| Image search results - "Vespasianus" |
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Vespasianus - AE as
D/ IMP CAES VESP AVG PM TP COS IIII
R/ AEQVITAS AVGVST SC
Cohen 9, AD 72 or 73Rugser
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Vespasianus - quadrans
D/ IMP VESPASIAN AVG
R/ PM TRP P P COS VIII SC
Cohen 348, AD 77 or 78Rugser
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Vespasianus - Denarius plaquedRugser
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Obv: IMP CAES VESP AVG P M T P COS IIII CENS, Radiate head left
Rev: AEQVITAS AVGVST / S C (in field), Aequitas standing left, with scales and rod
AE/Dupondius (27.59 mm 12.479 gr 6h) Struck in Rome 73 A.D.
RIC-BMCRE-BNF unpublishedFlaviusDomitianus
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0 - a - Vespasian Silver Tetradrachm - 14.8 Grams - Antioch, Syria.Ancient Roman Empire
Antioch, Syria.
Silver Tetradrachm of Emperor Vespasian ( 69 - 79 AD )
(titles in Greek)
obv: Laureate bust of the Emperor facing right.
rev: Eagle, holding a laureate wreath in his beak, standing on club of Hercules facing left, palm branch to left in field.
Size: 28 - 29 mm
Weight: 14.8 Grams.
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~*~ CLICK PHOTO FOR FULLSIZE ~*~
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00 - Vespasian AR Denarius - Winged CaduceusEmperor Vespasian (AD 69 - 79)
Silver Denarius, Rome Mint AD 74
obv: IMP CAESAR VESPASIANUS AUG - Laureate head right.
rev: PON MAX TR P COS V - Winged Caduceus.
RIC 703
rexesq
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00 - Vespasian AR Denarius - Winged Caduceus.Emperor Vespasian (AD 69 - 79)
Silver Denarius, Rome Mint AD 74
obv: IMP CAESAR VESPASIANUS AUG - Laureate head right.
rev: PON MAX TR P COS V - Winged Caduceus.
RIC 703
Note the detail on the heads of the snakes of the caduceus.rexesq
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011a. VespasianEmperor 1 June 69 -- 24 June 79
T. Flavius Vespasianus. Born in Rome. Very successful general in Britain and Judea. Commander in East; moved against Vitellius and overthrew him. Popular with both public and the Senate.lawrence c
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0167 - Denarius Vespasianus 69-70 ACObv/IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG, laureate head of Vespasian r.
Rev/Mourning Judaea, veiled and supporting head with l.h., seated r. on ground beside trophy; IVDAEA in ex.
Ag, 18.9mm, 3.28g
Mint: Rome.
RIC II.1/2 [C2] - BMCRE 35
ex-Morton & Eden, auction 59, lot #876 (ex-Jim E. Seaver colln.)dafnis
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020 Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), AR-Denarius, Portrait, Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), AR-Denarius, Portrait, quadrans
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020p Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), Egypt, Alexandria, RPC II 2413, AR-Tetradrachm, PΩMH, Roma standing left, #1020p Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), Egypt, Alexandria, RPC II 2413, AR-Tetradrachm, PΩMH, Roma standing left, #1
avers: AYTOK KAIΣ ΣEBA OYEΣΠAΣIANOY, laureate head of Vespasianus right, LB before.
reverse: PΩMH, Roma standing left, holding spear and shield.
exergue: -/LB//--, diameter: 25mm, weight: 12,69g, axis: 0h,
mint: City: Alexandria, Region: Egypt, Province: Egypt,
date: Year (LB) 2 = 69-70 A.D.,
ref: RPC II 2413, Geissen-278, Dattari-365, Kapmann-Ganschow-20.15-p-68, Milne- ,
Q-001quadrans
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020p Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), Egypt, Alexandria, RPC II 2430, AR-Tetradrachm, LΓ, Isis bust right, #1020p Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), Egypt, Alexandria, RPC II 2430, AR-Tetradrachm, LΓ, Isis bust right, #1
avers: AYTOK KAIΣ ΣEBA OYEΣΠAΣIANOY, laureate head of Vespasianus right.
reverse: LΓ, Isis bust right.
exergue: -/LΓ//--, diameter: 25mm, weight: 12,14g, axis: 0h,
mint: City: Alexandria, Region: Egypt, Province: Egypt,
date: Year (LΓ) 3 = 70-71 A.D.,
ref: RPC II 2430, Geissen-287, Dattari-379, Kapmann-Ganschow-20.29-p-69, Milne- ,
Q-001quadrans
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020p Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), Egypt, Alexandria, RPC II 2441, AE-25, -/LϚ//--, Serapis bust right, #1020p Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), Egypt, Alexandria, RPC II 2441, AE-25, -/LϚ//--, Serapis bust right, #1
avers: AYTOK KAIΣ ΣEBA OYEΣΠAΣIANOY, Laureate head of Vespasianus right.
reverse: LϚ, Serapis bust right.
exergue: -/-//LϚ, diameter: 25mm, weight: 12,14g, axis: 0h,
mint: City: Alexandria, Region: Egypt, Province: Egypt,
date: Year (LϚ) 6 = 73-74 A.D.,
ref: RPC II 2441, Geissen-300, Dattari-401, Kapmann-Ganschow-20.45-p-70, Milne- ,
Q-001quadrans
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020p Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), Egypt, Alexandria, RPC II 2447, Bi-Tetradrachm, LH, Laureate head of Titus right, #1020p Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), Egypt, Alexandria, RPC II 2447, Bi-Tetradrachm, LH, Laureate head of Titus right, #1
avers: AYTOK KAIΣ ΣEBA OYEΣΠAΣIANOY, Laureate head of Vespasianus right, LH.
reverse: ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ ΤΙΤΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ, Laureate head of Titus right.
exergue: -/LH//--, diameter: 22,0-23,0mm, weight: 10,82g, axis: 0h,
mint: City: Alexandria, Region: Egypt, Province: Egypt,
date: Year (LH) 8 = 75-76 A.D.,
ref: RPC II 2447, Geissen-303-304, Dattari-347-349, Kapmann-Ganschow-20.53-p-70, Milne- ,
Q-001quadrans
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18-03 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AR Denario 19 mm 2.6 gr.
Anv: "IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG" - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "COS ITER TR POT" - Marte caminando a derecha, portando lanza en mano derecha y aguila sobre su hombro izquierdo.
Acuñada 70 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: C
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #6D Pag.15 - RIC2 #23 - BMCRE #11/2/3 - Cohen Vol.1 #87 Pag.375 - DVM #18/1 Pag.100 - RSC Vol. II #87 Pag.40 - CBN #12/3mdelvalle
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18-03 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AR Denario 19 mm 2.6 gr.
Anv: "IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG" - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "COS ITER TR POT" - Marte caminando a derecha, portando lanza en mano derecha y aguila sobre su hombro izquierdo.
Acuñada 70 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: C
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #6D Pag.15 - RIC2 #23 - BMCRE #11/2/3 - Cohen Vol.1 #87 Pag.375 - DVM #18/1 Pag.100 - RSC Vol. II #87 Pag.40 - CBN #12/3mdelvalle
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18-05 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AR Denario 17.5 x 16 mm 2.4 gr.
Anv: "IMP CAESAR [VESPA]SIANVS AVG" - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "COS ITER [T]R POT" - Pax (Paz) sentada a izquierda, sosteniendo rama de olivo en mano derecha y Caduceo en izquierda.
Acuñada 69 - 71 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: C3
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #10D Pag.16 - RIC2 #29 - Sear RCTV Vol.1 #2285 Pag.435 - BMCRE #26 - DVM #18/5 Pag.100 - CBN #18 - RSC Vol. II #94h Pag.41mdelvalle
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18-05 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AR Denario 17.5 x 16 mm 2.4 gr.
Anv: "IMP CAESAR [VESPA]SIANVS AVG" - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "COS ITER [T]R POT" - Pax (Paz) sentada a izquierda, sosteniendo rama de olivo en mano derecha y Caduceo en izquierda.
Acuñada 69 - 71 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: C
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #10D Pag.16 - RIC2 #29 - Sear RCTV Vol.1 #2285 Pag.435 - BMCRE #26 - DVM #18/5 Pag.100 - CBN #18 - RSC Vol. II #94h Pag.41mdelvalle
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18-06 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AR Denario 18 mm 3.2 gr.
Anv: "IMP CAESAR VESPAS AVG COS III" - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "PACI AVGVSTAE" - Victoria avanzando a derecha, portando corona de laureles y Palma. "EPE" en campo derecho.
Acuñada 71 D.C.
Ceca: Ephesus
Rareza: S
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #333 Pag.54 - Sear RCTV Vol.1 #2270 Pag.433 - BMCRE #457 - Cohen Vol.1 #276 Pag.388 - DVM #38 Pag.101 - CBN #351 - RSC Vol. II #276 Pag.44mdelvalle
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18-07 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AR Denario 19 x 17 mm 2.6 gr.
Anv: " IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG" - Cabeza laureada viendo a derecha.
Rev: Judea en actitud de duelo y congoja, sentada en el suelo hacia la derecha, detrás suyo un trofeo de armas. "JVDAEA" en el exergo.
Este tipo de reverso celebra el éxito de Vespasian y Titus sofocando la primera Revuelta Judía.
Acuñada: 69 - 70 D.C.
Ceca: Roma Italia ó Tarraco España
Rareza: Común ó Rara (Según la ubicación de la ceca)
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #15D Pag.16 (Roma) ó #266 Pag.46 (Tarraco) - RIC2 #4 (Roma) ó #1316 (Tarraco) - Sear RCTV Vol.1 #2296 Pag.436 - BMCRE Vol.2 #35, 359 y 370 - Cohen Vol.1 #226 Pag.384 - DVM #32 Pag.101 - CBN #23 - RSC Vol. II #226 Pag.43 – Hendin #759 Pag.319
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18-07 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AR Denario 19 x 17 mm 2.6 gr.
Anv: " IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG" - Cabeza laureada viendo a derecha.
Rev: Judea en actitud de duelo y congoja, sentada en el suelo hacia la derecha, detrás suyo un trofeo de armas. "JVDAEA" en el exergo.
Este tipo de reverso celebra el éxito de Vespasian y Titus sofocando la primera Revuelta Judía.
Acuñada: 69 - 70 D.C.
Ceca: Roma Italia ó Tarraco España
Rareza: Común ó Rara (Según la ubicación de la ceca)
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #15D Pag.16 (Roma) ó #266 Pag.46 (Tarraco) - RIC2 #4 (Roma) ó #1316 (Tarraco) - Sear RCTV Vol.1 #2296 Pag.436 - BMCRE Vol.2 #35, 359 y 370 - Cohen Vol.1 #226 Pag.384 - DVM #32 Pag.101 - CBN #23 - RSC Vol. II #226 Pag.43 – Hendin #759 Pag.319mdelvalle
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18-09 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AR Denario 18 mm 2.98 gr.
Anv: "IMP CAES VESP AVG PM" - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "TRI POT II COS III P P" - Pax (Paz) sentada a izquierda, sosteniendo rama de olivo en mano derecha y Caduceo en izquierda.
Acuñada 72 - 73 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: C
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #39D Pag.19 - Sear RCTV Vol.1 #2313 Pag.438 - BMCRE #61 y 364 - DVM #56 Pag.102 - CBN #222 - Cohen I #566 Pag.412 - RSC Vol. II #566 Pag.48mdelvalle
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18-10 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AR Denario 19 mm 2.7 gr.
Anv: "IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG" (Leyenda de der. a izq.) - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "PON MAX TR P COS VI" - Pax (Paz) (Emperador s/Cohen) sentada a izquierda, sosteniendo rama de olivo en mano der.
Acuñada 75 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: C
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #90 Pag.24 - RIC2 #772 - Sear RCTV Vol.1 #2301 Pag.436 - BMCRE #161/2/3/4 - Cohen Vol.1 #366 Pag.395 - DVM #43/1 Pag.101 - CBN #139/40 - RSC Vol. II #366 Pag.46mdelvalle
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18-10 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AR Denario 19 mm 3.1 gr.
Anv: "IMP CAES VESP AVG CENS" (Leyenda de der. a izq.) - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "PONTIF MAXIM" (Leyenda de der. a izq.) - Emperador sedente a derecha, sosteniendo rama de olivo en mano der. y largo cetro vertical en izq.
Acuñada 73 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: C
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #65 Pag.21 - Sear RCTV Vol.1 #2305 Pag.437 - BMCRE #98 - Cohen Vol.1 #387 Pag.397 - DVM #45/2 Pag.102 - CBN #86 - RSC Vol. II #387 Pag.46mdelvalle
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18-11 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AR Denario 19 mm 2.74 gr.
Anv: "IMP CAESAR VESP AVG" (Leyenda de der. a izq.) - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "PON MAX TR P COS V" (Leyenda de der. a izq.) - Emperador sedente a derecha en silla curule, sosteniendo rama de olivo en mano der. y largo cetro vertical en izq.
Acuñada 74 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: C
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #76 Pag.23 - Sear RCTV Vol.1 #2300 Pag.436 - BMCRE #135 - Cohen Vol.1 #363 Pag.395 - DVM #42/3 Pag.101 - CBN #109 - RSC Vol. II #363 Pag.46mdelvalle
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18-12 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)FALSIFICACIÓN ANCIANA
Denario Forrado 19 mm 2.6 gr.
Anv: " IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG" Leyenda en sentido anti-horario - Cabeza laureada viendo a derecha.
Rev: "COS – VIII" – Proa de galera hacia la derecha, gran estrella de ocho rayos largos y ocho cortos, arriba.
Este reverso es copia originalmente de la emisión triunviral de Marco Antonio acuñada en el 41/40 A.C. en conmemoración de su reconciliación con Ahenobarbus.
Acuñada Con posterioridad al 77-78 D.C.
Ceca: No oficial
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #108 Pag.26 – RIC2 #941 - Sear RCTV Vol.1 #2290 Pag.435 - BMCRE Vol.2 #210 - Cohen Vol.1 #136 Pag.377/8 - DVM #24/3 Pag.101 - CBN #187 - RSC Vol. II #136 Pag.42mdelvalle
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18-13 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AR Denario 19 mm 2.7 gr.
Anv: "IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG" (Leyenda de der. a izq.) - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "PON MAX TR P COS VI" - Pax (Paz) (Emperador s/Cohen) sentada a izquierda, sosteniendo rama de olivo en mano der.
Acuñada 75 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: C
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #90 Pag.24 - RIC2 #772 - Sear RCTV Vol.1 #2301 Pag.436 - BMCRE #161-4 - Cohen Vol.1 #366 Pag.395 - DVM #43/1 Pag.101 - CBN #139/40 - RSC Vol. II #366 Pag.46mdelvalle
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18-14 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AR Denario 18 mm 2.8 gr.
Anv: " IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG" Leyenda en sentido anti-horario - Cabeza laureada viendo a derecha.
Rev: "[T]R POT X – COS VIIII" – Victoria avanzando a izquierda y atando un escudo sobre un trofeo de armas, en cuya base se encuentra un acongojado prisionero Judío sentado a izquierda.
Este reverso puede referirse a la victoria en Judea o, alternativamente, puede asociarse con las actividades en el norte de Bretaña del famoso Gobernador Gnaus Julius Agricola, suegro del historiador Tácitus.
Acuñada 79 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: Comun
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #114D Pag.27 - RIC2 #1068 - Sear RCTV Vol.1 #2309 Pag.437 - BMCRE Vol.2 #246 - Cohen Vol.1 #552 Pag.411 - DVM #53/4 Pag.102 - CBN #216 - RSC Vol. II #552 Pag.48 - Hendin #767 Pag.321
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18-15 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AR Denario 18 mm 2.8 gr.
Anv: " IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG" Leyenda en sentido anti-horario - Cabeza laureada viendo a derecha.
Rev: "[T]R POT X – COS VIIII" – Victoria avanzando a izquierda y atando un escudo sobre un trofeo de armas, en cuya base se encuentra un acongojado prisionero Judío sentado a izquierda.
Este reverso puede referirse a la victoria en Judea o, alternativamente, puede asociarse con las actividades en el norte de Bretaña del famoso Gobernador Gnaus Julius Agricola, suegro del historiador Tácitus.
Acuñada 79 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: Comun
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #114D Pag.27 - RIC2 #1068 - Sear RCTV Vol.1 #2309 Pag.437 - BMCRE Vol.2 #246 - Cohen Vol.1 #552 Pag.411 - DVM #53/4 Pag.102 - CBN #216 - RSC Vol. II #552 Pag.48 - Hendin #767 Pag.321mdelvalle
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18-18 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AR Denario 18 mm 3.2 gr.
Anv: "IMP CAESAR VESPAS AVG COS III" - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "PACI AVGVSTAE" - Victoria avanzando a derecha, portando corona de laureles y Palma. "EPE" en campo derecho.
Acuñada 71 D.C.
Ceca: Ephesus
Rareza: S
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #333 Pag.54 - Sear RCTV Vol.1 #2270 Pag.433 - BMCRE #457 - Cohen Vol.1 #276 Pag.388 - DVM #38 Pag.101 - CBN #351 - RSC Vol. II #276 Pag.44mdelvalle
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18-20 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AE AS 23 mm 11.7 gr.
Anv: "[IMP CAES VE]SPASIAN AVG COS III" - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "[AEQVITAS] AVGVSTI - S C" - Aequitas (Equidad) de pié a izq. sosteniendo balanza en mano derecha y un largo cetro o vara en izquierda.
Acuñada 71 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: C2
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #482 Pag.73 - RIC2 #286 - Sear RCTV Vol.I #2356 Pag.445 - BMCRE #600/1/2 - Cohen Vol.1 #13 Pag.369 - DVM #91 var Pag.103 - CBN #575mdelvalle
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18-20 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AE AS 23 mm 11.7 gr.
Anv: "[IMP CAES VE]SPASIAN AVG COS III" - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "[AEQVITAS] AVGVSTI - S C" - Aequitas (Equidad) de pié a izq. sosteniendo balanza en mano derecha y un largo cetro o vara en izquierda.
Acuñada 71 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: C
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #482 Pag.73 - RIC2 #286 - Sear RCTV Vol.I #2356 Pag.445 - BMCRE #600/1/2 - Cohen Vol.1 #13 Pag.369 - DVM #91 var Pag.103 - CBN #575mdelvalle
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18-23 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AE AS 26 mm 10.9 gr.
Anv: "[IM]P CAESAR VESPASIAN AV[G COS IIII]" - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "S C" - Aguila parada sobre un globo de frente con sus alas desplegadas y su cabeza girada hacia la derecha.
Acuñada 72 - 73 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: C2
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #528a Pag.77 - RIC2 #1202 - Sear RCTV Vol.I #2362 var Pag.446 - Cohen Vol.1 #481 Pag.405 - BMCRE #1935-4-4-35 - Lyon #72mdelvalle
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18-25 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AE AS 26 mm 7.5 gr.
Anv: "[IMP CAESA]R VESP AVG COS VII" - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "AEQVITAS [AV]GVST - S C" - Aequitas (Equidad) de pié a izq. sosteniendo balanza en mano derecha y cetro en izquierda.
Acuñada 76 - 78 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: C
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #580a Pag.83 - RIC2 #890 - Sear RCTV Vol.I #2356 var Pag.445 - BMCRE #724 - Cohen Vol.1 #4 Pag.369 - DVM #91 Pag.103 - BNC #755/6mdelvalle
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18-26 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AE AS 25 x 27 mm 9.6 gr.
Anv: "IMP CAESAR VESP AVG COS VII" - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "AEQVITAS AVGVST - S C" - Aequitas (Equidad) de pié a izq. sosteniendo balanza en mano derecha y cetro en izquierda.
Acuñada 76 - 78 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: C
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #580a Pag.83 - RIC2 #890 - Sear RCTV Vol.I #2356 var Pag.445 - BMCRE #724 - Cohen Vol.1 #4 Pag.369 - DVM #91 Pag.103 - CBN #755/6mdelvalle
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18-26 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AE AS 25 mm 10.5 gr.
Anv: "I[MP] CAESAR VESP AVG COS VII" - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "S C" - Spes (La esperanza) de pié a izquierda sosteniendo una flor en la mano derecha y el faldón de su capote con la izquierda.
Acuñada 76 - 78 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: C
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #583a Pag.83 - RIC2 #894 - Sear RCTV Vol.1 #2361 var Pag.445 - BMCRE #725/6 - Cohen Vol.1 #457 Pag.402 - DVM #95 Pag.104 - CBN #757mdelvalle
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18-28 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AE AS 25 mm 10.5 gr.
Anv: "I[MP] CAESAR VESP AVG COS VII" - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "S C" - Spes (La esperanza) de pié a izquierda sosteniendo una flor en la mano derecha y el faldón de su capote con la izquierda.
Acuñada 76 - 78 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: C2
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #583a Pag.83 - RIC2 #894 - Sear RCTV Vol.1 #2361 var Pag.445 - BMCRE #725/6 - Cohen Vol.1 #457 Pag.402 - DVM #95 Pag.104 - CBN #757mdelvalle
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18-28 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AE AS 26 mm 10.9 gr.
Anv: "[IM]P CAESAR VESPASIAN AV[G COS IIII]" - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "S C" - Aguila parada sobre un globo de frente con sus alas desplegadas y su cabeza girada hacia la derecha.
Acuñada 72 - 73 D.C.
Ceca: Lugdunum/Lyon
Rareza: C
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #747 Pag.102 - Sear RCTV Vol.I #2362 var (Leyenda) Pag.446 - Cohen Vol.1 #481 Pag.405mdelvalle
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18-29 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AE Dupondius 28 mm 10.4 gr.
Anv: "IMP CAES VESP AVG PM T P COS IIII CENS" - Busto radiado viendo a izquierda.
Rev: "FELICITAS PVBLICA - S C" - Felicitas (La Felicidad) de pié a izq. sosteniendo Caduceo en mano izquierda y Cornucopia en derecha.
Acuñada 73 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: C
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #539a Pag.78 - Sear RCTV Vol.I #2346 var. Pag.443 - BMCRE #661 - Cohen Vol.1 #151 Pag.379 - DVM #83 Pag.103mdelvalle
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18-30 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AR Tetradracma (Provincial) 25 x 23 mm 13.6 gr.
Anv: "AYTOK[PAT ΩP KAICAP CEBATOC OYECIIACIANOC]" - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "ETOY [NEOY IEPOY A ó B ó Γ]" - Aguila parada de frente con su cabeza a izquierda, sobre un garrote con sus alas extendidas y corona de laureles en el pico.
Acuñada 69 - 71 D.C.
Ceca: Syria - Seleucis and Pieria - Antiochia ad Orontem
Referencias: Sear GICTV #736 Pag.70 - BMC Vol.20 #227 Pag.178 - RPC (#1970 =Año 1, #1971=Año 2 ó #1973=Año 3) Grupo 7 - Prieur Syro-Phoenician tatradrachms (2000) pag.20 #132 Grupo 9mdelvalle
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18-30 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AE Dupondius 26 mm 9.0 gr.
Anv: "IMP CAES VESP AVG PM T P COS V CENS" - Busto radiado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "FELICITAS PVBLICA - S C" - Felicitas (La Felicidad) de pié a izq. sosteniendo Caduceo en mano izquierda y Cornucopia en derecha.
Acuñada 74 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Rareza: C
Referencias: RIC Vol.II #555 Pag.80 - Sear RCTV Vol.I #2346 Pag.443 - BMCRE #698 - Cohen Vol.1 #152 Pag.379 - DVM #83 Pag.103 - CBN #714mdelvalle
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18-40 - VESPASIANO (69 - 79 D.C.)AR Tetradracma (Provincial) 25 x 23 mm 13.6 gr.
Anv: "AYTOK[PAT ΩP KAICAP CEBATOC OYECIIACIANOC]" - Busto laureado viendo a derecha.
Rev: "ETOY [NEOY IEPOY A ó B ó Γ]" - Aguila parada de frente con su cabeza a izquierda, sobre un garrote con sus alas extendidas y corona de laureles en el pico.
Acuñada 69 - 71 D.C.
Ceca: Syria - Seleucis and Pieria - Antiochia ad Orontem
Referencias: Sear GICTV #736 Pag.70 - BMC Vol.20 #227 Pag.178 - RPC (#1970 =Año 1, #1971=Año 2 ó #1973=Año 3) Grupo 7 - Prieur Syro-Phoenician tatradrachms (2000) pag.20 #132 Grupo 9mdelvalle
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1ax Titus79-81
AE, Ankyra, Galatia
Laureate head, right AY KAICAP TITOC CEBASTO. . .
Man standing, left, SEBASTHNWN TEKTOSAGWN
RPC 1620
By Suetonius' account: Titus, surnamed Vespasianus like his father, possessed such an aptitude, by nature, nurture, or good fortune, for winning affection that he was loved and adored by all the world as Emperor. . . . He was born on the 30th of December AD41, the very year of Caligula’s assassination, in a little dingy room of a humble dwelling, near the Septizonium. . . .
He was handsome, graceful, and dignified, and of exceptional strength, though of no great height and rather full-bellied. He had an extraordinary memory, and an aptitude for virtually all the arts of war and peace, being a fine horseman, skilled in the use of weapons, yet penning impromptu verses in Greek and Latin with equal readiness and facility. He had a grasp of music too, singing well and playing the harp pleasantly and with ability. . . .
As military tribune in Germany (c57-59AD) and Britain (c60-62), he won an excellent reputation for energy and integrity, as is shown by the large number of inscribed statues and busts of him found in both countries. . . . When his quaestorship ended, he commanded one of his father’s legions in Judaea, capturing the strongholds of Tarichaeae and Gamala (67AD). His horse was killed under him in battle, but he mounted that of a comrade who fell fighting at his side. . . . [Upon] Vespasian’s accession, his father left him to complete the conquest of Judaea, and in the final assault on Jerusalem (70AD) Titus killed twelve of the defenders with as many arrows. . . .
From then on, he acted as his father’s colleague and even protector. He shared in his Judaean triumph (of AD 71), the censorship (AD 73), the exercise of tribunicial power, and in seven of his consulships (AD 70, 72, 74-77, 79). . . .
He died at the same villa as his father, Vespasian, on the 13th of September AD81, at the age of forty-one, after a reign of two years, two months, and twenty days. The people mourned his loss as if he were a member of their own family. Blindado
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21-01 - DOMICIANO (81 - 96 D.C.) FALSIFICACIÓN ANCIANA
Híbrido realizado con cuños pertenecientes el anverso a Domiciano y el del reverso a su padre Vespasiano ó a su hermano Tito.
Denario Forrado 18x16 mm 2.2 gr.
Anv: "CAESAR DIVI F DOMITIANVS COS VII" Leyenda en sentido anti-horario - Cabeza laureada viendo a derecha.
El cuño del anverso se puede datar por los títulos del Emperador (COS VII – Cónsul por Séptima vez) ya avanzado el 80 D.C.
Rev: "PON MAX – TR P COS VI" – Pax (La Paz) sentada en un trono a izquierda, portando una rama de olivo en la mano de su brazo derecho extendido.
El cuño del reverso puede pertenecer a monedas emitidas por Vespasiano en el 75 D.C. o por Tito en 77-78 D.C. años en los cuales los mencionados ostentaban el título de Cónsul por sexta vez respectivamente.
Acuñada Con posterioridad al 80 D.C.
Ceca: No oficial
Referencias: Anverso copiado de los utilizados en las emisiones correspondientes al año 80 D.C., y el reverso imitando al RIC Vol.II #90 (Vespasianus) Pag.24, Cohen #366 ó al RIC Vol.II #200 (Titus) Pag.38, Cohen #154mdelvalle
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21-01 - DOMICIANO (81 - 96 D.C.) FALSIFICACIÓN ANCIANA
Híbrido realizado con cuños pertenecientes el anverso a Domiciano y el del reverso a su padre Vespasiano ó a su hermano Tito.
Denario Forrado 18x16 mm 2.2 gr.
Anv: "CAESAR DIVI F DOMITIANVS COS VII" Leyenda en sentido anti-horario - Cabeza laureada viendo a derecha.
El cuño del anverso se puede datar por los títulos del Emperador (COS VII – Cónsul por Séptima vez) ya avanzado el 80 D.C.
Rev: "PON MAX – TR P COS VI" – Pax (La Paz) sentada en un trono a izquierda, portando una rama de olivo en la mano de su brazo derecho extendido.
El cuño del reverso puede pertenecer a monedas emitidas por Vespasiano en el 75 D.C. o por Tito en 77-78 D.C. años en los cuales los mencionados ostentaban el título de Cónsul por sexta vez respectivamente.
Acuñada Con posterioridad al 80 D.C.
Ceca: No oficial
Referencias: Anverso copiado de los utilizados en las emisiones correspondientes al año 80 D.C., y el reverso imitando al RIC Vol.II #90 (Vespasianus) Pag.24, Cohen #366 ó al RIC Vol.II #200 (Titus) Pag.38, Cohen #154mdelvalle
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709a, Vitellius, 2 January - 20 December 69 A.D.VITELLIUS AR silver denarius. RSC 72, RCV 2200. 19mm, 3.2 g. Obverse: A VITELLIVS GERM IMP AVG TR P, laureate head right; Reverse - PONT MAXIM, Vesta seated right, holding scepter and patera. Quite decent. Ex. Incitatus Coins. Photo courtesy of Incitatus Coins.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Vitellius (69 A.D.)
John F. Donahue
College of William and Mary
It is often difficult to separate fact from fiction in assessing the life and reign of Vitellius. Maligned in the ancient sources as gluttonous and cruel, he was also a victim of a hostile biographical tradition established in the regime of the Flavians who had overthrown him. Nevertheless, his decision to march against Rome in 69 was pivotal, since his subsequent defeat signalled the end of military anarchy and the beginning of an extended period of political stability under Vespasian and his successors.
Early Life and Career
Aulus Vitellius was born in September, 15 AD, the son of Lucius Vitellius and his wife Sestilia. One of the most successful public figures of the Julio-Claudian period, Lucius Vitellius was a three-time consul and a fellow censor with the emperor Claudius. Aulus seems to have moved with equal ease in aristocratic circles, successively winning the attention of the emperors Gaius, Claudius, and Nero through flattery and political skill.
Among his attested public offices, Vitellius was a curator of public works, a senatorial post concerned with the maintenance and repair of public buildings in Rome, and he was also proconsul of North Africa, where he served as a deputy to his brother, perhaps about 55 A. D. In addition, he held at least two priesthoods, the first as a member of the Arval Brethren, in whose rituals he participated from 57 A.D., and the second, as one of the quindecemviri sacris faciundis, a sacred college famous for its feasts.
With respect to marriage and family, Vitellius first wed a certain Petroniana, the daughter of a consul, sometime in the early to mid thirties A.D. The union produced a son, Petronianus, allegedly blind in one eye and emancipated from his father's control as a result of being named his mother's heir. Tradition records that Vitellius killed the boy shortly after emancipation amid charges of parricide; the marriage soon ended in divorce. A second marriage, to Galeria Fundana, daughter of an ex-praetor, was more stable than the first. It produced another son, who was eventually killed by the Flavians after the overthrow of Vitellius, as well as a daughter. Galeria is praised by Tacitus for her good qualities, and in the end it was she who saw to Vitellius' burial.
Rise to Power and Emperorship
Without doubt, the most fortuitous moment in Vitellius' political career was his appointment as governor of Lower Germany by the emperor Galba late in 68. The decision seemed to have caught everybody by surprise, including Vitellius himself, who, according to Suetonius, was in straitened circumstances at the time. The choice may have been made to reduce the possibility of rebellion by the Rhine armies, disaffected by Galba's refusal to reward them for their part in suppressing the earlier uprising of Julius Vindex. Ironically, it was Vitellius' lack of military achievement and his reputation for gambling and gluttony that may have also figured in his selection. Galba perhaps calculated that a man with little military experience who could now plunder a province to satisfy his own stomach would never become disloyal. If so, it was a critical misjudgement by the emperor.
The rebellion began on January 1, 69 ("The Year of the Four Emperors"), when the legions of Upper Germany refused to renew their oath of allegiance to Galba. On January 2, Vitellius' own men, having heard of the previous day's events, saluted him as emperor at the instigation of the legionary legate Fabius Valens and his colleagues. Soon, in addition to the seven legions that Vitellius now had at his command in both Germanies, the forces in Gaul, Britain, and Raetia also came over to his side. Perhaps aware of his military inexperience, Vitellius did not immediately march on Rome himself. Instead, the advance was led by Valens and another legionary general, Aulus Caecina Alienus, with each man commanding a separate column. Vitellius would remain behind to mobilize a reserve force and follow later.
Caecina was already one hundred fifty miles on his way when news reached him that Galba had been overthrown and Otho had taken his place as emperor. Undeterred, he passed rapidly down the eastern borders of Gaul; Valens followed a more westerly route, quelling a mutiny along the way. By March both armies had successfully crossed the Alps and joined at Cremona, just north of the Po. Here they launced their Batavian auxiliaries against Otho's troops and routed them in the First Battle of Bedriacum. Otho killed himself on April 16, and three days later the soldiers in Rome swore their allegience to Vitellius. The senate too hailed him as emperor.
When Vitellius learned of these developments, he set out to Rome from Gaul. By all accounts the journey was a drunken feast marked by the lack of discipline of both the troops and the imperial entourage. Along the way he stopped at Lugdunum to present his six-year-old son Germanicus to the legions as his eventual successor. Later, at Cremona, Vitellius witnessed the corpse-filled battlefield of Otho's recent defeat with joy, unmoved by so many citizens denied a proper burial.
The emperor entered Rome in late June-early July. Conscious of making a break with the Julio-Claudian past, Vitellius was reluctant to assume the traditional titles of the princes, even though he enthusiastically made offerings to Nero and declared himself consul for life. To his credit, Vitellius did seem to show a measure of moderation in the transition to the principate. He assumed his powers gradually and was generally lenient to Otho's supporters, even pardoning Otho's brother Salvius Titianus, who had played a key role in the earlier regime. In addition, he participated in Senate meetings and continued the practice of providing entertainments for the Roman masses. An important practical change involved the awarding of posts customarily held by freedmen to equites, an indication of the growth of the imperial bureaucracy and its attractiveness to men of ambition.
In other matters, he replaced the existing praetorian guard and urban cohorts with sixteen praetorian cohorts and four urban units, all comprised of soldiers from the German armies. According to Tacitus, the decision prompted a mad scramble, with the men, and not their officers, choosing the branch of service that they preferred. The situation was clearly unsatisfactory but not surprising, given that Vitellius was a creation of his own troops. To secure his position further, he sent back to their old postings the legions that had fought for Otho, or he reassigned them to distant provinces. Yet discontent remained: the troops who had been defeated or betrayed at Bedriacum remained bitter, and detachments of three Moesian legions called upon by Otho were returned to their bases, having agitated against Vitellius at Aquileia.
Flavian Revolt
The Vitellian era at Rome was short-lived. By mid-July news had arrived that the legions of Egypt under Tiberius Julius Alexander had sworn allegiance to a rival emperor, Titus Flavius Vespasianus, the governor of Judaea and a successful and popular general. Vespasian was to hold Egypt while his colleague Mucianus, governor of Syria, was to invade Italy. Before the plan could be enacted, however, the Danube legions, former supporters of Otho, joined Vespasian's cause. Under the leadership of Antonius Primus, commander of the Sixth legion in Pannonia, and Cornelius Fuscus, imperial procurator in Illyricum, the legions made a rapid descent on Italy.
Although his forces were only half of what Vitellius commanded in Italy, Primus struck first before the emperor could muster additional reinforcements from Germany. To make matters worse for the Vitellians, Valens was ill, and Caecina, now consul, had begun collaborating with the Flavians. His troops refused to follow his lead, however, and arrested him at Hostilia near Cremona. They then joined the rest of the Vitellian forces trying to hold the Po River. With Vitellius still in Rome and his forces virtually leaderless, the two sides met in October in the Second Battle of Bedriacum. The emperor's troops were soundly defeated and Cremona was brutally sacked by the victors. In addition, Valens, whose health had recovered, was captured while raising an army for Vitellius in Gaul and Germany; he was eventually executed.
Meanwhile, Primus continued towards Rome. Vitellius made a weak attempt to thwart the advance at the Apennine passes, but his forces switched to the Flavian side without a fight at Narnia in mid-December. At Rome, matters were no better. Vespasian's elder brother, Titus Flavius Sabinus, the city prefect, was successful in an effort to convince Vitellius to abdicate but was frustrated by the mob in Rome and the emperor's soldiers. Forced to flee to the Capitol, Sabinus was set upon by Vitellius' German troops and soon killed, with the venerable Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus set ablaze in the process. Within two days, the Flavian army fought its way into Rome. In a pathetic final move, Vitellius disguised himself in dirty clothing and hid in the imperial doorkeeper's quarters, leaning a couch and a mattress against the door for protection. Dragged from his hiding place by the Flavian forces, he was hauled off half-naked to the Forum, where he was tortured, killed, and tossed into the Tiber. The principate could now pass to Vespasian.
Assessment
Vitellius has not escaped the hostility of his biographers. While he may well have been gluttonous, his depiction as indolent, cruel, and extravagant is based almost entirely on the propaganda of his enemies. On the other hand, whatever moderating tendencies he did show were overshadowed by his clear lack of military expertise, a deficiency that forced him to rely in critical situations on largely inneffective lieutenants. As a result he was no match for his Flavian successors, and his humiliating demise was perfectly in keeping with the overall failure of his reign.
Copyright (C) 1999, John Donahue.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr. Cleisthenes
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710a, Vespasian, 1 July 69 - 24 June 79 A.D.Silver denarius, RIC II, 10, aVF, 3.5 g, 18mm, Rome mint, 69-71 AD; Obverse: IMP CAESA[R] VESPASIANV[S AV]G - Laureate head right; Reverse: COS ITER [T]R POT - Pax seated left holding branch and caduceus. Ex Imperial Coins.
De Imperatoribus Romanis:
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Titus Flavius Vespasianus (A.D. 69-79)
John Donahue
College of William and Mary
Introduction
Titus Flavius Vespasianus (b. A.D. 9, d. A.D. 79, emperor A.D. 69-79) restored peace and stability to an empire in disarray following the death of Nero in A.D. 68. In the process he established the Flavian dynasty as the legitimate successor to the Imperial throne. Although we lack many details about the events and chronology of his reign, Vespasian provided practical leadership and a return to stable government - accomplishments which, when combined with his other achievements, make his emperorship particularly notable within the history of the Principate.
Early Life and Career
Vespasian was born at Falacrina near Sabine Reate on 17 November, A.D. 9, the son of T. Flavius Sabinus, a successful tax collector and banker, and Vespasia Polla. Both parents were of equestrian status. Few details of his first fifteen years survive, yet it appears that his father and mother were often away from home on business for long periods. As a result, Vespasian's early education became the responsibility of his paternal grandmother, Tertulla. [[1]] In about A.D. 25 Vespasian assumed the toga virilis and later accepted the wearing of the latus clavus, and with it the senatorial path that his older brother, T. Flavius Sabinus, had already chosen. [[2]] Although many of the particulars are lacking, the posts typically occupied by one intent upon a senatorial career soon followed: a military tribunate in Thrace, perhaps for three or four years; a quaestorship in Crete-Cyrene; and the offices of aedile and praetor, successively, under the emperor Gaius. [[3]]
It was during this period that Vespasian married Flavia Domitilla. Daughter of a treasury clerk and former mistress of an African knight, Flavia lacked the social standing and family connections that the politically ambitious usually sought through marriage. In any case, the couple produced three children, a daughter, also named Flavia Domitilla, and two sons, the future emperors Titus and Domitian . Flavia did not live to witness her husband's emperorship and after her death Vespasian returned to his former mistress Caenis, who had been secretary to Antonia (daughter of Marc Antony and mother of Claudius). Caenis apparently exerted considerable influence over Vespasian, prompting Suetonius to assert that she remained his wife in all but name, even after he became emperor. [[4]]
Following the assassination of Gaius on 24 January, A.D. 41, Vespasian advanced rapidly, thanks in large part to the new princeps Claudius, whose favor the Flavians had wisely secured with that of Antonia, the mother of Germanicus, and of Claudius' freedmen, especially Narcissus. [[5]] The emperor soon dispatched Vespasian to Argentoratum (Strasbourg) as legatus legionis II Augustae, apparently to prepare the legion for the invasion of Britain. Vespasian first appeared at the battle of Medway in A.D. 43, and soon thereafter led his legion across the south of England, where he engaged the enemy thirty times in battle, subdued two tribes, and conquered the Isle of Wight. According to Suetonius, these operations were conducted partly under Claudius and partly under Vespasian's commander, Aulus Plautius. Vespasian's contributions, however, did not go unnoticed; he received the ornamenta triumphalia and two priesthoods from Claudius for his exploits in Britain. [[6]]
By the end of A.D. 51 Vespasian had reached the consulship, the pinnacle of a political career at Rome. For reasons that remain obscure he withdrew from political life at this point, only to return when chosen proconsul of Africa about A.D. 63-64. His subsequent administration of the province was marked by severity and parsimony, earning him a reputation for being scrupulous but unpopular. [[7]] Upon completion of his term, Vespasian returned to Rome where, as a senior senator, he became a man of influence in the emperor Nero's court. [[8]] Important enough to be included on Nero's tour of Greece in A.D. 66-67, Vespasian soon found himself in the vicinity of increasing political turbulence in the East. The situation would prove pivotal in advancing his career.
Judaea and the Accession to Power
In response to rioting in Caesarea and Jerusalem that had led to the slaughter in the latter city of Jewish leaders and Roman soldiers, Nero granted to Vespasian in A.D. 66 a special command in the East with the objective of settling the revolt in Judaea. By spring A.D. 67, with 60,000 legionaries, auxiliaries, and allies under his control, Vespasian set out to subdue Galilee and then to cut off Jerusalem. Success was quick and decisive. By October all of Galilee had been pacified and plans for the strategic encirclement of Jerusalem were soon formed. [[9]] Meanwhile, at the other end of the empire, the revolts of Gaius Iulius Vindex, governor of Gallia Lugdunensis, and Servius Sulpicius Galba , governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, had brought Nero's reign to the brink of collapse. The emperor committed suicide in June, A.D. 68, thereby ensuring chaos for the next eighteen months, as first Galba and then Marcus Salvius Otho and Aulus Vitellius acceded to power. Each lacked broad-based military and senatorial support; each would be violently deposed in turn. [[10]]
Still occupied with plans against Jerusalem, Vespasian swore allegiance to each emperor. Shortly after Vitellius assumed power in spring, A.D. 69, however, Vespasian met on the border of Judaea and Syria with Gaius Licinius Mucianus, governor of Syria, and after a series of private and public consultations, the two decided to revolt. [[11]] On July 1, at the urging of Tiberius Alexander, prefect of Egypt, the legions of Alexandria declared for Vespasian, as did the legions of Judaea two days later. By August all of Syria and the Danube legions had done likewise. Vespasian next dispatched Mucianus to Italy with 20,000 troops, while he set out from Syria to Alexandria in order to control grain shipments for the purpose of starving Italy into submission. [[12]] The siege of Jerusalem he placed in the hands of his son Titus.
Meanwhile, the Danubian legions, unwilling to wait for Mucianus' arrival, began their march against Vitellius ' forces. The latter army, suffering from a lack of discipline and training, and unaccustomed to the heat of Rome, was defeated at Cremona in late October. [[13]] By mid-December the Flavian forces had reached Carsulae, 95 kilometers north of Rome on the Flaminian Road, where the Vitellians, with no further hope of reinforcements, soon surrendered. At Rome, unable to persuade his followers to accept terms for his abdication, Vitellius was in peril. On the morning of December 20 the Flavian army entered Rome. By that afternoon, the emperor was dead. [[14]]
Tacitus records that by December 22, A.D. 69, Vespasian had been given all the honors and privileges usually granted to emperors. Even so, the issue remains unclear, owing largely to a surviving fragment of an enabling law, the lex de imperio Vespasiani, which conferred powers, privileges, and exemptions, most with Julio-Claudian precedents, on the new emperor. Whether the fragment represents a typical granting of imperial powers that has uniquely survived in Vespasian's case, or is an attempt to limit or expand such powers, remains difficult to know. In any case, the lex sanctioned all that Vespasian had done up to its passing and gave him authority to act as he saw fit on behalf of the Roman people. [[15]]
What does seem clear is that Vespasian felt the need to legitimize his new reign with vigor. He zealously publicized the number of divine omens that predicted his accession and at every opportunity he accumulated multiple consulships and imperial salutations. He also actively promoted the principle of dynastic succession, insisting that the emperorship would fall to his son. The initiative was fulfilled when Titus succeeded his father in A.D. 79.[[16]]
Emperorship
Upon his arrival in Rome in late summer, A.D. 70, Vespasian faced the daunting task of restoring a city and a government ravaged by the recent civil wars. Although many particulars are missing, a portrait nevertheles emerges of a ruler conscientiously committed to the methodical renewal of both city and empire. Concerning Rome itself, the emperor encouraged rebuilding on vacated lots, restored the Capitol (burned in A.D. 69), and also began work on several new buildings: a temple to the deified Claudius on the Caelian Hill, a project designed to identify Vespasian as a legitimate heir to the Julio-Claudians, while distancing himself from Nero ; a temple of Peace near the Forum; and the magnificent Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre), located on the site of the lake of Nero 's Golden House. [[17]]
Claiming that he needed forty thousand million sesterces for these projects and for others aimed at putting the state on more secure footing, Vespasian is said to have revoked various imperial immunities, manipulated the supply of certain commodities to inflate their price, and increased provincial taxation. [[18]] The measures are consistent with his characterization in the sources as both obdurate and avaricious. There were occasional political problems as well: Helvidius Priscus, an advocate of senatorial independence and a critic of the Flavian regime from the start, was exiled after A.D. 75 and later executed; Marcellus Eprius and A. Alienus Caecina were condemned by Titus for conspiracy, the former committing suicide, the latter executed in A.D. 79.
As Suetonius claims, however, in financial matters Vespasian always put revenues to the best possible advantage, regardless of their source. Tacitus, too, offers a generally favorable assessment, citing Vespasian as the first man to improve after becoming emperor. [[19]] Thus do we find the princeps offering subventions to senators not possessing the property qualifications of their rank, restoring many cities throughout the empire, and granting state salaries for the first time to teachers of Latin and Greek rhetoric. To enhance Roman economic and social life even further, he encouraged theatrical productions by building a new stage for the Theatre of Marcellus, and he also put on lavish state dinners to assist the food trades. [[20]]
In other matters the emperor displayed similar concern. He restored the depleted ranks of the senatorial and equestrian orders with eligible Italian and provincial candidates and reduced the backlog of pending court cases at Rome. Vespasian also re-established discipline in the army, while punishing or dismissing large numbers of Vitellius ' men. [[21]]
Beyond Rome, the emperor increased the number of legions in the East and continued the process of imperial expansion by the annexation of northern England, the pacification of Wales, and by advances into Scotland and southwest Germany between the Rhine and the Danube. Vespasian also conferred rights on communities abroad, especially in Spain, where the granting of Latin rights to all native communities contributed to the rapid Romanization of that province during the Imperial period. [[22]]
Death and Assessment
In contrast to his immediate imperial predecessors, Vespasian died peacefully - at Aquae Cutiliae near his birthplace in Sabine country on 23 June, A.D. 79, after contracting a brief illness. The occasion is said to have inspired his deathbed quip: "Oh my, I must be turning into a god!" [[23]] In fact, public deification did follow his death, as did his internment in the Mausoleum of Augustus alongside the Julio-Claudians.
A man of strict military discipline and simple tastes, Vespasian proved to be a conscientious and generally tolerant administrator. More importantly, following the upheavals of A.D. 68-69, his reign was welcome for its general tranquility and restoration of peace. In Vespasian Rome found a leader who made no great breaks with tradition, yet his ability ro rebuild the empire and especially his willingness to expand the composition of the governing class helped to establish a positive working model for the "good emperors" of the second century.
Bibliography
Since the scholarship on Vespasian is more comprehensive than can be treated here, the works listed below are main accounts or bear directly upon issues discussed in the entry above. A comprehensive modern anglophone study of this emperor is yet to be produced.
Atti congresso internazionale di studi Flaviani, 2 vols. Rieti, 1983.
Atti congresso internazionale di studi Vespasianei, 2 vols. Rieti, 1981.
Bosworth, A.B. "Vespasian and the Provinces: Some Problems of the Early 70s A.D." Athenaeum 51 (1973): 49-78.
Brunt, P. A. "Lex de imperio Vespasiani." JRS (67) 1977: 95-116.
D'Espèrey, S. Franchet. "Vespasien, Titus et la littérature." ANRW II.32.5: 3048-3086.
Dudley, D. and Webster, G. The Roman Conquest of Britain. London, 1965.
Gonzalez, J. "The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law." JRS 76 (1986): 147-243.
Grant, M. The Roman Emperors: A Biographical Guide to the Rulers of Rome, 31 B.C. - A.D. 476. New York, 1985.
Homo, L. Vespasien, l'Empereur du bons sens (69-79 ap. J.-C.). Paris, 1949.
Levi, M.A. "I Flavi." ANRW II.2: 177-207.
McCrum, M. and Woodhead, A. G. Select Documents of the Principates of the Flavian Emperors Including the Year of the Revolution. Cambridge, 1966.
Nicols, John. Vespasian and the Partes Flavianae. Wiesbaden, 1978.
Scarre, C. Chronicle of the Roman Emperors. The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial Rome. London, 1995.
Suddington, D. B. The Development of the Roman Auxiliary Forces from Caesar to Vespasian, 49 B.C. - A.D. 79. Harare: U. of Zimbabwe, 1982.
Syme, R. Tacitus. Oxford, 1958.
Wardel, David. "Vespasian, Helvidius Priscus and the Restoration of the Capitol." Historia 45 (1996): 208-222.
Wellesley, K. The Long Year: A.D. 69. Bristol, 1989, 2nd ed.
Notes
[[1]] Suet. Vesp. 2.1. Suetonius remains the major source but see also Tac. Hist. 2-5; Cass. Dio 65; Joseph. BJ 3-4.
[[2]] Suetonius (Vesp. 2.1) claims that Vespasian did not accept the latus clavus, the broad striped toga worn by one aspiring to a senatorial career, immediately. The delay, however, was perhaps no more than three years. See J. Nicols, Vespasian and the Partes Flavianae (Wiesbaden, 1978), 2.
[[3]] Military tribunate and quaestorship: Suet. Vesp. 2.3; aedileship: ibid., 5.3, in which Gaius, furious that Vespasian had not kept the streets clean, as was his duty, ordered some soldiers to load him with filth;,they complied by stuffing his toga with as much as it could hold. See also Dio 59.12.2-3; praetorship: Suet. Vesp. 2.3, in which Vespasian is depicted as one of Gaius' leading adulators, an account consistent with Tacitus' portrayal (Hist 1.50.4; 2.5.1) of his early career. For a more complete discussion of these posts and attendant problems of dating, see Nicols, Vespasian, 2-7.
[[4]] Marriage and Caenis: Suet. Vesp. 3; Cass. Dio 65.14.
[[5]] Nicols, Vespasian, 12-39.
[[6]] Suet. Vesp. 4.1 For additional details on Vespasian's exploits in Britain, see D. Dudley and G. Webster, The Roman Conquest of Britain (London, 1965), 55 ff., 98.
[[7]] Concerning Vespasian's years between his consulship and proconsulship, see Suet. Vesp. 4.2 and Nicols, Vespasian, 9. On his unpopularity in Africa, see Suet. Vesp. 4.3, an account of a riot at Hadrumentum, where he was once pelted with turnips. In recording that Africa supported Vitellius in A.D. 69, Tacitus too suggests popular dissatisfaction with Vespasian's proconsulship. See Hist. 2.97.2.
[[8]] This despite the fact that the sources record two rebukes of Vespasian, one for extorting money from a young man seeking career advancement (Suet. Vesp. 4.3), the other for either leaving the room or dozing off during one of the emperor's recitals (Suet. Vesp. 4.4 and 14, which places the transgression in Greece; Tac. (Ann. 16.5.3), who makes Rome and the Quinquennial Games of A.D. 65 the setting; A. Braithwaite, C. Suetoni Tranquilli Divus Vespasianus, Oxford, 1927, 30, who argues for both Greece and Rome).
[[9]] Subjugation of Galilee: Joseph. BJ 3.65-4.106; siege of Jerusalem: ibid., 4.366-376, 414.
[[10]] Revolt of Vindex: Suet. Nero 40; Tac. Ann. 14.4; revolt of Galba: Suet. Galba 10; Plut. Galba, 4-5; suicide of Nero: Suet. Nero 49; Cass. Dio 63.29.2. For the most complete account of the period between Nero's death and the accession of Vespasian, see K. Wellesley, The Long Year: A.D. 69, 2nd. ed. (Bristol, 1989).
[[11]] Tac. Hist. 2.76.
[[12]] Troops in support of Vespasian: Suet. Vit. 15; Mucianus and his forces: Tac. Hist. 2.83; Vespasian and grain shipments: Joseph. BJ 4.605 ff.; see also Tac. Hist. 3.48, on Vespasian's possible plan to shut off grain shipments to Italy from Carthage as well.
[[13]] On Vitellius' army and its lack of discipline, see Tac. Hist. 2.93-94; illness of army: ibid., 2.99.1; Cremona: ibid., 3.32-33.
[[14]] On Vitellius' last days, see Tac. Hist. 3.68-81. On the complicated issue of Vitellius' death date, see L. Holzapfel, "Römische Kaiserdaten," Klio 13 (1913): 301.
[[15]] Honors, etc. Tac. Hist. 4.3. For more on the lex de imperio Vespasiani, see P. A. Brunt, "Lex de imperio Vespasiani," JRS (67) 1977: 95-116.
[[16]] Omens: Suet. Vesp. 5; consulships and honors: ibid., 8; succession of sons: ibid., 25.
[[17]] On Vespasian's restoration of Rome, see Suet. Vesp. 9; Cass. Dio 65.10; D. Wardel, "Vespasian, Helvidius Priscus and the Restoration of the Capitol," Historia 45 (1996): 208-222.
[[18]] Suet. Vesp. 16.
[[19]] Ibid.; Tac. Hist. 1.50.
[[20]] Suet. Vesp. 17-19.
[[21]] Ibid., 8-10.
[[22]] On Vespasian's exploits in Britain, see esp. Tac., Agricola, eds. R. M. Ogilvie and I. A. Richmond (1967), and W. S. Hanson, Agricola and the Conquest of the North (1987); on the granting of Latin rights in Spain, see, e.g., J. Gonzalez, "The Lex Irnitana: a New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law." JRS 76 (1986): 147-243.
[[23]] For this witticism and other anecdotes concerning Vespasian's sense of humor, see Suet. Vesp. 23.
Copyright (C) 1998, John Donahue. Published on De Imperatoribus Romanis, an Online Encyplopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families.
http://www.roman-emperors.org/vespasia.htm
Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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711a, Titus, 24 June 79 - 13 September 81 A.D. TITUS AUGUSTUS AR silver denarius. Struck at Rome, 80 AD. IMP TITVS CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG PM, laureate head right. Reverse - TRP IX IMP XV COS VIII PP, elephant walking left. Fully legible legends, about Very Fine, nice golden toning. Commemmorates the completion and dedication of the Colosseum and the opening of games. SCARCE. RCV 2512, valued at $544 in EF. 17mm, 3.1g. Ex Incitatus.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Titus Flavius Vespasianus (A.D. 79-81)
John Donahue
College of William and Mary
Titus Flavius Vespasianus was born on December 30, 39 A.D. He was the oldest of the three children of the founder of the Flavian Dynasty, Vespasian. Beginning in the year 70 Titus was named Cæsar and coregent; he was highly educated and a brilliant poet and orator in both Latin and Greek. He won military fame during the Jewish Revolt of 69-70. In April, 70, he appeared before the walls of Jerusalem, and conquered and destroyed the city after a siege of five months. He wished to preserve the Temple, but in the struggle with the Jews who rushed out of it a soldier threw a brand into the building. The siege and taking of the city were accompanied by barbarous cruelties. The next year Titus celebrated his victory by a triumph; to increase the fame of the Flavian dynasty the inscription on the triumphal arch represented the overthrow of the helpless people as a heroic achievement. Titus succeeded his father as Emperor in 79.
Before becoming emperor, tradition records that Titus was feared as the next Nero, a perception that may have developed from his association with Berenice, his alleged heavy-handedness as praetorian prefect, and tales of sexual debauchery. Once in office, however, both emperor and his reign were portrayed in universally positive terms. The suddenness of this transformation raises immediate suspicions, yet it is difficult to know whether the historical tradition is suspect or if Titus was in fact adept at taking off one mask for another. What is clear, however, is that Titus sought to present the Flavians as the legitimate successors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Proof came through the issuing of a series of restoration coins of previous emperors, the most popular being Augustus and Claudius. In A.D. 80 Titus also set out to establish an imperial cult in honor of Vespasian. The temple, in which cult (the first that was not connected with the Julio-Claudians) was housed, was completed by Domitian and was known as the Temple of Vespasian and Domitian.
Legitimacy was also sought through various economic measures, which Titus enthusiastically funded. Vast amounts of capital poured into extensive building schemes in Rome, especially the Flavian Amphitheater, popularly known as the Colosseum. In celebration of additions made to the structure, Titus provided a grand 100-day festival, with sea fights staged on an artificial lake, infantry battles, wild beast hunts, and similar activities. He also constructed new imperial baths to the south-east of the Amphitheater and began work on the celebrated Arch of Titus, a memorial to his Jewish victories. Large sums were directed to Italy and the provinces as well, especially for road building. In response to the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79, Titus spent large sums to relieve distress in that area; likewise, the imperial purse contributed heavily to rebuilding Rome after a devastating fire destroyed large sections of the city in A.D. 80. As a result of these actions, Titus earned a reputation for generosity and geniality. For these reasons he gained the honourable title of "amor et deliciæ generis humani" (the darling and admiration of the human race). Even so, his financial acumen must not be under-estimated. He left the treasury with a surplus, as he had found it, and dealt promptly and efficiently with costly natural disasters. The Greek historian of the third-century A.D., Cassius Dio, perhaps offered the most accurate and succinct assessment of Titus' economic policy: "In money matters, Titus was frugal and made no unnecessary expenditure." In other areas, the brevity of Titus' reign limits our ability to detect major emphases or trends in policy. As far as can be discerned from the limited evidence, senior officials and amici were well chosen, and his legislative activity tended to focus on popular social measures, with the army as a particular beneficiary in the areas of land ownership, marriage, and testamentary freedom. In the provinces, Titus continued his father's policies by strengthening roads and forts in the East and along the Danube.
Titus died in September, A.D. 81 after only 26 months in office. Suetonius recorded that Titus died on his way to the Sabine country of his ancestors in the same villa as his father. A competing tradition persistently implicated his brother and successor, Domitian, as having had a hand in the emperor's demise, but the evidence is highly contradictory and any wrongdoing is difficult to prove. Domitian himself delivered the funeral eulogy and had Titus deified. He also built several monuments in honor of Titus and completed the Temple of Vespasian and Titus, changing the name of the structure to include his brother's and setting up his cult statue in the Temple itself.
Titus was the beneficiary of considerable intelligence and talent, endowments that were carefully cultivated at every step of his career, from his early education to his role under his father's principate. Cassius Dio suggested that Titus' reputation was enhanced by his early death. It is true that the ancient sources tend to heroicize Titus, yet based upon the evidence, his reign must be considered a positive one. He capably continued the work of his father in establishing the Flavian Dynasty and he maintained a high degree of economic and administrative competence in Italy and beyond. In so doing, he solidified the role of the emperor as paternalistic autocrat, a model that would serve Trajan and his successors well. Titus was used as a model by later emperors, especially those known as the Five Good Emperors (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius).
Copyright (C) 1997, John Donahue.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Catholic Encyclopedia, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14746b.htm
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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711a, Titus, 24 June 79 - 13 September 81 A.D.Titus, 24 June 79 - 13 September 81 A.D. AR denarius, RCV 2512, aVF, struck at Rome, 80 A.D., 17.5mm, 3.4g. Obverse: IMP TITVS CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG PM, laureate head right; Reverse: TRP IX IMP XV COS VIII PP, elephant walking left. Fully legible legends; nice golden toning. This coin was struck in order to commemorate the completion and dedication of the Flavian Amphitheatre (the Colosseum) and its opening games. Very scarce. Ex Incitatus; photo courtesy Incitatus.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Titus Flavius Vespasianus (A.D. 79-81)
John Donahue
College of William and Mary
Titus Flavius Vespasianus was born on December 30, 39 A.D. He was the oldest of the three children of the founder of the Flavian Dynasty, Vespasian. Beginning in the year 70 Titus was named Cæsar and coregent; he was highly educated and a brilliant poet and orator in both Latin and Greek. He won military fame during the Jewish Revolt of 69-70. In April, 70, he appeared before the walls of Jerusalem, and conquered and destroyed the city after a siege of five months. He wished to preserve the Temple, but in the struggle with the Jews who rushed out of it a soldier threw a brand into the building. The siege and taking of the city were accompanied by barbarous cruelties. The next year Titus celebrated his victory by a triumph; to increase the fame of the Flavian dynasty the inscription on the triumphal arch represented the overthrow of the helpless people as a heroic achievement. Titus succeeded his father as Emperor in 79.
Before becoming emperor, tradition records that Titus was feared as the next Nero, a perception that may have developed from his association with Berenice, his alleged heavy-handedness as praetorian prefect, and tales of sexual debauchery. Once in office, however, both emperor and his reign were portrayed in universally positive terms. The suddenness of this transformation raises immediate suspicions, yet it is difficult to know whether the historical tradition is suspect or if Titus was in fact adept at taking off one mask for another. What is clear, however, is that Titus sought to present the Flavians as the legitimate successors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Proof came through the issuing of a series of restoration coins of previous emperors, the most popular being Augustus and Claudius. In A.D. 80 Titus also set out to establish an imperial cult in honor of Vespasian. The temple, in which cult (the first that was not connected with the Julio-Claudians) was housed, was completed by Domitian and was known as the Temple of Vespasian and Domitian.
Legitimacy was also sought through various economic measures, which Titus enthusiastically funded. Vast amounts of capital poured into extensive building schemes in Rome, especially the Flavian Amphitheater, popularly known as the Colosseum. In celebration of additions made to the structure, Titus provided a grand 100-day festival, with sea fights staged on an artificial lake, infantry battles, wild beast hunts, and similar activities. He also constructed new imperial baths to the south-east of the Amphitheater and began work on the celebrated Arch of Titus, a memorial to his Jewish victories. Large sums were directed to Italy and the provinces as well, especially for road building. In response to the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79, Titus spent large sums to relieve distress in that area; likewise, the imperial purse contributed heavily to rebuilding Rome after a devastating fire destroyed large sections of the city in A.D. 80. As a result of these actions, Titus earned a reputation for generosity and geniality. For these reasons he gained the honourable title of "amor et deliciæ generis humani" (the darling and admiration of the human race). Even so, his financial acumen must not be under-estimated. He left the treasury with a surplus, as he had found it, and dealt promptly and efficiently with costly natural disasters. The Greek historian of the third-century A.D., Cassius Dio, perhaps offered the most accurate and succinct assessment of Titus' economic policy: "In money matters, Titus was frugal and made no unnecessary expenditure." In other areas, the brevity of Titus' reign limits our ability to detect major emphases or trends in policy. As far as can be discerned from the limited evidence, senior officials and amici were well chosen, and his legislative activity tended to focus on popular social measures, with the army as a particular beneficiary in the areas of land ownership, marriage, and testamentary freedom. In the provinces, Titus continued his father's policies by strengthening roads and forts in the East and along the Danube.
Titus died in September, A.D. 81 after only 26 months in office. Suetonius recorded that Titus died on his way to the Sabine country of his ancestors in the same villa as his father. A competing tradition persistently implicated his brother and successor, Domitian, as having had a hand in the emperor's demise, but the evidence is highly contradictory and any wrongdoing is difficult to prove. Domitian himself delivered the funeral eulogy and had Titus deified. He also built several monuments in honor of Titus and completed the Temple of Vespasian and Titus, changing the name of the structure to include his brother's and setting up his cult statue in the Temple itself.
Titus was the beneficiary of considerable intelligence and talent, endowments that were carefully cultivated at every step of his career, from his early education to his role under his father's principate. Cassius Dio suggested that Titus' reputation was enhanced by his early death. It is true that the ancient sources tend to heroicize Titus, yet based upon the evidence, his reign must be considered a positive one. He capably continued the work of his father in establishing the Flavian Dynasty and he maintained a high degree of economic and administrative competence in Italy and beyond. In so doing, he solidified the role of the emperor as paternalistic autocrat, a model that would serve Trajan and his successors well. Titus was used as a model by later emperors, especially those known as the Five Good Emperors (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius).
Copyright (C) 1997, John Donahue.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Catholic Encyclopedia, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14746b.htm
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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Antony LEG IIIIMARK ANTONY. 32-31 BC. AR Legionary Denarius. Patrae(?) mint.
O: Galley right
R: LEG IIII, legionary aquila between two standards.
- Crawford 544/16; CRI 353; Sydenham 1220; RSC 29.
A young man named Titus Flavius Vespasianus was in the Fourth Legion and the legion sided with him years later during the Civil Wars.
Nemonater
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Divus Vespasianus, Capricorns, DenariusDate: AD 80-81, under Titus, Rome
Obv: DIVVS AVGVSTVS VESPASIANVS - laureate head right
Rev: SC inscribed on shield, supported by two capricorns, orb with crosshatching below
RIC 357, RSC 497, BMC 129, BM-129, Paris 101
3,08g, ∅ 18-19mm
Laurentius
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Egypt, Alexandria, 020 Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), RPC II 2413, AR-Tetradrachm, PΩMH, Roma standing left, #1Egypt, Alexandria, 020 Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), RPC II 2413, AR-Tetradrachm, PΩMH, Roma standing left, #1
avers: AYTOK KAIΣ ΣEBA OYEΣΠAΣIANOY, laureate head of Vespasianus right, LB before.
reverse: PΩMH, Roma standing left, holding spear and shield.
exergue: -/LB//--, diameter: 25mm, weight: 12,69g, axis: 0h,
mint: City: Alexandria, Region: Egypt, Province: Egypt,
date: Year (LB) 2 = 69-70 A.D.,
ref:
RPC II 2413,
Emmet -,
Milne 0396,
Geissen 0278,
Dattari 0365,
Kampmann-Ganschow 020.15,
Q-001quadrans
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Egypt, Alexandria, 020 Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), RPC II 2430, AR-Tetradrachm, LΓ, Isis bust right, #1Egypt, Alexandria, 020 Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), RPC II 2430, AR-Tetradrachm, LΓ, Isis bust right, #1
avers: AYTOK KAIΣ ΣEBA OYEΣΠAΣIANOY, laureate head of Vespasianus right.
reverse: LΓ, Isis bust right.
exergue: -/LΓ//--, diameter: 25mm, weight: 12,14g, axis: 0h,
mint: City: Alexandria, Region: Egypt, Province: Egypt,
date: Year (LΓ) 3 = 70-71 A.D.,
ref:
RPC II 2430,
Emmet 0217-Γ,
Milne 0417(?),
Geissen 0287,
Dattari 0379,
Kampmann-Ganschow 020.29,
Q-001quadrans
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Egypt, Alexandria, 020 Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), RPC II 2441, AE-25, -/LϚ//--, Serapis bust right, #1Egypt, Alexandria, 020 Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), RPC II 2441, AE-25, -/LϚ//--, Serapis bust right, #1
avers: AYTOK KAIΣ ΣEBA OYEΣΠAΣIANOY, Laureate head of Vespasianus right.
reverse: LϚ, Serapis bust right.
exergue: -/-//LϚ, diameter: 25mm, weight: 12,14g, axis: 0h,
mint: City: Alexandria, Region: Egypt, Province: Egypt,
date: Year (LϚ) 6 = 73-74 A.D.,
ref:
RPC II 2441,
Emmet 0218-Ϛ,
Milne 0432,
Geissen 0300,
Dattari 0401,
Kampmann-Ganschow 020.45,
Q-001quadrans
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Egypt, Alexandria, 020 Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), RPC II 2447, Bi-Tetradrachm, -/LH//--, Laureate head of Titus right, #1Egypt, Alexandria, 020 Vespasian (69-79 A.D.), RPC II 2447, Bi-Tetradrachm, -/LH//--, Laureate head of Titus right, #1
avers: AYTOK KAIΣ ΣEBA OYEΣΠAΣIANOY, Laureate head of Vespasianus right, LH.
reverse: ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡ ΤΙΤΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ, Laureate head of Titus right.
exergue: -/LH//--, diameter: 22,0-23,0mm, weight: 10,82g, axis: 0h,
mint: City: Alexandria, Region: Egypt, Province: Egypt,
date: Year (LH) 8 = 75-76 A.D.,
ref:
RPC II 2447,
Emmet
Milne 0440-0443,
Geissen 0303-0304,
Dattari 0347-0349,
Kampmann-Ganschow 020.53,
Q-001quadrans
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Italy- Rome- The Arch of TitoThe Arch of Titus (Arcus Titi) is a triumphal arch that commemorates the victory of the emperors Vespasian and Titus in Judea in 70 CE, which lead to the conquest of Jerusalem and the destruction of the Jewish temple there, and the triumphal procession the two held in Rome in 71 CE. It is situated at the E. entrance to the Forum Romanum, on the Via Sacra, south of the Temple of Amor and Roma, close to the Colosseum.
The arch was definitely erected sometimes after after the death of Titus in 81 CE, since Titus is referred to as Divus in the inscription. The deification of an emperor only happened posthumously after decision by the senate. It was most probably erected by emperor Domitian who succeeded his brother Titus in 81 CE, but it has also been suggested that it was built later, by Trajan, because of stylistic similarities with the Arch of Trajan at Benevento.
The Arch of Titus is a single arch, measuring 15.4m in height, 13.5m in width and 4.75m in depth, originally constructed entirely in Pantelic marble, with four semi-columns on each side. The external decorations include figures of Victoria with trophies on the spandrels and images of Roma and the Genius of Rome on the two keystones.
The inscription on the E. side is the original dedication of the arch by the senate. It reads:
Senatus
Populusque Romanus
divo Tito divo Vespasiani f(ilio)
Vespasiano Augusto
The senate
and people of Rome
to the divine Titus, son of the divine Vespasian,
Vespasianus Augustus
The inside the archway the monument is decorated with reliefs in marble. The S. side shows the beginning of the triumphal entry into Rome of the victorious emperor and his troops. The soldiers, walking left to right, are carrying the spoils of war, which include the seven armed candelabrum and the silver trumpets from the temple of Jerusalem. The signs carried by some soldiers displayed the names of the conquered cities and people. To the right the procession is entering the city through the Porta Triumphalis.
The N. side of the arch is decorated with a relief of the emperor in the triumphal procession. The emperor is riding a quadriga, which is lead by the goddess Roma, and he is crowned by Victoria flying above him. The lictors are walking in front of the chariot with their long ceremonial axes. After the emperor follow as a young man, who represents the Roman people, and an older man in toga, representing the senate. In the middle, under the vault a small relief shows the apotheosis of Titus, flying to the heavens on the back of an eagle.
Peter Wissing
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Italy- Rome- The arch of Tito and inside the archesThe Arch of Titus (Arcus Titi) is a triumphal arch that commemorates the victory of the emperors Vespasian and Titus in Judea in 70 CE, which lead to the conquest of Jerusalem and the destruction of the Jewish temple there, and the triumphal procession the two held in Rome in 71 CE. It is situated at the E. entrance to the Forum Romanum, on the Via Sacra, south of the Temple of Amor and Roma, close to the Colosseum.
The arch was definitely erected sometimes after after the death of Titus in 81 CE, since Titus is referred to as Divus in the inscription. The deification of an emperor only happened posthumously after decision by the senate. It was most probably erected by emperor Domitian who succeeded his brother Titus in 81 CE, but it has also been suggested that it was built later, by Trajan, because of stylistic similarities with the Arch of Trajan at Benevento.
The Arch of Titus is a single arch, measuring 15.4m in height, 13.5m in width and 4.75m in depth, originally constructed entirely in Pantelic marble, with four semi-columns on each side. The external decorations include figures of Victoria with trophies on the spandrels and images of Roma and the Genius of Rome on the two keystones.
The inscription on the E. side is the original dedication of the arch by the senate. It reads:
Senatus
Populusque Romanus
divo Tito divo Vespasiani f(ilio)
Vespasiano Augusto
The senate
and people of Rome
to the divine Titus, son of the divine Vespasian,
Vespasianus Augustus
The inside the archway the monument is decorated with reliefs in marble. The S. side shows the beginning of the triumphal entry into Rome of the victorious emperor and his troops. The soldiers, walking left to right, are carrying the spoils of war, which include the seven armed candelabrum and the silver trumpets from the temple of Jerusalem. The signs carried by some soldiers displayed the names of the conquered cities and people. To the right the procession is entering the city through the Porta Triumphalis.
The N. side of the arch is decorated with a relief of the emperor in the triumphal procession. The emperor is riding a quadriga, which is lead by the goddess Roma, and he is crowned by Victoria flying above him. The lictors are walking in front of the chariot with their long ceremonial axes. After the emperor follow as a young man, who represents the Roman people, and an older man in toga, representing the senate. In the middle, under the vault a small relief shows the apotheosis of Titus, flying to the heavens on the back of an eagle.
Peter Wissing
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Italy- Rome- The entrance to Forum and the arch of TitoThe Arch of Titus (Arcus Titi) is a triumphal arch that commemorates the victory of the emperors Vespasian and Titus in Judea in 70 CE, which lead to the conquest of Jerusalem and the destruction of the Jewish temple there, and the triumphal procession the two held in Rome in 71 CE. It is situated at the E. entrance to the Forum Romanum, on the Via Sacra, south of the Temple of Amor and Roma, close to the Colosseum.
The arch was definitely erected sometimes after after the death of Titus in 81 CE, since Titus is referred to as Divus in the inscription. The deification of an emperor only happened posthumously after decision by the senate. It was most probably erected by emperor Domitian who succeeded his brother Titus in 81 CE, but it has also been suggested that it was built later, by Trajan, because of stylistic similarities with the Arch of Trajan at Benevento.
The Arch of Titus is a single arch, measuring 15.4m in height, 13.5m in width and 4.75m in depth, originally constructed entirely in Pantelic marble, with four semi-columns on each side. The external decorations include figures of Victoria with trophies on the spandrels and images of Roma and the Genius of Rome on the two keystones.
The inscription on the E. side is the original dedication of the arch by the senate. It reads:
Senatus
Populusque Romanus
divo Tito divo Vespasiani f(ilio)
Vespasiano Augusto
The senate
and people of Rome
to the divine Titus, son of the divine Vespasian,
Vespasianus Augustus
The inside the archway the monument is decorated with reliefs in marble. The S. side shows the beginning of the triumphal entry into Rome of the victorious emperor and his troops. The soldiers, walking left to right, are carrying the spoils of war, which include the seven armed candelabrum and the silver trumpets from the temple of Jerusalem. The signs carried by some soldiers displayed the names of the conquered cities and people. To the right the procession is entering the city through the Porta Triumphalis.
The N. side of the arch is decorated with a relief of the emperor in the triumphal procession. The emperor is riding a quadriga, which is lead by the goddess Roma, and he is crowned by Victoria flying above him. The lictors are walking in front of the chariot with their long ceremonial axes. After the emperor follow as a young man, who represents the Roman people, and an older man in toga, representing the senate. In the middle, under the vault a small relief shows the apotheosis of Titus, flying to the heavens on the back of an eagle.
Peter Wissing
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MallusXXXXAs (?), a unique coin from Cilicia, Mallus. The flan is bevelled - not known from Mallus otherwise - suggesting Antiochian influence. Similar to Antiochus IV group 2 & 3 coins (sensu Butcher), which also have bevelled flans and resemble coins of Galba and Otho from Antioch. The general of the Eastern army, Vespasianus and the Syrian legate Mucianus swore allience with Otho at the time. This was done for tactical reasons most likely. 8.51 gr, max 25 mm, die-axis 12.
The coin is published in Tuukka Talvio´s Festschrift and a pdf of the article will be soon available as a Forum resource.
Another coin minted with same dies has appeared. Salem Alshdaifat has interpreted the legends partly differently, as they are less legible in that specimen. However, he has come to the same general conclusion about the attribution of the coin independently.jmuona
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MARC ANTONY legionary denarius - 32-31 BCobv: ANT AVG III VIR R P C (praetorian galley right)
rev: LEG XVI (Legio XVI Gallica - the legion from Gaul) (legionary eagle between two standards)
ref: Cr544/31, RSC 48, Albert1732 (100eur)
3.35g, 17mm
This legion was founded in 41 or 40 by Octavian, who needed it to put an end to Sextus Pompeius' occupation of Sicily. This legio also took part in the war of the first Marcomanni, against king Maroboduus in Czechia in 6 AD. They fought against German tribes: in the winter of 40/41, Servius Sulpicius Galba (the future emperor) overcame the Chatti. As the part of the army of Germania Inferior (led by Vitellius), XVI Gallica surrendered, at Bonn in April 70, and were renamed XVI Flavia Firma by Vespasianus.berserker
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RIC 0027 VespasianusObv : IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG, Laureate head right
Rev : COS ITER TR POT, Pax standing left, extending branch in right, winged caduceus in left
AR/Denarius (20.39 mm3.28 g 6h) Struck in Rome 70 A D
RIC 27 (C), RSC 94g, BMCRE 21-22, BNF 15
ex CNG Electronic Auction 321 Lot 515
FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0042 VespasianusObv : IMP CAES VESP AVG P M, Laureate head right
Rev : AVGVR / PON MAX, Sacrificial implements (Simpulum, Aspergillum, Canna and Lituus)
AR/Denarius (18.48 mm 3.47 g 6h) Struck in Rome 71 AD (2nd issue)
RIC 42 (R), RSC 42, BMCRE 48-49, Paris 35
ex CNG Inc. Electronic Auction 308 Lot 310, ex Harry Sneh Collection, ex Gemini X (13 January 2013) lot 611)FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0065A VespasianusObv: IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG P M TR P P P COS III, laureate head right
Rev: AETERNITAS P R / S C (in exergue), Victory advancin right with palm, offering Palladiun to Vespasian, standing left with spear.
AE/Sestertius (35,27 mm 25,59 g 6h) Struck in Rome 71 A.D. (1st issue)
Unpublished; same reverse die as RIC 32.
ex Artemide Auction L Lot 369FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0079v VespasianusObv : IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG P M T P P P COS III, Laureate draped bust right
Rev : HONOS TE VIRTVS / SC, (in exergue); Honos standing right with sceptre and cornucopia, facing Virtus standing left with spear and parazonium
AE/Sestertius (34.98 mm 25.71 g 6h) Struck in Rome 71 A.D. (1st issue - b)
RIC 79 (R2, variant: See Note 28 pg. 65, this coin), BMCRE 760 var. (same obv. die), BNF unlisted
ex Inasta Auction 62 lot 84, ex Thesaurus Auction 1 (12/2006) lot 457FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0087 VespasianusObv: IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG P M TR P P P COS III, Laureate head left, bust draped
Rev: LIBERTAS PVBLICA / S C (in field); Libertas standing left, with pileus and rod
AE/Sestertius (34.69 mm 26.43 g 6h) Struck in Rome 71 A D
RIC 87 (R2, not pictured), BMCRE, BNF unlistedFlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0096 VespasianusObv: IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG P M TR P P P COS III, Laureate head right
Rev: PAX AVGVSTI / S C (in field); Pax standing left, with cornucopia and olive branch
AE/Sestertius (34.21 mm 28.83 g 6h) Struck in Rome 71 A D (1st issue)
RIC 96 (R), BMCRE 558, BNF unlisted
ex Negrini June 2020 E-Auction Lot 730FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0117 VespasianusObv: IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG P M TR P P P COS III, Laureate head right, with aegis, globe below neck
Rev: S C (across field), Tetrastyle temple of Isis with semi-circular pediment. Between the columns an inner shrine with the statue of Isis; two other statues on right and left side; on pedment Isis on dog running right.
AE/Sestertius (35.56 mm 26.14 g 6h) Struck in Rome 71 A.D. (1st issue)
RIC 117 (R2), BMCRE 780, BNF unpublished
ex Artemide Auction LI lot 269FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0133 VespasianusObv: IMP CAES VESPASIANVS AVG COS III, Laureate head right, drapery on left shoulder
Rev: FELICITAS PVBLICA / S C (in field), Felicitas standing left with caduceus and cornucopia
AE/As (27.77 mm 12.685 g 5h) Struck in Rome 71 A.D.
RIC 133 (R2, same dies), BMCRE-BNF unlisted
Purchased on eBay from angainor*numisFlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0143 VespasianusObv: IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III, laureate head right
Rev: CAES AVG F DES IMP AVG F COS DES IT / S C (in field), Titus standing right with spear and parazonium, confronting Domitian standing left with spear
AE/Sestertius (34.44 mm 25,40 gr 6h) Struck in Rome 71 AD (2nd issue)
RIC 143 R, BMCRE 528, BNF 473
Purchased on eBay in 2004FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0165 VespasianusObv : IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III, Laureate head right
Rev : IVDAEA CAPTA / S C (in exergue), Palm tree; to left Judea seated left on cuirass; to right, Captive standing left; both figures surrounded by arms
RIC 165 (R), BMCRE 540, BNF 494
ex CNG Electronic Auction 185 lot 291
FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0167 VespasianusObv: IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III - Laureate head of Vespasian right.
Rev: IVDAEA CAPTA / S C - To left Vespasian standing right, left foot on helmet, holding spear and parazonium; to right, Jewess, in attitude of mourning, seated right; palm tree between.
AE/Sestertius (33,50 mm 25,26 g 6h) Struck in Rome 71 a.D. (2nd issue)
RIC 167 (C3), BMCRE 543, BNF 497-498
Purchased on eBay from dionysos_numismatikFlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0167v VespasianusObv: IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III - Laureate head of Vespasian right.
Rev: IVDAEA CAPTA / S C - To left Vespasian standing right, left foot on helmet, holding spear and parazonium; to right, Jewess, in attitude of mourning, seated right on cuirass and surrounded by arms; palm tree between.
AE/Sestertius (mm 33,35 g 25,51 6 h) Struck in Rome 71 a.D. (2nd issue)
RIC 167 (cfr. Note 49 page 71), BNF 497 (same reverse die)
purchased on eBay from mm1243, ex Busso Peus Auction 400 lot 360FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0169 VespasianusObv: IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III, Laureate bust left
Rev: IVDEA CAPTA / SC, (in exergue); to left Vespasian standing right, left foot on helmet, holding spear and parazonium; to right, Jewess, in attitude of mourning, seated right on cuirass; palm tree between.
AE/Sestertius (34.16 mm 23.02 g 6h) Struck in Rome 71 A.D. (2nd issue)
RIC 169 (R3 this coin), BMCRE-BNF unlisted
ex ACR Auctions E-Auction 32 lot 741, ex Nomisma Auction 14 11/1999 lot 273FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0175 VespasianusObv: IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III, laureate head right
Rev: MARS VICTOR / S C - Mars advancing left, with Victory and trophy
AE/Sestertius (34.70 mm 27.31 g 6h) Struck in Rome 71 A.D. (2nd issue)
RIC 175 (R, same obverse die as the plate coin), BMCRE 551, BNF 508
ex Bertolami E-Live Auction 77 Lot 1092, ex Gadoury Auction 2012 lot 159FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0187 VespasianusObv: IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III, laureate head right
Rev: PAX P ROMANI / S C (across field), Pax standing left with olive branch and cornucopia
AE/Sestertius (34.74 mm 23.81 g 6h) Struck in Rome 71 AD (2nd issue)
RIC 187 (R2), BMCRE 559, BNF 522
Purchased from Lucernae on VCoins April 2020FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0190 VespasianusObv: IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III, Laureate head right
Rev. ROMA / S C, Roma standing left with Victory and spear
AE/Sestertius (34.49 mm 25.64 g 6h) Struck in Rome 71 A D (3rd issue)
RIC 190 (C3), BMCRE 560-563, BNF 525-527
ex CNG Electronic Auction 269 Lot 340FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0203 VespasianusObv: IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III, Laureate head left
Rev: S C, Mars, helmeted, advancing right, trophy across shoulder in left hand, spear in right
AE/Sestertius (35.18 mm 26.74 g 6h) Struck in Rome 71 A.D. (2nd issue)
RIC 203 (R), BMCRE 78, BNF 542
ex Artemide Aste Auction 32 lot 28FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0207 VespasianusObv: IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III, Laureate head right
Rev: S P Q R / ADSERTORI / LIBERTATIS / PVBLIC, in four lines, in oak wreath
AE/Sestertius (34.54 mm 22.56 g 6h) Struck in Rome 71 A.D. (2nd issue)
RIC 207 (R2), BMCRE Note pag. 123 (citing Paris and Cohen), BNF 546 (same dies)
ex Artemide Auction 49E Lot 328FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0210 VespasianusObv: IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III, Laureate head left
Rev: S P Q R / ADSERTORI / LIBERTATIS / PVBLICAE, in four lines, in oak wreath
AE/Sestertius (35.17 mm 24.22 g 6h) Struck in Rome 71 A.D. (2nd issue)
RIC 210 (R2), BMCRE unlisted, BNF 548 (same dies)
Purchased on MA-Shops from LE Coins in 2011 FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0211 VespasianusObv: IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III, Laureate head right
Rev: S P Q R / OB / CIVES / SERVATOS, in four lines, in oak wreath
AE/Sestertius (33.59 mm 25.55 g 6h) Struck in Rome 71 A.D. (2nd group)
RIC 211 (R), BMCRE unlisted, BNF 552
ex Jesus Vico Auction V01 lot 105
FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0217 VespasianusObv: IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M TR P P P COS III, Laureate head right
Rev : VICTORIA AVGVS TI / S C, Victory standing right, foot on helmet, inscribing OB / CIV / SER on a shield hung on a palm tree
AE/Sestertius (34.44 mm 23.89 g 6h) Struck in Rome 71 A.D. (2nd group)
RIC 217 (R), BMCRE 577, 783 (Tarraco, same dies)
Purchased on eBay from ancient17 FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0238 VespasianusObv: IMP CAES VESPAS AVG P M TR P P P COS III - Laureate head of Vespasian right
Rev: MARS VICTOR / S C - Mars advancing left, with Victory and trophy
AE/Sestertius - mm. 34,93 g 25,95 die axis 6 - Struck in Rome 71 a.D.
RIC 238 BMCRE 552FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0241 VespasianusObv : IMP CAES VESPAS AVG P M TR P P P COS III, Laureate head right
Rev : PAX AVGVSTI / S C (in exergue), Pax standing right, setting fire to arms; to left, column surmounted by Minerva, shield and lance against it; to right, lighted altar
AE/Sestertius (32.53 mm 26.57 g 6 h) Struck in Rome 71 A.D.
RIC 241 (R2), BMCRE 0553, Paris 0518
Ex Inasta Auction 45 Lot 692FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0243 VespasianusObv : IMP CAES VESPAS AVG P M TR P P P COS III, Laureate head right
Rev : PAX AVGVST / S - C in field; Pax standing left, holding cornucopia and olive branch
AE/Sestertius (32.56 mm 23.40 G 6h) Struck in Rome 71 A D (3rd issue)
RIC 243 (C3), BMCRE 554.557, BNF 516FlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0254 VespasianusObv: IMP CAES VESPAS AVG P M TR P P P COS III, Laureate head right
Rev: S P Q R / OB / CIVES / SERVATOS, Within oak wreath
AE/sestertius (32.52 mm 24.59 g 6h) Struck in Rome 71 A.D. (3rd issue)
RIC 254 R2, BMCRE 573, BNF 551
Purchased on eBay from MulcrowFlaviusDomitianus
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RIC 0257 VespasianusObv: DIVO AVG VESP / S P Q R (in exergue), Deified Vespasian seated, right, holding sceptre and Victory in car drawn by four elephants with riders
Rev: Legend clockwise, inwardly, from high right: IMP T CAES DIVI VESP F AVG P M TR P P P COS VIII
AE/Sestertius 34.94 mm 23.13 g 6 h - Struck in Rome 80-81 A.D.
RIC 257 (R) Titus - BMCRE 221-222 Titus - Paris 229-230 TitusFlaviusDomitianus
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