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Antoninus Pius, AD 138-161
AE – Sestertius
Rome, 145-161 AD
Head, laureate, r.
ANTONINVS PIVS PP TR P
Pax standing l., setting fire with torch to heap of arms and holding cornucopiae
COS IIII, PAX AVG in field, SC in exergue
RIC 777
C
Ardatirion

Aradus, Phoenicia. AE 22. Tyche/Poseidon. An AE 11
of Aradus, Phoenicia, struck during 132/131 BC.
BMC Phoenicia 302. Obv. Bust of Tyche right wearing
turreted crown.. Rev. Poseidon, nude to waist, seated
left on prow of galley left, holding wreath in extended
right hand, left on trident; as figure-head, Athena left;
below, Phoenician date (128) and letter. Coin #629
cars100

Nero AE Dupondius. NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GER P M TR P IMP P P, laureate head left / SECVRITAS AVGVSTI S-C, II in ex, Securitas seated right, holding veil above her head, altar at feet right. RIC 4071 commentsSoxfan

Arados c. 240-237 BC
obverse : Turreted bust of Tyche right
reverse prow of galley left, with Athena figurehead, AP monogram above.Ginolerhino

Roman Provincial Trajan, AE23, of Tabae, Caria, 5.1g, 24mm

Obverse: AVK A TPAIANOC APIΓCΔA, Laureate head right.

Reverse: TABHNΩN, Demeter, polos on head, standing left, holding grain ears, bunch of grapes and sceptre.

Reference: SNG Cop 559, Hunter 4.
Gil-galad

JAMES III
James III was crowned at Kelso Abbey in 1460 at the age of nine, he was the son of James II and Mary of Guelders. During his childhood, the government was led by successive factions until 1469 when he began to rule for himself. That same year he married Princess Margaret of Denmark. Margaret's father, King Christian I of Denmark and Norway was unable to raise the full amount of her dowry so pledged his lands and rights in Orkney and Shetland as security for the remainder. But Christian I was never able to redeem his pledge, and Orkney and Shetland have remained Scottish possessions ever since.
Soon after his marriage, James faced great difficulties in restoring a strong central government. His preference for the company of scholars, architects and artists coupled with his extravagance and partiality to favourites alienated him from the loyalty of his nobles. Even his own brothers, Alexander, Duke of Albany and John, Earl of Mar regarded him with jealousy verging on hatred. In 1479, James' brothers were arrested on suspicion of conspiring against the Crown. John Stewart, the Earl of Mar, died in suspicious circumstances, whilst Alexander Stewart, the Duke of Albany, escaped and fled to England.
The ever-present English threat had been temporarily solved by a truce with Edward IV in 1463 but James' estrangement from his brothers and a strong faction within the Scottish nobility led to the final loss of Berwick.
Although James had tried to settle his differences with Alexander, Duke of Albany, his brother again tried to take his throne in a coup after Edward IV recognised him as Alexander IV of Scotland in 1482. Some minor members of James III's household were hanged, including Robert Cochrane, the king's favourite. But James was removed to Edinburgh Castle where he survived and Alexander was exiled to France.
After his queen's death in 1486, James lived in increasing isolation amidst the growing resentment of the nobility. Finally, in 1488, the Scottish nobles seized James' eldest son, also called James, placed him at their head, and rose against the king. At the Battle of Sauchieburn, three miles from Stirling, James III, defeated, was thrown from his horse as he fled from the field. He was carried into a nearby cottage where he was set upon and stabbed to death.
James III was buried at Cambuskenneth Abbey near Stirling and his son, the figurehead of the revolt against him, was hailed as James IV.
*Alex

Otacilia Severa, Augusta, February or March 244 - September or October 249 A.D.
|Otacilia| |Severa|, |Otacilia| |Severa,| |Augusta,| |February| |or| |March| |244| |-| |September| |or| |October| |249| |A.D.|, From the issue celebrating the 1000th anniversary of the founding of Rome. Celebrations included display of many exotic animals including, it seems, a hippopotamus.
RS76152. Silver antoninianus, RIC IV P116b, RSC IV 63, Hunter III 10, SRCV III 9160, Choice EF, near perfect centering and strike, much luster, excellent portrait, 4th officina, Rome mint, weight 4.040g, maximum diameter 22.6mm, die axis 180o, 248 A.D.; obverse OTACIL SEVERA AVG, draped bust right, wearing stephane, hair in horizontal ridges, plait up the back of head, crescent behind shoulders; reverse SAECVLARES AVGG (Secular games [provided by] the Emperors), hippopotamus standing right, IIII (4th officina) in exergue; Ex Forum Ancient Coinspaul1888

Philip I the Arab, February 244 - Late September249 A.D., Seleucia ad Calycadnum, Cilicia. Orichalcum medallion, cf. RPC VIII U2169; SNG Levante 778; SNG BnF 1040; SNG Righetti 1630; SNG Pfalz 1078; BMC Cilicia p. 140, 50 (various legend arrangements), VF, broad flan, portrait, dark brown patina, light encrustation, a few small pits, marks, Seleukeia ad Calycadnum (Silifke, Turkey) mint, weight 34.823g, maximum diameter 40.0mm, die axis 180o, obverse AYT K M IOYΛIOC ΦIΛIΠΠOC CEB, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust right, seen from behind; reverse CEΛEYKEΩN TΩN ΠPOCT, confronted busts of Tyche, right, draped, kalathos on head, cornucopia behind, and Apollo, left, laureate and draped, laurel branch before, KAΛYK/A∆N/Ω in three lines above, EΛEYΘEP/AC in two lines below; 40 millimeters1 commentspaul1888

Roman Empire: Galerius as Augustus, Follis, 8.03 grams, Eastern half of Roman Empire, Praetorian Prefect of Diocletian. Obverse: Galerius facing right, IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG; Reverse: Genius standing left, naked but for chlamys over left shoulder & modius on head, right holding patera, left cornucopiae; GENIO IMPERATORIS "To the genius of the emperor." ALE = Alexandria mint1 commentspaul1888

Philip II, 359 - 336 BC. AE18. Struck after 356 BC at an uncertain mint in MacedoniaObverse: No legend. Young male head, usually identified as Apollo, with hair bound in a taenia, facing left.
Reverse: ΦIΛIΠΠOY, Naked rider on horse prancing left, uncertain control mark, often described as the head of a lion, beneath the horse. The control mark looks a bit like the ram on the prow of a galley to me, but that is just my personal opinion.
Diameter: 17.4mm | Weight: 6.9gms | Die Axis: 12
SNG ANS 872 - 874

The bronze series of this type is extensive and differentiated principally by the different control marks. These control marks are symbols and letters which generally appear on the reverse, very occasionally the obverse, of the coin, and they were used to identify the officials responsible for a particular issue of coinage.
Philip II won the horseback race at the 106th Olympics in 356 BC, and it is thought that the horseman on the reverse of this coin commemorates that event.

Philip II of Macedon was King of Macedon from 359 until his death in 336 BC. He was the father of Alexander the Great and Philip III Arrhidaeus. In 357 BC, Philip married Olympias, who was the daughter of the king of the Molossians. Alexander was born in 356 BC, the same year as Philip's horse won at the Olympic Games.
Only Greeks were allowed to participate in the Olympic Games, and Philip was determined to convince his Athenian opposition that he was indeed worthy to be considered Greek. And, after successfully uniting Macedonia and Thessaly, Philip could legitimately participate in the Olympics. In 365 BC Philip entered his horse into the keles, a horseback race in the 106th Olympics, and won. He proceeded to win two more times, winning the four horse chariot race in the 352 BC 107th Olympics and the two horse chariot race in the 348 BC 108th Olympics. These were great victories for Philip because not only had he been admitted officially into the Olympic Games but he had also won, solidifying his standing as a true Greek.
The conquest and political consolidation of most of Greece during Philip's reign was achieved in part by the creation of the Macedonian phalanx which gave him an enormous advantage on the battlefield. After defeating Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC Philip II established the League of Corinth, a federation of Greek states, with him at it's head, with the intention of invading the Persian empire. In 336 BC he sent an army of 10,000 men into Asia Minor to make preparations for the invasion by freeing the Greeks living on the western coast and islands from Persian rule. All went well until the news arrived that Philip had been assassinated. The Macedonians were demoralized by Philip's death and were subsequently defeated by Persian forces near Magnesia.
Philip II was murdered in October 336 BC, at Aegae, the ancient capital of the Macedonian kingdom, while he was entering into the town's theatre. He was assassinated by Pausanius, one of his own bodyguards, who was himself slain by three of Philip's other bodyguards. The reasons for Philip's assassination are not now fully known, with many modern historians saying that, on the face of it, none of the ancient accounts which have come down to us appear to be credible.5 comments*Alex

Philip II, 359 - 336 BC. AE18. Struck after 356 BC at an uncertain mint in MacedoniaObverse: No legend. Young male head, usually identified as Apollo, with hair bound in a taenia, facing left.
Reverse: ΦIΛIΠΠOY, Naked rider on horse prancing right, forepart of bull butting right control mark (helmet?) beneath the horse.
Diameter: 19mm | Weight: 6.95gms | Die Axis: 9
GCV: 6699 | Forrer/Weber: 2068

The bronze series of this type is extensive and differentiated principally by the different control marks. These control marks are symbols and letters which generally appear on the reverse, very occasionally the obverse, of the coin, and they were used to identify the officials responsible for a particular issue of coinage.
Philip II won the horseback race at the 106th Olympics in 356 BC, and it is thought that the horseman on the reverse of this coin commemorates this event.

Philip II of Macedon was King of Macedon from 359 until his death in 336 BC. He was the father of Alexander the Great and Philip III Arrhidaeus. In 357 BC, Philip married Olympias, who was the daughter of the king of the Molossians. Alexander was born in 356 BC, the same year as Philip's horse won at the Olympic Games.
The conquest and political consolidation of most of Greece during Philip's reign was achieved in part by the creation of the Macedonian phalanx which gave him an enormous advantage on the battlefield. After defeating Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC Philip II established the League of Corinth, a federation of Greek states, with him at it's head, with the intention of invading the Persian empire. In 336 BC, Philip II sent an army of 10,000 men into Asia Minor to make preparations for the invasion by freeing the Greeks living on the western coast and islands from Persian rule. All went well until the news arrived that Philip had been assassinated. The Macedonians were demoralized by Philip's death and were subsequently defeated by Persian forces near Magnesia.
Philip II was murdered in October 336 BC, at Aegae, the ancient capital of the Macedonian kingdom, while he was entering into the town's theatre. He was assassinated by Pausanius, one of his own bodyguards, who was himself slain by three of Philip's other bodyguards. The reasons for Philip's assassination are not now fully known, with many modern historians saying that, on the face of it, none of the ancient accounts which have come down to us appear to be credible.*Alex

Philip II, 359 - 336. AE18. Struck after 356 BC at an uncertain mint in Macedonia Obverse: No legend. Young male head, usually identified as Apollo, with hair bound in a taenia, facing right.
Reverse: ΦIΛIΠΠOY, Naked rider on horse prancing right, retrograde E control mark beneath the horse.
Diameter: 17.16mm | Weight: 6.09gms | Die Axis: 12
SNG ANS 919 - 920

The bronze series of this type is extensive and differentiated principally by the different control marks. These control marks are symbols and letters which generally appear on the reverse, very occasionally the obverse, of the coin, and they were used to identify the officials responsible for a particular issue of coinage.
Philip II won the horseback race at the 106th Olympics in 356 BC, and it is thought that the horseman on the reverse of this coin commemorates this event.

Philip II of Macedon was King of Macedon from 359 until his death in 336 BC. He was the father of Alexander the Great and Philip III Arrhidaeus. In 357 BC, Philip married Olympias, who was the daughter of the king of the Molossians. Alexander was born in 356 BC, the same year as Philip's horse won at the Olympic Games.
The conquest and political consolidation of most of Greece during Philip's reign was achieved in part by the creation of the Macedonian phalanx which gave him an enormous advantage on the battlefield. After defeating Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC Philip II established the League of Corinth, a federation of Greek states, with him at it's head, with the intention of invading the Persian empire. In 336 BC, Philip II sent an army of 10,000 men into Asia Minor to make preparations for the invasion by freeing the Greeks living on the western coast and islands from Persian rule. All went well until the news arrived that Philip had been assassinated. The Macedonians were demoralized by Philip's death and were subsequently defeated by Persian forces near Magnesia.
Philip II was murdered in October 336 BC, at Aegae, the ancient capital of the Macedonian kingdom, while he was entering into the town's theatre. He was assassinated by Pausanius, one of his own bodyguards, who was himself slain by three of Philip's other bodyguards. The reasons for Philip's assassination are not now fully known, with many modern historians saying that, on the face of it, none of the ancient accounts which have come down to us appear to be credible.*Alex

Philip II, 359 - 336. AE18. Struck after 356 BC at an uncertain mint in MacedoniaObverse: No legend. Young male head, usually identified as Apollo, with hair bound in a taenia, facing right.
Reverse: ΦIΛIΠΠOY, Naked rider on horse prancing left, spearhead control mark beneath the horse.
Diameter: 18.00mm | Weight: 6.00gms | Die Axis: 12
SNG ANS 850 | Mionnet I: 750

The bronze series of this type is extensive and differentiated principally by the different control marks. These control marks are symbols and letters which generally appear on the reverse, very occasionally the obverse, of the coin, and they were used to identify the officials responsible for a particular issue of coinage.
Philip II won the horseback race at the 106th Olympics in 356 BC, and it is thought that the horseman on the reverse of this coin commemorates this event.

Philip II of Macedon was King of Macedon from 359 until his death in 336 BC. He was the father of Alexander the Great and Philip III Arrhidaeus. In 357 BC, Philip married Olympias, who was the daughter of the king of the Molossians. Alexander was born in 356 BC, the same year as Philip's horse won at the Olympic Games.
The conquest and political consolidation of most of Greece during Philip's reign was achieved in part by the creation of the Macedonian phalanx which gave him an enormous advantage on the battlefield. After defeating Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC Philip II established the League of Corinth, a federation of Greek states, with him at it's head, with the intention of invading the Persian empire. In 336 BC, Philip II sent an army of 10,000 men into Asia Minor to make preparations for the invasion by freeing the Greeks living on the western coast and islands from Persian rule. All went well until the news arrived that Philip had been assassinated. The Macedonians were demoralized by Philip's death and were subsequently defeated by Persian forces near Magnesia.
Philip II was murdered in October 336 BC, at Aegae, the ancient capital of the Macedonian kingdom, while he was entering into the town's theatre. He was assassinated by Pausanius, one of his own bodyguards, who was himself slain by three of Philip's other bodyguards. The reasons for Philip's assassination are not now fully known, with many modern historians saying that, on the face of it, none of the ancient accounts which have come down to us appear to be credible.*Alex

1st Century CE, IRON AGE BRITAIN, Tribe: Iceni, AR Unit, Struck c.60 - 61 under Boudica (Boadicea)Obverse: No legend. Abstract Celtic style head with slit for eye and no ear facing right. Three pellets below head, branch emblem behind neck.
Reverse: No legend. Celtic style horse facing right, lozenge-shaped box with pellets on outer corners below horse. Section of large elaborate wheel-like object above horse, pellet below horse's tail.
Class: Icenian O
Diameter: 14mm | Weight: 0.9gms | Axis: 10
Spink: 434

The first known recorded example of this coin was made by William Stukely, an English antiquarian whose ideas influenced various antiquaries throughout the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Stukeley published over twenty books on archaeology and other subjects during his lifetime and he is regarded as an important forerunner of archaeology for his emphasis on methodically measuring and documenting ancient sites. He died of a stroke in early 1765.
The theory that this coinage was connected with Boudica was originally reported in 1987 and this was endorsed by R D Van Arsdell, an authority on the Celtic coinage of Britain, as Boudican in the 1990's. At the time though this was disputed by many in the numismatic community, some of whom continued to rely on older studies that lumped all "Face-Horse" coins together in a group dating before 20 CE.
However, John Talbot of the University of Oxford carried out research on these issues and, as his die-link and hoard work gradually progressed through the 1990's into the early twenty-first century, these coins were confirmed to be the final coinage of the Iceni. As Talbot's findings were only gradually revealed over a period of time, the accepted dating used in some dealer catalogues did not always keep up with the latest information. During his studies, Talbot discovered that coins from several die sets are only found in the Boudican Rebellion hoards. He also confirmed that these coins were struck in abnormally great numbers for any Icenian issue. But, because he was not certain that this was enough evidence to date the coins to 61 CE. he suggested only that they could have been struck any time after the Claudian Invasion of 43 CE.
Considering though that some die sets are known only from the Boudican Rebellion hoards, that it is still the case that these coins appear in uncirculated condition in the hoards, and that to date none of these coins have been found from secure contexts earlier than the time of the Boudican rebellion, it would appear that the 1987 report was essentially correct and these coins must have been struck nearer to the date of the Boudican Rebellion than earlier, possibly in connection with the financing of that rebellion. The conclusion now is that these coins can, with some confidence, be attributed to Boudica.

THE ICENI
The Iceni were a tribe located in eastern Britain during the Iron Age and the early Roman era. Their territory was bordered by the Corieltauvi to the west, and the Catuvellauni and Trinovantes to the south. In the Roman period, their capital was Venta Icenorum at modern-day Caistor St Edmund.
Julius Caesar did not mention the Iceni in his account of his invasions of Britain in 55 and 54 BC, though they may have been related to the Cenimagni, whom Caesar notes as living north of the River Thames at that time. The Iceni were a significant power in eastern Britain during Claudius I's conquest of Britain in AD 43, in which they allied with Rome. Increasing Roman influence on their affairs led to a revolt in AD 47, though they remained nominally independent under king Prasutagus up until his death around AD 60. Roman encroachment after Prasutagus' death led his wife Boudica to launch a major revolt from 60–61. Boudica's uprising seriously endangered Roman rule in Britain and resulted in the burning of Londinium and other cities. The Romans finally crushed the rebellion, and the Iceni were eventually incorporated into the Roman province.
Archaeological evidence of the Iceni includes torcs, which are heavy rings of gold, silver or electrum worn around the neck and shoulders. The Iceni began producing coins around 10 BC. Their coins were a distinctive adaptation of the Gallo-Belgic "face/horse" design, and in some early issues, most numerous near Norwich, the horse was replaced with a boar. Some coins are inscribed ECENI, making them the only coin-producing group to use their tribal name on coins. The earliest personal name to appear on coins is Antedios (about 10 BC), and other abbreviated names like AESU and SAEMU followed. The name of Prasutagus also appears on some coins as PRASTO.

QUEEN BOUDICA
Queen Boudica was married to Prasutagus, ruler of the Iceni people of East Anglia. When the Romans conquered southern England in AD 43, they allowed Prasutagus to continue to rule. However, when Prasutagus died he left a will dividing his lands between the Roman emperor and his family. The Romans decided to rule the Iceni directly and confiscated all the king's property. When this was contested they are said to have stripped and flogged Boudica and raped her daughters. These actions exacerbated the widespread resentment at Roman rule.
In 60 or 61 AD, while the Roman governor Gaius Suetonius Paullinus was leading a campaign in North Wales, the Iceni rebelled, other tribes joined them, and Boudica led a major uprising against the occupying Roman forces.
Boudica's warriors defeated the Roman Ninth Legion and destroyed the then capital of Roman Britain, Camulodunum (Colchester). They then went on to destroy Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St Albans) killing thousands in the process. Finally, Boudica was defeated by a Roman army led by Paulinus. A great number of her army were killed and, though Boudica's fate is unknown, she is alleged to have either died in battle or poisoned herself to avoid capture. The site of the battle which brought an end to her uprising is also unknown.
The photograph below is of the Victorian statue of Boudica (Boadicea) situated on the Thames embankment in London.

CLICK ON THE IMAGES BELOW TO ENLARGE THEM

3 comments*Alex

Constantius I Chloris, RIC 169a, Siscia, 305-306 CEConstantius I Chloris as Augustus, ¼ follis
Obverse: CONSTANTIVS AVG, laureate bust right.
Reverse: GENIO POP VLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, nude with chlamys over shoulder and modius on head, patera in right hand and cornucopia in left hand.
Mintmark SIS Siscia mint RIC VI 169a.
18.9 mm., 1.8 g.
NORMAN K

Philip III Arrhidaios, 323 - 317 BC. AR Drachm struck in the name and types of Alexander III at Lampsakos, Mysia.Obverse: No legend. Head of Herakles, wearing lion-skin knotted at base of neck, facing right.
Reverse: AΛEΞANΔPOY. Zeus Aëtophoros seated facing left, right leg drawn back, feet on stool, eagle in right hand, sceptre in left; buckle in left field; Λ above Ω below throne.
Diameter: 18mm | Weight: 4.16gms | Die Axis: 7 | Cut mark above eyebrow on obverse.
Price: 1376

Alexander the Great reigned from 336 to 323 BC but this coin was struck shortly after his death, in around 323 to 317 BC under Philip III Arrhidaios.

Philip III Arrhidaios was the king of Macedonia after the death of Alexander the Great, from 323 BC until his own death in 317 BC. He was a son of King Philip II of Macedonia and a half-brother of Alexander. Named Arrhidaios at birth, he assumed the name Philip when he ascended the throne.
As Arrhidaios grew older it became apparent that he had mild learning difficulties. Alexander was very fond of him, and took him on his campaigns, both to protect his life and to ensure he would not be used as a pawn in a challenge for the throne. After Alexander's death in Babylon, Arrhidaios was proclaimed king by the Macedonian army in Asia, but he was a mere figurehead, and a pawn of the powerful generals, one after the other.
2 comments*Alex

1 DiocletianDiocletian
AE1 Follis.
IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right / GENIO POPV-LI ROMANI, Genius standing left, modius on head, naked but for chlamys over left shoulder, with patera & cornucopiae, mintmark PT in ex.
Ticinum RIC 29a Sosius

284 - 305, DIOCLETIAN, AE Follis, struck 300 - 303 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG. Laureate and cuirassed bust of Diocletian facing right.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. Genius, kalathos on head, standing facing left, holding patera in right hand and cornucopia in left; no mintmark (London).
Diameter: 27mm | Weight: 8.64gms | Die Axis: 6
RIC VI: 16 | SRCV IV: 12760 | SPINK: 696

By the time that the Roman central government had recovered control of Britain in AD 296 the antoninianus had been replaced under Diocletian's currency reform. The London mint, which had initially been set up by Carausius, was retained as an official imperial mint under the Tetrarchy, however, apart from an initial issue in 297 marked "LON", it produced only folles without a mintmark for the first decade of its operation.1 comments*Alex

29 ElagabalusELAGABALUS
AE27 of Odessos, Thrace.

AVT K M AVPHLI ANTWNEINOC, laureate head right / ODHCCEITWN, Serapis with kalathos on head, standing facing, head left, holding patera over burning altar and cornucopiae.

Moushmov 1620 Sosius

293 - 305, CONSTANTIUS I (Chlorus) as Caesar, AE Follis, struck 298 - 300 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB C. Laureate and cuirassed bust of Constantius I facing right.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. Genius, kalathos on head, standing facing left, holding patera in right hand and cornucopia in left; no mintmark (London).
Diameter: 28mm | Weight: 10.97gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VI: 14a | SRCV IV: 14034 | SPINK: 706
Rare
Ex Asprey Coins, London

Group II. Early example with the style of Constantius' portrait appearing to show the influence of Carausius/Allectus die engravers.*Alex

293 - 305, GALERIUS as Caesar, AE Follis struck 296 - 305 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: MAXIMIANVS NOBIL C. Laureate and cuirassed bust of Galerius facing right.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. Genius, kalathos on head, standing facing left, holding patera in right hand and cornucopia in left; no mint-mark in exergue.
Diameter: 28mm | Weight: 9.4gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VI: 34 | SPINK: 710*Alex

305 - 306, SEVERUS II as Caesar, AE Follis struck 305 - 306 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: SEVERVS NOBILISSIMVS CAES. Laureate and cuirassed bust of Severus II facing right.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. Genius, kalathos on head, standing facing left, holding patera in right hand and cornucopia in left; no mint-mark in exergue.
Diameter: 29mm | Weight: 10.399gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VI: 59a | Cohen VII: 24 | SPINK: 712
Rare
Ex. Errett Bishop Collection | Ex. FORVM (USA)

SEVERUS II
Flavius Valerius Severus Augustus was a Western Roman Emperor from 306 to 307. He was born in Northern Illyria (now Albania) and rose to become a senior officer in the Roman army. As an old friend of Galerius, that emperor appointed Severus as Caesar on 1 May 305 and he thus served as junior emperor under Constantius I in the Western Roman Empire.
When Constantius I died in the summer of 306, Severus was promoted to Augustus by Galerius under the rules of succession established under the Tetrarchy. However Constantius I had died on campaign in York and his army in Britain had acclaimed his son, Constantine I, as his successor. Although furious at this elevation, Galerius wanted to avoid any threat of a civil war so he compromised by allowing Constantine to bear the title of Caesar.
When this news reached Maxentius, the son of Maximianus, he revolted and declared himself emperor at Rome,
Galerius sent Severus, at the head of an army which had previously been commanded by Maximianus, to suppress the rebellion. Maxentius asked his father to re-assume the purple and rule the empire with him and Maximianus, who had been reluctant to abdicate, readily accepted. When Severus arrived under the walls of Rome to besiege it his men deserted to their old commander forcing Severus to flee to Ravenna. Maximianus offered to spare his life and treat him humanely if he surrendered peaceably. Severus complied but, despite Maximianus' assurance, he was displayed as a captive, imprisoned and later put to death.
3 comments*Alex

8 LiciniusLICINIUS I
Silvered Follis, Antioch, 312 AD

IMP C LIC LICINNIVS PF AVG, Laureate bust r. / GENIO-AVGVSTI, Genius standing left, naked, modius on head, chlamys over left shoulder, holding head of Sol and cornucopia, star in l. field, H in r. field, ANT in ex.

RIC VI Antioch 164a. EF about 60% silvered.1 commentsSosius

CONSTANTINE The Great, RIC 200b Siscia, Emperor 307-337 CECONSTANTINE The Great, RIC 200(b)
Obverse: CONSTANTINVS AVG, laureated head right
Reverse: GENIO A-VGVSTA, Genius standing left, modius on head, naked except for chlamys over left shoulder, holding paters and cornucopia. No field marks
in exergue: SIS, 18.4 mm., 1.6 g.NORMAN K

Constantius II, RIC VIII 69 Constantinople, 347-348 CE.Obverse: DN CONSTAN-TIVS PF AVG, rosette-diademed head, right.
Reverse: VOT XX MVLT XXX in four lines within wreath.
Mintmark: CONS Constantinople, 14 mm., 1.1 g.NORMAN K

Diocletian RIC 21a, Thessalonica, 300-301 CE.Diocletian AE Follis
Obverse: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, laureate head right.
Reverse: GENIO POPV LI ROMANI, Genius standing left, modius on head, naked except for chlamys opver left shoulder, holding patera from which liquid flows and cornucopia.
Mintmark dot TSB dot Thessalonica, 29 mm., 6.9 g.NORMAN K

Galerius GENIO POPVLI ROMANI from London… Ex-Rauceby HoardGalerius
A.D. 303- 305
Æ follis 28mm 10.2g
MAXIMIANVS NOB CAES; laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
GENIO POPVLI ROMANI; Genius standing left, modius on head, naked but for chlamys over left shoulder, right holding patera, left cornucopiae.
No mintmark
RIC VI London 36; LMCC 3.01.034

Ex-Rauceby Hoard

This hoard was discovered in the UK in 2017 and totaled 3,099 coins. Two coins were radiates (before A.D. 282) and the rest were struck from A.D. 294- 307. The majority are from western mints…London (875) Trier (1459) and Lyon (468).
2 commentsVictor C

Probus Billon Tetradrachm Aug 29 A.D. 277 - Aug 28 A.D. 278, cf. Dattari 5545; Milne 4557; Curtis 1890; Geissen 3134; Kampmann-Ganschow 112.15; BMC Alexandria p. 314, 2423A K M AVP ΠPOBOC CEB, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right / Tyche standing left, modius on head, rudder on globe in right, cornucopia in left, LΓ (?, year 3) above left. Alexandria mint.
Maximum Diameter: 19.7 mm
Weight: 7.58 g2 commentsTheEmpireNeverEnded

Severus II GENIO POPVLI ROMANI from London… Ex-Rauceby HoardSeverus II
A.D. 305- 306
Æ follis 28mm 8.6g
SEVERVS NOBILIS C; laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
GENIO POPVLI ROMANI; Genius standing left, modius on head, naked but for chlamys over left shoulder, right holding patera, left cornucopiae.
No mintmark
RIC VI London 63a; LMCC 4.02.019

This hoard was discovered in the UK in 2017 and totaled 3,099 coins. Two coins were radiates (before A.D. 282) and the rest were struck from A.D. 294- 307. The majority are from western mints…London (875) Trier (1459) and Lyon (468).
Victor C

#Mysia, Germe, Conventus of Cyzicus. Pseudo-autonomous AE20 Between 138 and 192 AD.
Obverse: ΙΕΡΑ Σ ΥΝΚΗ[ΤΟΣ], draped bust of the Senate (youthful), r.
Reverse: [ΓΕΡ]Μ ΗΝΩΝ, Nude Heracles standing, facing, head, l., resting arm on club, holding lion-skin
BMC 16 S80,6(1); Lindgren III, Addendum A 726Aancientone

Î”, six-pointed star, eagle and Nike (6 cmks!)CILICIA. Ninica-Claudiopolis. Maximinus I. Æ 27. A.D. 235-238. Obv: OIMPCSIVLVERMAXIMINVS. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right; 6 countermarks: (1) to right, before bust, (2) on lower part of bust, (3) on neck, (4) behind and on back of head, (5) on upper part of head, (6) before head. Rev: NINIC-OL-CLA-UÎ”I, OPOLI in ex. Tetrastyle temple containing emperor, standing left, holding patera and spear. Ref: BMC 10; Sear GIC 3548 (same dies). Axis: 360°. Weight: 9.12 g. CM(1): Î” containing dot, all within circle; circular punch, 6 mm. Howgego 669 (49 pcs). Note: Not likely to be a denominational countermark. CM(2): Six-pointed star, incuse, 6 mm from point to point. Howgego 451 (45 pcs). CM(3): Eagle standing right with head left, in shaped punch, c. 4 x 7 mm. Howgego 338 (11 pcs). CM(4): Nike right, in oval punch, c. 5 x 8 mm. Howgego 262 (34 pcs). CM(5): Similar to CM(4). CM(6): Similar to CM(4). Note: The sequence of application appears to have been 669-451-262-338. Automan

ΘΕΑ ΦΑΥΣΤΕΙΝΑAE 17mm 138-161AD
Obv - ΘΕΑ ΦΑΥΣΤΕΙΝΑ- Veiled and draped bust right
Rev - ΤΥΧΗ ΝΕΑΣ ΤΡΑΙΑΝΗ ΒΟΣΤΡΑ - turreted Tyche standing, facing, head, facing (or l. or r.), holding spear, resting l. hand on hip, (resting foot on swimming river-god)
Reference - Spijkerman 11(2),12 and 13, BMC 7-9
Mint - Bostra, Arabiaaragon6

"C", larger head, Denarius, Crawford 107/1bDenomination: Denarius
Era: c. 209-208 BC
Metal: AR
Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma r. with splayed visor; “X” behind; Border of dots
Reverse: Dioscuri r.; above, “C” symbol; in linear frame, “ROMA”.
Mint: Etruria(?)
Weight: 4.32 gm.
Reference: Crawford 107/1b
Provenance: Naville auction, 7-MAY-2017

Comments:
This type with a “C” symbol is of the same fundamental style as the staff symbol 106/3c. presumably both issues from the same mint. The type is somewhat scarce, but the most common of the three other “C” sub-varieties.
Near complete on a large flan, GVF.

"EVMENEÎ©N" and "Î¦IÎ›Î©NIÎ”OY" (monograms to be read as)PHRYGIA. Eumeneia. Fulvia. Æ 19. Ca. 41-40 B.C. Obv: Draped bust of Fulvia as winged Nike r.; 2 cm’s, (1) on head, (2) above head. Rev: (Î¦YÎ›OYIANÎ©N) to right, Î£MEPTOPIÎ“(OÎ£)/(Î¦IÎ›Î©NIÎ”OY) in 2 lines to l. Athena adv. l., hld. spear and shield. Ref: BMC 20-21 (?); RPC 3139 (7 pcs). Axis: 330°. Weight: 6.84 g. Magistrate: Zmertorigos Philopatris. Note: Eumeneia changed its name to Fulvia on the occasion of Mark Antony's journey to the east in 41 B.C., likely propmting the issue of coins. After Fulvia died the city took back its old name. On BMC 21 the ethnic "Î¦YÎ›OVIANÎ©N" may be purposefully erased, which also seems to be the case on this specimen! Both coins are countermarked, and the cm's may be read "EVMENEÎ©N" and "Î¦IÎ›Î©NIÎ”OY". The purpose of countermarking in combination with the erasure of the city name, thus, seems to have been to make note of second name change. CM(1): Monogram of EVMNO (?), in circ. punch, 4 mm. CM(2): Monogram of Î¦IÎ›NÎ” (?), in circ. punch, 3.5 mm. Collection Automan.1 commentsAutoman

(0138) ANTONINUS PIUS138 - 161 AD
AE 19.6 X 21 mm; 4.64 g
struck ca. 144-158
O: [ΑV ΤΙ ΑΙ ΑΔΡ ΑΝΤΩΝ]ƐΙΝΟС laureate head of Antoninus Pius, r.
R: ƐΠΙ СΤΡ ΚοV[ΑΡΤοV ΤΟ Β ΠƐΡΓ(Α)] Asclepius standing, facing, head, l., holding serpent-staff
Conventus of Pergamum; RPC 3192 temp.;cf. Weisser 580, Cop 482-3, BMC 280

laney

(0177) COMMODUS--NIKOPOLIS AD ISTRUM177 - 192 AD
AE 28 mm; 10.89 g
O: Laureate head of Commodus right
R: Hygieia standing, r., feeding serpent from patera; to r., Asclepius standing, facing, head, l., holding serpent-staff
Moesia Inferior, Nicopolis ad Istrum; AMNG 1234

laney

(0193) SEPTIMIUS SEVERUSAE27 mm; 10.4 g
AVK L CEP CECHPOC, laureate, draped, cuirassed bust right
R: VP FL OVLPIANOV MARKIANOPOLITWN, Cybele, kalathos on head, holding patera in right hand, resting left elbow on drum and seated left on throne with two uprights, lions beside her to left and right
Moesia Inferior, Markianopolis; AMNG 565
d.s.
laney

(0193) SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS193-211 AD
AE 26 mm max., 9.16 g
O: AVK L CEP CECHPOC, laureate, draped, cuirassed bust right
R: VP FL OVLPIANOV MARKIANOPOLITWN, Cybele, kalathos on head, holding patera in right hand, resting left elbow on drum and seated left on throne with two uprights, lions beside her to left and right
Moesia Inferior, Markianopolis; AMNG 565laney

(0244) PHILIP I (THE ARAB)244-249 AD
AE 26.5 mm, 11.4 g
O: Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust of Philip I, r., seen from rear
R: Pan seated l., on rock, raising his r. hand to head, holding pedum in his l.; in field, l., syrinx
Macedonia, Pella
laney

(0251) TREBONIANUS GALLUS251 - 253 AD
AE 24 mm; 6.78 g.
O: AUT K G BEIB GALLOC A, radiate draped bust right; countermark at shoulder
R: NIKAI-EWN, Serapis standing left, polos on head, holding sceptre and raising hand.
Bithynia, Nicaea; SNG Von Aulock 7061laney

(0253) GALLIENUS253 - 268 AD
AE 17 mm; 2.95 g
O: [GALLIENVS AVG] Radiate head, right.
R: MARTI PACIFEROMars standing left, holding olive-branch, spear and shield, A in right field.
Rome, RIC 236

Mint City: Rome. Struck AD 264-66

Reference: Goebl 570a. RIC 236.
laney

(0253) SALONINA(wife of Gallienus; mother of emperors Valerian II and Saloninus) 253 - 268 AD
struck 287 AD
Billon antoninianus 20.5 mm 3.57 g
Obverse: SALONINA AVG, Diademed, draped bust right, on crescent, hair weaved in rows with long plait up the back of head, under stephane.
Reverse: VENVS AVG, Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear, one arm resting on shield.
PXV in exe
Antioch
Unlisted in Sear, Van Meter #45, RSC #113, RIC 86.1 commentslaney

(0293) CONSTANTIUS I CHLORUS293 - 305 AD
AE FOLLIS 26.5 mm 8.0 g
O: CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES
LAUR CUIR BUST R
R: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI,
Genius standing l., modius on head, naked but for chlamys over l. shoulder, r. holding patera, l. cornucopiae; R in left field
GAMMA IN EXE.
ROME RIC 67a SCARCElaney

(0293) CONSTANTIUS I CHLORUS (as Caesar)293-305 AD
AE FOLLIS 26 x 28.5 mm 7.45 g
Obv. CONSTANTIVS NOBIL C, Laureate head r.
Rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius standing l., modius on head, naked but for chlamys over l. shoulder, r. holding patera, l. cornucopiae; B/STAR in fields, TR in exergue.
Treveri (Trier)

laney

(0306) CONSTANTINE I (as Caesar)struck 306-307 AD
AE Follis 27.5 mm 8.22 g
Obverse: FL VAL CONSTANTINVS NOB CAES, Laureate head right
R: GENIO POPV_LI ROMANI; Genius standing left, modius on head, naked but for chlamys over left shoulder, liquors flowing from patera in right hand,cornucopiae in left.
D (Officina) in right field
ANT in exergue, Antioch
Not listed in RIClaney

(0306) CONSTANTINE I (as Caesar) struck 306-307 AD
AE Follis 27.5 mm 8.22 g
O: FL VAL CONSTANTINVS NOB CAES, Laureate head right
R: GENIO POPV_LI ROMANI; Genius standing left, modius on head, naked but for chlamys over left shoulder, liquors flowing from patera in right hand,cornucopiae in left.
D (Officina) in right field
ANT in exergue, Antioch
Not listed in RIC
laney

(0306) MAXENTIUS (USURPER)306 - 312 AD
struck 309 AD
AE FOLLIS 24.5 mm 5.78 g
O: IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG, LAUR BUST R
R: AETERNITAS AVG N, DIOSCURI STANDING FACING EACH OTHER, WITH STAR ABOVE EACH HEAD, HOLDING HORSES BY BRIDLES, SHE-WOLF AND TWINS BELOW
MOSTB IN EXE
(usurper, killed by Constantine I at Battle of the Milvian Bridge)
OSTIA
RIC (VI) 16
(ex G.Clark) 2 commentslaney

(0306) MAXENTIUS (USURPER)/DIOSCURI AND SHE-WOLF WITH TWINSAE FOLLIS 24.5 mm 5.78 g
306 - 12 AD; STRUCK 309 AD
O: IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG
LAUR BUST R
R: AETERNITAS AVG N
DIOSCURI STANDING FACING EACH OTHER, WITH STAR ABOVE EACH HEAD, HOLDING HORSES BY BRIDLES, SHE-WOLF AND TWINS BELOW
MOSTB IN EXE
(usurper, killed by Constantine I at Battle of the Milvian Bridge)
OSTIA
RIC (VI) 16
(ex G.Clark)laney

(0379) THEODOSIUS I379 - 395 AD.
AE 17 mm, 1.77 g
O: DN THEODOSIVS PF AVG, rosette-diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right,
R: CONCORDIA AVGGG, Constantinopolis seated facing, turret on head, looking half right, holding sceptre, left hand on knee;
BSISC in exe.
Siscia mintlaney

(05) CLAUDIUS (LIBERTAS)41 - 54 AD
AE As 29 mm, 7.39 g
Obv: Claudius head, bare, left
Rev: S - C to l. and r. of Libertas, draped, standing facing, head r., holding pileus.laney

(12) DOMITIAN81 - 96 AD
Struck year 198 = 94/5 AD
AE 19 mm; 5.47 g
O: Laureate head, r.
R: War god Phanebal standing l., holding harpa in right hand, round shield in left hand, palm branch behind at right.
Judaea, Ascalon; cf RPC II 2215 ff

laney

(504c) Roman Republic, L. Cassius Longinus, 63 B.C.Silver denarius, Crawford 413/1, RSC I Cassia 10, SRCV I 364, aVF, struck with worn dies, Rome mint, weight 3.867g, maximum diameter 20.3mm, die axis 0o, c. 63 B.C. Obverse: veiled bust of Vesta left, kylix behind, L before; Reverse: LONGIN III V, voter standing left, dropping tablet inscribed V into a cista.

The reverse of this Longinus denarius captures a fascinating moment when a Roman citizen casts his ballot. "The abbreviation III V [ir] indentifies Longinus as one of the three annually appointed mintmasters (officially called tres viri aere argento auro flando feriundo). A citizen is seen casting his vote into the urn. On the ballot is the letter 'U', short for uti rogas, a conventional formula indicating assent to a motion. The picture alludes to the law, requested by an ancestor of the mintmaster, which introduced the secret ballot in most proceedings of the popular court" (Meier, Christian. Caesar, a Biography. Berlin: Severin and Siedler, 1982. Plate 6).

The date that this denarius was struck possesses unique significance for another reason. Marcus Tullius Cicero (politician, philosopher, orator, humanist) was elected consul for the year 63 BC -- the first man elected consul who had no consular ancestors in more than 30 years. A "new man," Cicero was not the descendant of a "patrician" family, nor was his family wealthy (although Cicero married "well"). Cicero literally made himself the man he was by the power of the words he spoke and the way in which he spoke them. A witness to and major player during the decline of the Roman Republic, Cicero was murdered in 43 BC by thugs working for Marc Antony. But Cicero proved impossible to efface.

Cicero's words became part of the bed rock of later Roman education. As Peter Heather notes, every educated young man in the late Roman Empire studied "a small number of literary texts under the guidance of an expert in language and literary interpretation, the grammarian. This occupied the individual for seven or more years from about the age of eight, and concentrated on just four authors: Vergil, Cicero, Sallust and Terence" (Heather, Peter. The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. 17).

Plutarch: Cicero's Death

But in the meantime the assassins were come with a band of soldiers, Herennius, a centurion, and Popillius, a tribune, whom Cicero had formerly defended when prosecuted for the murder of his father. Finding the doors shut, they broke them open, and Cicero not appearing, and those within saying they knew not where he was, it is stated that a youth, who had been educated by Cicero in the liberal arts and sciences, an emancipated slave of his brother Quintus, Philologus by name, informed the tribune that the litter was on its way to the sea through the close and shady walks. The tribune, taking a few with him, ran to the place where he was to come out. And Cicero, perceiving Herennius running in the walks, commanded his servants to set down the litter; and stroking his chin, as he used to do, with his left hand, he looked steadfastly upon his murderers, his person covered with dust, his beard and hair untrimmed, and his face worn with his troubles. So that the greatest part of those that stood by covered their faces whilst Herennius slew him. And thus was he murdered, stretching forth his neck out of the litter, being now in his sixty-fourth year. Herennius cut off his head, and, by Antony's command, his hands also, by which his Philippics were written; for so Cicero styled those orations he wrote against Antony, and so they are called to this day.

When these members of Cicero were brought to Rome, Antony was holding an assembly for the choice of public officers; and when he heard it, and saw them, he cried out, "Now let there be an end of our proscriptions." He commanded his head and hands to be fastened up over the rostra, where the orators spoke; a sight which the Roman people shuddered to behold, and they believed they saw there, not the face of Cicero, but the image of Antony's own soul. And yet amidst these actions he did justice in one thing, by delivering up Philologus to Pomponia, the wife of Quintus; who, having got his body into her power, besides other grievous punishments, made him cut off his own flesh by pieces, and roast and eat it; for so some writers have related. But Tiro, Cicero's emancipated slave, has not so much as mentioned the treachery of Philologus.

Translation by John Dryden: http://intranet.grundel.nl/thinkquest/moord_cicero_plu.html

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes

*ACC* Parion, Mysia, AR10mm Tetrobol (2.5g). c 480 BC.Parion, Mysia, AR10mm Tetrobol (2.5g). c 480 BC.
Facing gorgon head, with tongue protruding ./
Incuse square containing cruciform pattern with pellet at center.
1010 SOLD
Antonivs Protti

*SOLD*Maximian Follis

Attribution: RIC VI 31b, Ticinum
Date: AD 296-297
Obverse: IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, laureate bust r.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius stg. l., modius on head, naked but for chlamys over l. shoulder, holding patera r. and cornucopiae l., star in l. field, ST in exergue
Size: 26 mm
Weight: 9.94 grams2 commentsNoah

*SOLD*Diocletian AE Follis

Attribution: RIC VI 19a, Thessalonica
Date: 298-299 AD
Obverse: IMP CC VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG, laureate bust l.
Reverse: GENIO POPV-L-I ROMANI, Genius stg. l., modius on head, with patera & cornucopia, TSA in exergue
Size: 26.8 mm
Weight: 8.98 grams1 commentsNoah

0 - Caracalla - Tetradrachm #6. Ancient Roman Empire
Emperor Caracalla (198 - 217 AD)
Silver Tetradrachm of Antioch, Syria. - #3

(titles in Greek)
obv: Laureate bust right.
rev: Eagle standing on leg and thigh of sacrificial animal. Head right, tail right, wings spread, holding wreath in beak.
Delta and Epsilon in fields to either side of eagles' head, above wings.
-Weight: 12.98 / 13.0 grams-1 commentsrexesq

00. The Canti.Potin unit, 125-50 BC.
Obverse: stylized head, right.
Reverse: stylized bull right; two crescents above.

1.74 gm., 19 mm.
Seaby #367;
Holman Group F.

In "A New Classification for the Flat Linear Coinage" by David Holman (BNJ 2016-86-2), this coin seems to be from Group F, and most nearly resembles F 2/3-11a. A suggested date for Group F is ca. 75/70 BC - 60/55 BC. 1 commentsCallimachus

0006 - Denarius Severus Alexander 224 ACObv/IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXANDR, Severus Alexander laureate head, togate.
Rev/PM TR P III COS PP, Mars standing l., holding olive branch and spear upside down.

Ag, 19.9mm, 2.99g
Mint: Rome.
RIC IVb/37 [C] - Cohen 251
ex-ezio110665 (ebay)dafnis

0006 Rider and Larissa SeatedThessaly Greece, the City of Larissa

Obv: Rider on a horse prancing r. on groundline, holding a single spear transversally with petasos flying backwards and chlamys on his back, beneath horse's belly a lion's head facing r. Border of dots or small grains.1
Rev: The nymph Larissa2 seated r. on a chair with a back ending in a swan's head, r. hand resting on her lap or thigh and holding a phiale, l. arm raised with palm forward,3 Λ and Α above to l. and r. of head with R and Ι to r. of body turned 90º and downward, all within a shallow incuse square.
Denomination: silver trihemiobol; Mint: Larissa; Date: mid- to late 5th Century BC4; Weight: 1.28g5; Diameter: 13mm; Die axis: 60º; References, for example: BMC Thessaly p. 25, 13; Warren 687 var. No mention of lion's head; Weber 2838; Traité IV, 651, pl. CCXCVI, 9; Herrmann Group II, pl. I, 7; Boston MFA 875 var. no lion's head and reference to two spears; Lorber 2008 pl. 41, 5; BCD Thessaly II 154; HGC 4, 466.

Notes:
1Forrer, BCD Thessaly II, and Hoover refer to the border as composed of dots; Babelon refers to the border as composed of small grains.
2Herrmann does not associate the figure on the reverse with the nymph Larissa. Instead he refers to the figure as a "sitting male" and cites two examples from Berlin and Warren 687 as having the indication of beards (p.9). He declares that the meaning [interpretation] of the sitter cannot be determined, but he invites us to think of a deity (p. 11). Brett in Boston MFA follows Herrmann's interpretation.
3Forrer and BCD Thessaly II state that Larissa is holding a mirror, Hoover mentions only that the arm is raised, Babelon indicates that the left arm is raised with palm forward, and Herrmann describes the left hand as raised in an "adoring gesture". On the coin here the left hand clearly has the thumb separated from the rest of the fingers with the palm facing forward; there is no indication that the hand is holding anything. I wonder what the intention of the gesture could have been.
4Dates in the sources cited here run the gamut of the 5th Century BC. Herrmann: c. 500 - 479 BC; Babelon: c. 470 - 430 BC; HGC: c. 440 - 420 BC; Forrer: c. 430 - 400 BC. In light of Kagen (2004) and his belief that Herrmann's Group I ended c. 460 BC it seems appropriate to choose the date range specified in BCD Thessaly II.
5Herrmann argues that Group II was struck on the Persian weight standard. (He believed that the same held true for Group I). Kagan (2004) demonstrates that Larissain coinage was not struck on the Persian weight standard.

The city of Larissa was named after the local water nymph, said to be the daughter of Pelasgos. He was said to be the ancestor of the pre-Greek Pelasgians. According to myth Larissa drowned while playing ball on the banks of the Peneios river. (HGC 4 p. 130).

Provenance: Ex Nomos AG December 8, 2019.

Photo Credits: Nomos AG

CLICK FOR SOURCES3 commentsTracy Aiello

00095 Facing Head of Larissa - AI SignedThessaly Greece, the City of Larissa

Obv: Head of the nymph Larissa facing ¾ l., wearing ampyx with ΓΕΥ inscription (not visible)1, hair floating freely above head, tiny IA above top locks of hair (off of flan), prominent raised right shoulder2 (garment clasp visible?), spherical earring with bead pendant. Border of dots.
Rev: Horse crouching r., bucranium brand on haunch, forelegs spread, raised tail (off of flan), tiny AI under belly3, reign trails into exergue with exergue line sloping downward under horse's muzzle, ΛΑΡΙΣΑΙ directly below exergue line with ΣΑΙ breaking into that line.
Denomination: silver drachm; Mint: Larissa; Date: c. 405/400 BC - c. 370 BC4; Weight: 6.11g; Diameter: 19mm; Die axis: 90º; References, for example: SNG Cop vol. 11, 126; Herrmann Group VII, Series I, Reverse II, pl. VI, 16 and 19; HGC 4, 434; Lorber - Shahar Group 3 Head Type 14 (O35/R2 - Sp. b, this very coin) = Florilegium Numismaticum Group One Head Type 11 with Reverse 21.2 - Sp. b (this very coin).

Notes:
1Lorber presumes that these letters are "...an abbreviated epithet of the nymph Larissa." (Lorber Early in FlorNum, p. 261).
2Lorber invites us to interpret this "distinctive gesture" as the nymph "...tossing her ball, an action regularly depicted on trihemiobols and obols of the fifth century." (Lorber Early in FlorNum, p. 262).
3Lorber understands these letters to be the signature of the mint's chief engraver, who replaced ΣΙΜΟ. See Lorber Early in FlorNum, p. 261.
4This is the date range provided in Lorber 2008, p. 126.

The city of Larissa was named after the local water nymph, said to be the daughter of Pelasgos. He was said to be the ancestor of the pre-Greek Pelasgians. According to myth Larissa drowned while playing ball on the banks of the Peneios river. (HGC 4 p. 130).

Provenance: Ex Shanna Schmidt Numismatics October 30, 2019; Ex Numismatica Ars Classica Auction 29, May 11, 2005, lot 176; Ex Numismatic Fine Arts Auction XXXIII, May 3, 1994, lot 929.

Photo credits: Shanna Schmidt Numismatics

CLICK FOR SOURCES

5 commentsTracy Aiello

00098 Larissa Profile Left, Horse Prancing RightThessaly Greece, the City of Larissa

Obv: [ΛAPlΣA in small letters l. and up], head of Larissa facing l., hair bound at top of head, triple drop earring, pearl necklace. All within a border of dots.
Rev: Bridled horse with tail in an upright curl prancing r. on ground line, ΛAP above, I in front of horse’s head, ΣAI down and in front, ΩN up and behind.
Denomination: silver drachm; Mint: Larissa; Date: c. 370 - 360 BC1; Weight: 5.78g; Diameter: 19mm: Die axis: 330º; References, for example: Hermann Group V, pl. IV, 16; Liampi 1992, 25; Lorber 2008, pl. 45, 100; BCD Thessaly I 1133; BCD Thessaly II 183; HGC 4, 448.

Notes:
1This date range fits within BCD Thessaly I and II, Lorber 2008, and HGC 4.

Despite the absence of ΛAPlΣA in tiny letters in front of Larissa’s head (with 25x magnification I can detect what are perhaps very, very faint indications of parts of the legend), the shape of the mouth, the chin, and the stray lock of hair in front of Larissa’s forehead lead me to determine that this is an example of BCD Thessaly I 1133 and II 183 and not 1134 and 184 respectively. Thus, this is an example of, per BCD Thessaly I and Lorber 2008, Larissa’s profile in the style of Euainetos at Syracuse.

Provenance: Ex. CNG Electronic Auction 505 December 1, 2021 Lot 124, from the Sigmund collection.

Photo Credits: CNG

CLICK FOR SOURCES

4 commentsTracy Aiello

000991 Facing Head of LarissaThessaly Greece, the City of Larissa
Obv: Head of the nymph Larissa facing slightly l., round curl to the l. of the head, wearing ampyx flanked by two hornlike locks, a pendant earring, and a simple necklace.
Rev: Horse crouching r., l. foreleg raised and bent (almost parallel with belly/ground), preparing to roll. ΛAPIΣ above horse and AIΩN in the exergue.
Denomination: silver drachm; Mint: Larissa; Date: c. 356 - 342 BC1; Weight: 5.920g; Diameter: 19.2mm; Die axis: 135º; References, for example: Lorber Hoard, pl. 3, 27 (same dies); BCD Thessaly I 11582; BCD Thessaly II 316; HGC 4, 4543.

Notes:
1This is the date range stated in BCD Thessaly I. This coin appears to fall within Lorber's Phase Late II or Phase Late III. See Lorber Hoard and Lorber 2008.
2The coin referenced in this auction catalogue is actually a silver stater, but in discussing the coin the catalogue states that the earliest Larissian staters "...bear the normal types of a drachm...."
3The picture of the coin in this reference does not show the foreleg raised and bent, but the entry does reference BCD Thessaly II, lots 312 - 320, which matches one of the references here.
The city of Larissa was named after the local water nymph, said to be the daughter of Pelasgos. He was said to be the ancestor of the pre-Greek Pelasgians. According to myth Larissa drowned while playing ball on the banks of the Peneios river. (HGC 4 p.. 130).

Provenance: Ex Forum Ancient Coins October 31, 2018; from the BCD collection, with his tag noting "Thz. G/ni ex Thess., Apr. 94, SFr. 100.-"

Photo credits: Forum Ancient Coins

CLICK FOR SOURCES
1 commentsTracy Aiello

000992 Facing Head of LarissaThessaly Greece, the City of Larissa
Obv: Head of the nymph Larissa facing slightly l., round curl to the l. of he head, wearing ampyx flanked by two hornlike locks, a pendant earring represented by three pellets in a vertical line, and a simple necklace.
Rev: Horse crouching r., l. foreleg raised and bent (almost parallel with belly/ground), preparing to roll, small plant (control mark) below. ΛAPIΣ above horse and AIΩN in the exergue.
Denomination: silver drachm; Mint: Larissa; Date: c. 356 - 342 BC1; Weight: 5.869g; Diameter: 18.3mm; Die axis: 0º; References, for example: BMC Thessaly p. 30, 61; BCD Thessaly I 1156; BCD Thessaly II 323 var. [same obv. die, but no trident (control mark) below the horse pointing to the left].

Notes:
1This is the date range stated in BCD Thessaly I. This coin appears to fall within Lorber's Phase Late II or Phase Late III. See Lorber Hoard and Lorber 2008.
The city of Larissa was named after the local water nymph, said to be the daughter of Pelasgos. He was said to be the ancestor of the pre-Greek Pelasgians. According to myth Larissa drowned while playing ball on the banks of the Peneios river. (HGC 4 p. 130).

Provenance: Ex Forum Ancient Coins September 6, 2018; from the David Cannon Collection, ex Beast Coins.

Photo credits: Forum Ancient Coins

CLICK FOR SOURCES

3 commentsTracy Aiello

001 - Augustus Denarius - RIC 174Obv:- AVGVSTVS DIVI F. Augustus, bare head, right
Rev:- IMP. XI below capricorn right, holding globe
Minted in Lugdunum. 12 B.C.
Reference:- BMC 465. RIC I Augustus 174.

Weight 3.68g. 19.70mm.maridvnvm

0010 - Denarius Septimius Severus 207 ACObv/SEVERVS PIVS AVG, S.Severus head, laureate, r.
Rev/RESTITVTOR VRBIS, Roma seated l. on shield, holding palladium and spear.

Ag, 19.1mm, 3.37g
Mint: Rome.
RIC IVa/288 [C] - RCV 6358 - RSC 606 - BMCRE 221, 359
ex-Jean Elsen et Filsdafnis

002 - Diocletian (284-305 AD), Follis - RIC 85a or 95aObv: IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, laureate bust right.
Rev: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius standing left with modius on head, holding patera and cornucopiae.
Minted in Siscia (*SIS in exe, gamma in right field), officina 3, 295-296 AD.

The two RIC-types 85a and 95a are quite complicated to distinguish. The difference is supposed to be a slight difference in size of the bust. pierre_p77

0021 - Denarius Augustus 15-13 BCObv/AVGVSTVS DIVI F, Augustus head, bare, r.
Rev/IMP X, Apollo Citharoedus in long drapery, standing l., r. holding plectrum, l. lyre, ACT in ex.

Ag, 19.0mm, 3.46g
Mint: Lugdunum.
RIC I/171a [C] - RCV 1611 - BMCRE 416 - BMCRR Gaul 175 - RSC 144 - Calicó 828
ex-Meister & Sonntag, auction S2, lot 2072 commentsdafnis

002a5. AugustusAR denarius. 18mm. Lugdunum mint, ca. AD 11-10. Obv: AVGVSTVS-DIVI F, laureate head of Augustus right; dotted border. Rev: IMP-XII, Diana advancing right, wearing long drapery and polos on head, drawing arrow with right hand from quiver over left shoulder, bow forward in left hand; SICIL in exergue. RIC I 197a.lawrence c

002e. Octavia; Crete, Knossos.Crete, Knossos. Nero and Octavia. Æ 26 (26.4 mm, 9.09 g, 1 h). A.D. 54-62. ca. A.D. 55-60. Volumnius Lupinus, magistrate. Vary Rare. NERO CLAV CAES AVG IMP LVPINO VOLVMNIO II, bare-headed bust of Nero right / NERO CLAVD CAES AVG IMP ET OCTAVIA AVGVSTI, confronted busts of Octavia, facing right with crescent overhead, and Nero, bare-headed with a start overhead. RPC 1006; Svoronos 217.ecoli

008. Otho 69 ADOTHO. 69 AD.

Otho remains an enigma - part profligate Neronian wastrel and part conscientious military commander willing to give his life for the good of the state. Our sources are at a loss to explain the paradox. Neither Otho's person nor his bearing suggested such great courage. He is said to have been of moderate height, splay-footed and bandy-legged, but almost feminine in his care of his person. He had the hair of his body plucked out, and because of the thinness of his locks wore a wig so carefully fashioned and fitted to his head, that no one suspected it. Moreover, they say that he used to shave every day and smear his face with moist bread, beginning the practice with the appearance of the first down, so as never to have a beard; also that he used to celebrate the rites of Isis publicly in the linen garment prescribed by the cult.

AR Denarius (18mm, 3.20 gm). Bare head left / Securitas standing left, holding wreath and sceptre. RIC I 12; RSC 19. Fine. Ex-CNG2 commentsecoli

0086 - Denarius Tiberius 15-6 ACObv/TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS, Tiberius laureate head, r.
Rev/TR POT XVII, Tiberius, laureate and cloacked, standing in slow quadriga, holding laurel branch and eagle-tipped sceptre; the horses' heads all turned r.; IMP VII in ex.

Ag, 18.3mm, 3.70g
Mint: Lugdunum
RIC I/4 [R2] - BMCRE 8
ex-Ingemar Wallin Mynthandel3 commentsdafnis

01 - Trajan Silver Denarius - AET AVG - Head of Sol and LunaRoman Empire, Emperor Trajan (98 - 117 A.D.)
Silver Denarius, Rome Mint. 3.2 Grams.
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obv: IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC P M TR P - Laureate bust right, drapery on far shoulder.
rev: COS V P P SPQR OPTIMO PRINC - Aeternitas standing facing, head left holding the head of Sol (the Sun god) in her right hand and the head of Luna (the Moon Goddess) in her left hand.
AET AVG - across fields on either side of Aeternitas.
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RIC 91, RSC 31 commentsrexesq

01 01 Julius Caesar Julius Caesar. 49-44 B.C. AR Denarius. Military mint traveling with Caesar in Gaul. c. 49-48 B.C. (3.72g, 19.0m, 4h). Obv: CAESAR in ex., elephant r. trampling serpent. Rev: simpulum, sprinkler, axe surmounted by wolf’s head, and apex. Cr 443/1; Syd. 1006.

This is the first issue in Caesar’s name. The obverse could symbolize the victory of good over evil in general, or the victory of Caesar’s forces over the Pompeians specifically. The reverse clearly refers to Caesar’s status as Pontifex Maximus.3 commentsLucas H

01 Constantius IIConstantius II
DN CONSTAN-TIVS PF AVG pearl-diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right
TEMP-REPARATIO , soldier spearing fallen horseman, bare head, reaching (headwear/hairstyle not in RIC)
ALEA / M in left field
Alexandria 844 commentsRandygeki(h2)

0114 - Denarius Julia Domna 198-209 ACObv/ IVLIA AVGVSTA, draped bust of J.D. r.
Rev/ SAECVLI FELICITAS, Isis standing right, polos on head, stepping on to prow of ship before her, holding wreath in right hand and naked Horus in left; behind her, ship stern and rudder.

Ag, 18.4 mm, 2.63 g
Mint: Roma.
BMCRE V/75 – RIC IV.1/577 [C]
ex-Gitbud & Naumann, eBay may 2011 - art. #1605899480471dafnis

014p Nero (54-68 A.D.), Macedonia, Thessalonika, RPC I 1603, AE-23, ΘEΣΣA/ΛONIKE/ΩN, in oak wreath, Scarce! #1014p Nero (54-68 A.D.), Macedonia, Thessalonika, RPC I 1603, AE-23, ΘEΣΣA/ΛONIKE/ΩN, in oak wreath, Scarce! #1
avers: NEΡΩN ΣEBAΣTOΣ KAIΣAΡ, Bare head of Nero left.
reverse: ΘEΣΣA/ΛONIKE/ΩN in three lines, surrounded by an oak wreath, eagle with wings spread above.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 23,0mm, weight: 6,68g, axis: 7h,
mint: City: Thessalonika, Region: Macedonia, Province: Macedonia,
date: Issue V: ΣΕΒΑΣΣΤΟΣ, bare head, l., 54-68 A.D.,
ref: RPC I 1603, Moushmov Online 6707b, Touratsoglou, Nero 21-6, Scarce!
9 Specimens
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

015d02. MarcianaBronze trihemiassaria, Ziegler 107.3 (Vs1/Rs2, same dies & c/m), RPC Online III 3371.2 (same), c/m: Howgego 23, Anazarbus (Anavarza, Turkey) mint, 1.319g, 25.4mm, axis 0o, 113 -114 A.D.; obverse AYTO KAI NEP TPAIANOC CE ΓEP ΔA (Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Augustus Germanicus Dacicus), laureate head of Trajan right, oval countermark of head of Zeus right; reverse KAICAPE ΠP ANAZAPBΩ MAPKIANHN ΘE (ΠP ligate), draped bust of Diva Marciana right, seen from front, wearing large stephane, hair plaited and coiled on top at back of head, ET - BΛP (year 132) divided across field. A FORUM coin.lawrence c

016c01. AntinousLead tessera, Antinoopolis(?) mint, weight 4.994g, maximum diameter 23.8mm, die axis 180o, c. 130 - 153 A.D.; obverse draped bust of Antinous right, wearing hem-hem crown of Harpocrates, large crescent before with horns left; reverse Nilus reclining right on sphinx, reed in his left hand curling up behind his shoulder and head, cornucopia before him in left hand; Euthenia on right, standing left, crowning Nilus with a wreath; ex Classical Numismatic Group e-auction 476 (9 Sep 2020), lot 287; ex BLS Collection. A Forum coin.

This token type is illustrated and discussed in "Tokens of Antinous from the Roman province of Egypt" by DENISE WILDING in CLARE ROWAN, editor, Tokens: Culture, Connections, Communities, Royal Numismatic Society Special Publication No. 57. ISBN 0 901405 35 3

lawrence c

019b01. Faustina JuniorFaustina II, AE24 of Tabala, Lydia. AD 146-180. ΦAYCTEINA CE, draped bust right / TABAΛEΩN, Kybele, polos on head, seated left on stool, holding patera and resting arm on drum, lion at foot. BMC 6; Mionnet Supp VII, 547; Waddington 5295; Paris 1371; Leypold I, 1252.lawrence c

02 - 01 - Philip II as Caesar (244 - 247 AD) AR Tetradrachm - Bare head, draped and cuirassed, seen from the FrontAncient Roman Empire
Philip II as Caesar (Prince) - Large Silver Tetradrachm
Struck in Antioch, Syria between 244 and 247 AD.

(titles in Greek)
obv: Bare head of Philip II facing right. Draped and cuirassed. Bust seen from the front.

rev: Eagle standing on Palm branch facing, wings open holding wreath in beak, head and tail facing left.
'S C' Below.

Weight: 13.03 Grams
Size: 26.3 mm* - *(at the narrowest part)
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ex Amphora Coins

with Photo Certificate of Authenticity signed by Author of "Guide to Biblical Coins" David Hendin.
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Seller photo. Great 'Frontal Bust' portrait and very large flan!4 commentsrexesq

02 - 01 - Philip II as Caesar (244 - 247 AD) AR Tetradrachm - Bare head, draped and cuirassed, seen from the Front.LEFT: Philip II as Caesar (244 - 247 AD) AR Tetradrachm of Antioch, Syria -
obv: Bare head, draped and cuirassed, seen from the Front. 13.03 Grams

RIGHT: Philip II Tetradrachm, (247 - 249 AD) Antioch, Syria. Regnal year: 4
obv: Laureate bust right, draped and cuirassed, seen from behind. 11.10 Grams.
4 commentsrexesq

02 - 01 - Philip II as Caesar (244 - 247 AD) AR Tetradrachm - Bare head, draped and cuirassed, seen from the Front.Philip II, Frontal Busts.

LEFT: Philip II as Caesar (244 - 247 AD) AR Tetradrachm of Antioch, Syria -
obv: Bare head, draped and cuirassed, seen from the Front. 13.03 Grams

RIGHT: Philip II Tetradrachm, (247 - 249 AD) Antioch, Syria. Regnal year: 3
obv: Laureate bust left, draped and cuirassed, seen from the Front. 10.59 Grams.
rexesq

02 - 01 - Philip II as Caesar (244 - 247 AD) AR Tetradrachm - Bare head, draped and cuirassed, seen from the Front.Ancient Roman Empire
Philip II as Caesar (Prince) - Large Silver Tetradrachm
Struck in Antioch, Syria between 244 and 247 AD.

(titles in Greek)
obv: Bare head of Philip II facing right. Draped and cuirassed. Bust seen from the front.

rev: Eagle standing on Palm branch facing, wings open holding wreath in beak, head and tail facing left.
'S C' Below.

Weight: 13.03 Grams
Size: 26.3 mm* - *(at the narrowest part)
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ex Amphora Coins

with Photo Certificate of Authenticity signed by Author of "Guide to Biblical Coins" David Hendin.
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*Shown next to a US 25 cent piece (quarter-dollar) for size comparison.*
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020a06. Lucius VerusDenarius. Obv: L VERVS AVG ARM PARTH MAX, laureate head right. Rev: VICT AVG TR P VI COS II, Victory with turreted head, flying left holding a diadem in both hands. RIC 553, RSC 339.

lawrence c

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