshJUCHIDS (GOLDEN HORDE) - Tokhtamysh (1378-1397 AD) Silver dirham, 1392 AD/794 AH. Inscription giving Sultan''s name and titles. Rev.: First kalima; date 794 AH. Qrim mint. Reference: Sardeeva #388.dpaul7

KURUZWAN - Ghengis Khan Siege CoinKURUZWAN - Chingiz (Ghengis) Khan Siege issue AE Jital Kurzuwan 618AH. This AE jital was struck in Kuruzwan, (Central Asia) in 1221 AD while the city was under siege by the Mongol Armies of Chingiz Khan. Kuruzwan was a major mint and trade center. Chingiz Khan attacked the Khwarezm Empire in revenge for an attack on a caravan of merchants under his protection. His revenge included the massacre of a substantial portion of the population and the siege and destruction of most major towns. The city of Kuruzwan fell to the Mongols after about two months (in July 1221) and most of the remaining inhabitants were slaughtered. The coin date is 618AH.
Obverse: Anonymous with the title "al-malik" in center, dated 618AH in the margin.
Reverse: Kalima in three lines in the center. Reference: Album #1971
dpaul7

Kyme, Aiolis, c. 320 - 250 B.C.Kyme was conquered by Croesus, king of Lydia, and ruled successively by the Persians, Macedonians, Seleucids, and Pergamenes. Attalus III, the last king of Pergamum, bequeathed Aeolis to Rome in 133 B.C. Shortly afterward, it was made part of the Roman province of Asia. Aeolis was under Byzantine rule until the early 15th century, when the Ottoman Turks occupied the area.
GB88291. Bronze AE 17, BMC Troas p. 109, 50 var. (same magistrate, monogram variant), SNGvA 1629 var. (same), SNG Munchen 476 var. (same), SNG Cop -, SNG Tübingen -, VF, brown tone, porous, Kyme (near Nemrut Limani, Turkey) mint, weight 4.986g, maximum diameter 16.7mm, die axis 0o, c. 320 - 250 B.C.; obverse forepart of a bridled horse right, KY upper left, ΠE∆IEYΣ (magistrate's name) below; reverse one-handled vase, monogram left; ex Frascatius Ancient Coins.1 commentsMark R1

Lithuania. Johann Casimir 1648 - 1668. Copper. 1661.Lithuania. Johann Casimir 1648 - 1668. Copper. 1661. IOAN CAS REX, head right, TLB below / SOLIMAG.DVCLIT 1661, Vytautas on horseback left, monogram below.

KM 50

Louis XII Roi de France (1498-1514) - DouzainDouzain du Dauphiné, argent, 2,27 g
Point sous la 3ème lettre pour Montélimar
A/ LVDOVICVS FRANCORV REX F, écu écartelé de France-Dauphiné.
R/ SIT NOMEN DNI BENEDICTV, croix cantonnée de deux lis et de deux dauphins.
Réfs : Duplessy 671Gabalor

Mark Antony Sol denariusM ANTONIVS M F M N AVGVR IMP TERT around (MP and RT ligatured)
Mark Antony, veiled and wearing the priestly robes of an Augur, standing right, holding lituus in right hand.

III VIR R P C COS DESIG ITER ET TERT
Radiate head of Sol right

Athens
Summer 38 BC

2.73g
Crawford 533/2, Sear Imperators 267

Purchased broken into several pieces and Glued together.

Antony's third Imperatorial acclimation resulted from Ventidius' victory at Gindarus. Antony's depiction in priestly robes of an augur emphasizes the importance which he placed on the possession of this religious office. The word AVGVR features prominently on most of Antony's remaining coinage right down to Actium. No doubt this was to stress his adherence to Republican traditions. Sol is symbolic of the East and shows Antony's personal concern for eastern affairs after the distraction caused by his extended stay in Italy starting in the second half of 40 BC and running almost the whole of the following year. 5 commentsJay GT4

Mark Antony Sol denariusM ANTONIVS M F M N AVGVR IMP TERT around (MP and RT ligatured)
Mark Antony, veiled and wearing the priestly robes of an Augur, standing right, holding lituus in right hand.

III VIR R P C COS DESIG ITER ET TERT
Radiate head of Sol right

Athens
Summer 38 BC

3.92g
Crawford 533/2, Sear Imperators 267

Ex-ANE, Ex-Seaby with original ticket

New Photo

Antony's third Imperatorial acclimation resulted from Ventidius' victory at Gindarus. Antony's depiction in priestly robes of an augur emphasizes the importance which he placed on the possession of this religious office. The word AVGVR features prominently on most of Antony's remaining coinage right down to Actium. No doubt this was to stress his adherence to Republican traditions. Sol is symbolic of the East and shows Antony's personal concern for eastern affairs after the distraction caused by his extended stay in Italy starting in the second half of 40 BC and running almost the whole of the following year6 commentsJay GT4

Mughal Empire: Shah Jahan (1628-1658) AR Shahrukhi, Balkh Mint (KM#220.1)Obv: Kalima in Persian, لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله (There is no God but Allah; Muhammad is the messenger of Allah), in multiple lines within a dotted rectangular boarder.
Rev: Persian legend, شاه جهان پادشاه قاضی (Shahjahan Badshah Ghazi), arranged in two lines within a dotted rectangular boarder.
Quant.Geek

Mysore: Krishna Raja Wodeyar (1799-1868) AR 1/4 Rupee (C#205) Obv: Persian legend in multiple lines - سک زد بر هفت کشور سید فضل الله خامی دین محمد شاه علم بادشاه (Sikka zad bar haft kashur saya fazl al khami din Muhammad Shah Alam badshah; Defender of the Muhammadan faith, Reflection of Divine excellence, the Emperor Shah Alam struck this coin to be current throughout the seven climates)
Rev: Persian legend in multiple lines with regal year - ضرب میسور سن ۴۸ جلوس میمنت مانوس (zarb Mahisur san 44 julus mayimanat manus; Struck at Mysore in the 44th year of the auspicious reign)

References
Thurston, E., Coins: Catalogue No. 1, Mysore, Government Central Museum, 1888
Rice, Benjamin L., Mysore: A Gazetter Compiled for Government - Vol. I Mysore in General, Archibald, Constable and Company, 1897Quant.Geek

Mysore: Krishna Raja Wodeyar (1810-1868) AR Rupee (C#207)Obv: Persian legend in multiple lines - سک زد بر هفت کشور سید فضل الله خامی دین محمد شاه علم بادشاه (Sikka zad bar haft kashur saya fazl al khami din Muhammad Shah Alam badshah; Defender of the Muhammadan faith, Reflection of Divine excellence, the Emperor Shah Alam struck this coin to be current throughout the seven climates)
Rev: Persian legend in multiple lines with regal year - ضرب میسور سن ۴۸ جلوس میمنت مانوس (zarb Mahisur san 48 julus mayimanat manus; Struck at Mysore in the 48th year of the auspicious reign)

References
Thurston, E., Coins: Catalogue No. 1, Mysore, Government Central Museum, 1888
Rice, Benjamin L., Mysore: A Gazetter Compiled for Government - Vol. I Mysore in General, Archibald, Constable and Company, 1897
Quant.Geek

Najm al-Din Alpi AH 547-572 / AD 1152-1176. Artuqids (Mardin) Dirham AEObv. Two diademed male heads facing slightly away from one another; Kalima above and below, name of Abbasid Caliph al-Mustanjid to right and left.
Rev. Female head facing; name and titles of Alpi around.
References: Whelan Type IV; S&S Type 30.1; Album 1827.5
30mm, 11.3g1 commentsCanaan

PeruKm188.2 - 2 Centavos - 1895w
Km260 - 1/2 Sol - 1975 obv: small arms, rev: Vicuna
Km265 - 1/2 Sol - 1975
Km240 - 1 Sol de Oro - 1965 Anniv. Lima Mint
Km266.1 - 1 Sol - 1975
Km308.1 - 1 New Sol - 1991
Km267 - 5 Soles - 1975Daniel F

PERU - Charles IVPERU - Charles IV (1788-1808) AR 2 Reales, dated 1800. Lima mint. KM#95. dpaul7

Poland/Lithuania. John II Casimir Vasa 1660 AE solidusPoland/Lithuania. John II Casimir Vasa 1660 AE solidus. IOAN CAS REX, king's bust right / SOLIMAG.DVCLIT1660, Mounted Polish knight

Poland/Lithuania. John II Casimir Vasa 1666 solidusPoland/Lithuania. John II Casimir Vasa, A.D. 1648-1668. IOAN CAS REX, bust of king right / SOLIMAG DVCLIT 1666, Polish Knight on Horseback, armed with shield. Royal emblem below.

Probus, Antoninianus, ROMAE AETERNAE, XXIPAE Antoninianus
Probus
Augustus: 276 - 282AD
Issued: 277AD
23.5mm
O: IMP CM AVR PROBVS PF AVG; Radiate, mantled bust left, holding scepter with eagle atop.
R: ROMAE AETERNAE; (Hexastyle) temple with six columns, Roma seated within, holding Victory and scepter.
Exergue: XXIP
Siscia Mint
Aorta: 825: B48, O38, R140, T144, M6.
RIC V-2, Siscia, 737, P, left.
limaperre 252667359976
12/14/16 2/10/17Nicholas Z

RIC 162 DomitianAR Denarius, 3.48g
Rome mint, 83 AD
Obv: IMP CAES DOMITIANVS AVG P M; Head of Domitian, laureate, bearded, r.
Rev: TR POT II COS VIIII DES X P P; Minerva adv r., with spear and shield (M1)
RIC 162 (R). BMC spec. acquired 1988. RSC -. BNC -.
Ex eBay, March 2023. Formerly in NGC holder #6330610-037, grade VF.

Struck between March and 13 September 83 AD, this denarius is part of an issue that introduced the four standard Minerva reverse types that would dominate the denarii of Domitian's reign. All the denarii from this issue are fairly rare today. This Minerva advancing right type is missing from Paris and is unlisted in RSC. The BM acquired a specimen in 1988.

Historical note: Mons Graupius, Agricola's climatic battle in Scotland, most likely occurred in the fall of 83 soon after this coin was minted.2 commentsDavid Atherton

RIC 164 DomitianAR Denarius, 3.35g
Rome mint, 83 AD
Obv: IMP CAES DOMITIANVS AVG P M; Head of Domitian, laureate, bearded, r.
Rev: TR POT II COS VIIII DES X P P; Minerva stg. r. on capital of rostral column, with spear and shield; to r., owl (M2)
RIC 164 (R2). BMC 41. RSC 606. BNC 39.
Ex Harry N. Sneh Collection.

Minted between March and 13 September 83 AD, this denarius is part of a series that introduced the four main Minerva reverse types that would dominate the denarii of the reign. The type here, Minerva on rostral column (not prow as normally described), makes it debut as well.

82 saw an increased fineness of the precious metal coinage to Augustan standards, which explains this specimens size and weight - 21 mm, 3.35 grams. A bit of corrosion on the obverse does not detract from a wonderful coin in hand.

Historical note - Mons Graupius, Agricola's climatic battle in Scotland, most likely occurred in the fall of 83 soon after this coin was minted.4 commentsDavid Atherton

ROMAN EMPIRE, Gallienus, AE Antoninianus

S.3703 George IIShilling of George II, king of Great Britain 1727-1760
1745
S.3703
Lima type
O: GEORGIUS.II.DEI.GRATIA. LIMA
R: M.B.F.ET H.REX.F.D.B ET.L.D.S.R.I A.T.ET.E. 17 45.

The Lima coinage was produced from Peruvian silver captured from Spanish galleons in the Pacific by Commodore George Anson. The capture of the ship 'Neustra Señora de Covadonga' was a veritable bonanza for the English, and despite heavy attrition due to disease and warfare, Anson's expedition proved a huge success. The silver made its way back to Britain, where it was coined into crowns, halfcrowns, shillings, and sixpences in 1745 and 1746.

Ex- G.MillerSt. George's Collection

SARBADARS - Amir WaliSARBADARS - Amir Wali (AD 1356-1386) AR 6 Dirhams, Astarabad mint. Type D. Dated AH 780 (AD 1378). Reference: ALbum #2343.1; as SICA-9, 144 but without extra waw in reverse legend. On obverse: Shiite kalima.
Thanks to NEMO and earnest940 for their help!dpaul7

Sarmatia, Olbia, SNG Copenhagen var.AE 21, 12.40g
struck 300-260 BC
obv. Bearded and horned head of the rivergod Borysthenes, l.
rev. OLBIO
Battle-axe (sceptre?) and bow-case
in l. field LE
SNG BM Blacksea 496; SNG Copenhagen 85 var. (monogram); Karyshkovsky cf.41
VF, well centered, brown patina

Borysthenes was the ancient name of the river Dnjepr and the city of Olbia too. Together with the river Bug the Dnjepr flows into the Black Sea through the same liman. In the Latin of the 4th century the river was called Danapris, the origin of the recent name (Ukrainian Dnipro). The orator and philosopher Dion of Prusa draws in his 'Borysthenic oration' a fascinating picture of the city of Olbia and a human society embossed by Stoic and Platonian ideas.
Later the river Dnjepr was one of the most important rivers of the Vikings.

Jochen

Sayf al-din Ghazi II DirhamZangids of Mosul, Sayf al-din Ghazi II Dirham, AH 564-576 / AD 1169-1180. Dirham (Bronze, mm, 15.56 g, h), Mosul.

Obv: Helmeted male head left; Kalima around.
Rev: Name and title of Sayf al-Din Ghazi II in three lines; mint and AH date in margin.
Reference: Spengler & Sayles 61.1; Album 1861.2.
Condition: Near extremely fine. Scarce.

Gorny & Mosch.1 comments

Taras Time of Hannibal half-shekel CALABRIA. Taras. Time of Hannibal (ca. 212-209 BC). AR half-shekel (3.34 gm).
Magistrate Sogenes. Nude youth on horseback left, crowning horse with wreath; IΩ to right, ΣΩΓENHΣ below / Taras astride dolphin left, holding cornucopia and Nike, who crowns him with wreath. Vlasto 975-7. HN Italy 1079. Struck on a broad flan and attractively toned. Extremely Rare.

The climax of the Carthaginian invasion of Italy was reached when Tarentum changed sides in 212 BC. The takeover of the city was a carefully planned coup by Hannibal and members of the city's democratic faction who opened the gates to Hannibal's army. The Carthaginians failed to take the citadel, but subsequent fortifications around this enemy stronghold enabled the city to remain under Punic control. Hannibal installed his own magistrates and struck coinage based on the Punic half shekel standard.1 commentsLeo

Titus RIC II, 256Titus AD 79-81
AR - Denar, 3.22g, 18.1mm
Rome Januar - June 79 (as Caesar)
obv. T CAESAR IMP VESPASIANVS (counterclockwise)
bust, laureate, r.
rev. TR POT VIII COS VII
Slow quadriga l., with round, basket-like car, decorated with garlands, in
which are three ears of corn(?)
RIC II, (Vespasian) 256; C.336; BMC 256
Scarce, good VF
from Forum Ancient Coins, thank you!

"The quadriga with the basket of corn-ears shows the procession of the calathus of Ceres, sung of Callimachus in his hymn: it had already appeared on coins of the moneyers of Augustus in 17 BC. It is unmistakably derived from Alexandria, and suggests the importance of Egypt as the granary of Rome, even beside any endeavours of the Emperor to revive Italian agriculture." (Mattingly, BMCR II, p.xlii)
5 commentsJochen

UMAYYAD - Hisham (724-748 AD)UMAYYAD - Hisham (724-748 AD) Silver Dirham, Wasit Mint, 743 AD (125 AH). Obv.: Central text is the Kalima: "There is no God but Allah; He is alone, He has no partner" - Surrounding text: Bismillah (By the Will of Allah) was struck this dirham in Wasit in the year five and twenty and one hundred. Reverse: Kalima, religious text around. Reference: Album 137.dpaul7

Umayyad Caliphate: Anonymous (698-705 AD) AE Fals, NM, ND (Album-153; Walker-633)This Kalima-type Fals is assumed to be minted in Syria around 698-705 AD (78-85 AH). Cross-referencing Walker, it is similar to Walker-631, but with a set of 3 annulets on the obverse and reverse.

Obv: Arabic legend in three lines within circle, لا إله إلا الله وحده (There is no god but Allah); three annulets in second outer circle with interval between
Rev: Arabic legend in three lines within circle, محمد رسول الله (Muhammad is the messenger of God); three annulets in second outer circle with interval between
Quant.Geek

Umayyad TremessisAU Tremessis, c.85-95 h.
Arab-byzantine coin
Umayyad Governors, North Africa
wt.: 1,41 gms, d: 11mm
Legends: Latin adaptations of the kalima.

The Coinage of Islam, n° 242 p.255

Very Rare

Tanit

Umayyads of Spain, Abd al-Rahman I AR Dirham2.49g, 27.0mm, 15 degrees, Al-Andalus (Cordoba) mint, 154AH (772 CE)

Attribution: Vives 52.

Kalima in three lines; mint and date formula around / Quran CXII in four lines; Quran IX, 33 around.

Ex-Roma Numismatics, e-sale 116, lot 1620, 18 Jan 2024.1 commentsRon C2

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