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309. GallienusOne of the key characteristics of the Crisis of the Third Century was the inability of the Emperors to maintain their hold on the Imperium for any marked length of time. An exception to this rule was the reign of the Emperor Gallienus. The fact that Gallienus served as junior Emperor with his father, Valerian, from 253 to 260 may have had something to do with his successes. Father and son each wielded his authority over a smaller area, thus allowing for more flexible control and imperial presence. Another, more probable reason, lay in Gallienus's success in convincing Rome that he was the best man for the job. However, Gallienus had to handle many rebellions of the so-called "Gallienus usurpers".
In 260, Valerian was taken prisoner by Sapor, King of Persia while trying to negotiate a peace settlement. Although aware that his father had been taken alive (the only Emperor to have suffered this fate), Gallienus did not make public Valerian's death until a year later. His decision hinged on the fact that Romans believed that their fate rose and fell with the fate of the Emperor, which in turn depended upon his demonstrating the proper amount of piety (Latin pietas) to the gods and maintaining their favor. A defeated Emperor would surely have meant that the gods had forsaken Valerian and, by extension, Gallienus.
Gallienus's chief method of reinforcing his position is seen in the coinage produced during his reign (see Roman currency). The coinage provides clear evidence of a successful propaganda campaign. Gallienus took pains to make sure that he was regularly represented as victorious, merciful, and pious. The people who used these coins on a daily basis saw these messages and, with little evidence to the contrary, remained supportive of their Emperor.
There were, however, those who knew better. During Gallienus' reign, there was constant fighting on the western fringes of the Empire. As early as 258, Gallienus had lost control over a large part of Gaul, where another general, Postumus, had declared his own realm (typically known today as the Gallic Empire). As Gallienus' influence waned, another general came to the fore. In time-honored tradition, Claudius II Gothicus gained the loyalty of the army and succeeded Gallienus to the Imperium.
In the months leading up to his mysterious death in September of 268, Gallienus was ironically orchestrating the greatest achievements of his reign. An invasion of Goths into the province of Pannonia was leading to disaster and even threatening Rome, while at the same time, the Alamanni were raising havoc in the northern part of Italy. Gallienus halted the Allamanic progress by defeating them in battle in April of 268, then turned north and won several victories over the Goths. That fall, he turned on the Goths once again, and in September, either he or Claudius, his leading general, led the Roman army to victory (although the cavalry commander Aurelian was the real victor) at the Battle of Naissus.
At some time following this battle, Gallienus was murdered during the siege of usurper Aureolus in Mediolanum; many theories abound that Claudius and Aurelian conspired to have the emperor killed. Be that as it may, Claudius spared the lives of Gallienus' family — Gallienus' wife, Iulia Cornelia Salonina, had given him three sons: Valerianus (who died in 258), Saloninus (died in 260 after becoming co-emperor), and Egnatius Marinianus — and had the emperor deified.
Gallienus Antoninianus - Minerva
OBVERSE: GALLIENVS AVG, radiate, cuirassed bust right
REVERSE: MINERVA AVG, Minerva standing right with spear and shield.
23mm - 3.7 gramsecoli
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3rd Century C.E. Baldric TerminalThis piece was a terminal for a baldric and would have been hinged to a plate. 55mm x 62mm.
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4th Century C.E. Amphora-Shaped Belt TerminalHinged belt terminal in an amphora or phallic shape with ring dot decoration. 23mm x 46mm.
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ANTIQUITIES, ROMAN, Bronze Fibula, c.A.D.200 - 250.Roman Bronze Fibula, c.3rd century A.D.
A nice bronze fibula with what seems to be the original pin.
This is an early version of the Crossbow Fibula. It is hard to be sure of the exact type without seeing the head in more detail. It looks like it is hinged which makes it a "short-arm T-shaped" variant, but the tall narrow bow looks more like a type usually found with a spring instead. Overall dates to circa AD 200-250 and I would guess Pannonian area.
It is very interesting because on the other side there is a slot to insert the pin, something I haven't seen on a fibula like it is on mine.
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Armour - Buckle - for Breastplate from Kalkriese-type Lorica SegmentataArmour buckle for Lorica Segmentata armour.
On the Kalkriese type of Lorica Segmentata this type of buckle was used to fasten together breastplates.
It was attached to a long-is leather strap which was riveted to the breastplate.
This type of buckle was not used on the later Corbridge or Newstead types of Lorica Segmentata
(which used the hinged buckle and the turn key (respectively) to fasten their breastplates.
The Kalkriese type was used from Late 1st century BC to mid-1st century AD,
especially the Augustan to Tiberian eras.
References:
Bishop, Lorica Segmentata I, figures 4.1, 4.3 and 10.1.
Thomas, Lorica Segmentata II, type Ai, fig. 1, # 3, 20, 29, 30, etc.
Ivcevic, Roman Military Equipment from Gardun Croatia, fig. I, # 13-14.SC
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Armour - Hinged strap or buckle plates for Corbridge-type Lorica SegmentataThese two pieces are part of Corbridge-type Lorica Segmentata armour.
These hinged fittings are likely either broken parts of a hinged buckle or strap hinges.
Hinged buckles, like the one portrayed in the gallery, were used to fasten the breastplates together.
Strap-hinges were similar, consisting of two plates hinged together, but lacked the buckle.
They were used to attach the plain leather strap (with the holes) to the other breastplate.
The Corbridge-type is dated to the mid-1st to mid-2nd century AD,
especially the Claudian to Traianic/Hadrianic eras.
References:
Thomas, Lorica Segmentata II, hinged fittings, type Cii,
Top: fig. 23, # 8, 23, 32, 49, 52, etc. and fig. 24, # 78, 83 and 86.
Bottom: fig. 23, # 6, 17, 37, 61 and fig. 24, # 91-94.SC
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BCC MA3Roman Seal Box
Caesarea Maritima
1st-4th Century CE
Bronze seal case, intact, with hinged
lid and iron pin bearing ten-pointed
“sunburst?” design inlaid with green
and blue enamel.
AE 33mm.x23mm.x10mm. 7.15gm.
Surface find Caesarea Maritima, 1971
J. Berlin Caesarea Collection
v-drome
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BCC MA4Roman Seal Box Lid
Caesarea Maritima
1st-4th Century CE
Hinged lid of a seal box, lamp
shaped, with remnants of red
and green enamel in a circular
design. A small protrusion near
the point and a pin on the underside
facilitated the opening and closing
of the cover. There remains some
uncertainty as to the exact function
and method of use of these artifacts.
AE 31.5 x 19.5mm. 2.54gm.
Surface find Caesarea Maritima, 1977
J. Berlin Caesarea Collectionv-drome
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BCC MA44 Bronze Dolphin HandleBronze Dolphin Attachment
Roman? uncertain date
Cast bronze attachment in the
form of a dolphin? with notches
for lashing, and peg for insertion
into a metal or wooden surface.
Perhaps a handle for a hinged cover?
length 29mm. 10.41gm.
Surface find, Caesarea Maritima, 1977
J. Berlin Caesarea Collection
(click for full size pic)v-drome
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BCC MA54 Roman Chest Lock HaspBronze Chest Lock Hasp
Caesarea Maritima
Roman 1st-2nd Century CE
Cast Bronze hasp from a Roman chest
lock, hinged, with remains of an iron pin
to accommodate a mounting fixed to the
chest. The flat underside has a cast-in
rectangular loop to receive the lock bolt.
The top surface is decorated with beveled
edges along the upper half, three cross-wise
ridges near the midpoint and a knob at the
end. 4.55 x 0.7 x 1.05cm. Wt.4.87 gm.
cf. D. Jackson, Roman Gallery of Locks, Keys,
and Seals, Images #4893, and #5074.
Surface find Caesarea Maritima, 1970's
J. Berlin Caesarea Collection
(click for larger pic)v-drome
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Belt Strap End - 4th century - large Amphora type, hingedStrap end from end of Roman military belt (cingulum).
Used on belts with propeller stiffeners.
Early-mid 4th century AD, especially 330-370s.
21 x 51 mm.
References:
Redzic, Viminacium, # 945, type XXXIv1.
Sommer type B.a.
Roman Military Equipment, 2nd edition, figure 137, #7 from Aquileia, #9 from Sagvar Hunary, and #12 from Winchester UK. SC
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Belt Strap End - 4th century - large Amphora type, hinged iiWhile this amphora-shaped strap end looks like the normal 4th century belt ends, it is very large and heavy.
It may be from something else such as a Balteus-like shoulder strap or simply from a very large belt.
The bottom knob appears to be a separate piece, either brass or gold-plated.
Likely 4th century.
References:
Redzic, Viminacium, #945, Type XXIv1, circa 330-370s AD.
SC
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Buckle - 1st century - HingedBuckle, with iron hinge and portion of the belt plate, for a Roman military sword belt.
Circa 1st century AD.
(Augustan to early-Flavian era.)
It can be distinguished by the complex buckle design and the fleur-de-lys pin.
References:
Bishop and Coulston's Roman Military Equipment, 2nd edition, figure 62 #8 (from Rheingonhiem Germany) and #19 (from Velsen Netherlands).
A silver example is found in the Dura Europos excavation report volume 7, page 77, # 52.
Examples can be seen in the British Museum and the Romische Museum in Germany.
Ad Arma!, Augusta Raurica (Kaiseraugsut) Switzerland, tbl. 16, # 290.
Appels and Laycock, AA 12.7.
SC
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Buckle - 1st century - Hinged compositeThis D-form buckle and fleur-de-lys tongue were separate finds/purchases but go together stylistically.
They were used on a sword (gladius) belt.
1st to 2nd century AD.
References:
JRMES 16, Page 296, # 3, 4, + 6, Burgenae Serbia.
Ad Arma!, Augusta Raurica (Kaiseraugst) Switzerland, tb. 17, # 298-304.SC
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Buckles - 4th century AD - Late RomanTwo buckles circa 4th century AD.
The upper example, with its small, odd-shaped hinged plate is likely late 4th century.
It is known as Soupault, type 1, variant I2a and is found in Eastern Europe.
The lower example, with its square hinged plate, dates from the mid- to late-4th century AD.
It is known as Soupault type Ib with plate type 1, variant I2aI.
Example #1 in Soupault was found in Callatis, Romania.
Though mostly found in Eastern Europe and example is known from Winchester (Roman Military Equipment, 1st edition, figure 137, #4).
Also Carnuntum AD 313, # 390.
Despite use by barbarian soldiers both are considered Roman types.SC
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Buckles - 4th/5th century - Late RomanTwo buckles circa late 4th to early 5th century AD.
The left hand example, with its decorated hinged plate is likely late 4th to 5th century.
An exact parallel is found in Soupault, page 141, #6 from Callatis, Romania and is known as type 1, variant I2a.
It was reportedly Gothic.
The right hand example, missing its hinged plate, dates from mid-4th to early 5th century AD.
It is known as Soupault type II, variant II2a or Somner type ICb and is found across the Roman empire.
Despite use by barbarian soldiers both are considered Roman types.SC
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Buckles - for Sword BeltTwo non-hinged buckles for Roman sword belts (balteus or cingulum).
The example on the left dates to the mid-2nd to mid-3rd century AD.
The one on right to the mid-1st to early 2nd century AD.
References for the left hand version:
Roman Military Equipment 2nd edition, figure 124, #11 from Corbridge UK, dated to the 3rd century.
JRMES 17, 2006, page 147 + 149.
The Dura Europos report notes similar finds dating to 200-250 AD from Syria, Germany, Serbia, Romania, UK and Spain.
The Ashmolean Museum collection notes an example found in a Sarmatian grave in Kertch, Crimea.
References for the right hand version:
Roman Military Equipment, 1st edition, figure 97, #15 from Hod Hill, UK, dated to the 1st century AD.
Redzic, Viminacium, #6, Type Iv3, circa 100-150 AD.
SC
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Equine - Harness Strap Loops - 1st century AD These items were pieces of Roman military equine/horse harnesses.
1st to early 2nd century AD.
The hinged item (the hinge or pivot can be seen in the side view) consists of a loop and a "hinged" part that can pivot, Bishop type 1h.
The small item has a knob at one end was is likely a broken strap terminal, Bishop, type 1c.
According to Ivcevic they were used one the leather reins.
References for this overall style of harness gear:
Xantener Berichte 16, page 129, # 12, from Sarmizegethusa Romania, circa 101-105 AD.
Carnuntum Jahrbuch 2005, page 120-121, 125 and 128, mid-1st century AD, from fort of Batavian cavalry ala in the Netherlands.
Carnuntum Jahrbuch 2005, page 168, # 4 + 6, circa 100-150 AD, auxiliary cavalry ala fort at Carnuntum.
Unarmed Cananafates, page 98, figure 4.33, # 12.
Ivcovic, Military Equipment from Gardun, fig. I, # 16-17.
Feugère, Gaule méridionale 19, fig. 16, # 133.
Gadzac, Harness from Roman Dacia, fig. VI, # 2-4 from Ulpia Traiana and Gherla.
SC
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Roman Bow, Crossbow Fibula, Short Arm T-shaped Hinged Crossbow Fibula, #016,Fibula #016,
type: An early smaller sized crossbow type fibula with an integral small terminal at rear. Decoration of a few lines on catch. No terminals on crosspiece.,
size: 52x27mm,
weight: 11,92g,
date: A.D.,
ref: .,
distribution: ,
Q-001quadrans
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Roman Bow, Crossbow Fibula, Short Arm T-shaped Hinged Crossbow Fibula, #217,Roman Bow, Crossbow Fibula, Short Arm T-shaped Hinged Crossbow Fibula, #217,
type: An early smaller sized crossbow type fibula with an integral small terminal at rear. Decoration of a few lines on catch, and decorated Bow. Knob on the terminals on crosspiece and the head, hinge headed.
size: 66x48x25mm,
weight: 21,58g,
date: 4th. Centuries A.D.,
ref: Hattatt 102 variants,
distribution: Rome,
Q-217quadrans
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Roman Bow, Crossbow Fibula, Short Arm T-shaped Hinged Crossbow Fibula, With 5 Hole Decorated Curved Plate on Bow, #029Fibula #029
type: An early crossbow type with raised crest along bow of five holed arches. The holes are counter sunk.,
size: 49x22mm,
weight: 9,13g,
date: 3rd centuries A.D.,
ref: .,
distribution: ,
Q-001quadrans
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Roman Bow, Enamelled Bow Fibula #001Roman Bow, Enamelled Bow Fibula #001
These "hinge-headed enamel brooches" or "hinged enamelled bow brooches" were studied by Kurt Exner in 1941.
This example is Exner type I.3.b
(I is for enamelled bow brooches, as opposed to plate brooches; 3 is for the trapezoidal bow; and b is for the variant with animal head shaped foot).
The type may have originated on the Rhine limes but is found from northern Britain to the middle Danube.
Hattatt's dating is too wide. This is the problem with that Hattatt book which only groups the fibulae into broad types and gives them general group dates and no distribution info. There were more details in Hattat's first four books but they are impossible to find.
In any event these enamelled bow types were not introduced until the late 1st century AD and many not until the 2nd century. They were used into the 2nd half of the 2nd century AD.
It is unlikely to be a turtle. These plate fibula with the animal head may not have depicted any specific animal. In any event the same head style was used on fibulae of many different chapes and on Roman and Germanic buckles as well.
type:
size: 43x19mm,
weight: 13,61g,
date: 2nd half of the 2nd century A.D.,
ref: Exner type I.3.b ,
distribution: The type may have originated on the Rhine limes but is found from northern Britain to the middle Danube
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Roman Bow, Enamelled Bow Fibula #002 hinge-headed enamel broochesRoman Bow, Enamelled Bow Fibula #002 hinge-headed enamel brooches
type:These "hinge-headed enamel brooches" or "hinged enamelled bow brooches" were studied by Kurt Exner in 1941.
size: 43x19mm, weight: 9,22g,
date: 2nd half of the 2nd century A.D.,
ref: Exner type I.3.b,
distribution: Rhine limes, northern Britain to the middle Danube.
Q-001quadrans
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Roman Bow, Enamelled Bow Fibula #142 hinge-headed turtle shaped, enamelled broochesRoman Bow, Enamelled Bow Fibula #142 hinge-headed turtle shaped, enamelled brooches
type:These "hinge-headed enamel brooches" or "hinged enamelled bow brooches"
size: 40x22x13mm,
weight: 7,88g,
date: 2nd half of the 2nd century A.D.,
ref:
distribution: Rhine limes, northern Britain to the middle Danube.
Q-001quadrans
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Roman Bow, Knee Fibula, Parallel Catch #004, AE, Parallel catch hinged knee fibula. Bojovic T-XXIII/212, Fibula #004, AE, Parallel catch hinged knee fibula. Bojovic T-XXIII/212,
type: Parallel catch hinged knee fibula, the bow has a near 90 degree bend.
size: 29x19mm, weight: 9,20g, date: c. A.D. 175-275. According to other sources 150-300 A.D.,
ref: Bojovic T-XXIII/212, distribution: Pannonia or Upper Moesia,
Q-001quadrans
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Roman Bow, Knee Fibula, Parallel Catch #094, AE, Parallel catch hinged knee fibula. Bojovic typ:22, var-9, Table-XXVI/248,Fibula #094, AE, Parallel catch hinged knee fibula. Bojovic typ:22, var-9, Table-XXVI/248,
type: Parallel catch hinged knee fibula, the bow has a near 90 degree bend.
Knee derived type. Triangular-profiled body with catchplate at 90° to body; catch plate rounded at bottom. Hinged pin housed in circular-profiled base. In that the body continues after reaching the hinge housing, curling under the body.
size:37,5x21,5x18mm, weight: 8,68g, date: c. A.D. 175-275. According to other sources 150-300 A.D.,
ref: Bojovic typ:22, var-9, Table-XXVI/248, distribution: Pannonia or Upper Moesia,
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Zoomorphic 3D Lion (Bear) and Bull Fibula, Gaul, Fibula #046 Fibula #046
type:Zoomorphic 3D Lion(Bear) and Bull Fibula,
This is the rare bow broosh of Gaulish origin dating circa AD 40-65. The bow takes the form of a fully moulded lion (bear) with its front paws placed on a trapezoid plate with a bull's head between. The pin is hinged and contained within a tubular frame that supports the back legs of the lion. The detailing is clear with incised zizag grooves indicating the mane.
size: 10x15x33mm,
weight: 7,02g,
date: 40-65 A.D.,
ref: ???
distribution: Gaul,
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