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AE14, 14.49mm (2.26 gm).socalcoins
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AE19, 18.99mm (6.23 gm).socalcoins
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AR denarius (3.02 gm).

T CAES [IMP VESP] PON TR POT, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right / NEP RED (N retrograde), Neptune standing left, right foot on globe, with acrostolium and sceptre. Antioch mint, struck AD 72-73.

RIC II.1, 1561 (see note 81); BMCRE II, 516; RSC II, 122; RPC II, 1933.

From the Harry Sneh collection.

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Rome. Vespasian (AD 69-79). AR denarius (3.52 gm). Rome, AD 79. Laureate head of Vespasian right / Capricorn left; below, globe. RIC 1058. Ex: CNG 42, lot 42, 1997; Ex: CNG Triton VI, lot 836, 1/13/2003; Ex: NAC 92, lot 2240, 5/23/16; Heritage Auctions, Auction 3036, lot 33400, 1/16/20182 commentspaul1888
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LUCANIA, Velia. 290-270 BC. AR Nomos (7.44 gm). Helmeted head of Athena decorated with griffin / Lion attacking stag. Williams.567 (o) (this coin). Nicely toned VF+, full crest. ex R T Williams collection. Ex: Baldwin’s Auction 75, lot 2264, September 26, 2012.3 commentspaul1888
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NORTH AFRICA. Cyrenaika, Kyrene. 300-280 BC. AR Didrachm (7.56 gm). Head of Apollo Kareniosright / Silphium plant. S.6318. Toned VF. Scarce. [Est. $1250]
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Thrace, Mesembria. 450-350 B.C. AE 19mm (5.98 gm). SNG Copenhagen 658
Ancient Coins - Thrace, Mesembria. 450-350 B.C. AE 19mm (5.98 gm). SNG Copenhagen 658 zoom view
Thrace, Mesembria. 450-350 B.C. AE 19mm (5.98 gm). Obv.: crested Macedonian helmet right. Rev.: METAM-BPIANΩN, legend around wheel with four spokes. Karayotov 1994, 8; SNG Stancomb 229; SNG Copenhagen 658.
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Macedonian Kingdom. Kassander. 316-297 BC. AE 15.5mm (3.82 gm). SNG München 1035
Ancient Coins - Macedonian Kingdom. Kassander. 316-297 BC. AE 15.5mm (3.82 gm). SNG München 1035 zoom view
Macedonian Kingdom. Kassander. 316-297 BC. AE 15.5mm (3.82 gm). Uncertain Macedonian mint. Obv.: helmet left. Rev.: BAΣIΛEΩΣ / KAΣΣANΔΡOΥ, spear head. SNG München 1035
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Roman Imperial, PHILIP I. 244-249 AD. Æ Sestertius (30mm, 17.26 gm). Struck late 244 AD. IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG, laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust right / VICTORIA AVG, S C across field, Victory advancing left, holding palm and wreath. RIC IV 192a; Hunter 81; Cohen 232.
Persian war reference issue.
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Philip I (AD 244-249). Silver antoninianus (4.11 gm). Ca. mid-247-248. IMP PHILIPPVS AVG, radiate, draped, cuirassed bust right / SAECVLARES AVGG, stag standing right, U in exergue. RIC 19. RSC 182. RCV 8958. Toned. Good very fine
Ex Freeman & Sear Mail Bid Sale 7, 22 Feb. 2002, lot 787 (lot of 5). Ex: Numismatic Fine Arts, Fall Mail Bid Sale, October 18, 1990, The Alexander Struthers and Tommy Ward Collection, lot 1703
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Thrace, Perinthos. Under Roman Rule. Circa 1st-2nd Century AD Æ 24.5mm (8.4 gr gm).
Obv. Laureate head of Herakles left
Rev. PERIN-QIWN, Zeus seated left, holding patera and
sceptre; eagle at feet

Thank you to Akropolis for identification
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Diva Faustina Senior, wife of Antoninus Pius. Died 141 CE. AR Denarius (3.35 gm). 18.5 mm.
Obverse: DIVA FAVSTINA, draped bust right.
Reverse: C-E-RES, Ceres, veiled, standing left, holding long torch and grain ears. RIC III 378 (Antoninus); BMCRE 461 (Antoninus); RSC 136.
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NORMAN K
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SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS., 193-211 CE. AR Denarius17 x 18 mm, 3.3 gm). Struck 197 AD.
Obverse: L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP VIIII, laureate head right.
Reverse: PM TR P V COS II P P,Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe in right hand, cornucopia in left.
RIC IV104; BMCRE 229; RSC 442.
NORMAN K
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(500a113) Roman Republic, P. Licinius Nerva, 113-112 B.C.ROMAN REPUBLIC: P. Licinius Nerva. AR denarius (3.93 gm). Rome, ca. 113-112 BC. Helmeted bust of Roma left, holding spear over right shoulder and shield on left arm, crescent above, * before, ROMA behind / P. NERVA, voting scene showing two citizens casting their ballots in the Comitium, one receiving a ballot from an attendant, the other dropping his ballot into a vessel at right. Crawford 292/1. RSC Licinia 7. RCTV 169. Nearly very fine. Ex Freeman and Sear.

Here is a denarius whose reverse device is one that celebrates the privilege and responsibility that is the foundation of a democratic society; it is a forerunner to the L. Cassius Longinus denarius of 63 B.C. Granted, humanity had a long road ahead toward egalitarianism when this coin was struck, but isn't it an interesting testimony to civil liberty's heritage? "The voter on the left (reverse) receives his voting tablet from an election officer. Horizontal lines in the background indicate the barrier separating every voting division from the others. Both voters go across narrow raised walks (pontes); this is intended to ensure that the voter is seen to cast his vote without influence" (Meier, Christian. Caesar: A Biography. Berlin: Severin and Siedler, 1982. Plate 12). This significant coin precedes the Longinus denarius by 50 years.

J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
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001. MARK ANTONYJULIUS CAESAR and MARK ANTONY. 43 BC.

Hardly any of his assassins survived Caesar for more than three years, or died a natural death. They were all condemned, and they perished in various ways---some by shipwreck, some in battle; some took their own lives with the self-same dagger with which they had impiously slain Caesar.

Fourré Denarius (19mm, 3.63 gm).

Obv: Bare head of Mark Antony right; lituus behind
Rev: Laureate head of Julius Caesar right, jug behind.
Ref: Crawford 488/1; CRI 118; Sydenham 1165; RSC 2. Near VF, porous, several large breaks in plating revealing the copper core.
Source: Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1087.
Ex CNG Electronic Auction 105 lot 141 229/150
BFBV

I don't usually buy fourres; but in reality, I have no chance of owning this popular type given my budget.
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004. Caligula GAIUS (CALIGULA). 37-41 AD.

Whatever damage Tiberius's later years had done to the carefully crafted political edifice created by Augustus, Gaius multiplied it a hundredfold. When he came to power in A.D. 37 Gaius had no administrative experience beyond his honorary quaestorship, and had spent an unhappy early life far from the public eye. He appears, once in power, to have realized the boundless scope of his authority and acted accordingly. His reign highlighted an inherent weakness in the Augustan Principate, raw monarchy in which only the self-discipline of the incumbent acted as a restraint on his behavior.

Æ As (28mm, 10.19 gm). Rome mint. Struck 37-38 AD. Bare head left / Vesta seated left, holding patera and sceptre. RIC I 38; Cohen 27. Near VF, dark brown surfaces. Ex-CNG
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005. ClaudiusLibertas

In Roman mythology, Libertas (which in Latin means freedom) was the goddess of freedom.

Æ As (9.50 gm). Bare head left / Libertas standing right, holding pileus. RIC I 113; BMCRE 202; Cohen 47. Fine, red-gray patina

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005. CLAUDIUS 41 AD - 54 ADCLAUDIUS. 41-54 AD.

I, Claudius was a very sympathetic treatment of Claudius; nevertheless, along with Claudius the God, those books hold a special place in my library. Without those books, I would not have taken an interest in the classics in high school, and subsequently, ancient coins. Certainly Claudius was not a saint; nor good as we define a person now; but given the circumstances and the unlimited power he weld, few of us could have done it better.

Æ As (9.50 gm). Bare head left / Libertas standing right, holding pileus. RIC I 113; BMCRE 202; Cohen 47. Ex-CNG
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005a. AntoniaAntonia

she exposed a plot between her daughter Livilla and Sejanus, Tiberius's Praetorian Prefect. This led to Sejanus's downfall and to the death of Livilla. Claudius, her biggest disappointment (she once called him a "monster") was the only one of her children to survive her.

She committed suicide in 37 AD on Caligula's orders after expressing unhappiness over the murder of her youngest grandson, Tiberius Gemellus. There is a passage in Suetonius's "Life of Gaius" that mentions how Caligula may have given her poison himself. Renowned for her beauty and virtue, Antonia spent her long life revered by the Roman people and enjoyed many honors conferred upon her by her relatives.

Æ Dupondius (10.61 gm). Struck by Claudius. Draped bust right / Claudius standing left, holding simpulum. RIC I 92 (Claudius); BMCRE 166 (same); Cohen 6. Ex-CNG

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005d. Agrippina IILYDIA, Hypaepa. Agrippina Jr., mother of Nero. Augusta, 50-59 AD. Æ 14mm (2.33 gm). Draped bust of Agrippina right / Cult statue of Artemis. RPC I 2541; SNG Copenhagen -.

Julia Vipsania Agrippina Minor or Agrippina Minor (Latin for "the younger") (November 7, AD 15 – March 59), often called "Agrippinilla" to distinguish her from her mother, was the daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina Major. She was sister of Caligula, granddaughter and great-niece to Tiberius, niece and wife of Claudius, and the mother of Nero. She was born at Oppidum Ubiorum on the Rhine, afterwards named in her honour Colonia Agrippinae (modern Cologne, Germany).

Agrippina was first married to (1st century AD) Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus. From this marriage she gave birth to Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, who would become Roman Emperor Nero. Her husband died in January, 40. While still married, Agrippina participated openly in her brother Caligula's decadent court, where, according to some sources, at his instigation she prostituted herself in a palace. While it was generally agreed that Agrippinilla, as well as her sisters, had ongoing sexual relationships with their brother Caligula, incest was an oft-used criminal accusation against the aristocracy, because it was impossible to refute successfully. As Agrippina and her sister became more problematic for their brother, Caligula sent them into exile for a time, where it is said she was forced to dive for sponges to make a living. In January, 41, Agrippina had a second marriage to the affluent Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus. He died between 44 and 47, leaving his estate to Agrippina.

As a widow, Agrippina was courted by the freedman Pallas as a possible marriage match to her own uncle, Emperor Claudius, and became his favourite councillor, even granted the honor of being called Augusta (a title which no other queen had ever received). They were married on New Year's Day of 49, after the death of Claudius's first wife Messalina. Agrippina then proceeded to persuade Claudius to adopt her son, thereby placing Nero in the line of succession to the Imperial throne over Claudius's own son, Brittanicus. A true Imperial politician, Agrippina did not reject murder as a way to win her battles. Many ancient sources credited her with poisoning Claudius in 54 with a plate of poisened mushrooms, hence enabling Nero to quickly take the throne as emperor.

For some time, Agrippina influenced Nero as he was relatively ill-equipped to rule on his own. But Nero eventually felt that she was taking on too much power relative to her position as a woman of Rome. He deprived her of her honours and exiled her from the palace, but that was not enough. Three times Nero tried to poison Agrippina, but she had been raised in the Imperial family and was accustomed to taking antidotes. Nero had a machine built and attached to the roof of her bedroom. The machine was designed to make the ceiling collapse — the plot failed with the machine. According to the historians Tacitus and Suetonius, Nero then plotted her death by sending for her in a boat constructed to collapse, intending to drown Agrippina. However, only some of the crew were in on the plot; their efforts were hampered by the rest of the crew trying to save the ship. As the ship sank, one of her handmaidens thought to save herself by crying that she was Agrippina, thinking they would take special care of her. Instead the maid was instantly beaten to death with oars and chains. The real Agrippina realised what was happening and in the confusion managed to swim away where a passing fisherman picked her up. Terrified that his cover had been blown, Nero instantly sent men to charge her with treason and summarily execute her. Legend states that when the Emperor's soldiers came to kill her, Agrippina pulled back her clothes and ordered them to stab her in the belly that had housed such a monstrous son.

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007. Galba (68 AD - 69 AD)GALBA. 68-69 AD.

Galba had displayed talent and ambition during his lengthy career. He enjoyed distinguished ancestry, moved easily among the Julio-Claudian emperors (with the exception of Nero towards the end of his principate), and had been awarded the highest military and religious honors of ancient Rome. His qualifications for the principate cannot be questioned. Even so, history has been unkind to him. Tacitus characterized Galba as "weak and old," a man "equal to the imperial office, if he had never held it." To be sure, Galba's greatest mistake lay in his general handling of the military. His treatment of the army in Upper Germany was heedless, his policy towards the praetorians short sighted. Given the climate in 68-69, Galba was unrealistic in expecting disciplina without paying the promised rewards.

AR Denarius (18mm, 2.97 gm). Rome mint. Bare head right / Legend in three lines within oak wreath. RIC I 167; RSC 287. Ex-CNG
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008. Otho 69 ADOTHO. 69 AD.

Otho remains an enigma - part profligate Neronian wastrel and part conscientious military commander willing to give his life for the good of the state. Our sources are at a loss to explain the paradox. Neither Otho's person nor his bearing suggested such great courage. He is said to have been of moderate height, splay-footed and bandy-legged, but almost feminine in his care of his person. He had the hair of his body plucked out, and because of the thinness of his locks wore a wig so carefully fashioned and fitted to his head, that no one suspected it. Moreover, they say that he used to shave every day and smear his face with moist bread, beginning the practice with the appearance of the first down, so as never to have a beard; also that he used to celebrate the rites of Isis publicly in the linen garment prescribed by the cult.

AR Denarius (18mm, 3.20 gm). Bare head left / Securitas standing left, holding wreath and sceptre. RIC I 12; RSC 19. Fine. Ex-CNG
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009. Vitellius 69 ADVITELLIUS. 69 AD.

Without doubt, the most fortuitous moment in Vitellius' political career was his appointment as governor of Lower Germany by the emperor Galba late in 68.

Vitellius has not escaped the hostility of his biographers. While he may well have been gluttonous, his depiction as indolent, cruel, and extravagant is based almost entirely on the propaganda of his enemies. On the other hand, whatever moderating tendencies he did show were overshadowed by his clear lack of military expertise, a deficiency that forced him to rely in critical situations on largely inneffective lieutenants. As a result he was no match for his Flavian successors, and his humiliating demise was perfectly in keeping with the overall failure of his reign.

AR Denarius (20mm, 3.24 gm). Rome mint. Laureate head right / Tripod-lebes; dolphin above, raven below. RIC I 109; RSC 111. Ex-Cng
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011. Titus 79-81 ADTitus. 79-81 AD.

Titus was the beneficiary of considerable intelligence and talent, endowments that were carefully cultivated at every step of his career, from his early education to his role under his father's principate. Cassius Dio suggested that Titus' reputation was enhanced by his early death. [[17]] It is true that the ancient sources tend to heroicize Titus, yet based upon the evidence, his reign must be considered a positive one. He capably continued the work of his father in establishing the Flavian dynasty and he maintained a high degree of economic and administrative competence in Italy and beyond. In so doing, he solidified the role of the emperor as paternalistic autocrat, a model that would serve Trajan and his successors well.

AR Denarius (3.44 gm). Laureate head right/Radiate figure on rostral column. RIC II 16a; BMCRE 29; RSC 289. Fine. Scarce and interesting reverse type. Ex-CNG
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011a. Julia TitiJulia Flavia (17 September 64 - 91) was the only child to the Emperor Titus from his second marriage to the well-connected Marcia Furnilla. Titus divorced Furnilla after Julia's birth. Julia was born in Rome.

When growing up, Titus offered her in marriage to his brother Domitian, but he refused because of his infatuation with Domitia Longina. Later she married her second cousin Titus Flavius Sabinus, brother to consul Titus Flavius Clemens, who married her first cousin Flavia Domitilla. By then Domitian had seduced her.

When her father and husband died, she became Emperor Domitian’s mistress. He openly showed his love. Falling pregnant, Julia died of a forced abortion. Julia was deified and her ashes her mixed with Domitian by an old nurse secretly in the Temple of the Flavians.

AEOLIS, Temnus. Julia Titi. Augusta, AD 79-91. Æ 16mm (2.18 gm). Draped bust right / EPI AGNOU THMNIT, Athena standing left, holding palladium and scepter, shield resting on ground. RPC II 981. Near VF, dark green patina, small flan crack. Ex-CNG

From the Garth R. Drewry Collection. Ex Classical Numismatic Group 51 (15 September 1999), lot 875; Marcel Burstein Collection.
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012a. DomitiaDomitia, wife of Domitian. Augusta, 82-96 AD.

In 70, Domitia was married to Lucius Aelius Lamia, but she attracted the attention of Domitian, son of emperor Vespasian. Shortly afterwards she was taken from her husband and remarried with the future emperor. They had a son in the next year and a daughter in 74, both died young. Domitian was very fond of his wife and carried her in all his travels. In 83, Domitia Longina's affair with the actor Paris was disclosed. Paris was executed and Domitia received her letter of divorce from Domitian. She was exiled, but remained close to Roman politics and to Domitian.

CILICIA, Epiphanea. Æ 21mm (7.18 gm). Dated year 151 (83/84 AD). Draped bust right / Athena standing left, righ hand extended, left resting on shield; ANP (date) left. RPC I 1786; SNG Levante 1813; SNG France -; SNG Copenhagen -. VF, dark green patina, some smoothing. Very rare, only 1 specimen (the Levante specimen), recorded in RPC. Ex-CNG
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1. Æ Aes Grave TriensAnonymous. Circa 280-276 BC. Æ Aes Grave Triens (49mm, 106.35 gm). Thunderbolt; four pellets across field / Dolphin swimming right; four pellets below. Thurlow-Vecchi 3; Crawford 14/3; Haeberlin pl. 39, 7-10. VF, green patina.

Ex Cng Sale 100 lot 105 310/300

The triens (plural trientes) was an Ancient Roman bronze coin produced during the Roman Republic valued at one-third of an as (4 unciae).
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105b. Lucius VerusLucius Verus was a well educated, active participant in military and political affairs. He had a colorful personality. He is reputed to have been one of the most handsome of emperors whose vanity allowed him to highlight his blond hair with gold dust. The letters of Marcus Cornelius Fronto, teacher to Marcus and Lucius, are far gentler in their portrayal of Lucius' personality and grand life style than are the historical accounts of the biographies included in the Historia Augusta. Whether out of true respect or devoted brotherly love, it is evident that Marcus Aurelius treated Lucius as a partner in governing the empire and commanding its military forces. Typical of his tolerance of others, Marcus Aurelius chronically ignored or defused the questionable behavior and friendships of his brother.

AR Denarius (2.80 gm). Struck 162/3 AD. Bare head right / Providentia standing left holding globe and cornucopiae. RIC III 491 (Aurelius); RSC 156. VF. EX -CNG
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16 Barbaric Imitation of Roman Constantius IIBarbaric Imitation of Roman Constantius II Fallen Horseman Type. 4th century AD. AE 10mm (0.77 gm). Obv.: diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right. Rev.: Soldier spearing horseman. Randygeki(h2)
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2. Anonymous. 206-195 BC. Æ As (33mm, 26.72 gm)Anonymous. 206-195 BC. Æ As (33mm, 26.72 gm). Laureate head of Janus; I above / Prow of galley right; meta above, I before. Crawford 124/3; Sydenham 260; BMCRR -. Near VF, brown patina.

Ex Goodman Collection (Classical Numismatic Group 45, 18 March 1998), lot 1306.

Ex Cng sale 100 lot 110. 71/75

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201. SEPTIMIUS SEVERUSSEPTIMIUS SEVERUS. 193-211 AD.

The order Severus was able to impose on the empire through both the force of arms and the force of law failed to extend to his own family. His now teenaged sons, Caracalla and Geta, displayed a reckless sibling rivalry that sometimes resulted in physical injury. The emperor believed the lack of responsibilities in Rome contributed to the ill-will between his sons and decided that the family would travel to Britain to oversee military operations there. Caracalla was involved in directing the army's campaigns, while Geta was given civilian authority and a promotion to joint emperor with his father and brother.

RI6

AR Denarius (19mm, 3.41 gm). Struck 200-201 AD. SEVERVS AVG PART MAX, laureate head right / RESTITVTOR VRBIS, Septimius standing left, holding patera
in right hand over tripod altar, and spear in left. RIC IV 167; BMCRE 202; RSC 9. Good VF. Ex-CNG
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201a. JULIA DOMNAJULIA DOMNA, mother of Caracalla.

When Septimius Severus claimed the empire after Didius Julianus had succeeded Pertinax in 193, two serious rivals challenged him, Pescennius Niger in the East and Clodius Albinus in the West. Julia accompanied her husband in the campaign against Pescennius, having been honored with the title mater castrorum. After this successful campaign, there was another campaign in the East, against the Parthians, in 197. Afterwards, she was with Severus on a journey to Egypt and other parts of the empire. She was widely honored with inscriptions throughout this period, and numerous coin issues emphasized her imperial position.

She opposed Plautianus, the praetorian prefect and father-in-law of Caracalla, and was partially responsible for his downfall and his daughter Plautilla's disgrace. She was often accused of adultery; nonetheless, the emperor chose to ignore these charges, if true, and the marriage continued. Among her passions were literature and philosophy; she gathered writers and philosophers in a kind of salon, and urged Philostratus to write the life of Apollonius of Tyana.

In 212, Caracalla murdered Geta while he sought succor in his mother's arms; covered with his blood, she was forbidden by Caracalla to grieve. Her relationship with Caracalla during the six years of his reign was mixed. She had some public duties but largely devoted herself to philosophy. She accompanied Caracalla to the east on campaign against the Parthians in 217; when she learned, in Antioch, that he had been assassinated, she resolved upon death, which followed her refusal to take food.

AR Denarius
(19mm, 2.86 gm). IVLIA PIA FELIX AVG, draped
bust right / VESTA, Vesta, veiled, seated left,
holding simpulum and sceptre. RIC IV 391 (Caracalla); BMCRE 31 (same); RSC 226. EF. Ex-CNG
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201b. Clodius AlbinusBy the time Severus made it back from the east in 196, the breach with Albinus was beyond repair. The emperor's son Caracalla had been displayed to the army as Caesar and heir. Albinus had been proclaimed emperor and gone into open revolt, crossed the English Channel and gained the support of many aristocrats from Gaul and Spain. Lyon became Albinus' headquarters, from which he minted coins that wishfully hinted at reconciliation. Albinus had taken the title of Augustus, but he still kept the name Septimius.

Albinus was unable to expand his control eastward despite achieving a victory against the governor of Lower Germany. By the middle of the year 196, his momentum had stalled. Gaul was drenched in the blood of Roman soldiers as the two sides repeatedly engaged in indecisive battles.[[8]] The ever increasing chaos in the region even allowed an opportunist to raise his own army to harass Albinus' troops.[[9]]

Time was running out for Albinus. His troops were defeated early in 197 at Tournus, on the river Saône 65 miles north of Lyon.[[10]] Severus could now sweep his armies into Gaul. Albinus retreated to Lyon, where he prepared for one final stand. The battle, one of the fiercest in Roman history, took place 19 February 197 and involved more than 100,000 men.[[11]] In the initial fighting, Albinus' troops forced the Severans into retreat, during which Severus fell off his horse. But Albinus' success was shortlived. The Severan cavalry appeared, and Albinus' army was routed. The battlefield was strewn with bodies, and Severus' victorious troops were allowed to vent their anger by sacking Lyon. Albinus, who was trapped in a house along the river Rhône, committed suicide. Heis wife and children were be ordered killed by Severus, who also had Albinus' head cut off and sent to Rome for display.

Clodius Albinus had the breeding and upbringing to have been a popular emperor among the senatorial aristocracy, but he lacked the cunning and daring of his erstwhile ally and eventual rival Severus. Albinus would never be included among the canonical list of emperors, and his defeat finally ended the period of instability and civil war that originated with the death of Commodus.

CLODIUS ALBINUS, as Caesar. 193-195 AD. AR Denarius (17mm, 3.14 gm). Rome mint. Bare head right / Roma seated left on shield, holding Victory and reversed spear. RIC IV 11b; RSC 61a. VF. Ex - CNG
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202. CARACALLACARACALLA. 198-217 AD.

The emperor visited Alexandria for intellectual and religious reasons, staying at the Serapeum and being present at the temple's sacrifices and cultural events. Earlier, during the German war, the emperor visited the shrine of the Celtic healing-god Grannus. Caracalla also visited the famous temple of Asclepius in Pergamum and fully participated in its program, which involved sleeping inside the temple compound and having his dreams interpreted.

It was this religious devotion that led to Caracalla's murder in 217. Although suspicious of the praetorian prefect Macrinus, Caracalla allowed himself to be accompanied by only a small, select corps of bodyguards on an early spring trip from the camp at Edessa to the temple of the moon-god at Carrhae, about 25 miles away. During the journey back on 8 April 217, Caracalla was killed. The returning guards claimed the emperor was ambushed while defecating, and that the alleged assassin was one of their own, a soldier named Martialis. Martialis was himself killed by the avenging guards, or so the story went. Suspicion was strong that Macrinus arranged the entire affair.

Caracalla's violent end seemed appropriate for an emperor who, early in his reign, had his own brother killed. Yet the moralizing about fratricide by both ancient and modern historians obscures the energetic, reformist and even intellectual character of Caracalla's reign. Some of the reforms, especially the pay raise for soldiers, would prove burdensome for future emperors, but the changes brought about in the little more than five years of Caracalla's sole rule would have long-lasting implications throughout the empire for generations to come.

AR Denarius (19mm, 3.11 gm). Struck 215 AD. ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM, laureate head right / P M TR P XVIII COS IIII PP, Sol standing left, radiate, raising right hand and holding globe. RIC IV 264a; BMCRE 139; RSC 288. EF
Ex - CNG
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20210809_172859NORTH AFRICA. Cyrenaika, Kyrene. 300-280 BC. AR Didrachm (7.56 gm). Head of Apollo Karenios
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203. MACRINUSMACRINUS. 217-218 AD.

Caracalla's mother, Julia Domna, had toyed with the idea of raising a rebellion against Macrinus shortly after her son's murder, but the empress was uncertain of success and already suffering from breast cancer. She chose to starve herself to death instead.

The grandchildren of her sister, Julia Maesa, would become the focus of the successful uprising that began on 15 May 218. Her 14-year-old grandson Avitus (known to history as Elagabalus) was proclaimed emperor by one the legions camped near the family's hometown of Emesa. Other troops quickly joined the rebellion, but Macrinus marshalled loyal soldiers to crush the revolt. Macrinus also promoted his son to the rank of emperor.

The forces met in a village outside Antioch on 8 June 218. Despite the inexperience of the leaders of the rebel army, Macrinus was defeated. He sent his son, Diadumenianus, with an ambassador to the Parthian king, while Macrinus himself prepared to flee to Rome. Macrinus traveled across Asia Minor disguised as a courier and nearly made it to Europe, but he was captured in Chalcedon. Macrinus was transported to Cappadocia, where he was executed. Diadumenianus had also been captured (at Zeugma) and was similarly put to death.

Contemporaries tended to portray Macrinus as a fear-driven parvenu who was able to make himself emperor but was incapable of the leadership required by the job. An able administrator, Macrinus lacked the aristocratic connections and personal bravado that might have won him legitimacy. His short reign represented a brief interlude of Parthian success during what would prove the final decade of the Parthian empire.

AR Denarius (18mm 3.55 gm). IMP C M OPEL SEV MACRINVS AVG, laureate and cuirassed bust with short beard right / SALVS PVBLICA, Salus seated left, feeding snake rising up from altar, holding sceptre in left. RIC IV 86; Good VF; Ex-CNG
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204a. Julia PaulaIVLIA CORNELIA PAVLA was the daughter of Julius Paulus, who was a Praetorian Praefect under Elagablalus. The Emperor Elagabalus, who arrived in Rome in the autumn of 219, was quickly becoming unpopular. It was probably Julia Maesa, his grandmother, who conceived the plan to marry him to a well-born Roman woman for two reasons: 1) to counter his public displays of homosexual and trans-sexual tendencies, and 2) to soften the disdain Romans felt for Syrians. She became the first wife of the fifteen-year-old Elagabalus 219, but was divorced only one year later, and returned to private life.

JULIA PAULA, wife of Elagabalus. Augusta, 219 AD. AR Denarius (20mm, 2.67 gm). Rome mint. Draped bust right / Concordia seated left holding patera; star in left field. RIC IV 211 (Elagabalus); RSC 6a. Toned;Ex-Cng
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204d. Aquilia SeveraAquilia Severa

As part of this marriage of gods, Elagabalus married one of the Vestal Virgins, Julia Aquilia Severa (AD 220). In earlier days sexual relations with a Vestal Virgins meant the immediate death penalty for both her and her lover, then this marriage of the emperor only further enraged public opinion. Although the marriage between Elagabalus and Aquilia Severa went ahead, the emperor's religious aspirations for El-Gabal had to be abandoned, for fear of the public's reaction. Instead the god El-Gabal, by now known to the Romans as Elagabalus - the same name used for their emperor, - was 'married' to the less controversial moon goddess Urania.

EGYPT, Alexandria. Potin Tetradrachm (25mm, 14.54 gm). Dated year 5 (221/222 AD). Draped bust right / Eagle standing left, head right, wreath in beak. Köln 2374; Dattari 4188; Milne 2868; Curtis 1016; Emmett 3010. VF, brown patina, rough surfaces. From the Tony Hardy Collection. Ex-CNG
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205b. ORBIANAGneaea Seia Herennia Sallustia Barbia Orbiana is best known as the wife of Severus Alexander. Possible one of three wives that he had. Little is known of Orbiana. She was from a distinguished family, the daughter of Senator Seius Sallustius Varius Marcinus. She was married to Severus Alexander around 225 when he was about 16. She must have initially met with the favor of Severus Alexander's mother Mamaea but this didn't last long. Orbiana had too much influence with Severus Alexander and this led to direct confrontation with Mamaea. Whether real or not, a plot was found to be led by Orbiana's father to turn the praetorian guards against Severus Alexander and put himself in power. The marriage between Severus Alexander and Orbiana was dissolved at Mamaea's insistence in 227 AD. Shortly later, Sallustius was executed and Orbiana was banished to North Africa.

ORBIANA, wife of Severus Alexander. Augusta, 225 AD. AR Denarius (19mm, 2.83 gm). Diademed and draped bust right / Concordia seated left, holding patera and double cornucopiae. RIC IV 319; RSC 1. VF

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215 Philip IPhilip I AE Sestertius (18.42 gm). IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG, Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust right / LAET FVNDATA, S-C, Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder RIC 175. Ex Sosius3 commentsRandygeki(h2)
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302. BALBINUSBALBINUS. 238 AD.

The relation between Balbinus and Pupienus had been clouded with suspicion from the start, with both fearing an assassination from the other. They were planning an enormous double campaign, Pupienus against the Parthians and Balbinus against the Carpians, but they quarrelled frequently. It was during one of these heavy discussions, on July 29, that the Praetorian guard decided to intervene. They stormed into the room containing the emperors and killed them both. On the same day, Gordian III, only 13 years old, was proclaimed emperor.

Together they ruled a little more than three months. Coins from their short reign show one of them on one side and two clasped hands on the other to show their joint power.

AR Denarius (21mm, 2.92 gm). Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust right / Victory standing facing, head left, holding wreath and palm. RIC IV 8; BMCRE 37; RSC 27. Good VF, toned, Ex- CNG
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303a. TranquillinaTHRACE, Deultum. Sabina Tranquillina, wife of Gordian III. Æ 23mm (8.03 gm).

Diademed and draped bust right / Eagle standing on altar between two standards. Jurukova 413.
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308a. Diva Mariniana Diva Mariniana, wife of Valerian I. 253-260 AD. AR Antoninianus (3.04 gm). DIVAE
MARINIANAE, veiled and draped bust right, resting on a crescent / CONSECRATIO,
peacock flying right, carrying Mariniana who is veiled and raising right hand and
holding sceptre. RIC V pt. 1, 6; Hunter 1; RSC 16.
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319. ProbusProbus. 276-282 AD. Antoninianus (4.60 gm). Cyzicus mint. IMP C M
AVR PROBVS P F AVG, radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle
and holding eagle-tipped sceptre / SO-LI INVICT-O, Sol, head
left, in spread quadriga facing; CM/XXIP. RIC V pt. 2, 911. EF.
714834 Ex-CNG
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405. CONSTANTIUS I, as CaesarBorn March 31st, Emperor Flavius Valerius Constantius may have come into the world ca. 250. His family was from Illyricum. In the army he served as a protector, tribunus, and a praeses Dalmatiarum. During the 270s or the 280s, he became the father of Constantine by Helena, his first spouse. By 288 he was the Praetorian Prefect of the western emperor Maximianus Herculius.

On 1 March 293 Diocletian appointed Galerius as his Caesar (junior emperor) in the east and Constantius as the Caesar of Maximianus Herculius. Caesar in the west. Both Caesars had the right of succession. In order to strengthen the dynastic relationship between himself and Herculius., Constantius put aside his wife Helena and married Theodora, the daughter, or perhaps stepdaughter, of Maximianus Herculius. The union was fruitful and of it there were six issue: Flavius Dalmatius, Julius Constantius, Hannibalianus, Constantia, Anastasia, and Eutropia. To strengthen his bond with Galerius and Diocletian in the east, Constantius allowed Galerius to keep his son Constantine as a hostage for his good behavior.

In the remainder of the time that he was a Caesar, Constantius spent much of his time engaged in military actions in the west. In the summer of 293 Constantius expelled the troops of the usurper Carausius from northern Gaul; after Constantius' attack on Bononia (Boulogne), Carausius was murdered. At the same time he dealt with the unrest of the Germans. In 296 he invaded Britain and put down the revolt of the usurper Allectus. Between 300 and 305 A.D. the Caesar campaigned successfully several times with various German tribes. It is worth noting in passing, that while his colleagues rigidly enforced the "Great Persecution in 303," Constantius limited his action to knocking down a few churches.

On 1 May 305 Diocletian, at Nicomedia, and Maximianus Herculius, at Mediolanum (Milan), divested themselves of the purple, probably because of the almost fatal illness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of 304. Diocletian forced Maximianus to abdicate. They appointed as their successors Constantius and Galerius, with Severus and Maximinus Daia as the new Caesars. The retired emperors then returned to private life. Constantius, as had his predecessor, ruled in the west, while Galerius and Daia ruled in the east. Almost as soon as he was appointed Augustus, he crossed to Britain to face incursions by the Picts where he died at York on 25 July 306 with his son at his side.


CONSTANTIUS I, as Caesar. 293-305 AD. Æ Follis (9.24 gm). Lugdunum mint. Struck 301-303 AD. CONSTANTIVS NO[B CAE]S, laureate and draped bust right, holding spear over right shoulder and shield at left / [GENIO POPV]LI ROMANI; altar-B/PLC. RIC VI 136a. VF, brown patina, some silvering. Ex CNG
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44330 Roma/DioscuriAnonymous.
209-208 BC.
AR Serrate Denarius (3.8 gm).
Obv:Helmeted head of Roma right
Rev: The Dioscuri riding right; six-spoked wheel below..
Mint: Rome 19.3mm 3.8 gm
Crawford 79/1; Sydenham 519; Sear 39
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502. CONSTANTINE IIFlavius Claudius Constantinus, known in English as Constantine II, (316 - 340) was Roman Emperor (337 - 340). The eldest son of Constantine I and Fausta, he was born at Arles, and was raised as a Christian.

On March 1, 317, Constantine was made Caesar, and at the age of seven, in 323, took part in his father's campaign against the Sarmatians.

At the age of ten became commander of Gaul, after the death of his half-brother Crispus. An inscription dating to 330 records the title of Alamannicus, so it is probable that his generals won a victory over Alamanni. His military career continued when Constantine I elected his son field commander during the 332 campaign against the Goths.

Following the death of his father in 337, Constantine II became Emperor jointly with his brothers Constantius II and Constans. His section of the Empire was Gaul, Britannia and Hispania.

At first, he was the guardian of his younger brother Constans, whose portion was Italia, Africa and Illyricum. As Constans came of age, Constantine would not relinquish the guardianship and in 340 he marched against Constans in Italy, but was defeated at Aquileia and died in battle. Constans came to control his deceased brother's realm.

CONSTANTINE II, as Caesar. 317-337 AD. Æ Reduced Follis (18mm, 2.74 gm). Siscia mint. Struck 321-324 AD. Laureate head right / VOT / X in two lines across field; all within wreath; SIS sunburst. RIC VII 182. Ex-CNG
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504. CONSTANTIUS IIFlavius Iulius Constantius, known in English as Constantius II, (7 August 317 - 3 November 361) was a Roman Emperor (337 - 361) of the Constantinian dynasty

Constantius was the second of the three sons of Constantine I and his second wife Fausta. Constantius was born in Sirmium (in Illyricum) and named Caesar by his father. When Constantine died in 337, Constantius II led the massacre of his relatives decended from the second marriage of his grandfather Constantius Chlorus and Theodora, leaving himself, his older brother Constantine II, his younger brother Constans and two cousins (Gallus and his half-brother Julian) as the only surviving adult males related to Constantine. The three brothers divided the Roman Empire among them, according to their father's will. Constantine II received Britannia, Gaul and Hispania; Constans ruled Italia, Africa, and Illyricum; and Constantius ruled the East.

This division changed when Constantine II died in 340, trying to overthrow Constans in Italy, and Constans become sole ruler in the Western half of the empire. The division changed once more in 350 when Constans was killed in battle by forces loyal to the usurper Magnentius. Until this time, Constantius was preoccupied with fighting the Sassanid Empire, and he was forced to elevate his cousin Gallus to Caesar of the East to assist him, while he turned his attention to this usurper.

Constantius eventually met and crushed Magnentius in the Battle of Mursa Major, one of the bloodiest battles in Roman history, in 351. Magnentius committed suicide in 353, and Constantius soon after put his cousin Gallus to death. However, he still could not handle the military affairs of both the Eastern and German frontiers by himself, so in 355 he elevated his last remaining relative, Julian, to Caesar. As Julian was hailed Augustus by the army in Gaul, Constantius saw no alternative but to face the usurper with violent force. As the two armies sought engagement, Constantius died from a fever near Tarsus on November 3, 361, and Julian was hailed Augustus in the whole of the Roman empire.

Constantius took an active part in the affairs of the Christian church, frequently taking the side of the Arians, and he called the Council of Rimini in 359.

Constantius married three times, first to a daughter of Julius Constantius, then to Eusebia, and last to Faustina, who gave birth to a posthumous daughter, Faustina Constantia, who later married Emperor Gratian.

CONSTANTIUS II. 337-361 AD. Æ 18mm (2.41 gm). Siscia mint. Struck 351-355 AD. D N CONSTAN-TIVS P F AVG, diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right / FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier spearing falling enemy horseman who wears conical hat; at right, shield on ground; ASIS. RIC VIII 350. Good VF, green patina. Ex CNG
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506. VETRANIOVETRANIO. 350 AD.

Constantius first met with Vetranio at Serdica, and both moved on to Naissus in Serbia. On 25 December 350 both men mounted a platform before the assembled troops; Constantius managed, by means of a strong speech, to have the soldiers acclaim him emperor. He then took the purple away from Vetranio. The emperor led the old man down the stairs of the platform, called him father, and led him to the dinner table. Vetranio was allowed by Constantius to live as a private citizen at Prusa on the equivalent of a state pension for six years until his death.

Æ Centenionalis (Æ 22mm, 5.08 gm). Sisicia mint. Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right; A behind / Vetranio standing left, holding two standards, each inscribed with a Chi-Rho. RIC VIII 281; LRBC 1168. VF, dark green patina. Ex-CNG
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508. Julian IIJulian II, the Apostate. 361-363 AD.

...Thus an ignominious end for a man came about who had hoped to restore the glory of the Roman empire during his reign as emperor. Due to his intense hatred of Christianity, the opinion of posterity has not been kind to Julian. The contemporary opinion, however, was overall positive. The evidence shows that Julian was a complex ruler with a definite agenda to use traditional social institutions in order to revive what he saw as a collapsing empire. In the final assessment, he was not so different from any of the other emperors of the fourth century. He was a man grasping desperately to hang on to a Greco-Roman conception of leadership that was undergoing a subtle yet profound change.

28mm (8.57 gm). Siscia mint. Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right / Bull standing right, two stars above; ASISC. RIC VIII 419; LRBC--. VF. Ex-CNG
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702a, Augustus, 16 January 27 B.C. - 19 August 14 A.D.Augustus, 27 BC - 14 AD. AE 19mm (5.98 gm). Lydia, Sardeis. Diodoros Hermophilou. Obverse: head right. Reverse: Zeus Lydios standing facing holding scepter and eagle. RPC I, 489, 2986; SNG von Aulock 3142. aVF. Fine portrait. Ex Tom Vossen.

De Imperatoribus Romanis:
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers

AUGUSTUS (31 B.C. - 14 A.D.)


Garrett G. Fagan
Pennsylvania State University

In the course of his long and spectacular career, he put an end to the advancing decay of the Republic and established a new basis for Roman government that was to stand for three centuries. This system, termed the "Principate," was far from flawless, but it provided the Roman Empire with a series of rulers who presided over the longest period of unity, peace, and prosperity that Western Europe, the Middle East and the North African seaboard have known in their entire recorded history. Even if the rulers themselves on occasion left much to be desired, the scale of Augustus's achievement in establishing the system cannot be overstated. Aside from the immense importance of Augustus's reign from the broad historical perspective, he himself is an intriguing figure: at once tolerant and implacable, ruthless and forgiving, brazen and tactful. Clearly a man of many facets, he underwent three major political reinventions in his lifetime and negotiated the stormy and dangerous seas of the last phase of the Roman Revolution with skill and foresight. With Augustus established in power and with the Principate firmly rooted, the internal machinations of the imperial household provide a fascinating glimpse into the one issue that painted this otherwise gifted organizer and politician into a corner from which he could find no easy exit: the problem of the succession.

(For a very detailed and interesting account of the Age of Augustus see: http://www.roman-emperors.org/auggie.htm)

Death and Retrospective

In his later years, Augustus withdrew more and more from the public eye, although he continued to transact public business. He was getting older, and old age in ancient times must have been considerably more debilitating than it is today. In any case, Tiberius had been installed as his successor and, by AD 13, was virtually emperor already. In AD 4 he had received grants of both proconsular and tribunician power, which had been renewed as a matter of course whenever they needed to be; in AD 13, Tiberius's imperium had been made co-extensive with that of Augustus. While traveling in Campania, Augustus died peacefully at Nola on 19 August, AD 14. Tiberius, who was en route to Illyricum, hurried to the scene and, depending on the source, arrived too late or spent a day in consultation with the dying princes. The tradition that Livia poisoned her husband is scurrilous in the extreme and most unlikely to be true. Whatever the case about these details, Imperator Caesar Augustus, Son of a God, Father of his Country, the man who had ruled the Roman world alone for almost 45 years, or over half a century if the triumviral period is included, was dead. He was accorded a magnificent funeral, buried in the mausoleum he had built in Rome, and entered the Roman pantheon as Divus Augustus. In his will, he left 1,000 sesterces apiece to the men of the Praetorian guard, 500 to the urban cohorts, and 300 to each of the legionaries. In death, as in life, Augustus acknowledged the true source of his power.

The inscription entitled "The Achievements of the Divine Augustus" (Res Gestae Divi Augustae; usually abbreviated RG) remains a remarkable piece of evidence deriving from Augustus's reign. The fullest copy of it is the bilingual Greek and Latin version carved into the walls of the Temple of Rome and Augustus at Ancyra in Galatia (for this reason the RG used to be commonly referred to as the Monumentum Ancyranum). Other evidence, however, demonstrates that the original was inscribed on two bronze pillars that flanked the entrance to the Mausoleum of Augustus in Rome. The inscription remains the only first-person summary of any Roman emperor's political career and, as such, offers invaluable insights into the Augustan regime's public presentation of itself.

In looking back on the reign of Augustus and its legacy to the Roman world, its longevity ought not to be overlooked as a key factor in its success. People had been born and reached middle age without knowing any form of government other than the Principate. Had Augustus died earlier (in 23 BC, for instance), matters may have turned out very differently. The attrition of the civil wars on the old Republican aristocracy and the longevity of Augustus, therefore, must be seen as major contributing factors in the transformation of the Roman state into a monarchy in these years. Augustus's own experience, his patience, his tact, and his great political acumen also played their part. All of these factors allowed him to put an end to the chaos of the Late Republic and re-establish the Roman state on a firm footing. He directed the future of the empire down many lasting paths, from the existence of a standing professional army stationed at or near the frontiers, to the dynastic principle so often employed in the imperial succession, to the embellishment of the capital at the emperor's expense. Augustus's ultimate legacy, however, was the peace and prosperity the empire was to enjoy for the next two centuries under the system he initiated. His memory was enshrined in the political ethos of the Imperial age as a paradigm of the good emperor; although every emperor adopted his name, Caesar Augustus, only a handful earned genuine comparison with him.

Copyright © 1999, Garrett G. Fagan.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Augustus (the first Roman emperor, in whose reign Jesus Christ was born) is without any doubt one of the most important figures in Roman history.

It is reported that when he was near death, Augustus addressed those in attendance with these words, "If I have played my part well, applaud!"

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr
Cleisthenes
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ACHAIA, ACHAEAN LEAGUE, a, (Anonymous) Mid III Century BC. AR Hemidrachm (2.63 gm).
Obv: Head of Zeus of fine style
Rev: Monogram within wreath.
Toned aVF, some porosity.
BCD.374. ex BCD Collection.
Rare.
Dino
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AeginaAEGINA. 510-485 BC. AR Stater (11.67 gm). Smooth-shelled turtle / Incuse square of モskewヤ pattern. SNG.Cop.501. Toned Fine.ecoli
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Aelia Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius II. Augusta, 414-453 CE.Æ 4 (14 mm, 0.82 gm). Constantinople mint, 414-423 CE.
Obv: AEL PVLCH-ERIA AVG, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right, wearing necklace and earring.
Rev: SALVS REIPVBLICAE, Victory seated r., inscribing Christogram on shield set on cippus; CON? in exergue.
Sear 4309; Goodacre 9; Tolstoi 43; LRBC 2226.
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Aelia Verina, wife of Leo I. Augusta, 457-484 CE.Æ 4 (10 mm, 0.82 gm). Constantinople mint, 457-484 CE.
Obv: D N LEO Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust of Leo I right.
Rev: Verina standing holding transverse scepter and globus cruciger, B E at sides.
RIC 714; Vagi 3798.
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AEOLIS, TemnusAE14, 14.05mm (2.24 gm).

Athena in crested Corinthian helmet right / A - Θ - T - A, warrior standing, wearing crested helmet and cuirass, javelin in right hand, shield on left arm; A in upper left field, Θ in upper right field, T in lower left field and A in lower right field. Struck 3rd century BC.

SNG Cop 4, 259.
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Agrippina the Younger, sister of Caligula, wife of Claudius, mother of Nero. Augusta, 50-59 CE.Bosporos, under King Kotys I with Claudius & Agrippina Jr. 50-54 AD.
Æ 12 nummia or Assarion (25 mm, 9.30 gm).
Obv: TI KLAUDIOU KAICAROC, Laureate head of Claudius right, IB below.
Rev: IOULIAN AGRIPPINAN CEBACTHN, Head of Agrippina Junior left, hair weaved and tied at back of head to make a loop ponytail; BAK (monogram of Kotys I) before.
SGI 5438; RPC 1925; BMC 13.52,7; Anokhin Bosporus 348; Vagi 670; SNG Vol IX, 971; SNG Copenhagen 31; W.Wroth p. XI, 14.
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AIGEAI - CILICIACILICIA, Aigeai. Circa 160-130 BC. Æ 20mm (6.54 gm). CILICIA, Aigeai. Circa 160-130 BC. Æ 20mm. Turreted head of Tyche right / Horse's head left; monogram right. SNG Levante 1637 dpaul7
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AKARNANIA, Anaktorion.AKARNANIA, Anaktorion

Founding:

Kypselos & Gorgos, 7th century BC

The Corinthians sent by Cypselus and Gorgus took possession of this shore and also advanced as far as the Ambracian Gulf; and both Ambracia and Anactorium were colonized at this time. (Strabo 10,2,8)

AKARNANIA, Anaktorion. Circa 350-300 BC. AR Stater (20mm, 7.89 gm). Pegasos flying left; AN monogram below / Helmeted head of Athena left; NA[Y] to left, AN monogram and ring with pendants behind. Pegasi II pg. 504, 73. Near VF.

Ex-CNG eAuction 105, Lot: 33 116/150
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AKARNANIA, LeukasAKARNANIA, Leukas. Circa 345-307 BC. AR Stater (20mm, 7.66 gm). Pegasos flying right; L below / Helmeted head of Athena left; small L and hippocamp behind. Pegasi II pg. 424, 118; SNG Copenhagen -. VF

Ex-CNG eAuction 104, Lot: 47 150/200
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Alexander III, macedonian shield/helmet, SardisMacedonian Kings, Alexander III, The Great, 336-323 BC. AE 15mm (3.41 gm). Sardis mint. Cf. Price 2614 (unlisted monogram)

Obv.: Macedonian shield with kerykeion.
Rev.: Macedonian helmet; in between, B-A, below, monogram; to the right, rose; to the left kerykeion.
2 commentsSteff V
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Alexandria. Antoninus Pius. 138-161 AD. Æ Drachm. Isis with infant HarpocratesAlexandria. Antoninus Pius. 138-161 AD. Æ Drachm (35mm, 24.20 gm). Laureate head of Antoninus Pius right / Temple of two columns supporting pediment, ornamented with the crown of Uraeus, within, Isis enthroned right, holding Harpocrates.ancientone
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Anglo-SaxonAR quinarius, 11.48mm (1.05 gm).

Diademed head right with cross / Wolf-headed serpent in torque right. Canterbury or Abingdon mint, struck AD 710-750(?).

North I, 089 (very rare); BMC, 032a (Series K).

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Anonymous, Class D. Circa1050-1060 AD. Æ Follisobv: Christ seated facing on throne, holding Gospels
rev: IS XS bASILE bASILE
Constantinople mint.
(31mm, 9.27 gm).
DOC III Class D; SB 1836.

(Given to my brother October 2009)
Dino
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Antiochia, Seleucis and Pieria, Syria; Philip ISYRIA, Seleucis and Pieria, Antiochia. Philip I.
244-249 AD. Æ 28mm (15.37 gm). Laureate and
draped bust right / Turreted, veiled and draped
bust of Tyche right; above, ram jumping right,
looking back; below star. BMC Galatia pg. 215,
527
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Antiochos VIISELEUKID KINGS of SYRIA. Antiochos VII. 138-129 BC. AR Tetradrachm (16.52 gm). Antioch mint. Diademed head right / Athena standing half-left, holding Nike, shield, and spear; monogram and A to left, F right; all within wreath. SNG Spaer 1865; Newell, SMA 292.Ajax
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Antiochos VII --AR Tetradrachm.Antiochos VII --AR Tetradrachm. d(30mm, 16.63 gm). Antioch mint. Diademed head right / BASILEWS ANTIOXOY EYEP-GETOY, Athena standing left, holding Nike and spear, left hand resting on shield; monogram above A to outer left, O-L flanking Athena; all within wreath. SNG Spaer 1872; SMA 298; Houghton -.2 commentsfeatherz
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Antoninus Pius AE Sestertius. Fides RIC 546ANTONINUS PIUS. 138-161 AD. Æ Sestertius (28.09 gm). Struck 139 AD. Laureate head right / Fides standing right, holding grain ears and basket of fruit. RIC III 546; BMCRE 1145; Cohen 846.mattpat
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Antoninus Pius SestertiusAntoninus Pius. 138-161 AD. Æ Sestertius (25.08 gm). Struck 145-161 AD. ANTONINVS AVG PI-VS P P TR P, laureate head right / COS III-I, Antoninus, with radiate nimbus, standing left, holding branch and spear.

RIC III 765; BMCRE 1666; Cohen 318.
Scarce
Tanit
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Antoninus Pius, AD 138-161SYRIA, Damascus.

AE24, 24mm (12.48 gm).

AYTO KAI TIT AIΛ AΔPIA ANTωNEINOC CEB EYCEB, laureate head of Antoninus Pius right / ΔΑΜΑΣΚΗΝωΝ MHTPOΠOΛEωC, turreted and draped bust of Tyche left, cornucopiae to right.

RPC (online), 6285; SGI, 1498; BMC, 010; de Saulcy, 38, no. 2.
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Antoninus Pius, AD 138-161AR denarius, 17.99 mm (3.41 gm).

ANTONINVS AVG PI-VS P P TR P COS III, laureate head right / PROVIDENTI-AE DEORVM, winged thunderbolt. Rome mint, struck AD 140-143.

RIC III, 080a (pg. 35); BMCRE IV, 225; RSC II, 681.
5 commentssocalcoins
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ANTONINUS PIUS. 138-161 AD. Æ DupondiusANTONINUS PIUS. 138-161 AD. Æ Dupondius 25mm. (11.84 gm). Radiate head right / Providentia standing left, holding sceptre; globe below. _36001 commentsAntonivs Protti
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ANTONINUS PIUS. RIC 778, 138-161 CE. Æ Sestertius(30.55mm, 25.4 gm). Struck 145-161 AD.
Obverse: ANTONINVSAVG-PIVSPPTRPCOSIIII, Laureate head right
Obverse: Mars walking right, holding spear and shield. S C across field.
RIC III 778
2 commentsNORMAN K
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Appius Claudius Pulcher, T. Manlius Mancinus and Q. Urbinus. 111-110 BCAppius Claudius Pulcher, T. Manlius Mancinus and Q. Urbinus. 111-110 BC. AR Denarius (3.94 gm).
Obverse- Helmeted head of Roma right; circle behind
Reverse- Victory in triga right
Sydenham 570; Claudia 2.
2 commentsb70
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Aquilia Severa, 2nd & 4th wife of Elagabalus. Augusta, 220-221 & 221-222 CE.AR Denarius (19 mm, 3.18 gm). Rome mint, 220-222 CE.
Obv: IVLIA AQVILIA SEVERA AVG, draped bust right.
Rev: CONCORDIA, Concordia standing left, holding double cornucopia and patera, held over altar; a star in left field.
RIC 225; Cohen 2; BMC 185; Sear (4th ed) 2158.

Scarce earlier coiffure with band of hair combed forward above forehead. All eight denarii of Aquilia with this reverse type in the Eauze hoarde showed her commoner second coiffure without the band.
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assarionsANDRONICUS II, Palaeologus, with MICHAEL IX. 1282-1328. Æ Assarion (2.19 gm). Constantinople mint. Nimbate facing half-figure of Archangel Michael, holding sceptre and globe / Andronicus and Michael being blessed by Christ. DOC V 677; Bendall 168; SB 2435. VF, dark green patina.Alexios
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ATTICA, AthensATTICA, Athens. Circa 168/5-50 BC. AR New Style Tetradrachm (30mm, 16.74 gm). Struck circa 136/5 BC. Helmeted head of Athena right / A-QE, owl standing right on amphora; magistrates MI-KI and QEO-FRA; Nike in quadriga right in right field, M on amphora, SW below amphora; all within wreath. Cf. Thompson 315-323 (unlisted dies). EF, lightly toned. Ex -CNG STORE 8951 commentsecoli
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AUGUSTUSAR cistophoric tetradrachm. (12.07 gm). Ephesus mint, 25-20 BC. Bare head right. IMP CAESAR / Capricorn right, head left, holding cornucopiae ,AVGUSTVS below ; all within laurel wreath. RIC I 480; Sutherland Group VI, 241a (O35/R45-same reverse die); RSC 16. Toned.
Ex. Glenn.W.Woods. Triton VII, Lot: 847. Sternberg XI (20-21 November 1981), lot 566.
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AUGUSTUSAR cistophoric tetradrachm. (12.07 gm). Ephesus mint, 25-20 BC. Bare head right. IMP CAESAR / Capricorn right, head left, holding cornucopiae ,AVGUSTVS below ; all within laurel wreath.
RIC I 480; Sutherland Group VI, 241a (O35/R45-same reverse die); RSC 16.Triton VII, Lot: 847. Sternberg XI (20-21 November 1981), lot 566
2 commentsbenito
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Augustus, 27 BC-AD 14PHOENICIA, Berytus.

AE16, 16.21mm (3.79 gm).

CAESAR, laureate head left / Dolphin and tripod in wreath. Struck 27 BC-AD 14.

RPC I, 4537; BMC Phoenicia, 047-048; Rouvier, 487; Lindgren, 2251.
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Augustus, 27 BC-AD 14SYRIA, Antioch.

AE As, 26.56mm (15.39 gm).

IMP AVGVST TR POT, laureate head of Augustus, right / S-C in laurel wreath of eight leaves. Struck 5 BC - AD 1 (per McAlee... 5/4 BC per RPC).

RPC I, 4247; McAlee, 206(b); Wruck, 011.
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Augustus, 27 BC-AD 14LYCIAN LEAGUE, Masicytus.

AR drachm, 19.65mm (3.54 gm).

Bare head right, Λ to left, Y to right / Cithara; aphlaston to left. Struck 27-20 BC.

RPC I, Supp. 1, S-3308A (this coin, plate 8).
1 commentssocalcoins
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Augustus, 27 BC-AD 14GAUL, Nemausus.

AE As, 25.54mm (10.59 gm).

Addorsed heads of Agrippa left, wearing combined rostral crown and laurel wreath, and Augustus on right, bare headed; IMP above and DIVI F below; D-D countermark / Crocodile chained to palm tip, wreath with long ties above; COL-NEM.

RIC I, 155 (pg. 51); RPC I, 523; RCV I, 1729.

This particular coin carries the D-D countermark, which is within a dotted circle and with the two D's disected by a dotted line, branch or club. This countermark stands for Decreto Decurionum, which means 'by decree of the town Decuria (or Council)'.
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Aurelian, AD AD 270-275AE antoninianus, 22.06mm (3.84 gm).

IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust right / ORIENS AVG, Sol standing left, between two captives, right hand raised, left holding globe; T in exergue. Rome mint, struck AD 270-275.

RIC V-I, 061 (pg. 271); Gobl, 118a3 (3rd officina).
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BOEOTIA, ThebesIn the late 6th century BC the Thebans were brought for the first time into hostile contact with the Athenians, who helped the small village of Plataea to maintain its independence against them, and in 506 repelled an inroad into Attica. The aversion to Athens best serves to explain the unpatriotic attitude which Thebes displayed during the Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BC). Though a contingent of 700 was sent to Thermopylae and remained there with Leonidas until just before the last stand when they surrendered to the Persians[1], the governing aristocracy soon after joined King Xerxes I of Persia with great readiness and fought zealously on his behalf at the battle of Plataea in 479 BC. The victorious Greeks subsequently punished Thebes by depriving it of the presidency of the Boeotian League, and an attempt by the Spartans to expel it from the Delphic amphictyony was only frustrated by the intercession of Athens.

In 457 Sparta, needing a counterpoise against Athens in central Greece, reversed her policy and reinstated Thebes as the dominant power in Boeotia. The great citadel of Cadmea served this purpose well by holding out as a base of resistance when the Athenians overran and occupied the rest of the country (457–447). In the Peloponnesian War the Thebans, embittered by the support which Athens gave to the smaller Boeotian towns, and especially to Plataea, which they vainly attempted to reduce in 431, were firm allies of Sparta, which in turn helped them to besiege Plataea and allowed them to destroy the town after its capture in 427 BC. In 424 at the head of the Boeotian levy they inflicted a severe defeat upon an invading force of Athenians at the Battle of Delium, and for the first time displayed the effects of that firm military organization which eventually raised them to predominant power in Greece.

After the downfall of Athens at the end of the Peloponnesian War the Thebans, finding that Sparta intended to protect the states which they desired to annex, broke off the alliance. In 404 they had urged the complete destruction of Athens, yet in 403 they secretly supported the restoration of its democracy in order to find in it a counterpoise against Sparta. A few years later, influenced perhaps in part by Persian gold, they formed the nucleus of the league against Sparta. At the battles of Haliartus (395) and Coronea (394) they again proved their rising military capacity by standing their ground against the Spartans. The result of the war was especially disastrous to Thebes, as the general settlement of 387 stipulated the complete autonomy of all Greek towns and so withdrew the other Boeotians from its political control. Its power was further curtailed in 382, when a Spartan force occupied the citadel by a treacherous coup-de-main. Three years later the Spartan garrison was expelled, and a democratic constitution definitely set up in place of the traditional oligarchy. In the consequent wars with Sparta the Theban army, trained and led by Epaminondas and Pelopidas, proved itself the best in Greece. Some years of desultory fighting, in which Thebes established its control over all Boeotia, culminated in 371 in a remarkable victory over the pick of the Spartans at Leuctra. The winners were hailed throughout Greece as champions of the oppressed. They carried their arms into Peloponnesus and at the head of a large coalition permanently crippled the power of Sparta. Similar expeditions were sent to Thessaly and Macedon to regulate the affairs of those regions.

However the predominance of Thebes was short-lived; the states which she protected refused to subject themselves permanently to her control, and the renewed rivalry of Athens, which had joined with Thebes in 395 in a common fear of Sparta, but since 387 had endeavoured to maintain the balance of power against her ally, prevented the formation of a Theban empire. With the death of Epaminondas at Mantinea in 362 the city sank again to the position of a secondary power. In a war with the neighbouring state of Phocis (356–346) it could not even maintain its predominance in central Greece, and by inviting Philip II of Macedon to crush the Phocians it extended that monarch's power within dangerous proximity to its frontiers. A revulsion of feeling was completed in 338 by the orator Demosthenes, who persuaded Thebes to join Athens in a final attempt to bar Philip's advance upon Attica. The Theban contingent lost the decisive battle of Chaeronea and along with it every hope of reassuming control over Greece. Philip was content to deprive Thebes of her dominion over Boeotia; but an unsuccessful revolt in 335 against his son Alexander was punished by Macedon and other Greek states by the severe sacking of the city, except, according to tradition, the house of the poet Pindar.

BOEOTIA, Thebes. Circa 395-338 BC. AR Stater (21mm, 11.98 gm). Boeotian shield / Amphora; magistrate AM-FI. Hepworth, "The 4th Century BC Magistrate Coinage of the Boiotian Confederacy," in Nomismatika Xronika (1998), 2; BMC Central Greece -. Fine.

Ex-Cng eAuction 105, Lot: 34 225/200

2 commentsecoli
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BOEOTIA. Thebes. Ca. 395-338 BC. AR stater (12.05 gm). NGC XF 5/5 - 3/5BOEOTIA. Thebes. Ca. 395-338 BC. AR stater (12.05 gm). NGC XF 5/5 - 3/5. Kalli(machus?), magistrate, ca. 363-338 BC. Boeotian shield / Amphora; KA-ΛΛI across fields; all within concave circle. BCD Boiotia 555.3 commentsMark R1
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BYZANTINE, Romanus IV, A.D.1068-1071, AV HistamenonROMANUS IV Diogenes, A.D.1068-1071. AV Histamenon Nomisma (27mm, 4.00 gm). Constantinople mint.
Obv: Constantius and Andronicus, each holding a globus cruciger, standing facing on either side of Michael holding labarum and akakia; all on beaded exergual line
Rev: Christ, nimbate, standing facing on footstool, crowning Romanus and Eudocia, each holding a globus cruciger.
DOC III 2; SB 1861.
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Caesarea Maritima. Commodus, 180 - 192 AD.Caesarea Maritima. Commodus, 180 - 192 AD. AE 24mm (10.76 gm).
Obv.: IM COMMODVS ANTONINVS, laureate,draped and cuirassed bust r.
Rev.: COL PRIMA F AVG CAESAREA, bust of Serapis r. SNG ANS 6, 785.
Maritima
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