| Image search results - "diocletian," |
202cfCarausius 287-93AD
Antoninianus
Obv "CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI"
Jugate busts of Diocletian, Maximianus and Carausius left, Carausius holding spear over shoulder
Rev "COMES AVGGG"
Victory walking left holding wreath and branch
Camulodunum mint
S/P//C
RIC - (cf 202-3)
An interesting variant of the bust type with the spear, compare with the jugate Carausius in the “Best of Type” gallery.
mauseus
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284 - 305, DIOCLETIAN, AE Follis, struck 300 - 303 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG. Laureate and cuirassed bust of Diocletian facing right.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. Genius, kalathos on head, standing facing left, holding patera in right hand and cornucopia in left; no mintmark (London).
Diameter: 27mm | Weight: 8.64gms | Die Axis: 6
RIC VI: 16 | SRCV IV: 12760 | SPINK: 696
By the time that the Roman central government had recovered control of Britain in AD 296 the antoninianus had been replaced under Diocletian's currency reform. The London mint, which had initially been set up by Carausius, was retained as an official imperial mint under the Tetrarchy, however, apart from an initial issue in 297 marked "LON", it produced only folles without a mintmark for the first decade of its operation.*Alex
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Diocletian, Billon tetradrachm, Alexandria, Year 2, AlexandriaObv:– A K L OVAL DIOKLHTIANOC CEB, Laureate, draped bust right
Rev:– None, Alexandria standing left, holding head of Serapis and sceptre
Minted in Alexandria (L-B). Year 2. A.D. 285-286
Reference:– Milne 4781. Emmett 4052
7.71g. 20.22 mm. 0 degreesmaridvnvm
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Diocletian CONCORDIA MILITVM.20 mm 2.59 grams
Diocletian, 20 November 284 - 1 May 305 A.D.
CONCORDIA MILITVM.Niclas E
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(0284) DIOCLETIAN284 - 305 AD
AE Ant. 21 mm 3.48 g
Obverse: IMP CC VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Reverse: IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter presenting Victory on globe to Diocletian, Epsilon below
XII in exe
Antioch
(J.Ryan)
laney
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(0284) DIOCLETIAN284 - 305 AD
AE 21.5 mm 3.25 g
Obverse: IMP CC VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Reverse: IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter presenting Victory on globe to Diocletian, ED below
XII in exelaney
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01 Diocletian: Cyzicus antoninianus.Antoninianus; 284 - 295 AD, Cyzicus mint.
Obverse: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG / Radiate bust of Diocletian.
Reverse: CONCORDIA MILITVM / Diocletian standing, holding sceptre, receiving globe (surmounted by Victory) from Jupiter, also standing and holding sceptre. E between them; XXI in exergue.
3.73 gm., 21 mm.
RIC #306; Sear #12635.
Attribution to Cyzicus: The CONCORDIA MILITVM reverse was used extensively by the mints at Siscia, Heraclea, Cyzicus, and Antioch. Siscia had only 3 officina (A B Γ), so that one can be eliminated. Heraclea and Antioch always use P F in the obverse legend (inscription #3), so those two can be eliminated. Pages 210 - 211 of RIC assign to Cyzicus coins with the word MILITVM broken between the I and L.Callimachus
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03 Diocletian: London follis.Follis, ca 300-305 AD, London mint (group III).
Obverse: IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG / Laureate and curriassed bust of Diocletian.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI / Genius standing, holding patera and cornucopiae.
Mint mark: (none)
11.20 gm., 28.5 mm.
RIC #28a; Sear unlisted. Callimachus
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05 Diocletian: Lugdunum follis.Follis, 303-305 AD, Lugdunum mint.
Obverse: IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG / Laureate bust of Diocletian facing left.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI / Genius standing, altar at feet, chlamys over left shoulder, holding patera, and cornucopiae. Star in right field.
Mint mark: PLC
8.52 gm., 27 mm.
RIC #177a; Sear unlisted. Callimachus
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053. Diocletian, 283-305. Antoninianus. MARS VICTORDiocletian, 284-305. Antoninianus (Silvered bronze, 22 mm, 4.04 g), Ticinum, 285-286. IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust of Diocletian to right. Rev. MARS VICTOR / VIXXIT Mars advancing right, holding spear in his right hand and trophy over his left shoulder. Cohen 214. RIC 239. Venèra 4864-966LordBest
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070a. NumerianCaesar November/December 282 - February/March 283
Co-Augustus with brother Carinus and father Carus February/March 283 - July/August 283
Co-Augustus with brother Carinus July/August 283 - October/November 284
Numerian participated in the Persian campaign with his father, Carus. When Carus was killed, Numerian had to resolve the war and negotiated a peace with the Sasanids. On his return trip to the West, he was found dead in a closed litter. Arrius Aper was accused of the murder by Diocles, the head of the Emperor's bodyguard and was executed. It also has been argued that Diocles was in fact behind the murder. Diocles is better known by the name Diocletian, the future Augustus.lawrence c
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09 - Personalities of the EmpireSaturninus, Carus, Carinus, Urbica, Nigrinianus, Numerianus, Diocletian, Maximian, Carausius, Allectus, Constantius I, Theodora, Galerius and Galeria Valeriamdelvalle
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09 - Personalities of the EmpireCarinus, Magnia Urbica, Nigrinianus, Numerianus, Diocletian, Maximian, Carausius, Allectus, Constantius I, Theodora, Galerius, Galeria Valeria, Severus II and Maxentiusmdelvalle
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09. Diocletian.Follis, ca 300-305 AD, London mint (group III).
Obverse: IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG / Laureate and curriassed bust of Diocletian.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI / Genius standing, holding patera and cornucopiae.
Mint mark: (none)
11.20 gm., 28.5 mm.
RIC #28a; Sear unlisted. Callimachus
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119 Diocletianus (284-305 A.D.), Siscia, RIC V-II 263v., AE-Antoninianus, -/Γ//•XXI•BI•, CONSERVATOR AVG G, Diocletian, and Jupiter, Scarce! #1119 Diocletianus (284-305 A.D.), Siscia, RIC V-II 263v., AE-Antoninianus, -/Γ//•XXI•BI•, CONSERVATOR AVG G, Diocletian, and Jupiter, Scarce! #1
avers: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust right.
reverse: CONSERVATOR AV•(?)G G, Diocletian and Jupiter, each holding a sceptre, standing facing each other by an altar.
exergue: -/Γ//•XXI•BI•, diameter: 22,0-24,0 mm, weight: 3,68 g, axes: 6h,
mint: Siscia, date: 289-90 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 263v., p-247, Scarce!
Q-001quadrans
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12. Constantius I.Follis, ca 298-300 AD, London mint (group II).
Obverse: FL VAL CONSTANTINVS NOB C / Laureate and curiassed bust of Constantius I.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI / Genius standing, holding patera and cornucopiae.
Mint mark: (none)
9.71gm., 27 mm.
RIC # 14a; Sear #14034 (this coin !).
Although RIC lists these last four coins (Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, and Constantius I) with other coins minted in London, a careful reading of the introduction to the mint of London (vol. VI, p. 113-122) shows the editors of RIC had serious reservations about this attribution.
The unmarked folles -- ie without a mint mark in the exergue -- can be divided into three groups. After many years of careful study, group I has been attributed to Lugdunum (Lyon, France), and groups II and III to Britain.
Of group II, RIC says (p. 115), " It is possible that the unmarked II coins were produced in Britain either from a travelling mint, or even from the "C" (Camulodunum?) mint of Carausius and Allectus, with which there are perhaps some stylistic affinities: the period of issue would fall from c. 298 onwards, perhaps until c. 300 or later."
Of group III, RIC says (p. 115), " The unmarked III coins are in everyway more sophisticated in style, and it may well be that they were produced at London, though lack of signature would be difficult to account for: probably it is best to class them as a British series which, for reasons unknown to us, was struck elsewhere. Their date is between 300 and 305." Callimachus
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1285 Hadrian Sestertius Roma 129-30 AD Galley leftReference
RIC II, 706; Strack 837; C. 657; Banti 337; RIC 1285
Bust A1
Obv. HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS
Laureate head
Rev. FELICITATI AVG COS III P P S C in field
Galley moving left with stearman and five rowers; vexillum on prow.
23.61 gr
31 mm
12h
Ex.
Stack's Bowers Galleries January 2013 N.Y.I.N.C. lot 5210
Note.
An acrostolium is an ornamental extension of the stem post on the prow of an ancient warship. Often used as a symbol of victory or of power at sea. (numiswiki)
1st-4th Century AD:
The Ship in Imperial Rome
Realizing its importance, Augustus established the Roman navy along lines similar to that of the legions. In addition to a number of key harbors, from which ships could be deployed, he stationed several fleets (Latin classes) in key areas throughout the empire. Among these, the classis Britannica patrolled the channel between Gaul and Britannia, protecting the shipping lanes. Its strategic regional importance is commemorated in the coinage of several of the period usurpers from the area. M. Aurelius Postumus was the first to do so (lots 676-679). His bronze ship issues carry the legend LAETITIA AVG, emphasizing the source of imperial well-being resides in a strong navy. The usurper M. Aurelius Carausius, commander of the classis Britannica under Diocletian, struck coins commemorating, in part, his control of that fleet and its abilities in keeping the sea lanes open (lot 680). His short-lived successor, Allectus, continued the type (lots 681-684).
One important function of the navy was the transportation of the imperial family on state visits. From the time of Augustus, vessels were dispatched to carry the emperor between the capital and the provinces. One such instance is commemorated in a rare bronze as, struck at Patrae in AD 66/7 (lot 609). The reverse depicts the quinquereme used to carry Nero on his infamous tour of Greece. Hadrian’s extensive travels were recorded with a wide variety of ship types struck at Rome (lots 610-622), and in the East (lot 623). An inscription from Ephesus (Syll. III 3241), records that a local captain, L. Erastus, used his ship to transport the emperor while he was in that area. A coin struck at Alexandria (lot 624) is of particular importance for, in the same year as the coin was struck Antinoüs drowned as the imperial party was sailing up the Nile. Hadrian’s successors continued to travel, now to shore up border conflicts or prepare for one of the periodic wars with Persia (lots 625-627; 631-675). By the middle of the third century AD local issues, rather than those minted at the imperial capital, recorded these events, a sign that the center of power was drifting away from Rome itself.
Warships were not the exclusive vessel of the Roman navy. Providing the empire with an uninterrupted supply of grain, as well as other necessary supplies, necessitated the construction of ship for such a purpose. Unlike the warship, which required speed and strength for ramming, the merchantman (Greek nau~ stroggulh; Latin navis oneraria) was of broader beam. Many of these vessels, like the ponto or more common actuaria resembled the shape of a trireme and could be powered by both oars and sails. Since ships of this type were used to transport vital commodities such as wine and grain, they, like the large ponto, are often those shown on coins from the Black Sea (lots 655 and 664-666). The great Roman merchantman, or corbita, often seen in part on imperial issues commemorating the annona, is more familiar (lots 607-608). Powered by two large sails, it featured a rear cabin in the shape of a swan and was the true workhorse of Roman merchant vessels; its type continued well into the Byzantine period.okidoki
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1301a, Diocletian, 284-305 A.D. (Antioch)DIOCLETIAN (284 – 305 AD) AE Antoninianus, 293-95 AD, RIC V 322, Cohen 34. 20.70 mm/3.1 gm, aVF, Antioch. Obverse: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, Radiate bust right, draped & cuirassed; Reverse: CONCORDIA MILITVM, Jupiter presents Victory on a globe to Diocletian, I/XXI. Early Diocletian with dusty earthen green patina.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Diocletian ( 284-305 A.D.)
Ralph W. Mathisen
University of South Carolina
Summary and Introduction
The Emperor Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (A.D. 284-305) put an end to the disastrous phase of Roman history known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" (235-284). He established an obvious military despotism and was responsible for laying the groundwork for the second phase of the Roman Empire, which is known variously as the "Dominate," the "Tetrarchy," the "Later Roman Empire," or the "Byzantine Empire." His reforms ensured the continuity of the Roman Empire in the east for more than a thousand years.
Diocletian's Early Life and Reign
Diocletian was born ca. 236/237 on the Dalmatian coast, perhaps at Salona. He was of very humble birth, and was originally named Diocles. He would have received little education beyond an elementary literacy and he was apparently deeply imbued with religious piety He had a wife Prisca and a daughter Valeria, both of whom reputedly were Christians. During Diocletian's early life, the Roman empire was in the midst of turmoil. In the early years of the third century, emperors increasingly insecure on their thrones had granted inflationary pay raises to the soldiers. The only meaningful income the soldiers now received was in the form of gold donatives granted by newly acclaimed emperors. Beginning in 235, armies throughout the empire began to set up their generals as rival emperors. The resultant civil wars opened up the empire to invasion in both the north, by the Franks, Alamanni, and Goths, and the east, by the Sassanid Persians. Another reason for the unrest in the army was the great gap between the social background of the common soldiers and the officer corps.
Diocletian sought his fortune in the army. He showed himself to be a shrewd, able, and ambitious individual. He is first attested as "Duke of Moesia" (an area on the banks of the lower Danube River), with responsibility for border defense. He was a prudent and methodical officer, a seeker of victory rather than glory. In 282, the legions of the upper Danube proclaimed the praetorian prefect Carus as emperor. Diocletian found favor under the new emperor, and was promoted to Count of the Domestics, the commander of the cavalry arm of the imperial bodyguard. In 283 he was granted the honor of a consulate.
In 284, in the midst of a campaign against the Persians, Carus was killed, struck by a bolt of lightning which one writer noted might have been forged in a legionary armory. This left the empire in the hands of his two young sons, Numerian in the east and Carinus in the west. Soon thereafter, Numerian died under mysterious circumstances near Nicomedia, and Diocletian was acclaimed emperor in his place. At this time he changed his name from Diocles to Diocletian. In 285 Carinus was killed in a battle near Belgrade, and Diocletian gained control of the entire empire.
Diocletian's Administrative and Military Reforms
As emperor, Diocletian was faced with many problems. His most immediate concerns were to bring the mutinous and increasingly barbarized Roman armies back under control and to make the frontiers once again secure from invasion. His long-term goals were to restore effective government and economic prosperity to the empire. Diocletian concluded that stern measures were necessary if these problems were to be solved. He felt that it was the responsibility of the imperial government to take whatever steps were necessary, no matter how harsh or innovative, to bring the empire back under control.
Diocletian was able to bring the army back under control by making several changes. He subdivided the roughly fifty existing provinces into approximately one hundred. The provinces also were apportioned among twelve "dioceses," each under a "vicar," and later also among four "prefectures," each under a "praetorian prefect." As a result, the imperial bureaucracy became increasingly bloated. He institutionalized the policy of separating civil and military careers. He divided the army itself into so-called "border troops," actually an ineffective citizen militia, and "palace troops," the real field army, which often was led by the emperor in person.
Following the precedent of Aurelian (A.D.270-275), Diocletian transformed the emperorship into an out-and-out oriental monarchy. Access to him became restricted; he now was addressed not as First Citizen (Princeps) or the soldierly general (Imperator), but as Lord and Master (Dominus Noster) . Those in audience were required to prostrate themselves on the ground before him.
Diocletian also concluded that the empire was too large and complex to be ruled by only a single emperor. Therefore, in order to provide an imperial presence throughout the empire, he introduced the "Tetrarchy," or "Rule by Four." In 285, he named his lieutenant Maximianus "Caesar," and assigned him the western half of the empire. This practice began the process which would culminate with the de facto split of the empire in 395. Both Diocletian and Maximianus adopted divine attributes. Diocletian was identified with Jupiter and Maximianus with Hercules. In 286, Diocletian promoted Maximianus to the rank of Augustus, "Senior Emperor," and in 293 he appointed two new Caesars, Constantius (the father of Constantine I ), who was given Gaul and Britain in the west, and Galerius, who was assigned the Balkans in the east.
By instituting his Tetrarchy, Diocletian also hoped to solve another problem. In the Augustan Principate, there had been no constitutional method for choosing new emperors. According to Diocletian's plan, the successor of each Augustus would be the respective Caesar, who then would name a new Caesar. Initially, the Tetrarchy operated smoothly and effectively.
Once the army was under control, Diocletian could turn his attention to other problems. The borders were restored and strengthened. In the early years of his reign, Diocletian and his subordinates were able to defeat foreign enemies such as Alamanni, Sarmatians, Saracens, Franks, and Persians, and to put down rebellions in Britain and Egypt. The easter frontier was actually expanded.
.
Diocletian's Economic Reforms
Another problem was the economy, which was in an especially sorry state. The coinage had become so debased as to be virtually worthless. Diocletian's attempt to reissue good gold and silver coins failed because there simply was not enough gold and silver available to restore confidence in the currency. A "Maximum Price Edict" issued in 301, intended to curb inflation, served only to drive goods onto the black market. Diocletian finally accepted the ruin of the money economy and revised the tax system so that it was based on payments in kind . The soldiers too came to be paid in kind.
In order to assure the long term survival of the empire, Diocletian identified certain occupations which he felt would have to be performed. These were known as the "compulsory services." They included such occupations as soldiers, bakers, members of town councils, and tenant farmers. These functions became hereditary, and those engaging in them were inhibited from changing their careers. The repetitious nature of these laws, however, suggests that they were not widely obeyed. Diocletian also expanded the policy of third-century emperors of restricting the entry of senators into high-ranking governmental posts, especially military ones.
Diocletian attempted to use the state religion as a unifying element. Encouraged by the Caesar Galerius, Diocletian in 303 issued a series of four increasingly harsh decrees designed to compel Christians to take part in the imperial cult, the traditional means by which allegiance was pledged to the empire. This began the so-called "Great Persecution."
Diocletian's Resignation and Death
On 1 May 305, wearied by his twenty years in office, and determined to implement his method for the imperial succession, Diocletian abdicated. He compelled his co-regent Maximianus to do the same. Constantius and Galerius then became the new Augusti, and two new Caesars were selected, Maximinus (305-313) in the east and Severus (305- 307) in the west. Diocletian then retired to his palace at Split on the Croatian coast. In 308 he declined an offer to resume the purple, and the aged ex-emperor died at Split on 3 December 316.
Copyright (C) 1996, Ralph W. Mathisen, University of South Carolina
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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1301b, Diocletian, 20 November 284 - 1 March 305 A.D.Diocletian. RIC V Part II Cyzicus 256 var. Not listed with pellet in exegrue
Item ref: RI141f. VF. Minted in Cyzicus (B in centre field, XXI dot in exegrue)Obverse:- IMP CC VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Reverse:- CONCORDIA MILITVM, Diocletian standing right, holding parazonium, receiving Victory from Jupiter standing left with scepter.
A post reform radiate of Diocletian. Ex Maridvnvm.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Diocletian ( 284-305 A.D.)
Ralph W. Mathisen
University of South Carolina
Summary and Introduction
The Emperor Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (A.D. 284-305) put an end to the disastrous phase of Roman history known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" (235-284). He established an obvious military despotism and was responsible for laying the groundwork for the second phase of the Roman Empire, which is known variously as the "Dominate," the "Tetrarchy," the "Later Roman Empire," or the "Byzantine Empire." His reforms ensured the continuity of the Roman Empire in the east for more than a thousand years.
Diocletian's Early Life and Reign
Diocletian was born ca. 236/237 on the Dalmatian coast, perhaps at Salona. He was of very humble birth, and was originally named Diocles. He would have received little education beyond an elementary literacy and he was apparently deeply imbued with religious piety He had a wife Prisca and a daughter Valeria, both of whom reputedly were Christians. During Diocletian's early life, the Roman empire was in the midst of turmoil. In the early years of the third century, emperors increasingly insecure on their thrones had granted inflationary pay raises to the soldiers. The only meaningful income the soldiers now received was in the form of gold donatives granted by newly acclaimed emperors. Beginning in 235, armies throughout the empire began to set up their generals as rival emperors. The resultant civil wars opened up the empire to invasion in both the north, by the Franks, Alamanni, and Goths, and the east, by the Sassanid Persians. Another reason for the unrest in the army was the great gap between the social background of the common soldiers and the officer corps.
Diocletian sought his fortune in the army. He showed himself to be a shrewd, able, and ambitious individual. He is first attested as "Duke of Moesia" (an area on the banks of the lower Danube River), with responsibility for border defense. He was a prudent and methodical officer, a seeker of victory rather than glory. In 282, the legions of the upper Danube proclaimed the praetorian prefect Carus as emperor. Diocletian found favor under the new emperor, and was promoted to Count of the Domestics, the commander of the cavalry arm of the imperial bodyguard. In 283 he was granted the honor of a consulate.
In 284, in the midst of a campaign against the Persians, Carus was killed, struck by a bolt of lightning which one writer noted might have been forged in a legionary armory. This left the empire in the hands of his two young sons, Numerian in the east and Carinus in the west. Soon thereafter, Numerian died under mysterious circumstances near Nicomedia, and Diocletian was acclaimed emperor in his place. At this time he changed his name from Diocles to Diocletian. In 285 Carinus was killed in a battle near Belgrade, and Diocletian gained control of the entire empire.
Diocletian's Administrative and Military Reforms
As emperor, Diocletian was faced with many problems. His most immediate concerns were to bring the mutinous and increasingly barbarized Roman armies back under control and to make the frontiers once again secure from invasion. His long-term goals were to restore effective government and economic prosperity to the empire. Diocletian concluded that stern measures were necessary if these problems were to be solved. He felt that it was the responsibility of the imperial government to take whatever steps were necessary, no matter how harsh or innovative, to bring the empire back under control.
Diocletian was able to bring the army back under control by making several changes. He subdivided the roughly fifty existing provinces into approximately one hundred. The provinces also were apportioned among twelve "dioceses," each under a "vicar," and later also among four "prefectures," each under a "praetorian prefect." As a result, the imperial bureaucracy became increasingly bloated. He institutionalized the policy of separating civil and military careers. He divided the army itself into so-called "border troops," actually an ineffective citizen militia, and "palace troops," the real field army, which often was led by the emperor in person.
Following the precedent of Aurelian (A.D.270-275), Diocletian transformed the emperorship into an out-and-out oriental monarchy. Access to him became restricted; he now was addressed not as First Citizen (Princeps) or the soldierly general (Imperator), but as Lord and Master (Dominus Noster) . Those in audience were required to prostrate themselves on the ground before him.
Diocletian also concluded that the empire was too large and complex to be ruled by only a single emperor. Therefore, in order to provide an imperial presence throughout the empire, he introduced the "Tetrarchy," or "Rule by Four." In 285, he named his lieutenant Maximianus "Caesar," and assigned him the western half of the empire. This practice began the process which would culminate with the de facto split of the empire in 395. Both Diocletian and Maximianus adopted divine attributes. Diocletian was identified with Jupiter and Maximianus with Hercules. In 286, Diocletian promoted Maximianus to the rank of Augustus, "Senior Emperor," and in 293 he appointed two new Caesars, Constantius (the father of Constantine I ), who was given Gaul and Britain in the west, and Galerius, who was assigned the Balkans in the east.
By instituting his Tetrarchy, Diocletian also hoped to solve another problem. In the Augustan Principate, there had been no constitutional method for choosing new emperors. According to Diocletian's plan, the successor of each Augustus would be the respective Caesar, who then would name a new Caesar. Initially, the Tetrarchy operated smoothly and effectively.
Once the army was under control, Diocletian could turn his attention to other problems. The borders were restored and strengthened. In the early years of his reign, Diocletian and his subordinates were able to defeat foreign enemies such as Alamanni, Sarmatians, Saracens, Franks, and Persians, and to put down rebellions in Britain and Egypt. The easter frontier was actually expanded.
.
Diocletian's Economic Reforms
Another problem was the economy, which was in an especially sorry state. The coinage had become so debased as to be virtually worthless. Diocletian's attempt to reissue good gold and silver coins failed because there simply was not enough gold and silver available to restore confidence in the currency. A "Maximum Price Edict" issued in 301, intended to curb inflation, served only to drive goods onto the black market. Diocletian finally accepted the ruin of the money economy and revised the tax system so that it was based on payments in kind . The soldiers too came to be paid in kind.
In order to assure the long term survival of the empire, Diocletian identified certain occupations which he felt would have to be performed. These were known as the "compulsory services." They included such occupations as soldiers, bakers, members of town councils, and tenant farmers. These functions became hereditary, and those engaging in them were inhibited from changing their careers. The repetitious nature of these laws, however, suggests that they were not widely obeyed. Diocletian also expanded the policy of third-century emperors of restricting the entry of senators into high-ranking governmental posts, especially military ones.
Diocletian attempted to use the state religion as a unifying element. Encouraged by the Caesar Galerius, Diocletian in 303 issued a series of four increasingly harsh decrees designed to compel Christians to take part in the imperial cult, the traditional means by which allegiance was pledged to the empire. This began the so-called "Great Persecution."
Diocletian's Resignation and Death
On 1 May 305, wearied by his twenty years in office, and determined to implement his method for the imperial succession, Diocletian abdicated. He compelled his co-regent Maximianus to do the same. Constantius and Galerius then became the new Augusti, and two new Caesars were selected, Maximinus (305-313) in the east and Severus (305- 307) in the west. Diocletian then retired to his palace at Split on the Croatian coast. In 308 he declined an offer to resume the purple, and the aged ex-emperor died at Split on 3 December 316.
Copyright (C) 1996, Ralph W. Mathisen, University of South Carolina
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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1302a, Maximian, 285 - 305, 306 - 308, and 310 A.D.Maximianus AE Antoninianus. RIC V Part II 506 Bust Type C. Cohen 355; VF; Minted in Rome A.D. 285-286. Obverse: IMP MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right; Rverse: IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG, Jupiter standing left holding thunderbolt & scepter, XXIZ in exergue. Ex maridvnvm.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D.
Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University
Perhaps born ca. 249/250 A.D. in Sirmium in the area of the Balkans, Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus, more commonly known as Maximianus Herculius (Maximian), had been a soldier before he put on the purple. A fellow soldier with the Emperor Diocletian, he had served in the military during the reigns of Aurelian and Probus.
When the Emperor Diocletian determined that the empire was too large for one man to govern on his own, he made Maximian his Caesar in 285/6 and elevated him to the rank of Augustus in perhaps the spring of 286. While Diocletian ruled in the East, Maximian ruled in the West. In 293, in order to maintain and to strengthen the stability of the empire, Diocletian appointed Constantius I Chlorus to serve Maximian as a Caesar in the West, while Galerius did the same job in the East. This arrangement, called the "Tetrarchy", was meant not only to provide a stronger foundation for the two emperors' rule, but also to end any possible fighting over the succession to the throne once the two senior Augusti had left the throne--a problem which had bedeviled the principate since the time of the Emperor Augustus. To cement the relationship between Maximian and his Caesar, Constantius married Maximian's elder daughter Theodora. A decade later, Constantius' son Constantine would marry Maximia's younger daughter Fausta.
On 1 May 305 Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximian, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple. Their resignations seem largely due to the almost fatal illness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of 304. Diocletian seems to have forced his colleague to abdicate. In any case, Herculius had sworn an oath at the temple of Capitoline Jupiter to carry out the terms of the abdication. Constantius and Galerius were appointed as Augusti, with Maximinus Daia and Severus as the new Caesars. The retired emperors then returned to private life. Diocletian's retirement was at Salonae in Dalmatia, while Herculius' retreat was either in Lucania or Campania.
Maximian's retirement, however, was of short duration because, a little more than a year later on 28 October 306, his son Maxentius was proclaimed emperor at Rome. To give his regime an aura of legitimacy, Maximian was forced to affirm his son's acclamation. When Galerius learned of Maxentius' rebellion, he sent Severus against him with an army that had formerly been under his father's command. Maxentius invested his father with the purple again to win over his enemy's troops, a ruse which succeeded. Perhaps to strengthen his own position, in 307 Maximian went to Gaul and married his daughter Fausta to Constantine. When Constantine refused to become embroiled in the civil war between Galerius and Maxentius, Maximian returned to Rome in 308 and attempted to depose his son; however, he did not succeed. When Maximian was unable to convince Diocletian to take up the purple again at a meeting in Carnuntum in late 308, he returned to his son-in-law's side in Gaul.
Although Maximian was treated with all of the respect due a former emperor, he still desired to be more than a figurehead. He decided to seize the purple from Constantine when his son-in-law least expected it. His opportunity came in the summer of 310 when the Franks revolted. When Constantine had taken a small part of his army into enemy territory, Maximian proclaimed himself again emperor and paid the soldiers under his command a donative to secure their loyalty. As soon as Constantine received news about Maximian's revolt in July 310, he went south and reached Arelate before his father-in-law could mount a defense of the city. Although Maximian fled to Massilia, his son-in-law seized the city and took Maximian prisoner. Although he was deprived of the purple, he was granted pardon for his crimes. Unable to endure the humiliation of his defeat, he attempted to have Constantine murdered in his bed. The plot failed because he tried to get his daughter Fausta's help in the matter; she chose to reveal the matter to her husband. Because of this attempt on his son-in-law's life Maximian was dead by the end of July either by his own hand or on the orders of his intended victim.
Eutropia was of Syrian extraction and her marriage to Maximian seems to have been her second. She bore him two children: Maxentius and Fausta. An older daughter, Theodora, may have been a product of her first marriage. Fausta became the wife of Constantine I , while her sister Theodora was the second spouse of his father Constantius I Chlorus . Eutropia apparently survived all her children, with the possible exception of her daughter Fausta who seems to have died in 326. Eutropia is also said to have become a Christian.
By Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr. Cleisthenes
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1302b, Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D., commemorative issued by Constantine the Great (Siscia)Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D., commemorative issued by Constantine the Great. Bronze AE3, RIC 41, VF, Siscia, 1.30g, 16.1mm, 0o, 317-318 A.D. Obverse: DIVO MAXIMIANO SEN FORT IMP, laureate and veiled head right; Reverse: REQVIES OPTIMO-RVM MERITORVM, Emperor seated left on curule chair, raising hand and holding scepter, SIS in exergue; scarce (R3).
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D.
Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University
Perhaps born ca. 249/250 A.D. in Sirmium in the area of the Balkans, Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus, more commonly known as Maximianus Herculius (Maximian), had been a soldier before he put on the purple. A fellow soldier with the Emperor Diocletian, he had served in the military during the reigns of Aurelian and Probus.
When the Emperor Diocletian determined that the empire was too large for one man to govern on his own, he made Maximian his Caesar in 285/6 and elevated him to the rank of Augustus in perhaps the spring of 286. While Diocletian ruled in the East, Maximian ruled in the West. In 293, in order to maintain and to strengthen the stability of the empire, Diocletian appointed Constantius I Chlorus to serve Maximian as a Caesar in the West, while Galerius did the same job in the East. This arrangement, called the "Tetrarchy", was meant not only to provide a stronger foundation for the two emperors' rule, but also to end any possible fighting over the succession to the throne once the two senior Augusti had left the throne--a problem which had bedeviled the principate since the time of the Emperor Augustus. To cement the relationship between Maximian and his Caesar, Constantius married Maximian's elder daughter Theodora. A decade later, Constantius' son Constantine would marry Maximia's younger daughter Fausta.
On 1 May 305 Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximian, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple. Their resignations seem largely due to the almost fatal illness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of 304. Diocletian seems to have forced his colleague to abdicate. In any case, Herculius had sworn an oath at the temple of Capitoline Jupiter to carry out the terms of the abdication. Constantius and Galerius were appointed as Augusti, with Maximinus Daia and Severus as the new Caesars. The retired emperors then returned to private life. Diocletian's retirement was at Salonae in Dalmatia, while Herculius' retreat was either in Lucania or Campania.
Maximian's retirement, however, was of short duration because, a little more than a year later on 28 October 306, his son Maxentius was proclaimed emperor at Rome. To give his regime an aura of legitimacy, Maximian was forced to affirm his son's acclamation. When Galerius learned of Maxentius' rebellion, he sent Severus against him with an army that had formerly been under his father's command. Maxentius invested his father with the purple again to win over his enemy's troops, a ruse which succeeded. Perhaps to strengthen his own position, in 307 Maximian went to Gaul and married his daughter Fausta to Constantine. When Constantine refused to become embroiled in the civil war between Galerius and Maxentius, Maximian returned to Rome in 308 and attempted to depose his son; however, he did not succeed. When Maximian was unable to convince Diocletian to take up the purple again at a meeting in Carnuntum in late 308, he returned to his son-in-law's side in Gaul.
Although Maximian was treated with all of the respect due a former emperor, he still desired to be more than a figurehead. He decided to seize the purple from Constantine when his son-in-law least expected it. His opportunity came in the summer of 310 when the Franks revolted. When Constantine had taken a small part of his army into enemy territory, Maximian proclaimed himself again emperor and paid the soldiers under his command a donative to secure their loyalty. As soon as Constantine received news about Maximian's revolt in July 310, he went south and reached Arelate before his father-in-law could mount a defense of the city. Although Maximian fled to Massilia, his son-in-law seized the city and took Maximian prisoner. Although he was deprived of the purple, he was granted pardon for his crimes. Unable to endure the humiliation of his defeat, he attempted to have Constantine murdered in his bed. The plot failed because he tried to get his daughter Fausta's help in the matter; she chose to reveal the matter to her husband. Because of this attempt on his son-in-law's life Maximian was dead by the end of July either by his own hand or on the orders of his intended victim.
Eutropia was of Syrian extraction and her marriage to Maximian seems to have been her second. She bore him two children: Maxentius and Fausta. An older daughter, Theodora, may have been a product of her first marriage. Fausta became the wife of Constantine I , while her sister Theodora was the second spouse of his father Constantius I Chlorus . Eutropia apparently survived all her children, with the possible exception of her daughter Fausta who seems to have died in 326. Eutropia is also said to have become a Christian.
By Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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1303a, Galerius, 1 March 305 - 5 May 311 A.D.Galerius, RIC VI 59, Cyzicus S, VF, Cyzicus S, 6.4 g, 25.86 mm; 309-310 AD; Obverse: GAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, laureate bust right; Reverse: GENIO A-VGVS[TI], Genius stg. left, naked but for chlamys over left shoulder, holding patera and cornucopiae. A nice example with sharp detail and nice brown hoard patina. Ex Ancient Imports.
De Imperatoribus Romanis,
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
Galerius (305-311 A.D.)
Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University
Caius Galerius Valerius Maximianus, more commonly known as Galerius, was from Illyricum; his father, whose name is unknown, was of peasant stock, while his mother, Romula, was from beyond the Danube. Galerius was born in Dacia Ripensis near Sardica. Although the date of his birth is unknown, he was probably born ca. 250 since he served under Aurelian. As a youth Galerius was a shepherd and acquired the nickname Armentarius. Although he seems to have started his military career under Aurelian and Probus, nothing is known about it before his accession as Caesar on 1 March 293. He served as Diocletian's Caesar in the East. Abandoning his first wife, he married Diocletian's daugher, Valeria.
As Caesar he campaigned in Egypt in 294; he seems to have taken to the field against Narses of Persia, and was defeated near Ctesiphon in 295. In 298, after he made inroads into Armenia, he obtained a treaty from the Persians favorable to the Romans. Between 299-305 he overcame the Sarmatians and the Carpi along the Danube. The Great Persecution of the Orthodox Church, which was started in 303 by the Emperor Diocletian, was probably instigated by Galerius. Because of the almost fatal illness that he contracted toward the end of 304, Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximianus Herculius, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple on 1 May 305. Constantius and Galerius were appointed as Augusti, with Maximinus Daia and Severus as the new Caesars. Constantius and Severus reigned in the West, whereas Galerius' and Daia's realm was the East. Although Constantius was nominally senior Augustus, the real power was in the hands of Galerius because both Caesars were his creatures.
The balance of power shifted at the end of July 306 when Constantius, with his son Constantine at his side, passed away at York in Britain where he was preparing to face incursions by the Picts; his army proclaimed Constantine his successor immediately. As soon as he received the news of the death of Constantius I and the acclamation of Constantine to the purple, Galerius raised Severus to the rank of Augustus to replace his dead colleague in August 306. Making the best of a bad situation, Galerius accepted Constantine as the new Caesar in the West. The situation became more complicated when Maxentius, with his father Maximianus Herculius acquiesing, declared himself princes on 28 October 306. When Galerius learned about the acclamation of the usurper, he dispatched the Emperor Severus to put down the rebellion. Severus took a large field army which had formerly been that of Maximianus and proceeded toward Rome and began to besiege the city, Maxentius, however, and Maximianus, by means of a ruse, convinced Severus to surrender. Later, in 307, Severus was put to death under clouded circumstances. While Severus was fighting in the west, Galerius, during late 306 or early 307, was campaigning against the Sarmatians.
In the early summer of 307 Galerius invaded Italy to avenge Severus's death; he advanced to the south and encamped at Interamna near the Tiber. His attempt to besiege the city was abortive because his army was too small to encompass the city's fortifications. Not trusting his own troops, Galerius withdrew. During its retreat, his army ravaged the Italian countryside as it was returning to its original base. When Maximianus Herculius' attempts to regain the throne between 308 and 310 by pushing his son off his throne or by winning over Constantine to his cause failed, he tried to win Diocletian and Galerius over to his side at Carnuntum in October and November 308; the outcome of the Conference at Carnuntum was that Licinius was appointed Augustus in Severus's place, that Daia and Constantine were denoted filii Augustorum, and that Herculius was completely cut out of the picture. Later, in 310, Herculius died, having been implicated in a plot against his son-in-law. After the Conference at Carnuntum, Galerius returned to Sardica where he died in the opening days of May 311.
By Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University; Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Galerius was Caesar and tetrarch under Maximianus. Although a talented general and administrator, Galerius is better known for his key role in the "Great Persecution" of Christians. He stopped the persecution under condition the Christians pray for his return to health from a serious illness. Galerius died horribly shortly after. Joseph Sermarini, FORVM.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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1304a, Constantius I, May 305 - 25 July 306 A.D.Silvered follis, RIC 20a, S 3671, VM 25, gVF, Heraclea mint, 10.144g, 27.7mm, 180o, 297 - 298 A.D. Obverse: FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES, laureate head right; Reverse GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, Genius standing left, modius on head, naked except for chlamys over shoulder, cornucopia in left, pouring liquor from patera, HTD in exergue; some silvering, nice portrait, well centered.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Constantius I Chlorus (305-306 A.D.)
Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University
Constantius' Early Life and Marriage
Born March 31st, Emperor Flavius Valerius Constantius may have come into the world ca. 250. His family was from Illyricum. In the army he served as a protector, tribunus, and a praeses Dalmatiarum. During the 270s or the 280s, he became the father of Constantine by Helena, his first spouse. By 288 he was the Praetorian Prefect of the western emperor Maximianus Herculius.
Constantius' Reign as Caesar
On 1 March 293 Diocletian appointed Galerius as his Caesar (junior emperor) in the east and Constantius as the Caesar of Maximianus Herculius. Caesar in the west. Both Caesars had the right of succession. In order to strengthen the dynastic relationship between himself and Herculius., Constantius put aside his wife Helena and married Theodora, the daughter, or perhaps stepdaughter, of Maximianus Herculius.. The union was fruitful and of it there were six issue: Flavius Dalmatius, Julius Constantius, Hannibalianus, Constantia, Anastasia, and Eutropia. To strengthen his bond with Galerius and Diocletian in the east, Constantius allowed Galerius to keep his son Constantine as a hostage for his good behavior.
In the remainder of the time that he was a Caesar, Constantius spent much of his time engaged in military actions in the west. In the summer of 293 Constantius expelled the troops of the usurper Carausius from northern Gaul; after Constantius' attack on Bononia (Boulogne), Carausius was murdered. At the same time he dealt with the unrest of the Germans. In 296 he invaded Britain and put down the revolt of the usurper Allectus. Between 300 and 305 A.D. the Caesar campaigned successfully several times with various German tribes. It is worth noting in passing, that while his colleagues rigidly enforced the "Great Persecution in 303," Constantius limited his action to knocking down a few churches.
Constantius as Augustus and His Untimely Death
On 1 May 305 Diocletian, at Nicomedia, and Maximianus Herculius, at Mediolanum (Milan), divested themselves of the purple, probably because of the almost fatal illness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of 304. Diocletian forced Maximianus to abdicate. They appointed as their successors Constantius and Galerius, with Severus and Maximinus Daia as the new Caesars. The retired emperors then returned to private life. Constantius, as had his predecessor, ruled in the west, while Galerius and Daia ruled in the east. Almost as soon as he was appointed Augustus, he crossed to Britain to face incursions by the Picts where he died at York on 25 July 306 with his son (Constantine I, known to history as “The Great”) at his side.
Copyright (C) 1996, Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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141 - Diocletian, Billon tetradrachm, Alexandria, Eirene, Milne 4774Billon tetradrachm
Obv:– A K ΓOYAΛ ΔIOKΛHTIANOC CEB, Laureate, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– None, Eirene standing left, holding sceptre and olive-branch
Minted in Alexandria (L | B). A.D. 285/286
Reference(s) – Curtis 1976, BMC 2493v, Milne 4774maridvnvm
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141 - Diocletian, Billon tetradrachm, Alexandria, Tyche reclining, Milne 4756Billon tetradrachm
Obv:– A K ΓOYAΛ ΔIOKΛHTIANOC CEB, Laureate, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– None, Tyche reclining left on garlanded couch, right hand on rudder, left hand supports head
Minted in Alexandria (LA). A.D. 284/285
Reference:– Curtis 2023, BMC 2527v, Milne 4756maridvnvm
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16 Diocletian: Antioch follis.Follis, 299 - 300 AD, Antioch mint.
Obverse: IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG / Laureate bust of Diocletian.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI / Genius standing, chlamys over left shoulder, pouring liquid from a patera, and holding cornucopiae. S in right field.
Mint mark: ANT
9.88 gm., 27 mm.
RIC #52a; Sear #12796. Callimachus
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18 Diocletian: Serdica abdication follis.Follis, ca 305-306 AD, Serdica mint.
Obverse: DN DIOCLETIANO FELICISSIMO SEN AVG / Laureate bust of Diocletian, wearing the imperial mantle, olive branch in right hand, mappa in left hand.
Reverse: PROVIDENTIA DEORVM QVIES AVGG / Providentia standing, extending hand to Quies, also standing, holding branch and leaning on sceptre. S F in fields, & Gamma: between.
Mint mark: . SM . SD .
10.63 gm., 28 mm.
RIC #15a; Sear # 12940, PBCC #843. Callimachus
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19 Diocletian: Alexandria abdication follis.Follis, ca late 308 AD, Alexandria mint.
Obverse: DN DIOCLETIANO BAEATISS / Laureate bust of Diocletian, wearing the imperial mantle, olive branch in right hand, mappa in left hand.
Reverse: PROVIDENTIA DEORVM QVIES AVGG / Providentia standing, extending hand to Quies, also standing, holding branch and leaning on sceptre. X K between, with B above.
Mint mark: ALE
6.61 gm, 24.5 mm.
RIC #80; Sear #12921; PBCC #1178.
RIC #80 (VI, p. 675) is listed as having a single S at the end of the obverse legend. THis is a known error in RIC. The obverse legend should have a double S at the end -- as on this coin.
Callimachus
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1dr Carinus283-285
AE antoninianus
Radiate draped & cuirassed bust, right, IMP C M AVR CARINVS AVG
Aequitas stg. Left, AEQVITAS AVGG
RIC 238
According to the Historia Augusta: He was the most polluted of men, an adulterer and a constant corrupter of youth. . . . He was left by his father as Caesar in Gaul and Italy and in Illyricum, Spain, Britain, and Africa, all of which had been voted to him, and he exercised there a Caesar's powers, but with the permission to perform all the duties of an Augustus. Then he defiled himself by unwonted vices and inordinate depravity. . . . He appeared in public as consul contrary to his father's wish. He wrote arrogant letters to the senate, and he even promised the senate's property to the mob of the city of Rome, as though it, forsooth, were the Roman people. By marrying and divorcing he took nine wives in all, and he put away some even while they were pregnant. He filled the Palace with actors and harlots, pantomimists, singers and pimps. He had such an aversion for the signing of state-papers that he appointed for signing them a certain filthy fellow, with whom he used always to jest at midday, and then he reviled him because he could imitate his writing so well. . . .
When he learned that his father had been killed by lightning and his brother slain by his own father-in-law, and that Diocletian had been hailed as Augustus, Carinus committed acts of still greater vice and crime, as though now set free and released by the death of his kindred from all the restraints of filial duty. He did not, however, lack strength of purpose for claiming the imperial power. For he fought many battles against Diocletian, but finally, being defeated in a fight near Margus, he perished.Blindado
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1ds Diocletian284-305
AE antoninianus
Radiate, draped, cuirassed bust, right, IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG
Zeus and Diocletian, CONCORDIA MILITVM
RIC 284B
According to the Historia Augusta, after the death of Numerian: Then a huge assembly was held and a tribunal, too, was constructed. And when the question was asked who would be the most lawful avenger of Numerian and who could be given to the commonwealth as a good emperor, then all, with a heaven-sent unanimity, conferred the title of Augustus on Diocletian. . . . He was at this time in command of the household-troops, an outstanding man and wise, devoted to the commonwealth, devoted to his kindred, duly prepared to face whatever the occasion demanded, forming plans that were always deep though sometimes over-bold, and one who could by prudence and exceeding firmness hold in check the impulses of a restless spirit. This man, then, having ascended the tribunal was hailed as Augustus, and when someone asked how Numerian had been slain, he drew his sword and pointing to Aper, the prefect of the guard, he drove it through him, saying as he did so, "It is he who contrived Numerian's death.''
Eutropius summarized a long and important reign: DIOCLETIAN, a native of Dalmatia, [was] of such extremely obscure birth, that he is said by most writers to have been the son of a clerk, but by some to have been a freedman of a senator named Anulinus. . . . He soon after overthrew Carinus, who was living under the utmost hatred and detestation, in a great battle at Margum, Carinus being betrayed by his own troops, for though he had a greater number of men than the enemy, he was altogether abandoned by them between Viminacium and mount Aureus. He thus became master of the Roman empire; and when the peasants in Gaul made an insurrection, giving their faction the name of Bagaudae, and having for leaders Amandus and Aelianus, he despatched Maximian Herculius, with the authority of Caesar, to suppress them. Maximian, in a few battles of little importance, subdued the rustic multitude, and restored peace to Gaul. . . .
Diocletian promoted MAXIMIAN HERCULIUS from the dignity of Caesar to that of emperor, and created Constantius and Maximian Galerius Caesars, of whom Constantius is said to have been the grand-nephew of Claudius by a daughter, and Maximian Galerius to have been born in Dacia not far from Sardica. That he might also unite them by affinity, Constantius married Theodora the step-daughter of Herculius, by whom he had afterwards six children, brothers to Constantine; while Galerius married Valeria, the daughter of Diocletian; both being obliged to divorce the wives that they had before. . . .
Diocletian, meanwhile, besieging Achilleus in Alexandria, obliged him to surrender about eight months after, and put him to death. He used his victory, indeed, cruelly, and distressed all Egypt with severe proscriptions and massacres. Yet at the same time he made many judicious arrangements and regulations, which continue to our own days. . . .
Diocletian was of a crafty disposition, with much sagacity, and keen penetration. He was willing to gratify his own disposition to cruelty in such a way as to throw the odium upon others; he was however a very active and able prince. He was the first that introduced into the Roman empire a ceremony suited rather to royal usages than to Roman liberty, giving orders that he should be adored, whereas all emperors before him were only saluted. He put ornaments of precious stones on his dress and shoes, when the imperial distinction had previously been only in the purple robe, the rest of the habit being the same as that of other men. . . .
But when Diocletian, as age bore heavily upon him, felt himself unable to sustain the government of the empire, he suggested to Herculius that they should both retire into private life, and commit the duty of upholding the state to more vigorous and youthful hands. With this suggestion his colleague reluctantly complied. Both of them, in the same day, exchanged the robe of empire for an ordinary dress, Diocletian at Nicomedia, Herculius at Milan, soon after a magnificent triumph which they celebrated at Rome over several nations, with a noble succession of pictures, and in which the wives, sisters, and children of Narseus were led before their chariots. The one then retired to Salonae, and the other into Lucania.
Diocletian lived to an old age in a private station, at a villa which is not far from Salonae, in honourable retirement, exercising extraordinary philosophy, inasmuch as he alone of all men, since the foundation of the Roman empire, voluntarily returned from so high a dignity to the condition of private life, and to an equality with the other citizens. That happened to him, therefore, which had happened to no one since men were created, that, though he died in a private condition, he was enrolled among the gods. Blindado
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1dt Maximianus286-305, 306-308, 310
Quarter Follis
Laureate head, right, IMP C M A MAXIMIANVS P F AVG
Genius standing left, with modius on head, cornucopia & patera, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, SIS in exergue
RIC 146
Eutropius records: [Diocletian] thus became master of the Roman empire; and when the peasants in Gaul made an insurrection, giving their faction the name of Bagaudae, and having for leaders Amandus and Aelianus, he despatched Maximian Herculius, with the authority of Caesar, to suppress them. Maximian, in a few battles of little importance, subdued the rustic multitude, and restored peace to Gaul. . . . While disorder thus prevailed throughout the world, while Carausius was taking arms in Britain and Achilleus in Egypt, while the Quinquegentiani were harassing Africa, and Narseus was making war upon the east, Diocletian promoted MAXIMIAN HERCULIUS from the dignity of Caesar to that "of emperor, and created Constantius and Maximian Galerius Caesars. . . .
Maximian the emperor, brought the war to an end in Africa, by subduing the Quinquegentiani, and compelling them to make peace. . . .
Herculius was undisguisedly cruel, and of a violent temper, and showed his severity of disposition in the sternness of his looks. Gratifying his own inclination, he joined with Diocletian in even the most cruel of his proceedings. But when Diocletian, as age bore heavily upon him, felt himself unable to sustain the government of the empire, he suggested to Herculius that they should both retire into private life, and commit the duty of upholding the state to more vigorous and youthful hands. With this suggestion his colleague reluctantly complied. Both of them, in the same day, exchanged the robe of empire for an ordinary dress, Diocletian at Nicomedia, Herculius at Milan, soon after a magnificent triumph which they celebrated at Rome over several nations, with a noble succession of pictures, and in which the wives, sisters, and children of Narseus were led before their chariots. The one then retired to Salonae, and the other into Lucania.
But after the death of Constantius, CONSTANTINE, his son by a wife of obscure birth, was made emperor in Britain, and succeeded his father as a most desirable ruler. In the meantime the praetorian guards at Rome, having risen in insurrection, declared MAXENTIUS, the son of Maximian Herculius, who lived in the Villa Publica not far from the city, emperor. At the news of this proceeding, Maximian, filled with hopes of regaining the imperial dignity, which he had not willingly resigned, hurried to Rome from Lucania. . . , and stimulated Diocletian by letters to resume the authority that he had laid down, letters which Diocletian utterly disregarded. Severus Caesar, being despatched to Rome by Galerius to suppress the rising of the guards and Maxentius, arrived there with his army, but, as he was laying siege to the city, was deserted through the treachery of his soldiers.
The power of Maxentius was thus increased, and his government established. Severus, taking to flight, was killed at Ravenna. Maximian Herculius, attempting afterwards, in an assembly of the army, to divest his son Maxentius of his power, met with nothing but mutiny and reproaches from the soldiery. He then set out for Gaul, on a planned stratagem, as if he had been driven away by his son, that he might join his son-in-law Constantine, designing, however, if he could find an opportunity, to cut off Constantine, who was ruling in Gaul with great approbation both of the soldiers and the people of the province, having overthrown the Franks and Alemanni with great slaughter, and captured their kings, whom, on exhibiting a magnificent show of games, he exposed to wild beasts. But the plot being made known by Maximian's daughter Fausta, who communicated the design to her husband, Maximian was cut off at Marseilles, whence he was preparing to sail to join his son, and died a well-deserved death. . . .Blindado
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1du Constantius I305-306
Quarter Follis
Laureate head, right, IMP CONSTANTIVS P F AVG
Genius standing left, modius on head, naked except for chlamys over left shoulder, holding patera and cornucopiae. Mintmark: SIS, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI
Also known as Constantius Chlorus.
RIC 167
After being names Caesar, according to Eutropius: A battle was fought by Constantius Caesar in Gaul, at Lingonae, where he experienced both good and had fortune in one day; for though he was driven into the city by a sudden onset of the barbarians, with such haste and precipitation that after the gates were shut he was drawn up the wall by ropes, yet, when his army came up, after the lapse of scarcely six hours, he cut to pieces about sixty thousand of the Alemanni. . . .
CONSTANTIUS and GALERIUS were made emperors; and the Roman world was divided between them in such a manner, that Constantius had Gaul, Italy, and Africa; Galerius Illyricum, Asia, and the East; two Caesars being joined with them. [Zosimus adds: Three years after Dioclesian died, and the reigning emperors, Constantius and Maximianus Gallerius declared Severus and Maximinus (who was nephew to Gallerius), the Caesars, giving all Italy to Severus, and the eastern provinces to Maximinus.] Constantius, however, content with the dignity of emperor, declined the care of governing Africa. He was an excellent man, of extreme benevolence, who studied to increase the resources of the provinces and of private persons, cared but little for the improvement of the public treasury, and used to say that "it was better for the national wealth to be in the hands of individuals than to be laid up in one place of confinement." So moderate was the furniture of his house, too, that if, on holidays, he had to entertain a greater number of friends than ordinary, his dining-rooms were set out with the plate of private persons, borrowed from their several houses. By the Gauls1 he was not only beloved but venerated, especially because, under his government, they had escaped the suspicious prudence of Diocletian, and the sanguinary rashness of Maximian. He died in Britain, at York, in the thirteenth year of his reign, and was enrolled among the gods. Blindado
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1dv Galerius305-311
Quarter Follis
Laureate head, right, MAXIMIANVS AVG
Genius standing left, modius on head, holding cornucopia & patera, SIS in ex., GENIO POPVLI ROMANI
RIC 169b
Eutropius tells us: Diocletian promoted MAXIMIAN HERCULIUS from the dignity of Caesar to that of emperor, and created Constantius and Maximian Galerius Caesars, of whom Constantius is said to have been the grand-nephew of Claudius by a daughter, and Maximian Galerius to have been born in Dacia not far from Sardica. . . . Galerius married Valeria, the daughter of Diocletian. . . .
Galerius Maximian, in acting against Narseus, fought, on the first occasion, a battle far from successful, meeting him between Callinicus and Carrae, and engaging in the combat rather with rashness than want of courage; for he contended with a small army against a very numerous enemy. Being in consequence defeated, and going to join Diocletian, he was received by him, when he met him on the road, with such extreme haughtiness, that he is said to have run by his chariot for several miles in his scarlet robes.
But having soon after collected forces in Illyricum and Moesia, he fought a second time with Narseus (the grandfather of Hormisdas and Sapor), in Greater Armenia, with extraordinary success, and with no less caution and spirit, for he undertook, with one or two of the cavalry, the office of a speculator. After putting Narseus to flight, he captured his wives, sisters, and children, with a vast number of the Persian nobility besides, and a great quantity of treasure; the king himself he forced to take refuge in the remotest deserts in his dominions. Returning therefore in triumph to Diocletian, who was then encamped with some troops in Mesopotamia, he was welcomed by him with great honour. Subsequently, they conducted several wars both in conjunction and separately, subduing the Carpi and Bastarnae, and defeating the Sarmatians, from which nations he settled a great number of captives in the Roman territories. . . .
Galerius, a man of excellent moral character, and skilful in military affairs, finding that Italy, by Constantius's permission, was put under his government, created two Caesars, MAXIMIN, whom he appointed over the east, and SEVERUS, to whom he committed Italy. He himself resided in Illyricum. Blindado
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285-305 AD - MAXIMIANUS AE antoninianusobv: IMP.C.M.A.VAL.MAXIMIANVS.PF.AVG (radiate head right)
rev: VICTORIA.AVGG / Γ / XXI (Maximian, facing left, holding scepter, receiving Victory on globe from Diocletian, facing right)
ref: RIC585, C.545
mint: Siscia, struck 291 AD
4.48gms, 22mm
Rareberserker
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321. CarinusMarcus Aurelius Carinus, Roman emperor, 283 - July, 285, was the elder son of the emperor Carus, on whose accession he was appointed governor of the western portion of the empire. He fought with success against the German tribes, but soon left the defence of the Upper Rhine to his legates and returned to Rome, where he abandoned himself to all kinds of debauchery and excess. He also celebrated the ludi Romani on a scale of unexampled magnificence.
After the death of Carus, the army in the East demanded to be led back to Europe, and Numerianus, the younger son of Carus, was forced to comply. During a halt at Chalcedon, Numerianus was murdered, and Diocletian, commander of the body-guards, was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers. Carinus at once left Rome and set out for the East to meet Diocletian. On his way through Pannonia he put down the usurper Marcus Aurelius Julianus, and encountered the army of Diocletian in Moesia. Carinus was successful in several engagements, and at the battle on the Margus (Morava), according to one account, the valour of his troops had gained the day, when he was assassinated by a tribune whose wife he had seduced. In another account, the battle is represented as having resulted in a complete victory for Diocletian.
Carinus has the reputation of having been one of the worst of the emperors.
Carinus. 283-285 AD. ? Antoninianus. Antioch mint. IMP C M AVR CARINVS NOB C,radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right / VIRTVS AVGGG Carinus standing right, holding sceptre and receiving Victory from Jupiter standing left, holding long sceptre; B/XXI. RIC 208F. ecoli
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402. MaximianusMarcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius (c. 250 - July, 310), known in English as Maximian, was Roman Emperor (together with Diocletian) from March 1, 286 to 305.
Born to a poor family near Sirmium (city in Pannonia), Maximian made a career in the army until 285, when the new emperor Diocletian, a friend of his, made him caesar (sub-emperor) and the ruler of the western part of the empire. The next year Maximian became augustus next to Diocletian, and in 293, when Diocletian introduced the Tetrarchy, Constantius Chlorus became Maximian's caesar and married Maximian's daughter Flavia Maximiana Theodora.
During his reign, Maximianus had several military successes, against the Alemanni and Burgundians in northern Germany, against the Carpi on the Danube frontier and against Carausius, who had rebelled in Britain and declared himself emperor there. He also strengthened the frontier defenses in Africa.
On May 1, 305, Diocletian and Maximian retired together; it is clear that this was not a voluntary act of Maximian's, but that he was forced to do so by Diocletian. Galerius and Constantius Chlorus became the new emperors; Flavius Valerius Severus and Maximinus Daia became their caesars. When Constantius died the next year, Maximian's son Maxentius took the western emperorship, and named Maximian to be his augustus. Maximian resolved the conflicts around this emperorship by defeating Severus and Galerius in battle and bringing Constantius' son Constantine on his side by having Constantine marry his daughter Fausta.
However, in 308 Maximian rebelled against his own son, and marched upon Rome, but was beaten and forced to find refuge with Constantine in Gaul. In 310 he declared himself emperor for the third time, but was unable to defend himself against Constantine, who forced him to commit suicide.
For his own and his colleagues' victories, Maximian received the titles Germanicus Maximus V, Sarmaticus Maximus III, Armeniacus Maximus, Medicus Maximus, Adiabenicus Maximus, Persicus Maximus II, Carpicus Maximus, Britannicus Maximus.
Maximianus 286-305, Reform Follis - Siscia Mint
9.16g
Obv: Bust of Maximianus right "IMP MAXIMIANVS PF AVG"
Rev: Moneta standing left holding a scale and cornucopiae "SACRA MONET AVGG E CAESS NOSTR" "SIS" in the exergue.
RIC 134becoli
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405. CONSTANTIUS I, as CaesarBorn March 31st, Emperor Flavius Valerius Constantius may have come into the world ca. 250. His family was from Illyricum. In the army he served as a protector, tribunus, and a praeses Dalmatiarum. During the 270s or the 280s, he became the father of Constantine by Helena, his first spouse. By 288 he was the Praetorian Prefect of the western emperor Maximianus Herculius.
On 1 March 293 Diocletian appointed Galerius as his Caesar (junior emperor) in the east and Constantius as the Caesar of Maximianus Herculius. Caesar in the west. Both Caesars had the right of succession. In order to strengthen the dynastic relationship between himself and Herculius., Constantius put aside his wife Helena and married Theodora, the daughter, or perhaps stepdaughter, of Maximianus Herculius. The union was fruitful and of it there were six issue: Flavius Dalmatius, Julius Constantius, Hannibalianus, Constantia, Anastasia, and Eutropia. To strengthen his bond with Galerius and Diocletian in the east, Constantius allowed Galerius to keep his son Constantine as a hostage for his good behavior.
In the remainder of the time that he was a Caesar, Constantius spent much of his time engaged in military actions in the west. In the summer of 293 Constantius expelled the troops of the usurper Carausius from northern Gaul; after Constantius' attack on Bononia (Boulogne), Carausius was murdered. At the same time he dealt with the unrest of the Germans. In 296 he invaded Britain and put down the revolt of the usurper Allectus. Between 300 and 305 A.D. the Caesar campaigned successfully several times with various German tribes. It is worth noting in passing, that while his colleagues rigidly enforced the "Great Persecution in 303," Constantius limited his action to knocking down a few churches.
On 1 May 305 Diocletian, at Nicomedia, and Maximianus Herculius, at Mediolanum (Milan), divested themselves of the purple, probably because of the almost fatal illness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of 304. Diocletian forced Maximianus to abdicate. They appointed as their successors Constantius and Galerius, with Severus and Maximinus Daia as the new Caesars. The retired emperors then returned to private life. Constantius, as had his predecessor, ruled in the west, while Galerius and Daia ruled in the east. Almost as soon as he was appointed Augustus, he crossed to Britain to face incursions by the Picts where he died at York on 25 July 306 with his son at his side.
CONSTANTIUS I, as Caesar. 293-305 AD. Æ Follis (9.24 gm). Lugdunum mint. Struck 301-303 AD. CONSTANTIVS NO[B CAE]S, laureate and draped bust right, holding spear over right shoulder and shield at left / [GENIO POPV]LI ROMANI; altar-B/PLC. RIC VI 136a. VF, brown patina, some silvering. Ex CNGecoli
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406a. Galeria ValeriaGaleria Valeria was Diocletian's daughter and, to cement the alliance between Diocletian and Galerius, Valeria was married to Galerius. It appears that this was not a very happy marriage. Galeria Valeria was sympathetic towards Christians during this time of severe persecution and it is possible that she was actually a Christian herself. The imperial couple were not blessed with any children during their eighteen year marriage. After Galerius died in A. D. 311, Galeria Valeria and her mother went to live at the court of Maximinus Daia, the caesar who became emperor of the East upon the death of Galerius.
Maximinus proposed marriage to Valeria soon afterward. He was probably more interested in her wealth and the prestige he would gain by marrying the widow of one emperor and the daughter of another than he was in Valeria as a person. She refused his hand, and immediately Maximinus reacted with hatred and fury. Diocletian, by now an old man living in a seaside villa on the Dalmatian coast, begged Maximinus to allow the two women to come home to him. Maximinus refused and had Valeria and her mother banished to live in a village in Syria.
During the civil war that erupted between Maximinus and Licinius, Valeria and Prisca disguised themselves and escaped, trying to reach the safety of Diocletian's villa. In the meantime, Diocletian had died, leaving the women without a haven of safety to which to run. For fifteen months the two royal fugitives traveled from one city to another, always living in fear of being discovered and in search of a little peace.
Finally, they were recognized by someone in the Greek city of Salonika. They were hastily taken to a square in the city and beheaded before a crowd of citizens who had once revered them as empresses. The bodies of Valeria and her mother were afterwards thrown into the sea.
Galeria Valeria Follis. AD 308-311. GAL VAL-ERIA AVG, Diademed & draped bust right / VENERI V-ICTRICI, Venus standing left, holding apple & scepter, * to left, G to right, (dot)SM(dot)TS(dot) in ex. ecoli
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407. Severus IIFlavius Valerius Severus was of humble origin and from Illyricum. Early in his career he had held a military command. When Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximianus Herculius, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple (Milan) on 1 May 305, they appointed Constantius I and Galerius as Augusti in their place, with Severus and Maximinus Daia as the new Caesars. Both Caesars were Galerius' creatures and received their appointment at his hands. Constantius I and Severus ruled the west, while Galerius and Daia controlled the east.
When Galerius learned of the death of Constantius I in August 306 and the acclamation of Constantine to the purple, he raised Severus to the rank of Augustus to replace the dead Augustus. Matters went from bad to worse for Galerius when Maxentius, the son of Maximianus Herculius, was proclaimed emperor at Rome on 28 October 306. Galerius was disturbed when he heard the news of Maxentius' revolt because the usurper seized Rome, then part of Severus' realm. Galerius sent Severus from Mediolanum (Milan) to fight the enemy. Severus took a large field army which had formerly been that of Maximianus and proceeded toward Rome.
When Maxentius learned about the advance of Severus, he sent his own father the purple and offered to make him Augustus again to win Severus' army to his side; Maximianus accepted his offer. Meanwhile, Severus and his army reached Rome and began to besiege the city; Maxentius, however, bribed Severus' soldiers and, at a set signal, the Augustus' forces joined the usurper. Severus fled ro Ravenna with a few remaining soldiers. Maximianus went to Ravenna and, with false promises of safety, convinced Severus to surrender. He took this action because he realized that Severus' position was impregnable. Under house arrest Severus was brought to Rome and imprisoned at Tres Tabernae. Severus was put to death in 307 under clouded circumstances, when Galerius invaded Italy
Severus II AD 305-306 AE Follis "Genius Serdica" "The genius of the people of Rome." Obv: FL VAL SEVERVS NOB C - Laureate head right Rev: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI - Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. Exe: SIS Siscia mint: AD 305-306 = RIC VI, p. 475, 170a Rare (r) ecoli
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504. Constantius II Campgate NicomediaNicomedia
Titular see of Bithynia Prima, founded by King Zipoetes. About 264 B.C. his son Nicodemes I dedicated the city anew, gave it his name, made it his capital, and adorned it with magnificent monuments. At his court the vanquished Hannibal sought refuge. When Bithynia became a Roman province Nicomedia remained its capital. Pliny the Younger mentions, in his letters to Trajan, several public edifices of the city — a senate house, an aqueduct which he had built, a forum, the temple of Cybele, etc. He also proposed to join the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmora by a canal which should follow the river Sangarius and empty the waters of the Lake of Sabandja into the Gulf of Astacus. A fire then almost destroyed the town. From Nicomedia perhaps, he wrote to Trajan his famous letter concerning the Christians. Under Marcus Aurelius, Dionysius, Bishop of Corinth, addressed a letter to his community warning them against the Marcionites (Eusebius, "Hist. Eccl.", IV, xxiii). Bishop Evander, who opposed the sect of the Ophites (P.L., LIII, 592), seems to have lived at the same time. Nicomedia was the favorite residence of Diocletian, who built there a palace, a hippodrome, a mint, and an arsenal. In 303 the edict of the tenth persecution caused rivers of blood to flow through the empire, especially in Nicomedia, where the Bishop Anthimus and a great many Christians were martyred. The city was then half Christian, the palace itself being filled with them. In 303, in the vast plain east of Nicomedia, Diocletian renounced the empire in favour of Galerius. In 311 Lucian, a priest of Antioch, delivered a discourse in the presence of the judge before he was executed. Other martyrs of the city are numbered by hundreds. Nicomedia suffered greatly during the fourth century from an invasion of the Goths and from an earthquake (24 Aug., 354), which overthrew all the public and private monuments; fire completed the catastrophe. The city was rebuilt, on a smaller scale. In the reign of Justinian new public buildings were erected, which were destroyed in the following century by the Shah Chosroes. Pope Constantine I visited the city in 711. In 1073 John Comnenus was there proclaimed emperor and shortly afterwards was compelled to abdicate. In 1328 it was captured by the Sultan Orkhan, who restored its ramparts, parts of which are still preserved.
RIC VII Nicomedia 158 R2
ecoli
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AE tetradrachm of Diocletian (284-305 AD) from Alexandria, Egypt Diocletianus facing right, AVT DIOCLETIANOC CEB. Eagle standing left. (regnal year 4 - 287/8 AD). Green and blue patina, not completely cleaned. 21 mm, 8.4 grams. 4000
RÖMISCHE MÜNZEN
RÖMISCHES REICH, Diocletian, 284-305, Bil.-Tetradrachme Jahr 1 =284, Ägypten, Stadt Alexandria. Belorb. Büste r. Rs.Adler l. stehend, blickt r., trägt Kranz. 8,02g.
ss
Milne 4760f; Försch.-
Roman Provincial
EGYPT, Alexandria. Diocletian. AD 284-305. Potin Tetradrachm (21mm, 7.27 g, 12h). Dated RY 1 (AD 284/5). Laureate and cuirassed bust right, seen from the front / Eagle standing left, head right, wreath in beak, with wings closed; L A (date) across field. Köln –; Dattari (Savio) 5791; K&G 119.1; Emmett 4037.1 (R3).
Antonivs Protti
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Alexandria potin tetradrachm of DiocletianDiocletian
Egypt, Alexandria
Potin tetradrachm – 21mm
285-286 AD
laureate bust r.
AK ΓO VAΛ ï€ Î”IOKΛHTIANOC CEB
Athena seated l. on throne, holding Nike and spear, with shield, LB
Emmett 4032(2)Ardatirion
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Alexandria Potin tetradrachm of Diocletian, 287-288 ADDiocletian
Egypt, Alexandria
Potin tetradrachm – 20mm
287-288 AD
laureate bust r.
AK ΓO VAÎ›ï€ Î”IOKΛHTIANOC CEB
Nike flying r., LΔ
Emmett 4064(4)
Ardatirion
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Aurelian Antoninianus CoinThis type refers to Aurelian's defeat of Zenobia's Palmyrene Empire in the east. The captives wear Parthian caps and are typically attributed as Persians. The real captives were more likely Palmyreans. Typical of Roman propaganda, Zenobia's Sasanian supporters are depicted to glorify Aurelian's victory and mask that this was an internal revolt and civil war.
RS52117. Silvered antoninianus, RIC V 151, gVF, Ticinum (Pavia, Italy) mint, weight 4.178g, maximum diameter 24.1mm, die axis 180o, 270 - 275 A.D.; obverse IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust right; reverse ORIENS AVG, Sol advancing left, raising right hand, globe in left, two bound captives at feet, TXXT in exergue; near full circles strike, extensive silvering remainingColby S
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CAMPGATE, Diocletian, ArgenteusDIOCLETI-ANVS AVG
VICTORIA SARMATsocalcoins
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CAMPGATE, DIOCLETIAN, ARGENTEUSDIOCLETIAN
AR argenteus. Siscia,294-295 AD. 3,34 grs. Laureate head right. DIOCLETIANVS AVG / The four tetrarchs sacrificing over tripod before eight-turreted camp gate. VIRTVS MILITVM.
RIC 43 a. C 516.
benito
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CarinusBillon tetradrachm, references: Milne 4738, Curtis 1926, BMC Alexandria 2457, Geissen 3186, SNG Cop 958, Emmett 4010; condition: VF, mint: Alexandria, weight: 8.093g, maximum diameter: 19.8mm, die axis: 0o, date struck: 29 Aug 284 - spring 285 A.D.; obverse A K M A KAPINOC CEB, laureate and cuirassed bust right; reverse ETOYC Γ (year 3), Nike advancing right, holding palm-branch and wreath; scarce
From FORVM:
Carinus was the son of Carus who was Praetorian prefect during the reign of Probus. After his father seized power, Carinus was raised to the rank of Caesar in October 282 and left to manage the Western provinces while his father and brother Numerian campaigned against the Persians in the east. The campaign was a success, but Carus was killed by lightning. In 285 Carinus left Rome to confront the usurper Julian I and then Diocletian, who had been declared Augustus by his troops. Carinus was nearly victorious in battle but was murdered by one of his chief officers - apparently Carinus had seduced his wife.
Purchased from FORVMSosius
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CONCORDIA MILITVM, RIC VI 13, HeracleaDiocletian, 20 November 284 - 1 March 305 A.D. Copper post-reform radiate, RIC VI 13, aVF, Heraclea mint, 2.508g, 20.2mm, 0o, c. 295 - 296 A.D.; obverse IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right; reverse CONCORDIA MILITVM, Diocletian holding parazonium, standing left, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter holding spear, HA in center; excellent centering, bare red copper. The Roman's believed Jupiter granted protection and success to his favorites, who tended to be people in positions of authority similar to his own. Ex FORVM, photo credit FORVMPodiceps
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Constantius (as Caesar), 293 - 305 ADObv: CONSTANTIVS CAES, laureate bust of Constantius I facing right.
Rev: VICTORIA SARMAT, the tetrarchs, (Diocletian, Maximianus, Constantius I and Galerius) sacrificing over a tripod altar in front of a camp gate with six turrets; Z in exergue.
Silver Argenteus, Rome mint (officina 7), 295 - 297 AD
2.9 grams, 19 x 17 mm, 0°
RIC VI 38a, RSC 286†d, VM 9Matt Inglima
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Constantius I. Tetrarchs sacrificing outside camp gate. Argentus of Nicomedia.Roman Empire. Constantius I. 293-305 AD. AR Argentus (3.40 gm, 19.4mm, 12h) of Nicomedia, officina 3, 295 AD. Laureate head right, CONSTANTIVS CAESAR. / Diocletian, Maximian, Constantius, & Galerius sacrificing over tripod outside camp gate with six turrets, PROVIDENTAIE AVGG. Ex: SMN Γ. gVF. Bt. Guy Clark 2003. RIC VI p.555 #18; Pink p.27 #2; RSC V #245Aa; SRCV IV #13942.Anaximander
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diocletian Diocletian, Antoninianus, 285-290, Tripolis, Officina 1
IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG
Radiate, draped, cuirassed bust right
IOVI CONSERVATOR_I AVGG
Emperor standing right, short scepter in left hand, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter standing left, scepter in left
TR in lower middle field
XXI palm in exergue
22mm x 23mm, 3.65g
RIC V, Part II, 329 b70
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diocletianDiocletian
284-305A.D.
AE Antoninianus RICVII, 306s, Cohen 33
Ob: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG Radiate, draped bust right
Rv: CONCORDIA MILITVM Jupiter presents Victory on a globe to Diocletian, B between
Ex: XXIdot (Cyzicus, struck 286-293)Scotvs Capitis
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DiocletianDiocletian, 284 to 305 AD, Athena holding Nike, shield at feet, Delta in field to left. Milne 4851Molinari
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DiocletianIMP C VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG
CONCORDIA MILITVM
AE antoninianus, 21.5mm, 3.69g
Radiate, cuirassed bust right
Jupiter standing right presenting victory holding wreath to Diocletian, H between
XXI in ex.
novacystis
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DiocletianDiocletian, Post abdication Follis, Aquileia, AD 305-306. DN DIOCLETIANO FELICISSIMO SEN AVG, laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle, holding olive-branch and mappa / PROVIDENTIA DEORVM QVIES AVGG, Providentia standing right, extending right hand to Quies, standing left, holding branch and sceptre. S-F across outer fields. Mintmark AQP. RIC VI Aquileia 64a Ajax
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DiocletianEgypt, Alexandria, Diocletian, AD 284-305, BI tetradrachm, dated RY 4? = AD 287/8
Obv: A K ΓΟ VΑΛ ΔΙΟΚΛΗΤΙΑΝΟC CEB, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust of Diocletian right, seen from behind
Rev: Nike walking right holding wreath and palm, shield beneath seat; L Δ
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DiocletianEgypt, Alexandria, Diocletian, AD 284-305, BI tetradrachm, dated year 3 (286/7) Obv: A K Γ OVAΛ ΔIOKΛHTIANOC CEB Laureate and cuirassed bust right
Rev: ETOVC Γ (date: year 3) Tyche standing left, holding rudder and cornucopiae; star to right
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Diocletian Egypt, Alexandria, Diocletian, AD 284-305, BI tetradrachm, dated year 3 (286/7) Obv: A K Γ OVAΛ ΔIOKΛHTIANOC CEB Laureate and cuirassed bust right
Rev: ETOVC Γ (date: year 3) Tyche standing left, holding rudder and cornucopiae; star to rightJayAg47
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Diocletian AE3 Post-Reform RadiateO: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, Radiate bust right, draped
R: CONCORDIA MILITVM, Jupiter presents Victory on a globe to Diocletian, HA between.
21mm 2.72g Heraclea RIC 13.12 295-297 AD.
casata137ec
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Diocletian Antoninianus (Jupiter, RIC V 222) v.1DIOCLETIAN, AD 284-305
AE Antoninianus (23.53mm, 4.15g, 6h)
Struck AD 285. Ticinum mint
Obverse: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust of Diocletian right
Reverse: IOVI CONSERVAT, Jupiter standing left holding thunderbolt and scepter; P XXI T in exergue
References: RIC V 222, RCV 12660
Darkly toned silvering. A superb specimen, virtually as struck and well-centered on a large flan.CPK
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Diocletian ArgenteusDenomination : Silver Argenteus. Mint : Rome.
Size : 17.5 x 18.6 mm. Weight : 3.34 grams.
Reference : RIC VI 43a. RSC-516fm. Sear-3503 var.
Obverse : Head of Diocletian right, with DIOCLETIANVS AVG around.
Reverse : Diocletian, Maximianus, Constantiuus and Galerius, standing in front of a camp gate, sacrificing, with VIRTVS MILITVM around. TLP
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Diocletian Athena Tet Milne 4853Diocletian, Alexandria Egypt, Potin Tetradrachm, Year 4, 288 AD, Milne 4853
OBV: A K G OYA DIOKLHTIANOC CEB, Laureate draped bust right
REV: Athena standing left, holding Nike in right hand, transverse scepter in left, shield at feet
Year marks L-D in fields
SRukke
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Diocletian Follis (Genius, RIC VI 25a) v.1DIOCLETIAN, AD 284-305
Billon Follis (26.69mm, 10.42g, 6h)
Struck AD 297-298. Aquileia mint
Obverse: IMP DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, laureate head of Diocletian right
Reverse: GENIO POPV-LI ROMANI, Genius, standing left, wearing modius with chlamys draped over left shoulder, holding patera in right hand and cornucopiae in left hand; AQP in exergue
References: RIC VI 25a, RCV 12774
Excellent strike. Some toned silvering intact.CPK
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Diocletian Follis, Concordia (RICObverse: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG Radiate bust of Diocletian, draped and cuirassed, looking right.
Reverse: CONCORDIA MILITVM Diocletian receiving a Victory on a globe from Jupiter. HB on center.
Heracleia mint, 2nd officina, 295-296.
21 mm, 2.64 g, 180º.
Reference: RIC VI Heracleia 13/21.Manuel
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Diocletian Jupiter RIC Vb 323Diocletian, Antoninianus, Antioch, 285 AD, RIC Vb 323
OBV: IMP CC VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
REV: IOV ET HERCV CONSER AVGG, Jupiter, standing right, holding globe in right hand and sceptre in left hand,
and Hercules, standing left, holding Victory in right hand and club and lion's skin in left hand
Star over S in center field, Mint Mark XXI in exergue
SRukke
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Diocletian Post-Reform Radiate (CONCORDIA MILITVM, RIC VI 21) v.1DIOCLETIAN, AD 284-305
AE Post-Reform Radiate (20.65mm, 3.00g,1h)
Struck AD 295-298. Heraclea mint
Obverse: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped, and cuirassed bust of Diocletian right
Reverse: CONCORDIA MIL-ITVM, Diocletian, in military attire, standing right, holding short scepter and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter standing left, holding long vertical scepter; H A in lower field
References: RIC VI 21, RCV 12833
From the collection of Commodore Daniel Turner (1794-1850), naval veteran of the War of 1812 and later captain of the USS Constitution.
The son of a naval officer, Daniel Turner (born 1794, Staten Island, New York) began his own career in the United States Navy as a midshipman on January 1, 1808, at the age of fourteen. Following brief duty at the New York Naval Station, he served aboard the USS Constitution on the North Atlantic Station. On June 17, 1810, he transferred to the frigate President and remained there until June 1812, when he was ordered to Norwich, Connecticut to command the gunboats there. On March 12, 1813, Turner received his commission as a lieutenant.
On March 14, two days later, Turner was sent to Sackett's Harbor, New York, located on the shores of Lake Erie. There, he took command of Niagara, a brig in Oliver Hazard Perry's squadron. However, just before the Battle of Lake Erie, he relinquished command to Captain Jesse D. Elliott and assumed command of Caledonia. The little brig played an important role in the battle on September 10, 1813, because, at one point in the action, her two 24-pounder long guns were the only ones in Perry's flotilla capable of returning the distant fire of the three heaviest Royal Navy ships then in the process of pounding Perry's flagship Lawrence. For his part in the American victory at Lake Erie, Lt. Turner received the praise of Perry, a vote of thanks and a medal from Congress, and a sword from the state of New York.
In the summer of 1814, Turner succeeded to the command of schooner Scorpion, and he cruised Lakes Erie and Huron in her supporting army operations around Detroit and blockading British forces at the Nottawasaga River and Lake Simcoe. On September 6, 1814, Turner and his command were captured by the British when he brought Scorpion alongside the former American schooner Tigress which, unbeknownst to him, had been captured a few days earlier. After a period of imprisonment at Fort Mackinac, Lt. Turner returned to the United States in exchange for a British prisoner of war.
Between 1815 and 1817, Turner cruised the Mediterranean in the frigate Java commanded by his old superior on the Great Lakes, Oliver Hazard Perry. During that deployment, Java visited Algiers and Tripoli in a show of American naval strength calculated to impress the Barbary pirates and intimidate them into honoring their treaties with the United States. In 1817, Java returned to Newport, Rhode Island, to be laid up.
Between 1819 and 1824, Turner returned to sea in the schooner Nonsuch attached to a squadron commanded again by Oliver Hazard Perry. In addition to hunting West Indian pirates, his ship sailed up the Orinoco River to carry Perry on a diplomatic mission to the Venezuelan government under Simon Bolivar. During the return downriver, Perry and many of the crew contracted yellow fever. Turner was close at hand when his mentor died at Trinidad on August 23, 1819. During the remaining years of Turner's assignment to Nonsuch, his ship worked along the east coast of the United States, patrolled in the West Indies to suppress piracy, and made a brief cruise to the Mediterranean in 1824.
Following shore duty at Boston, Massachusetts, Turner returned to sea in 1827 for a three-year assignment with the West India Squadron, as the commanding officer of Erie. In 1830, he came ashore again for three years at the Portsmouth Navy Yard.
Promoted to captain on March 3, 1835, Turner spent a long period waiting orders before returning to sea in 1839 in command of USS Constitution. He sailed the Pacific Squadron in "Old Ironsides," until he was relieved in 1841. From 1843 to 1846, he commanded the American squadron which operated along the Brazilian coast. From that duty, he reported ashore again as Commandant, Portsmouth Navy Yard.
Captain Daniel Turner died suddenly on February 4, 1850 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and he was buried in Greenmount Cemetery in Baltimore, Maryland.
(Adapted and compiled from the Foster History and the USS Constitution Museum websites)
In addition to being a competent naval commander, Daniel Turner was also a keen coin collector, and during his career he accumulated a large collection of nearly three hundred ancient coins, which he stored in a wooden chest along with his own handwritten labels. In 2015, 165 years after the Commodore's death, the Turner descendants consigned this collection to Cowan’s Auction house of Cincinnati, Ohio.CPK
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Diocletian RIC VI, Siscia 36Diocletian 284 - 305
AR - Argenteus, 2.84g, 19mm
Siscia ca. 294/5
obv. DIOCLETI - ANVS AVG
laureate head r.
rev. VICTORIA - SARMAT
The 4 emperors Diocletian, Constantius, Maximianus and Galerius
sacrificing over tripod before archway in six-turreted enclosure
RIC VI, Siscia 36; cf. C.488
R5 (before finding of the Sisak hoard!); EF uncirculated, from Sisak hoard(1953)
Referred clearly to Galerius' Danubian activities 293/6, struck for use by
military recipients above all (RIC)
added to www.wildwinds.com
From RIC: The reverse type exemplifies the times of Diocletian with symbolic accuracy, for the Empire was in many parts reduced to walled cities and fortresses, and it was ruled by 4 men who recognized that in those desperate times their strength was derived from their conformity!
Jochen
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Diocletian RIC VI, Ticinum 56(a)Diocletian, 284-305
AE - Follis, 8.12g, 26mm
Ticinum, 3rd officina, c. 305
obv. DN DIOCLETIANO BAEATISSIMO SEN AVG (sic!)
Laureate bust right in consular robe, olive branch in right hand, mappa in left
rev. PROVIDENTIA DEORVM QVIES AVGG
Providentia standing right, extending right hand to Quies standing left, branch
downward in right hand, leaning left on vertical scepter
in right field pellet
in exergue: TT
RIC VI, Ticinum 56a; C.422
VF+, nice green patina, some silvering below
ex Tony Hardy Coll.
added to www.wildwinds.com
The pellet for the Augusti was in the r. field, for the Caesars in the l. field.Jochen
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Diocletian Tetradrachm Milne 4770Diocletian, Tetradrachm, Alexandria Egypt, 17.77mm, 6.3g, Milne 4770
OBV: A K GOYA DIOKLHTIANOC CEB, laureate, cuirassed bust right
REV: Dikaiosyne standing left holding scales & cornucopia,
SRukke
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Diocletian Tetradrachm Milne 4897Diocletian, AE Tetradrachm, Alexandria Mint, 284 – 305 AD, 19mm, 8.32g, Emmett 4052, Gobl 3245, Milne 4897, Koln 3246, Dattari 5693, Curtis 1995
OBV: Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust of Diocletian right.
REV: LE (year 5), Eusebius standing left sacrificing over altar.
SRukke
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Diocletian, 20 November 284 - 1 May 305 A.D., Roman Provincial Egypt.Billon tetradrachm, BMC Alexandria p. 324, 2511; Milne 4898; Curtis 1995; Emmett 4052, VF, Alexandria mint, 8.087 grams, 20.3 mm, die axis 0o, 29 Aug 288 - 28 Aug 289 A.D.; obverse and#913; and#922; and#915; and#927;and#933;and#913; and#8710;and#921;and#927;and#922;and#923;and#919;and#932;and#921;and#913;and#925;and#927;C Cand#917;and#914;, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right; reverse Eusebia (Pietas) standing left, wearing peplos, sacrificing over altar with right, box in left, L - E (year 5) flanking across field.
Eusebeia was the Greek personification of piety; the Roman equivalent was Pietas.
EX; FORVM Ancient Coins.
*With my sincere thank and appreciation , Photo and Description courtesy of FORVM Ancient Coins Staff.Sam
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Diocletian, 20 November 284 - 1 May 305 A.D., Roman Provincial Egypt.Billon tetradrachm, Geissen 3243; Dattari 5624; Milne 4915; Curtis 1956; SNG Cop 994; BMC Alexandria p. 326, 2530; Kampmann -, VF, crowded flan cuts off right side of obverse legend, Alexandria mint, 7.290 grams, 19.1 mm, die axis 0o, 29 Aug 288 - 28 Aug 289 A.D.; obverse and#913; and#922; and#915; and#927;and#933;and#913;and#923; and#8710;and#921;and#927;and#922;and#923;and#919;and#932;and#921;and#913;and#925;and#927;C Cand#917;and#914;, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right; reverse Alexandria standing left, turreted, head of Serapis in right, long scepter vertical in left, L - E (year 5) flanking across field, star right.
Ptolemy Soter integrated Egyptian religion with that of the Hellenic rulers by creating Serapis, a deity that would win the reverence of both groups. This was despite the curses of the Egyptian priests against the gods of previous foreign rulers (i.e Set who was lauded by the Hyksos). Alexander the Great had attempted to use Amun for this purpose, but Amum was more prominent in Upper Egypt, and not as popular in Lower Egypt, where the Greeks had stronger influence. The Greeks had little respect for animal-headed figures, and so an anthropomorphic statue was chosen as the idol, and proclaimed as the equivalent of the highly popular Apis. It was named Aser-hapi (i.e. Osiris-Apis), which became Serapis, and was said to be Osiris in full, rather than just his Ka (life force). Ptolemy`s efforts were successful - in time Serapis was held by the Egyptians in the highest reverence above all other deities, and he was adored in Athens and other Greek cities.
EX; FORVM Ancient Coins.
*With my sincere thank and appreciation , Photo and Description courtesy of FORVM Ancient Coins Staff.Sam
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![71185q00[1].jpg](albums/userpics/32314/thumb_71185q00%5B1%5D.jpg "Filename=71185q00[1].jpg
Filesize=131KiB
Dimensions=949x450
Date added=Nov 20, 2014")
Diocletian, 20 November 284 - 1 May 305 CE., Roman Provincial EgyptBB71185. Billon tetradrachm, Milne 4774, Curtis 1976, Geissen 3217, SNG Cop 979, BMC Alexandria 2494 var (obverse legend), Emmett 4045, F, Alexandria mint, weight 7.885g, maximum diameter 20.5mm, die axis 0o, 29 Aug 285 - 28 Aug 286 CE.
Obverse: A K Γ OYAΛ ∆IOKΛHTIANOC CEB, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
Reverse: Eirene standing left, olive-branch in right hand, long transverse scepter in left, L - B (year 2) flanking across field
NORMAN K
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![normal_maximianus_12s[1].jpg](albums/userpics/32314/thumb_normal_maximianus_12s%5B1%5D.jpg "Filename=normal_maximianus_12s[1].jpg
Filesize=194KiB
Dimensions=864x400
Date added=Oct 09, 2015")
Diocletian, 284 - 305 A.D.Obverse - IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG Diocletian bust right 3/4 in front
Reverse - IOVI CONSERVATOR-I AVGG, TR, XXI. Jupiter and Diocletian face to face. Diocletian is standing to the left, turned right, dressed militarily, holding a septerin left hand. Jupiter is naked standing at right, turned left, the coat on the shoulder, holding a long Septeron the left hand and a globe nikephoros on the right hand giving to the emperor.NORMAN K
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Diocletian, 284 - 305 ADObv: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust of Diocletian facing right.
IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Diocletian, on left, standing right holding a parazonium facing Jupiter, standing left, who presents him with Victory on a globe, holding a scepter in his left hand; a crescent above Z in center; XXI in exergue.
Billon Antoninianus, Antioch mint, 285 AD, Double struck
3.6 grams, 23 mm, 180°
RIC Vii 325, VM 28 (var.)
Ex: FORVMMatt Inglima
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Diocletian, 284 -305 ADObv: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust of Diocletian facing right.
Rev: VICTORIA AVGG, Diocletian and Maximianus standing facing each other, holding a figure of Victory between them, Γ in field, -XXI- in exergue.
Billon Antoninianus, Heraclea mint, 292 AD
4.3 grams, 23 mm, 180°
RIC Vii 278, S12715, VM 36Matt Inglima
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Diocletian, 284-305Billon Antoninianus, Heraclea
Obv: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG Radiate, Draped and Cuirassed Bust Right.
Rev: CONCORDIA MILITVM / HB Diocletian Standing Right, Holding Scepter and Receiving Victory on Globe from Jupiter Standing Left, Holding Long Scepter.
RIC 13 (2.93 g, 21.5 mm)Vacolony
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Diocletian, 284-305 ADAE Antoninianus, 20 mm, 2.95 gm. Heraclea mint.
Obv: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: CONCORDIA MILI-TVM, Diocletian standing right, holding sceptre and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter standing left, holding long sceptre; HA/•XXI•.
Reference: RIC V(b), 284; Cohen 34.
Notes: Double-struck reverseJohn Anthony
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Diocletian, 284-305 ADAE Antoninianus; Cyzicus Mint: 286-293 AD.
Obv.: IMP C DIOCLETIANVS AVG; Radiate, draped bust right.
Rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM; Emperor standing right, holding short sceptre, receiving Victory from Jupiter, standing left, holding vertical sceptre / A // XXI.
Reference: RIC 5(b) 306 (p. 253).
Notes: Ebay sale, 11/12/14, momsquared, 15.John Anthony
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Diocletian, 284-305 AD. AR Argenteus, ThessalonicaObverse: DIOCLETI-ANVS AVG - Laureate bust of Diocletian Facing Right
Reverse: VIRTVS MILITVM - 3 Turreted Campgate With No Doors , .T.S.B. in ex.
Thessalonica mint, struck c. 302 AD.
Attribution: R.I.C. VI Thessalonica 15a , Rare.
Weight: 2.96 Gr , Max Diameter: 20 mm
Die Axis: 11 H , Ch gVF.
From The Sam Mansourati Collection./ NO. RI 3001
Sam
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Diocletian, 285 AD, pre-reform AntoninianusIMP CC VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG
Bust radiate, draped, right
PROVIDENTIA AVG
Annona standing left, holding cornucopeia, modius at feet
C in right field, no exergue
RIC V Lugdunum 77whitetd49
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Diocletian, AD 284-305Potin tetradrachm, 22mm, 7.4g, 12h; Alexandria, AD 286/7
Obv.: A K Γ OYA ΔIOKΛHTIANOC CEB, laureate cuirassed bust right.
Rev.: ETOVC, Tyche standing left holding rudder and cornucopiae, star above Γ in right field.
Reference: Milne 4840.
From the Collection of JBGood, 16-129-34John Anthony
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Diocletian, AD 284-305Potin tetradrachm, 20mm, 8.1g, 12h; Alexandria, AD 286/7
Obv.: A K Γ OYA ΔIOKΛHTIANOC CEB, laureate cuirassed bust right.
Rev.: ETOVS - Γ, eagle standing left, head right, wreath in beak.
Reference: Milne 4845.
From the Collection of JBGoodJohn Anthony
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Diocletian, AD 284-305Potin tetradrachm, 20mm, 8.1g, 12h; Alexandria, AD 286/7
Obv.: A K Γ OYA ΔIOKΛHTIANOC CEB, laureate, draped, cuirassed bust right.
Rev.: Eagle standing facing, head right, wreath in beak, wings open, between two vexilla
L Δ / * in upper field.
Reference: Emmett 4039, Curtis 1974; Milne 4891.
From the Collection of JBGoodJohn Anthony
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Diocletian, AD 284-305Potin Tetradrachm, 20mm, 8.5g, 12h; Alexandria mint, AD 284.
Obv.: A K Γ OVA ΔIOKΛHTIANOC CEB; laureate, cuirassed bust right.
Rev.: Tyche crowned with modius, reclining left on garlanded couch, resting right hand on rudder; in upper center field, LA (year 1)
Reference: Emmett 4083, Curtis 2023.
From the Collection of JBGood.
John Anthony
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Diocletian, AD 284-305AE Radiate Fraction, 20mm, 3.0g, 6h; Heraclea mint, AD 295-296.
Obv.: IMP CC VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG., radiate, draped, cuirassed bust right.
Rev.: CONCORDIA MILITVM, Emperor standing right, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter, standing left, holding scepter. HA in lower center.
Reference: RIC VI Heraclea 13/21, p. 531/532, 16-250-35
John Anthony
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Diocletian, AD 284-305Æ Follis, 29mm, 11.1g, 6h; Lugdunum mint, AD 303-305.
Obv.: IMP DIOCLETIANVS AVG; Laureate, cuirassed bust left.
Rev.: GENIO POP-VLI ROMANI; Genius standing left by altar, modius on head, naked except for chlamys over left shoulder, holding patera and cornucopiae. Star in right field // PLG
Reference: RIC VI 175a, p. 253
From the YOC Collection John Anthony
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Diocletian, AD 284-305Bl Antoninianus, 4.1g, 20mm, 12h; Antioch mint, AD 284
Obv.: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev.: IOVI CONSERVATO-RI AVGG, Emperor (on left) and Jupiter standing confronted, Emperor holding parazonium, Jupiter presenting Victory on a globe offering wreath and holding long scepter vertical behind in left, Δ in center, XXI in exergue.
Reference: RIC Vb, 324, p. 256 / 17-71-34John Anthony
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Diocletian, AD 284-305Bl Antoninianus, 4.1g, 20mm, 12h; Antioch mint, AD 284
Obv.: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev.: IOVI CONSERVATO-RI AVGG, Emperor (on left) and Jupiter standing confronted, Emperor holding parazonium, Jupiter presenting Victory on a globe offering wreath and holding long scepter vertical behind in left, Δ in center, XXI in exergue.
Reference: RIC Vb, 324, p. 256 / 17-90-35John Anthony
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