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Philip III Arrhidaios, 323 - 317 BC. Bronze Tetartemorion (Dichalkon / Quarter Obol). Struck 323 - 315 BC under Nikokreon at Salamis, Cyprus.Obverse: No legend. Macedonian shield with Gorgoneion (Medusa) head as the boss in the centre. The shield boss is sometimes called the episema, the Greek name for a symbol of a particular city or clan which was placed in the centre of a soldier's shield.
Reverse: Macedonian helmet surmounted with a horse hair crest; B - A (for BAΣIΛEOΣ AΛEΞANΔPOY = King Alexander) above; mint marks below the helmet, to left, a kerykeion (caduceus) and to the right, the monogram NK (for Nikokreon).
Diameter: 14mm | Weight: 4.6gms | Die Axis: 1
Price: 3162 | Liampi, Chronologie 170-92

This coin is a Type 7 (Macedonian shield type) bronze Quarter-Obol (two chalkoi). Price dated the Macedonian Shield coins as beginning during the latter part of Alexander's life, c.325 BC, and ending c.310 BC. Liampi later argued, based on new hoard evidence, that they were minted as early as 334 BC. This particular coin is dated from c.323 to 315 BC during the reign of Philip III Arrhidaios.

Salamis was founded around 1100 BC by the inhabitants of Enkomi, a Late Bronze Age city on Cyprus, though in Homeric tradition, the city was established by Teucer, one of the Greek princes who fought in the Trojan War. After Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire, of which Salamis was a part, Greek culture and art flourished in the city and, as well as being the seat of the governor of Cyprus, it was the island's most important port.
Nikokreon had succeeded Pnytagoras on the throne of Salamis and is reported to have paid homage to Alexander after the conqueror's return from Egypt to Tyre in 331 BC. After Alexander's death, his empire was split between his generals, Cyprus falling to Ptolomy I of Egypt. In 315 BC during the war between Antigonos and Ptolemy, Nikokreon supported the latter and was rewarded by being made governor of all Cyprus. However, in 311 BC Ptolemy forced Nikokreon to commit suicide because he no longer trusted him. Ptolemy's brother, King Menelaus, was made governor in Nikokreon's stead.
In 306 BC, Salamis was the scene of a naval battle between the fleets of Ptolemy and Demetrius I of Macedon. Demetrius won the battle and captured the island. *Alex

14 TrajanPHOENICIA, Tyre. Trajan. AD 98-117. AR Tetradrachm (23mm, 13.88 g, 10h). Struck AD 110/1. Laureate head right; below, club left and eagle standing right / Tyche seated right on rock, holding grain ears; below, river god Orontes swimming right, head left. McAlee 470; Prieur 1498. VF.

Ex CNG1 commentsSosius

27 MacrinusMACRINUS
AR Tetradrachm of Phoenicia, Tyre. AD 217-8. (11g, 25.6mm)

AYT K M OP CE MAKPINOC CE, laureate bust right, with drapery at front of truncation / DHMAPX EX YPATOC PP, eagle standing on club facing, head left, murex shell between legs.

Prieur 1555Sosius

Demetrios II Nikator, Second reign, 129-125 BC. Silver tetradrachm. Tyre.Obv: Diademed head of king right.
Rev: Eagle standing on prow left, with palm branch, club surmounted by monogram and monogram in inner left field, two monograms in inner right field, monogram between legs.
References: SC 2195.5b. Newell 179. Hoover 1122.
28 mm, 13,23 g.1 commentsCanaan

Elagabalus Phoenicia, Tyre. Elagabalus. A.D. 218-222. AE 23 (23.21 mm, 9.45 g, 7 h). . [IMP C M AVR ANTONINVS AVG] or similar, laureate draped and cuirassed bust right / [SEPTIM] TYRO [COL]O or similar, Temple of the Phoenician Koinon seen in perspective from the right; murex shell below. . Rouvier 2384; AUB 258; SNG Copenhagen 368. Fine, porous, rough surfaces.ecoli

Ptolemaic KingdomHellenistic coinage of the Ptolemies, after Alexander the Great. Principal mints include Alexandria in Egypt, Paphos and Sidon in Cyprus, and Sidon and Tyre in Phoenicia. 1 commentsAnaximander

(0198) CARACALLA (perhaps)198-217
AE 28.5 mm; 12.58 g
O: Bust right
R: Founder, plowing right with yoke of oxen; in background; vexillum inscribed [LEG/III/GAL] in three lines; murex shell at lower right.
Phoenicia, Tyre
(This may be Elagabalus or other)laney

(0218) ELAGABALUS218 - 222 AD
AE 19.5 mm, 7.1 g
O: Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
R: Bull standing right; in background, vexillum inscribed LEG/III]/GAL in three lines; murex shell to right
Phoenicia, Tyrelaney

(0218) ELAGABALUS218 - 222 AD
AE 23 mm, 9.9 g
O: Radiate head right
R: Turreted Genius standing facing, head left, holding patera and cornucopia, flanked by eagles; humped bull at lower left
Raphanea, Syrialaney

(0218) ELAGABALUSAE 27 mm, 11.9 g
Phoenicia, Tyrelaney

(0218) ELAGABALUS--Tyre218 – 222 AD
AE 28mm, 9.73g
O: Laureate, draped, cuirassed bust right
R: Nude male figure (probably representing King Pygmalion of Tyre=Pu'mayatton, 831-785 BC) advancing left, chlamys over extended right arm, holding transverse spear and shield(?) in raised left hand ; behind him at right, 4 stags leaping right; star above; murex shell below
Phoenicia, Tyre (Tyros);
ref. Rouvier VII, p.80, 2388; BMC Phoenicia p.277, 408; Babelon ("Les Perses Achemenides")
2244; Mionnet V, 657; not in SNG Copenghagen, SNG UK, SNG Deutschland, SNG
Righetti, Lindgren; Rare
(thank you to Jochen for details)laney

0 - Caracalla #00 Tetradrachm - Tyre, Phoenicia - Murex Shell between Eagle's legsRoman Empire
Emperor Caracalla (212 - 217 AD)
Silver Tetradrachm, Tyre, Phoenicia.
Struck 213 - 217 A.D. - Tyre Mint (Murex Shell between Eagle's legs as mintmark)

(titles in Greek)
obv: Laureate bust of Emperor right, cuirassed. Seen from the front.

rev: Eagle standing on club facing, wings spread, tail and head left, wreath in beak, murex shell between legs

Weight: 13.79 Grams
Diameter 26.4 mm
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0 - Caracalla #00 Tetradrachm - Tyre, Phoenicia - Murex Shell between Eagle's legs - 01Roman Empire
Emperor Caracalla (212 - 217 AD)
Silver Tetradrachm, Tyre, Phoenicia.
Struck 213 - 217 A.D. - Tyre Mint (Murex Shell between Eagle's legs as mintmark)

(titles in Greek)
obv: Laureate bust of Emperor right, cuirassed. Seen from the front.

rev: Eagle standing on club facing, wings spread, tail and head left, wreath in beak, murex shell between legs

Weight: 13.79 Grams
Diameter 26.4 mm
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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrian_purple
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- 3 commentsrexesq

0 - Caracalla - Antioch, Syria. Tetradrachmai, Syro - Phoenician.4x Caracalla Tets, the one on the bottom row is from Tyre, Phoenicia, and has an interesting Frontal, cuirassed bust, that I have never seen before on a Tyre tet.
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With a USA Quarter (25 cent piece) on the bottom right, for size comparison.rexesq

0 - Caracalla - Tetradrachm #5Roman Empire
AR Tetradrachm. Emperor Caracalla (212 - 217 AD)

obv: Laureate head of Emperor, right.
rev: Eagle, spread wings, facing left with wreath in beak. Something between legs. rexesq

015a02. TrajanAR Tetradrachm. 25mm, 13.78 g. Tyre, Phoenicia. Year 17 = 112-113 AD.
Obv: AYTOKΡ KAIC NEΡ TΡAIANOC CEB ΓEΡM ΔAK, laureate head right, club and eagle below.
Rev: ΔHMAΡC EΞ IZ YΠAT &fsigma; Tyche seated right holding poppies and grain ears, river god Orontes swimming right below. Prieur 1500.lawrence c

030a14. ElagabalusAE27 of Phoenicia, Tyre. 29.5mm, 15.17 g. Obv: Laureate, cuirassed bust right. Rev: TYRIORVM, Astarte standing facing, holding transverse sceptre, erecting trophy to far left, being crowned by Nike standing on column to right, palm at inner left, murex shell at foot right. Lindgren I 2376.lawrence c

030a31. ElagabalusPhoenicia, Tyre. AE (28 mm, 13.92 g). Laureate, cuirassed bust right, countermarked / TYRIORVM, Astarte standing facing, holding transverse sceptre, erecting trophy to far left, being crowned by Nike standing on column to right, palm at inner left, murex shell at foot right. Lindgren I 2376. Agora Auc 2 (2023), Lot 343.lawrence c

044 - Hadrian Denarius - RIC II.3 2959Obv:- IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIANO OPT AVG GER DAC, Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from front
Rev:- PARTHIC DIVI TRAIAN AVG F P M TR P COS P P, Trajan and Hadrian standing vis-à-vis, clasping right hands and each holding a volumen in left; ADOPTIO in exergue.
References:- RIC II.3 2959; RPC p. 449; RSC 4d; McAlee p. 217; Butcher p. 97, fig. 30, 13 (same dies?); RIC II –; BMCRE 1021
First eastern issue of Hadrian from Antioch (or Tyre?) mint. Struck August–December AD 117maridvnvm

051p Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Phoenicia, Tyre, Prieur 1548, AR-Tetradrachm, •ΔHMAPX ЄΞ YΠATOC TO•Δ•, Eagle standing, #1051p Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Phoenicia, Tyre, Prieur 1548, AR-Tetradrachm, •ΔHMAPX ЄΞ YΠATOC TO•Δ•, Eagle standing, #1
avers: AYT KAI ANTWNINOC CЄ, Laureate head right, slight drapery on the left shoulder.
reverse: •ΔHMAPX ЄΞ YΠATOC TO•Δ•, Eagle stands with open wings frontal on the club, looks to the left, wreath in its beak, murex shell between legs.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 24,5-26,5 mm, weight: 12,34g, axis: 11h,
mint: Phoenicia, Tyre, date: 214-217 A.D.,
ref: Prieur 1548,
Q-001quadrans

1/12 Shekel, Hippocamp/ OwlPhoenicia, Tyre, c. 332-275 BC, 1/12 Shekel, 0.66g. SG-5916, BM-43. Obv: Hippocamp l. Rx: Owl stg. l., crook and flail under wing. Ex John Twente Animal Collection, purchased from Amphora, 1/26/79. VF; area of weak strike. Ex Twente & H.J.BerkPodiceps

1701a, Saladin, 1169-1193AYYUBID: Saladin, 1169-1193, AR dirham (2.92g), Halab, AH580, A-788, lovely struck, well-centered & bold, Extremely Fine, Scarce.

His name in Arabic, in full, is SALAH AD-DIN YUSUF IBN AYYUB ("Righteousness of the Faith, Joseph, Son of Job"), also called AL-MALIK AN-NASIR SALAH AD-DIN YUSUF I (b. 1137/38, Tikrit, Mesopotamia--d. March 4, 1193, Damascus), Muslim sultan of Egypt, Syria, Yemen, and Palestine, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, and the most famous of Muslim heroes.

In wars against the Christian crusaders, he achieved final success with the disciplined capture of Jerusalem (Oct. 2, 1187), ending its 88-year occupation by the Franks. The great Christian counterattack of the Third Crusade was then stalemated by Saladin's military genius.

Saladin was born into a prominent Kurdish family. On the night of his birth, his father, Najm ad-Din Ayyub, gathered his family and moved to Aleppo, there entering the service of 'Imad ad-Din Zangi ibn Aq Sonqur, the powerful Turkish governor in northern Syria. Growing up in Ba'lbek and Damascus, Saladin was apparently an undistinguished youth, with a greater taste for religious studies than military training.
His formal career began when he joined the staff of his uncle Asad ad-Din Shirkuh, an important military commander under the amir Nureddin, son and successor of Zangi. During three military expeditions led by Shirkuh into Egypt to prevent its falling to the Latin-Christian (Frankish) rulers of the states established by the First Crusade, a complex, three-way struggle developed between Amalric I, the Latin king of Jerusalem, Shawar, the powerful vizier of the Egyptian Fatimid caliph, and Shirkuh. After Shirkuh's death and after ordering Shawar's assassination, Saladin, in 1169 at the age of 31, was appointed both commander of the Syrian troops and vizier of Egypt.

His relatively quick rise to power must be attributed not only to the clannish nepotism of his Kurdish family but also to his own emerging talents. As vizier of Egypt, he received the title king (malik), although he was generally known as the sultan. Saladin's position was further enhanced when, in 1171, he abolished the Shi'i Fatimid caliphate, proclaimed a return to Sunnah in Egypt, and consequently became its sole ruler.

Although he remained for a time theoretically a vassal of Nureddin, that relationship ended with the Syrian emir's death in 1174. Using his rich agricultural possessions in Egypt as a financial base, Saladin soon moved into Syria with a small but strictly disciplined army to claim the regency on behalf of the young son of his former suzerain.
Soon, however, he abandoned this claim, and from 1174 until 1186 he zealously pursued a goal of uniting, under his own standard, all the Muslim territories of Syria, northern Mesopotamia, Palestine, and Egypt.

This he accomplished by skillful diplomacy backed when necessary by the swift and resolute use of military force. Gradually, his reputation grew as a generous and virtuous but firm ruler, devoid of pretense, licentiousness, and cruelty. In contrast to the bitter dissension and intense rivalry that had up to then hampered the Muslims in their resistance to the crusaders, Saladin's singleness of purpose induced them to rearm both physically and spiritually.

Saladin's every act was inspired by an intense and unwavering devotion to the idea of jihad ("holy war")-the Muslim equivalent of the Christian crusade. It was an essential part of his policy to encourage the growth and spread of Muslim religious institutions.

He courted its scholars and preachers, founded colleges and mosques for their use, and commissioned them to write edifying works especially on the jihad itself. Through moral regeneration, which was a genuine part of his own way of life, he tried to re-create in his own realm some of the same zeal and enthusiasm that had proved so valuable to the first generations of Muslims when, five centuries before, they had conquered half the known world.

Saladin also succeeded in turning the military balance of power in his favour-more by uniting and disciplining a great number of unruly forces than by employing new or improved military techniques. When at last, in 1187, he was able to throw his full strength into the struggle with the Latin crusader kingdoms, his armies were their equals. On July 4, 1187, aided by his own military good sense and by a phenomenal lack of it on the part of his enemy, Saladin trapped and destroyed in one blow an exhausted and thirst-crazed army of crusaders at Hattin, near Tiberias in northern Palestine.

So great were the losses in the ranks of the crusaders in this one battle that the Muslims were quickly able to overrun nearly the entire Kingdom of Jerusalem. Acre, Toron, Beirut, Sidon, Nazareth, Caesarea, Nabulus, Jaffa (Yafo), and Ascalon (Ashqelon) fell within three months.

But Saladin's crowning achievement and the most disastrous blow to the whole crusading movement came on Oct. 2, 1187, when Jerusalem, holy to both Muslim and Christian alike, surrendered to the Sultan's army after 88 years in the hands of the Franks. In stark contrast to the city's conquest by the Christians, when blood flowed freely during the barbaric slaughter of its inhabitants, the Muslim reconquest was marked by the civilized and courteous behaviour of Saladin and his troops. His sudden success, which in 1189 saw the crusaders reduced to the occupation of only three cities, was, however, marred by his failure to capture Tyre, an almost impregnable coastal fortress to which the scattered Christian survivors of the recent battles flocked. It was to be the rallying point of the Latin counterattack.

Most probably, Saladin did not anticipate the European reaction to his capture of Jerusalem, an event that deeply shocked the West and to which it responded with a new call for a crusade. In addition to many great nobles and famous knights, this crusade, the third, brought the kings of three countries into the struggle.

The magnitude of the Christian effort and the lasting impression it made on contemporaries gave the name of Saladin, as their gallant and chivalrous enemy, an added lustre that his military victories alone could never confer on him.

The Crusade itself was long and exhausting, and, despite the obvious, though at times impulsive, military genius of Richard I the Lion-Heart, it achieved almost nothing. Therein lies the greatest-but often unrecognized--achievement of Saladin. With tired and unwilling feudal levies, committed to fight only a limited season each year, his indomitable will enabled him to fight the greatest champions of Christendom to a draw. The crusaders retained little more than a precarious foothold on the Levantine coast, and when King Richard set sail from the Orient in October 1192, the battle was over.

Saladin withdrew to his capital at Damascus. Soon, the long campaigning seasons and the endless hours in the saddle caught up with him, and he died. While his relatives were already scrambling for pieces of the empire, his friends found that the most powerful and most generous ruler in the Muslim world had not left enough money to pay for his own grave.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
H.A.R. Gibb, "The Arabic Sources for the Life of Saladin," Speculum, 25:58-72 (1950). C.W. Wilson's English translation of one of the most important Arabic works, The Life of Saladin (1897), was reprinted in 1971. The best biography to date is Stanley Lane-Poole, Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, new ed. (1926, reprinted 1964), although it does not take account of all the sources.1 commentsCleisthenes

217Macrinus 217-8 AD
AE 22 mm
Tyre in Phoenicia
Galley right, murex shell above
BMC 384v (except COLON in exergue is a continuation of the legend around (so upside down) rather than left to right the correct way around)mauseus

218aElagabalus 218-22 AD
AE 29 mm
Tyre in Phoenicia
Hexastyle temple with curved arch containing a statue of Astarte left, palm tree and murex shell flanking an altar in the foreground
BMC 393, Rouvier 2363, countermark Howgego 3591 commentsmauseus

25. Danelaw: Vikings of East Anglia: St Edmund Memorial Coinage.Penny, ca 890-905.
Obverse: +SC EADMVN RI / Large A with small crosses on each side.
Reverse: +DAEMOND MOTI / Large cross.
Moneyer: Daemond.
1.29 gm., 18 mm.
North #483; Seaby #960.

There are over 60 moneyers with Germanic or Norse names found on the St Edmund coins in the Cuerdale Hoard (c. 905). This number suggests there were quite a few mints producing this coinage. Several of the moneyers are also found on coinage of Edward the Elder and Athelstan from other parts of the country. This suggests that this issue, although in the name of the martyred East Anglian king, extended beyond East Anglia, and perhaps continued until East Anglia was regained by the English in 917-18. For more information, see A New History of the Royal Mint by Christopher E. Challis (Cambridge University Press, 1992).Callimachus

3900 PHOENICIA, Tyre. Pseudo-autonomous under Hadrian, 121-22 AD PalmReference.
RPC III, 3900; BMC Phoenicia 347 ( pg. 266 ); SNG Copenhagen 351.

Obv. no legend.
Turreted, veiled, and draped bust of Tyche right.

Rev. ΤΥΡ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛƐΩС ΙƐΡ ΑΣ, ΖΜΣ (or ΖΜС)
Phoenician letters לצר (‘of Tyre’); palm tree.

3.05 gr
16 mm
12hokidoki

504. Constantius II Campgate NicomediaNicomedia

Titular see of Bithynia Prima, founded by King Zipoetes. About 264 B.C. his son Nicodemes I dedicated the city anew, gave it his name, made it his capital, and adorned it with magnificent monuments. At his court the vanquished Hannibal sought refuge. When Bithynia became a Roman province Nicomedia remained its capital. Pliny the Younger mentions, in his letters to Trajan, several public edifices of the city — a senate house, an aqueduct which he had built, a forum, the temple of Cybele, etc. He also proposed to join the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmora by a canal which should follow the river Sangarius and empty the waters of the Lake of Sabandja into the Gulf of Astacus. A fire then almost destroyed the town. From Nicomedia perhaps, he wrote to Trajan his famous letter concerning the Christians. Under Marcus Aurelius, Dionysius, Bishop of Corinth, addressed a letter to his community warning them against the Marcionites (Eusebius, "Hist. Eccl.", IV, xxiii). Bishop Evander, who opposed the sect of the Ophites (P.L., LIII, 592), seems to have lived at the same time. Nicomedia was the favorite residence of Diocletian, who built there a palace, a hippodrome, a mint, and an arsenal. In 303 the edict of the tenth persecution caused rivers of blood to flow through the empire, especially in Nicomedia, where the Bishop Anthimus and a great many Christians were martyred. The city was then half Christian, the palace itself being filled with them. In 303, in the vast plain east of Nicomedia, Diocletian renounced the empire in favour of Galerius. In 311 Lucian, a priest of Antioch, delivered a discourse in the presence of the judge before he was executed. Other martyrs of the city are numbered by hundreds. Nicomedia suffered greatly during the fourth century from an invasion of the Goths and from an earthquake (24 Aug., 354), which overthrew all the public and private monuments; fire completed the catastrophe. The city was rebuilt, on a smaller scale. In the reign of Justinian new public buildings were erected, which were destroyed in the following century by the Shah Chosroes. Pope Constantine I visited the city in 711. In 1073 John Comnenus was there proclaimed emperor and shortly afterwards was compelled to abdicate. In 1328 it was captured by the Sultan Orkhan, who restored its ramparts, parts of which are still preserved.

RIC VII Nicomedia 158 R2

ecoli

703b, Tiberius, 19 August 14 - 16 March 37 A.D., Hierapolis, PhrygiaBronze AE 16, RPC I 2966 (1 specimen), F, Phrygia, Hierapolis, 3.300g, 15.6mm, 0o; Obverse: TIBEPIOC KAISAR, laureate head right; Reverse: IERAPOLEITWN ZOSIMOS [...], Apollo Archegetes (Lairbenos) standing left, playing lyre; reverse countermarked with star of six rays, in oval punch, 2.5 x 3.5 mm, Howgego 445 (3 pcs, 1 of which from this magistrate); dark patina; very rare. Ex FORVM.

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

TIBERIUS (A.D. 14-37)

Garrett G. Fagan
Pennsylvania State University

The reign of Tiberius Claudius Nero (b. 42 B.C., d. A.D. 37, emperor A.D. 14-37) is a particularly important one for the Principate, since it was the first occasion when the powers designed for Augustus alone were exercised by somebody else. In contrast to the approachable and tactful Augustus, Tiberius emerges from the sources as an enigmatic and darkly complex figure, intelligent and cunning, but given to bouts of severe depression and dark moods that had a great impact on his political career as well as his personal relationships. His reign abounds in contradictions. Despite his keen intelligence, he allowed himself to come under the influence of unscrupulous men who, as much as any actions of his own, ensured that Tiberius's posthumous reputation would be unfavorable; despite his vast military experience, he oversaw the conquest of no new region for the empire; and despite his administrative abilities he showed such reluctance in running the state as to retire entirely from Rome and live out his last years in isolation on the island of Capri. His reign represents, as it were, the adolescence of the Principate as an institution. Like any adolescence, it proved a difficult time.

. . . .

It is all but inevitable that any historical assessment of Tiberius will quickly devolve into a historiographical assessment of Tacitus. So masterful is Tacitus's portrayal of his subject, and so influential has it been ever since, that in all modern treatments of Tiberius, in attempting to get at the man, must address the issue of Tacitus's historiographical methods, his sources, and his rhetoric. The subject is too vast to address here, but some points are salient. Tacitus's methods, especially his use of innuendo and inference to convey notions that are essentially editorial glosses, makes taking his portrayal of Tiberius at face value inadvisable. Further, his belief in the immutable character of people -- that one's character is innate at birth and cannot be changed, although it can be disguised -- prevents him from investigating the possibility that Tiberius evolved and developed over his lifetime and during his reign. Instead, Tacitus's portrayal is one of peeling back layers of dissimulation to reach the "real" Tiberius lurking underneath.

Overall, Tiberius's reign can be said to show the boons and banes of rule by one man, especially a man as dark, awkward, and isolated as Tiberius. For the people of the provinces, it was a peaceful and well-ordered time. Governors behaved themselves, and there were no destructive or expensive wars. In the domestic sphere, however, the concentration of power in one person made all the greater the threat of misbehavior by ambitious satellites like Sejanus or foolish friends like Piso. Furthermore, if the emperor wished to remain aloof from the mechanics of power, he could do so. Administrators, who depended on him for their directions, could operate without his immediate supervision, but their dealings with a man like Sejanus could lead to disaster if that man fell from grace. As a result, although he was not a tyrant himself, Tiberius's reign sporadically descended into tyranny of the worst sort. In the right climate of paranoia and suspicion, widespread denunciation led to the deaths of dozens of Senators and equestrians, as well as numerous members of the imperial house. In this sense, the reign of Tiberius decisively ended the Augustan illusion of "the Republic Restored" and shone some light into the future of the Principate, revealing that which was both promising and terrifying.

[For the complete article please refer to http://www.roman-emperors.org/tiberius.htm]

By Garrett G. Fagan, Pennsylvania State University.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Hierapolis in History

Usually said to be founded by Eumenes II, king of Pergamum (197-159 BC), Hierapolis may actually have been established closer to the 4th century BC by the Seleucid kings.

The name of the city may derive from Hiera, the wife of Telephus (son of Hercules and grandson of Zeus), the mythical founder of Pergamum. Or it may have been called the "sacred city" because of the temples located at the site. (The name Pamukkale is sometimes used just to refer to the white terraces, but the modern name of the whole area is also Pamukkale.)

With Colossae and Laodicea, Hierapolis became part of the tri-city area of the Lycus River valley. Hierapolis was located across the river from the other two cities and was noted for its textiles, especially wool. The city was also famous for its purple dye, made from the juice of the madder root.

The hot springs at Hierapolis (which still attract visitors today) were believed to have healing properties, and people came to the city to bathe in the rich mineral waters in order to cure various ailments.

Hierapolis was dedicated to Apollo Lairbenos, who was said to have founded the city. The Temple of Apollo that survives in ruins today dates from the 3rd century AD, but its foundations date from the Hellenistic period.

Also worshipped at Hierapolis was Pluto, god of the underworld, probably in relation to the hot gases released by the earth (see the Plutonium, below). The chief religious festival of ancient Hierapolis was the Letoia, in honor of the the goddess Leto, a Greek form of the Mother Goddess. The goddess was honoured with orgiastic rites.

Hierapolis was ceded to Rome in 133 BC along with the rest of the Pergamene kingdom, and became part of the Roman province of Asia. The city was destroyed by an earthquake in 60 AD but rebuilt, and it reached its peak in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD.

Famous natives of Hierapolis include the Stoic philosopher Epictetus (c.55-c.135 AD) and the philosopher and rhetorician Antipater. Emperor Septimus hired Antipater to tutor his sons Caracalla and Geta, who became emperors themselves.

Hierapolis had a significant Jewish population in ancient times, as evidence by numerous inscriptions on tombs and elsewhere in the city. Some of the Jews are named as members of the various craft guilds of the city. This was probably the basis for the Christian conversion of some residents of Hierapolis, recorded in Colossians 4:13.

In the 5th century, several churches as well as a large martyrium dedicated to St. Philip (see "In the Bible," below) were built in Hierapolis. The city fell into decline in the 6th century, and the site became partially submerged under water and deposits of travertine. It was finally abandoned in 1334 after an earthquake. Excavations began to uncover Hierapolis in the 19th century.

Hierapolis in the Bible

Hierapolis is mentioned only once in the Bible, when St. Paul praises Epaphras, a Christian from Colossae, in his letter to the Colossians. Paul writes that Epaphras "has worked hard for you and for those in Laodicea and in Hierapolis" (Colossians 4:12-13). Epaphras was probably the founder of the Christian community at Hierapolis.

Ancient tradition also associates Hierapolis with a biblical figure, reporting that Philip died in Hierapolis around 80 AD. However, it is not clear which Philip is menat. It could be Philip the Apostle, one of the original 12 disciples, who is said to have been martyred by upside-down crucifixion (Acts of Philip) or by being hung upside down by his ankles from a tree.

Or Philip could be Philip the Evangelist, a later disciple who helped with administrative matters and had four virgin-prophetess daughters (Acts 6:1-7; 21:8-9). Early traditions say this Philip was buried in Hierapolis along with his virgin daughters, but confusingly call him "Philip the Apostle"! In any case, it seems a prominent person mentioned in Acts did die in Hierapolis.
Sacred Destinations - Hierapolis-Pamukkale
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes

Alexander I Balas - AR TetradrachmTyre
148-147 BC
Diademed and draped bust right
Eagle standing left on prow left, with palm branch over shoulder; to left, club surmounted by (TYP) monogram; to right, EΞP (date) above (ΓHP) monogram
AΛEΞANΔPOY BAΣIΛEΩΣ
SC II 1835.5b; Newell, Tyre 75
13,1g 25mm
ex Savoca1 commentsJ. B.

Alexander I Balas, 150 - 145 B.C.Alexander I Balas. 152-145BC. Ae 13.4~13.9mm. 2.39g. Dilepton Tyre mint. Obv: Diademed head r. Rev: BAΣIΛEΩΣ r. / AΛEΞANΔΡOΥ l. Palm tree; across field. SNG Spaer 1539-43; Newell, Tyre 80; CSE 748.ddwau

Alexander I Balas. Eagle Tetradrachm of Tyre.Seleukids. Alexander I Balas. 150-145 BC. AR Tetradrachm (13.74 gm, 26.0mm, 12h) on Phoenician standard of Tyre, 148/7 BC. Diademed head of Alexander I right. / Eagle standing left on ram of galley, palm branch over shoulder & below l. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ | ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ, TYR above club left, ΕΞΡ (SE 165) & Ϝρ control to right. EF. Bt. Dr. Brad Bowlin (Eukratides) 2001. Ex Hirsch (Germany) sale. SC 1835.4c; HGC 9 #883; ANS Mantis 1944.100.77689; BnF Y593; DCA 123; Newell Tyre 70; SNG Spaer 1534 (same dies).Anaximander

Ancient imitation: Phoenicia, Tyre, Ca. 390-377 B.C. ShekelAncient imitation: Phoenicia, Tyre, Ca. 390-377 B.C. Shekel. Melkart riding hippocamp right / Owl standing right, crook and flail over wing. Ex Sayles & LavenderPodiceps

Antandros - AR diobollate 5th century BC
female head right (Artemis Astyrene?)
lion head right within incuse square
ANTAN
Cf. SNG von Aulock 7582 (later type without incuse); SNG München -; SNG Ashmolean -; cf. SNG Tübingen 2555 (same); cf. Klein 298 (same); Traité II -; CNG E-369, lot 113; Gitbud & Naumann 24, lot 170.
1,0g 9,5mm
ex SavocaJ. B.

Antandros TroasSize 8mm, 0.6g, 440 - 400 BC
OBV: Artemis Astyrene(?) right
REV: Lion’s head right
1 commentsSRukke

Antiochos IV Epiphanes SELEUKID KINGS of SYRIA. Antiochos IV Epiphanes. 175-164 BC. Æ (22mm, 8.20 g, 1h). Tyre mint. Dated either SE 144 or 145 (169/8 or 168/7 BC). Diademed head right; star above, [...]MP (date) behind / Stern of galley left, with railing, oar, and aphlaston. SC 1463; HGC 9, 667; DCA 94. Near VF, black desert patina.ecoli

Antiochos VII Euergetes. Athena Tetradrachm of Tyre.Seleukids. Antiochos VII Euergetes. 138-129 BC. AR Tetradrachm (16.55 gm, 30.5mm, 11h) Tyre, 131 BC. Diademed head of Antiochos VII right. / Athena standing left holding Nike, shield, & spear. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ | ΣΥΣΡΓΕΤΟΥ. Club surmounted by Tyre monogram ⲧYᴾ, ΑΣΥ ΙΣΡ to outer left, ex: ΒΠΡ (SE 182) Fᴘ. gVF. Bt. George Rogers, 1998. SC 2107.5; HGC 9 #1067q; Newell Tyre 193; Babelon Rois #1129-1130 (same obv. die); DCA 195 (same); Houghton CSE I #765 (same; Dewing 2621; MFA #286 (same obv. die); Naville X #1286-1287; Rogers Tyre #130; SNG Spaer 2078.Anaximander

Antiochos VII Euergetes. Standing Eagle Tetradrachm of Tyre.Seleukids. Antiochos VII Euergetes. 138-129 BC. AR Tetradrachm (14.03 gm, 26.9mm, 12h) Tyre, 136/5 BC Diademed bust of Antiochos VII right. / Eagle standing left on prow, Σ between legs, palm to lower left & over shoulder. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ. ᴬ over ᴾᴱ and ΤΥᴾ over club to left; ΑΣ over ΞΟΡ to right. gVF. Pegasi Numismatics Sale 130 #132. SC 2109.5b; HGC 9 #1074; Newell Tyre 122; Rogers Tyre #64; Babelon de Luynes IV #3381, Rois 1101; DCA 198; SNG Spaer 2024-6; SNG Cop 7.2 #334. Same obv die: ANS Mantis 1944 100.77755; Dewing 2620 corr. (Σ, not Ξ) = Harvard 1.1965.2620 corr. (SC 2110.5).Anaximander

Antiochus VII (138-129 BC) AR Tetradrachm, Tyre MintObverse: His diademed and draped bust right;
Reverse: BASILEWS ANTIOXOY to right and left of eagle standing left on prow; IE at upper left above Tyre monogram and club; A vC over AOP in right field. Monogram between eagle legs.
Weight 13.0 grams. Diameter 27 mm

I love the beautiful atmospheric style of these Seleukid Tetradrachms. I wish I could afford more of them!daverino

Antiochus VII Euergetes Tetradrachm (Diademed head/eagle, HGC 9 1074) v.1ANTIOCHUS VII EUERGETES, 138-129 BC
AR Tetradrachm (27.80mm, 12.70g, 12h)
Struck 136/5 BC. Tyre mint
Obverse: Diademed head of Antiochus VII right
Reverse: ANTIOXOY BAΣIΛEΩΣ, eagle standing left on prow, palm branch behind, club to lower left, monograms in fields
References: HGC 9 1074, SNG Spaer 2021

Darkly toned, some edge chips.
Ex Forum Ancient CoinsCPK

Assortment of replica Biblical coinsI'm told that these were made in the 50's for use in Sunday schools. 7 coins encased in a slab of plastic. From smallest to largest they are as follows:

Lepton of Caponius 6 AD
Lepton of Pontius Pilate 29 AD
Herod Antipas 29 AD
Denarius of Tiberius14-37 AD
Harod the Great 37 BC
Shekel of Tyre 126 BC
Vespasian 72 AD

Quality is not as good as modern replicas but it makes a nice addition to my desk. I don't think these coins would fool anyone! :DJay GT4

BCC 49Murex shell, source of Royal Purple Dye,
and the symbol of Tyre-Phoenicia
6.30cm. From the beach at Caesareav-drome

BCC M103 - M107Caesarea Minimae
Five minute coins from Caesarea Maritima
Mint: Caesarea?
Obv:Head of Tyche, very worn.
Rev: Various styles of galley.

m103: 13.0x11.5mm 1.29gm. Axis:180 cf. Ham #61
m104: 13.5x13mm 0.97gm Axis:180 cf. Ham #65
m105: 12.5mm 1.25gm Axis:120 cf. Ham#62-64
m106: 10.5mm 0.69gm Axis:120 cf. Ham #65
m107: 10x9mm 0.47gm Axis:150 cf. Ham# 70

Hamburger suggested a date
of early through late 3rd century CE
and assigned this type to the mint
at Caesarea, based on the high number
of specimens found there. However, a
number of other cities on the coast,
including Ascalon and Tyre, also used
this type in their official and semi-
autonomous coinage up until the early
2nd century. Any references to
recent studies would be appreciated.

H. Hamburger “Minute Coins from Caesarea
Maritima” Atiqot, Vol.1, 1954. #59-#74v-drome

BCC M56-M60Caesarea Minimae
Five minute coins from Caesarea Maritima
Mint: Caesarea or Tyre?
Obv:Head of Tyche or male bust right,
often crudely rendered.
Rev: Palm tree with fruits, traces of inscription.
AE10.0 - 12.5mm. 0.60 - 0.93g. Axis:0 or 90
Similar to Hamburger #6 through #26
Hamburger assigns this type to the mint at
Tyre, in imitation of the well-known autono-
mous coins of that city from the late 1st and
early 2nd Cent. CE. However, other experts
suggest Caesarea was the mint, since they
seem to be most commonly found there.
Surface finds Caesarea Maritima, 1970's
J. Berlin Caesarea Collectionv-drome

BCC m61-m65Five minute coins from Caesarea Maritima
Mint: Caesarea or Tyre?
Obv:Head of Tyche right, crudely rendered
on some specimens.
Rev: Palm tree, with fruits and/or traces
of inscription or pseudo-date.
AE10.5-12.0mm. 0.62-1.07gm. Axis: 90
Similar to Hamburger #6-26 “Minute Coins
from Caesarea Maritima” Vol.1 Atiqot,1954.
Hamburger assigns this type to the mint at
Tyre, in imitation of the well-known autono-
mous coins of that city from the late 1st and
early 2nd Cent. CE. However, other experts
suggest Caesarea was the mint, since they
seem to be commonly found there. Of note
is the 90 degree axis seen in the majority of
these Tyche/Palm Tree minimae.
Surface finds Caesarea Maritima, 1970's
J. Berlin Caesarea Collection
v-drome

BCC m66-m70Caesarea Minimae
Five minute coins from Caesarea Maritima
Mint: Caesarea or Tyre?
Obv:Head of Tyche right, crudely
rendered on some specimens.
Rev: Palm tree, with fruits, traces
of inscription, or pseudo-date.
AE15mm-12.5mm. 2.01gm-0.7gm.
Axis: var. Similar to Hamburger #6-#26.
Hamburger assigns this type to the mint
at Tyre. Other experts suggest Caesarea
since they are commonly found there.
However, very small module coins,
apparently official issues from cities
around the eastern empire, were also
frequently found in the surrounding
sand dunes.v-drome

BCC M71-75Caesarea Minimae
Five minute coins from Caesarea Maritima
Mint: Caesarea or Tyre?
Obv:Head of Tyche right, crudely
rendered on some specimens. The second
coin, (m72), has a palm branch to the left
of Tyche. Rev: Palm tree with fruits, traces
of inscription, or pseudo-date, very crudely
rendered on m74 and m75.
AE12.5mm.-8.5mm. 0.79gm.-0.29gm.
Axis:var. Similar to Hamburger #6-#26.
Apparently minted in imitation of the well
known 1st-2nd CE autonomous coins of Tyre.
Surface finds Caesarea Maritima, 1970's
J. Berlin Caesarea Collectionv-drome

BCC rgp16 Domitian Tyre-PhoeniciaRoman Greek Provincial
Tyre-Phoenicia autonomous issue
94/95 CE (reign of Domitian)
Obv:Turreted head of Tyche right
palm branch behind.
Rev:Palm tree with fruit, across field:
Date:AKΣ (c.y. year 221) - monogram
of Tyre Metropolis, below:IE-PAC
AE14x16mm. 3.21g. Axis: 0
SGI 5923?v-drome

BCC rgp17 Valerian I TyreRoman Provincial - Tyre
Valerian I 253-260 CE
Obv: IMP C P LIC VALERIANVS AVG
Laureate bust right.
Rev: COL TYR[O METR]
Cadmus standing before edifice, holding
patera and hasta. Before him, murex shell,
and cow, at his feet. Greek letters in field:
ΘΗ/ΒΕ [THEBE]
AE 26x27mm. 14.42gm. Axis:0
Possible reference: Rouvier 2500 Extremely Rare.
See Rouvier 2532, BMC 487, and AUB 311 for this
reverse on coins of Gallienus
Surface find, Caesarea Maritima 1977
J. Berlin Caesarea Collection

This coin commemorates the mythological figure of Cadmus on his quest for his sister, Europa, founding the city of Thebes as a colony of ancient Phoenicia-Tyre in the place where the sacred cow lay down. I love this coin for its connection to ancient mythology and history. Stevenson's Dictionary of Roman Coins gives an excellent description of this same reverse for a coin of Gallienus, on page 825v-drome

BCC RGP18 Elagabalus Tyre-PhoeniciaRoman Provincial
Tyre - Phoenicia
Elagabalus 218-222C.E.
Obv:[IMP CEAS M AV ANTONINVS AVG]
Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: [TYRIORVM]
Standing figure with four stags running
Murex shell below.
AE27.5mm. 14.52g. Axis:0
Rouvier 2388, BMC Phoenicia 408
Stevenson's Dictionary associates this figure with the
Tyrian Hercules, and the stags to the speed of the
sun across the sky.
Surface find, Caesarea Maritima 1976v-drome

BCC RGP19 Salonina Tyre-PhoeniciaRoman Provincial
Tyre - Phoenicia
Salonina 254-268C.E.
Obv: CORNE SALONINA AVG
Diademed and draped bust right.
Rev: COL TYRO METR
Roma seated left, holding two figures in right
hand, spear in left hand, shield below and murex
to right. This reverse type is known from a coin
of Gallienus (BMC 480). A similar, apparently
unpublished type for Salonina exists, with Roma
holding an eagle instead of two figures (this coin
is not listed in SNG Copenhagen, SNG Hunterian,
SNG Righetti, or BMC).
AE25x27mm. 14.51g. Axis:0
Surface find, Caesarea Maritima 1978
J. Berlin Caesarea Collectionv-drome

BCC rgp23x Valerian I Tyre-PhoeniciaRoman Provincial
Tyre-Phoenicia
Valerian I 253-260C.E.
Obv: [IMP] C P LIC VALE[RIANVS AVG]
Laureate bust right.
Rev: COL TYRO METR
River-god (Adonis?) standing facing, head left,
nude to waist, himation around hips and legs,
right hand dropping incense on flaming altar at
his feet on left, long grounded reed vertical in
left hand, murex shell on left.
AE 27.5mm. 16.34gm. Axis:0
cf. BMC 465 var. (murex shell on right)
Unlisted in Rouvier; SNG Hunt; SNG Cop
Extremely rare
Surface find Caesarea Maritima, 1971.v-drome

BCC rgp24 Treb. Gallus Tyre-PhoeniciaRoman Provincial
Tyre-Phoenicia
Treb. Gallus 251-253CE
Obv:[IMP C C VIBI]VS TREBO GALLVS AVG
Laureate and draped bust right.
Rev:COL TYRO METRO
Bust of Tyche/Astarte to right in distyle temple
with curved roof.
AE26mm. 13.82gm. Axis:210
cf. BMC 437 (but with Curved Roof)
Extremely rare
Surface find Caesarea Maritima 1974
J. Berlin Caesarea Collectionv-drome

BCC RGP26 Domitian Tyre-PhoeniciaRoman Provincial
Autonomous Tyre-Phoenicia
Reign of Domitian 93-94 C.E.
Obv: Veiled, turreted, and draped bust of Tyche right,
palm branch behind.
Rev: Astarte standing to left on galley, holding patera and standard.
Date in field: ΘΙΣ (year 219)
Monogram of Tyre Metropolis to right.
13x12mm. 1.26gm. Axis:0
Possible ref: RPC II, 2086
Surface find, Caesarea Maritima, 1976.v-drome

BCC RGP27 Domitian Autonomous Tyre PhoeniciaRoman Provincial
Autonomous-Tyre Phoenicia
Reign of Domitian 93-94C.E.
Obv:Veiled, turreted, and draped bust of Tyche right,
palm branch behind.
Rev: Astarte std. lt. on galley holding patera and standard.
Uncertain date in field: ΘΙΣ? (year 219)
Monogram of Tyre Metropolis to right.
AE 11.5mm. 1.67gm. Axis:0
Possible ref: RPC II, 2086
Surface find, Caesarea Maritima, 1977.
v-drome

BCC RGP36 Elagabalus Tyre-PhoeniciaRoman Provincial
Tyre-Phoenicia
Elagabalus 218-222C.E.
Obv: IMP [CAES] M AV ANT[O] NINVS AVG
Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: TY RI O RVM
Astarte standing facing, holding scepter and placing
hand on trophy. To left, palm tree; to right, murex shell
and column surmounted by Nike.
AE 27.5mm. 15.61gm. Axis:330
BMC 397; possible reference: Rouvier 2350
Surface find, Caesarea Maritima 1978v-drome

BCC RGP3x Valerian I Tyre - PhoeniciaRoman Provincial - Tyre
Valerian I 253-260C.E.
Obv:IMP C P LIC VALERIANVS AVG
Luareated bust rt.
Rev:COL TV/RO MET
Dido of Carthage, wearing tall
kalathos, standing rt .before
lighted altar, raising both arms
towards two-columned temple,
seen in perspective, containing
the club of Melqart-Herakles.
Murex shell in field.
AE26.5x29mm. 11.07gm. Axis:180
Possible reference Rouvier 2501v. (Gallienus)
1 commentsv-drome

BCC RGP48 Elagabalus Tyre - PhoeniciaRoman Provincial
Tyre-Phoenicia
Elagabalus 218-222C.E.
Obv: [IMP CAES M AV AN]TONINVS AVG
Laureate. draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: SEP TIM TYR COL
Astarte standing in hexastyle temple,
[palm], altar and murex below.
29mm. 16.37gm. Axis:330
cf. BMC-Phoenicia 393
Surface find Caesarea Maritima, 1972v-drome

BCC rgp9 Gallienus Tyre - PhoeniciaRoman Provincial
Tyre - Phoenicia
Gallienus 253-268 CE
Obv: IMP C P LIC GALLIENUS AVG
Radiate?, draped and cuirassed? bust rt.
Rev: [CO]L TVR O MET[R]
Dido standing right, arms raised before
lighted altar and temple, viewed in perspective,
containing club of Melqart-Herakles. Murex in field.
26mm. 9.85g. Axis: 150
BMC 490, Rouvier 2537
Surface find, Caesarea Maritima 1975
v-drome

bmc388_1Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV AN-TONINVS AVG, laureate draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from front.
Rev: SEPT IM T VRO →COLO, Astarte wearing turreted crown and short chiton and himation, standing front left foot on prow, right hand on trophy and holding in left arm transverse scepter and is being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Palm tree on left and murex shell on right.
28 mm, 25.01 gms

BMC 388Charles M

bmc388_2Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV AN-TONINVS AVG, laureate draped and cuirassed bust right, indistinct countermark.
Rev: SEPT IM T VRO →COLO, Astarte wearing turreted crown and short chiton and himation, standing front left foot on prow, right hand on trophy and holding in left arm transverse scepter and is being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Palm tree on left and murex shell on right.
30 mm, 15.02 gms

BMC 388Charles M

bmc388_3Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MA[V AN-TONI]NVS AVG, laureate draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from rear.
Rev: [SEPT] IM T VRO →COLO, Astarte wearing turreted crown and short chiton and himation, standing front left foot on prow, right hand on trophy and holding in left arm transverse scepter and is being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Palm tree on left and murex shell on right.
29 mm, 15.80 gms

BMC 388Charles M

bmc390_1Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV ANT[ON]INVS AVG, laureate draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from rear; oval countermark-- head of Melqart right .
Rev: SEPT IM T VRO →COLO, Astarte wearing turreted crown and short chiton and himation, standing front left foot on prow, right hand on trophy and holding in left arm transverse scepter and is being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Marayas on left and murex shell on right.
30 mm, 18.90 gms

BMC 390; Rouvier 2358; Naville Numismatics, Auction 52, lot 244 (this coin); Countermark: Howgego 15Charles M

bmc390_2Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV ANT[ON]INVS AVG, laureate draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from front.
Rev: [SEPT] IM T VRO →COLO, Astarte wearing turreted crown and short chiton and himation, standing front left foot on prow, right hand on trophy and holding in left arm transverse scepter and is being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Marayas on left and murex shell on right.
30 mm, 19.91 gms

BMC 390. Charles M

bmc390_3Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV AN-TONINVS AVG, laureate draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from rear.
Rev: SEPT IM T VRO →[C]OLO, Astarte wearing turreted crown and short chiton and himation, standing front left foot on prow, right hand on trophy and holding in left arm transverse scepter and is being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Marsyas on left and murex shell on right.
29 mm, 17.09 gms

BMC 390; Rouvier 2358; Naville Numismatics, Auction 52, lot 243 (this coin)Charles M

bmc390_4Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV AN-TONINVS AVG, laureate draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from rear. Countermark, head of Melqart right
Rev: SEPT IM T VRO →COLO, Astarte wearing turreted crown and short chiton and himation, standing front left foot on prow, right hand on trophy and holding in left arm transverse scepter and is being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Marayas on left and murex shell on right.
30 mm, 21.13 gms

BMC 390; Rouvier 2358. Countermark: Howgego 15.Charles M

bmc393Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV ANTONINVS AVG, laureate draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: SEP TIM TVR COL, Temple of Astarte with 6 columns, arch over middle with pellet in pediment over arch, Astarte within with right hand on trophy being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Altar at base of steps with palm tree on left and murex shell on right.
29 mm, 17.78 gms

BMC 393 variant (no Marsyas to left of Astarte)Charles M

bmc393varElagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV ANTONINVS AVG, laureate cuirassed bust right, seen from front. Countermark of laureate head in incuse oval.
Rev: SEP TIM TVR COL, Temple of Astarte with 6 columns, arch over middle with pellet in pediment over arch, Astarte within with right hand on trophy being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Altar at base of steps with palm tree on left and murex shell on right.
30 mm, 15.48 gms

BMC 393 variant (bust type, no Marsyas to left of Astarte). Triskeles Auctions, Sale 22, Lot 368. Countermark Howgego 65Charles M

bmc393var_2Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV ANTONINVS AVG, laureate cuirassed bust right, seen from front.
Rev: SEP TIM TVR COL, Temple of Astarte with 6 columns, arch over middle with pellet in pediment over arch, Astarte within with right hand on trophy being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Altar at base of steps with palm tree on left and murex shell on right.
30 mm, 15.62 gms

BMC 393 variant (bust type, no Marsyas to left of Astarte). Triskeles Auctions, Sale 22, Lot 368. Charles M

bmc393_1Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV ANTONINVS AVG, laureate cuirassed bust right, seen from front.
Rev: SEP TIM TVR COL, Temple of Astarte with 6 columns, arch over middle with pellet in pediment over arch, Astarte within with right hand on trophy being crowned by Nike standing on column on right, Marsyas at her feet left facing right. Altar at base of steps with palm tree on left and murex shell on right.
29 mm, 16.20 gms

BMC 393 variant (bust type)Charles M

bmc393_2Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV ANTONINVS AVG, laureate draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: SEP TIM TVR COL, Temple of Astarte with 6 columns, arch over middle with pellet in pediment over arch, Astarte within with right hand on trophy being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Altar at base of steps with palm tree on left and murex shell on right.
29 mm, 15.96 gms

BMC 393 variant (no Marsyas to left of Astarte)1 commentsCharles M

bmc393_3Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: Laureate draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: Temple of Astarte with 6 columns, arch over middle with pellet in pediment over arch, Astarte within with right hand on trophy being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Altar at base of steps with palm tree on left and murex shell on right.
29 mm, 11.77 gms

BMC 393 variant (no Marsyas to left of Astarte)Charles M

bmc393_4Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: Laureate draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: Temple of Astarte with 6 columns, arch over middle with pellet in pediment over arch, Astarte within with right hand on trophy being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Altar at base of steps with palm tree on left and murex shell on right.
30 mm, 11.19 gms

BMC 393 variant (no Marsyas to left of Astarte)

Cuts on this coin are very straight as if done with a sharp edge weapon--perhaps to make change??Charles M

bmc394Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV AN[TONINVS], laureate draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from rear.
Rev: SEPTIM TVRO →COLO, Founder plowing right with 2 oxen, standard in background inscribed LEG/III/GAL, murex shell in right field.
29 mm, 17.95 gms

BMC 394Charles M

bmc394_2Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV ANTONINVS, laureate draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from front.
Rev: SEPTIM TVRO →COLO, Founder plowing right with 2 oxen, standard in background inscribed LEG/III/GAL, murex shell in right field.
26 mm, 8.69 gms

BMC 394Charles M

bmc394_3Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: [IMP] CAES MAV ANTO[NINVS], laureate draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: SEPTIM TVRO →COLO, Founder plowing right with 2 oxen, standard in background inscribed LEG/III/GAL, murex shell in right field.
25 mm, 9.85 gms

BMC 394Charles M

bmc396_1Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV AN-TONINVS AVG, laureate draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from behind.
Rev: TV RI O RVM, Astarte wearing turreted crown and short chiton and himation, standing front left foot on prow, right hand on trophy and holding in left arm transverse scepter and is being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Palm tree on left and murex shell on right.
29 mm, 14.06 gms

BMC 396Charles M

bmc396_2Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV AN-TONINVS AVG, laureate draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from behind.
Rev: TV RI O RVM, Astarte wearing turreted crown and short chiton and himation, standing front left foot on prow, right hand on trophy and holding in left arm transverse scepter and is being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Palm tree on left and murex shell on right.
29 mm, 17.34 gms

BMC 396Charles M

bmc396_3Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV AN-TONINVS AVG, laureate draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from behind. Oval countermark of a male head right.
Rev: TV RI O RVM, Astarte wearing turreted crown and short chiton and himation, standing front left foot on prow, right hand on trophy and holding in left arm transverse scepter and is being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Palm tree on left and murex shell on right.
32 mm, 14.14 gms

BMC 396, Countermark: Howgego 651 commentsCharles M

bmc396_4Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV AN-TONINVS AVG, laureate draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from front.
Rev: TV RI O RVM, Astarte wearing turreted crown and short chiton and himation, standing front left foot on prow, right hand on trophy and holding in left arm transverse scepter and is being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Palm tree on left and murex shell on right.
32 mm, 18.13 gms

BMC 396Charles M

bmc396_42Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV AN-TONINVS AVG, laureate draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from front.
Rev: TV RI O RVM, Astarte wearing turreted crown and short chiton and himation, standing front left foot on prow, right hand on trophy and holding in left arm transverse scepter and is being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Palm tree on left and murex shell on right.
29 mm, 14.35 gms

BMC 396

From Savoca Coins, 7th Blue Auction, lot 615Charles M

bmc396_5Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV ANTONINVS [AVG], laureate draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from behind. Oval countermark of a male head right.
Rev: TV RI O RVM, Astarte wearing turreted crown and short chiton and himation, standing front left foot on prow, right hand on trophy and holding in left arm transverse scepter and is being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Palm tree on left and murex shell on right.
27 mm, 11.76 gms

BMC 396 Countermark: Howgego 65Charles M

bmc396_6Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV AN-TONIN[VS AVG], laureate draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from behind. Oval countermark of a male head right.
Rev: TVR IO R VM, Astarte wearing turreted crown and short chiton and himation, standing front left foot on prow, right hand on trophy and holding in left arm transverse scepter and is being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Palm tree on left and murex shell on right.
27 mm, 8.40 gms

BMC 396, Countermark: Howgego 65Charles M

bmc404Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV AN[TONINVS AVG], laureate draped and cuirassed bust right wearing paludamentum.
Rev: T VRI ORV M, Temple of Astarte with 6 columns, arch over middle, Astarte within with right hand on trophy being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Altar at base of steps with palm tree on right and murex shell on left.
28 mm, 13.68 gms

BMC 404Charles M

bmc404_2Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV ANTONINVS AVG, laureate cuirassed bust right.
Rev: T VRI ORV M, Temple of Astarte with 6 columns, arch over middle, Astarte within with right hand on trophy being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Altar at base of steps with palm tree on right and murex shell on left.
26 mm, 10.24 gms

BMC 404 variant (bust type)Charles M

bmc404_3Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: Laureate draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: [T VRI O] RVM, Temple of Astarte with 6 columns, arch over middle, Astarte within with right hand on trophy being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Altar at base of steps with palm tree on right and murex shell on left.
27 mm, 14.00 gms

BMC 404Charles M

bmc404_4Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV ANTONINVS AVG, laureate draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: T VRI ORV M, Temple of Astarte with 6 columns, arch over middle, Astarte within with right hand on trophy being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Altar at base of steps with palm tree on right and murex shell on left.
27 mm, 11.30 gms

BMC 404Charles M

bmc404_5Elagabalus
Tyre, Phoenicia

Obv: IMP CAES MAV ANTO[NINVS AVG], laureate draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: T VRI ORV M, Temple of Astarte with 6 columns, arch over middle, Astarte within with right hand on trophy being crowned by Nike standing on column on right. Altar at base of steps with palm tree on right and murex shell on left.
30 mm, 8.79 gms

BMC 404Charles M

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