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01270q00.jpg
INDO-SKYTHIANS. Azes, circa 58-12 BC. Tetradrachm (Bronze, 22 mm, 7.60 g, 5 h), Indian standard, uncertain mint in Gandhara. BAΣIΛEΩΣ BAΣIΛEΩN MEΓAΛOY / AZOY King on horseback to right, raising his right hand and holding whip in his left; to right, Kharoshthi letter. Rev. 'Maharajasa rajarajasa mahatasa Ayasa' ('of Great King, King of Kings Azes the Great' in Kharoshthi Zeus standing front, head to left, holding Nike in his right hand and scepter in his left; to left, monogram and Kharoshthi letter; to right, Kharoshthi letters. HGC 12, 639. Senior, type 105. Some cleaning scratches, otherwise, very fine.
1 commentsQuant.Geek
01266q00.jpg
INDO-PARTHIANS, Gondopharid Dynasty. Orthagnes (Gondophares-Gadana), circa 1 BC-AD 20/30. Tetradrachm (Bronze, 22 mm, 8.38 g, 12 h), uncertain mint in Arachosia. BACΙΛЄYC BACΙΛЄⲰN MЄΓAC OPΘAΓNOY Diademed and draped bust of Orthagnes to left. Rev. 'MAHARAJASA RAJATIRAJASA MAHATASA GUDAPHARASA GADANASA' (in Kharoshthi) Nike standing right, holding wreath in her right hand and palm frond over her left shoulder. Senior 257.13T. About very fine. Quant.Geek
Nero_Den_RIC_60_reimaged.jpg
6 NeroNERO
AR Denarius (19mm, 3.43 g, 6h)
Rome mint. Struck ~65-66 AD

O: Laureate head right

R: Salus seated left on throne, holding patera.

RIC I 60; RSC 314. aVF

Ex-CNG Sale 35, Lot 737, 9/20/95

In AD 65-66 two new types appear on the coins of Nero, Jupiter Custos- “Guardian”, and Salus- “Well-Being” (of the emperor). Nero gave thanks for surviving the Pisonian Conspiracy, which got its name from G. Calpurnius Piso, a senator put forward as an alternative emperor by senior military officers and government officials who feared the increasingly erratic Nero. The plot was discovered, many prominent Romans were executed, and others, such as the philosopher Seneca, were forced to commit suicide. This delayed the emperor’s fate for a few years.

RI0043
1 commentsSosius
Louis_XIV_AE_(Brass)_Jeton.jpg
Louis XIV (1643 - 1715), AE (Brass) Jeton struck c.1644 – 1645Obverse: LVD•XIIII•D:G•FR•ET•NA•REX. Laureate and cuirassed youthful bust of Louis XIV facing right; • B • (for Briot) below.
Reverse: CONSILIO•NIL•NISI•. The escutcheon of France, surrounded by the chain of the Ordre du Saint-Esprit (Order of the Holy Spirit): Necklace and Cross. The legend translates as “He undertakes nothing without Council”, a reference to the administrative council of the king.
Dimensions: 25.65mm | Weight: 5.4gms | Die Axis: 12
Ref. Feuardent: 239 var.

Struck at the Monnaie de Louvre mint, Paris, France
Die engraver: Nicholas Briot


Nicholas Briot (c.1579–1646) was an innovative French coin engraver, medallist and mechanical engineer, who is credited with the invention of the coining-press. He emigrated to England in 1625 and in 1626 he was commissioned to make 'puncheons and dies' for the Coronation of Charles I. His Coronation Medal established his reputation and he went on to produce a considerable number of dies for medals and coins in the following years. In 1633, he was appointed chief engraver to the Royal Mint and went to Scotland to prepare and coin the coronation pieces of Charles I. These demonstrated both his artistic skill and the technical superiority of his new coining machinery and in 1635, on the death of Sir John Foulis, Briot was appointed Master of the Mint in Scotland and superintended the Scottish coinage for several years. Briot was then recalled to England by the King, and on the outbreak of the English Civil War he took possession of the coining apparatus at the Tower and had it removed 'for the purpose of continuing the coining operations in the cause of the King'. Briot travelled to France in the early 1640's and sent coining presses to his brother Isaac, now in a senior position at the Paris Mint, he died on Christmas Eve 1646.
*Alex
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305 - 306, SEVERUS II as Caesar, AE Follis struck 305 - 306 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: SEVERVS NOBILISSIMVS CAES. Laureate and cuirassed bust of Severus II facing right.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. Genius, kalathos on head, standing facing left, holding patera in right hand and cornucopia in left; no mint-mark in exergue.
Diameter: 29mm | Weight: 10.399gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VI: 59a | Cohen VII: 24 | SPINK: 712
Rare
Ex. Errett Bishop Collection | Ex. FORVM (USA)

SEVERUS II
Flavius Valerius Severus Augustus was a Western Roman Emperor from 306 to 307. He was born in Northern Illyria (now Albania) and rose to become a senior officer in the Roman army. As an old friend of Galerius, that emperor appointed Severus as Caesar on 1 May 305 and he thus served as junior emperor under Constantius I in the Western Roman Empire.
When Constantius I died in the summer of 306, Severus was promoted to Augustus by Galerius under the rules of succession established under the Tetrarchy. However Constantius I had died on campaign in York and his army in Britain had acclaimed his son, Constantine I, as his successor. Although furious at this elevation, Galerius wanted to avoid any threat of a civil war so he compromised by allowing Constantine to bear the title of Caesar.
When this news reached Maxentius, the son of Maximianus, he revolted and declared himself emperor at Rome,
Galerius sent Severus, at the head of an army which had previously been commanded by Maximianus, to suppress the rebellion. Maxentius asked his father to re-assume the purple and rule the empire with him and Maximianus, who had been reluctant to abdicate, readily accepted. When Severus arrived under the walls of Rome to besiege it his men deserted to their old commander forcing Severus to flee to Ravenna. Maximianus offered to spare his life and treat him humanely if he surrendered peaceably. Severus complied but, despite Maximianus' assurance, he was displayed as a captive, imprisoned and later put to death.

3 comments*Alex
fas.jpg
Diva Faustina Senior, wife of Antoninus Pius. Died 141 CE. AR Denarius (3.35 gm). 18.5 mm.
Obverse: DIVA FAVSTINA, draped bust right.
Reverse: C-E-RES, Ceres, veiled, standing left, holding long torch and grain ears. RIC III 378 (Antoninus); BMCRE 461 (Antoninus); RSC 136.
.
NORMAN K
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Dy.243 Charles IV (the Fair): maille blanche, 1st emissionCharles IV, king of France (1322-1328)
Maille blanche, 1st emission (03/02/1324)

Silver (798 ‰), 1.82 g, diameter 22 mm, die axis 2h
O: inner circle: +kAROLVS(diamond)REX; cross pattée; outer circle: BHDICTV⋮SIT#8942nOmЄ⋮DHI⋮nRI
R: inner circle: +FRANChORVm*; châtel tournois; outer circle: a circlet of 10 fleur-de-lis

The h of FRANChORVm is characteristic of the first emission.

Charles was the younger and third son of former king Philip the Fair. He was consequently not supposed to rule. However, as his two brothers successively died without any living son, he became king in 1322. Six years later, he also died without a male heir. So ended up the capetian senior line in 1328.
The legend began then... Jacques de Molay, last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, had cursed King Philip the Fair and his descendants from his execution pyr in 1314. Was the curse finally efficient ?
Charles'cousin, his nearest parent, became then king of France as Philip VI.
faustinasrceres.jpg
-Faustina Senior sestertius CeresFaustina Senior sestertius. facing right DIVA.FAVSTINA. Ceres standing left, holding corn ears and torch, AVGVSTA.SC. ancientone
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001e. Sextus PompeyYounger son of Pompey. Survived war against Julius Caesar, then off and on again wars against Triumvirate. Provided shelter to those fleeing the proscriptions. His control of the sea routes for grain shipments to Rome created constant problems for the Triumvirate. His main base was in Sicily until he was beaten by a fleet led by Agrippa. He finally was executed by Antony in 35 BC.

Coin: Denarius (37/6 BC). Uncertain Sicilian mint. Obv: MAG PIVS IMP ITER. Bare head right of Pompey Senior; jug to left, lituus to right. Rev: PRAEF / CLAS ET ORAE / MARIT EX S C. Neptune standing left, foot set on prow, holding aplustre; Catanean brothers to left and right, each bearing one of their parents on their shoulders.
Crawford 511/3a; CRI 334.
3.63 g., 18 mm.
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001x03. Juba(Circa 60-46 BC). Ae Unit. Obv: Head of Zeus Ammon right. Rev: Elephant standing right. CNP 453. 29 mm, 14.98 g. Naumann Auc 124, Lot 227.

Juba I was the King of Numidia and an ally of Pompey. When Julius Caesar sent forces to the area under command of Curio, the army of Juba annihilated the Romans. At the battle of Thapsus in 46 BC, Juba’s forces were present, but withdrew when they saw Scipio was losing. Fearing capture by the Caesarian forces, Juba entered into a pact with another senior officer and fought each other to the death. Juba won and then committed suicide.
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002b. LiviaWife of Augustus. Already married (to an opponent of Octavian), with a son, the future emperor Tiberius. Married Octavian in 38 BC while pregnant with her sevond son, Drusus the Senior. Her husband who had been pressured to divorce her then gave her away at the wedding. Octavian divorced Scribonia in order to marry Livia. She reportedly was very astute politically. Known as Julia Augusta from 14 AD. She died in 29 AD.

Coin: CILICIA. Mallus. AE21. Obv: Draped bust left. Rev: ΜΑΛΛΩΤΩΝ. Facing statue of Athena Megarsis, holding spear and serpents. 21mm, 5.70 g. RPC I 4016; SNG von Aulock 5723. Naumann Auction 96, Lot 485.
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004b. Agrippina SeniorAgrippina Senior. Died AD 33. Æ Sestertius (34mm, 24.10 g, 6h). Rome mint. Struck under Gaius (Caligula), AD 40-41. Draped bust right / Carpentum drawn left by two mules. RIC I 55 (Gaius); Trillmich Group I. Good Fine, dark gray-brown patina, rough surfaces.

Check

From the Ronald J. Hansen Collection. Ex Noble 79 (26 July 2005), lot 3590.

Ex-CNG printed sale 94 320/300
1 commentsecoli
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004e. Agrippina SeniorAgrippina Senior was the daughter of Julia, Augustus's daughter. She was the wife of Germanicus, and had nine children with him, including Caligula and Agrippina Junior. After the death of Germanicus, she became opposed to Tiberius. She was banished by Tiberius in 29 AD, and she died of starvation four years later. All coin issues were posthumous.

Coin: AE Sestertius. 36.5mm, 25.60 g. Struck under Caligula. Obv: AGRIPPINA M F MAT C CAESARIC AVGVSTI, draped bust right. Rev: S P Q R MEMORIAE AGRIPPINAE, funeral cart pulled by two mules to left. Cohen 1, RIC 42.
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004e1. Agrippina SeniorAgrippina Senior
Mother of Caligula
AE Sestertius.
36.5mm, 25.60 g.
Struck under Caligula.
Obv: AGRIPPINA M F MAT C CAESARIC AVGVSTI, draped bust right
Rev: S P Q R MEMORIAE AGRIPPINAE, funeral cart pulled by two mules to left.
Cohen 1, RIC 42.

NOTE: All issues were posthumous. Mother of Caligula. She was banished by Tiberius in 29 AD, and she died of starvation four years later.
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005 - Maximian (second regin 306-308 AD), half follis - RIC 91bObv: DN MAXIMIANO FELICISS, laureate bust right in imperial mantle, right hand rised.
Rev: PROVIDENTIA DEORVM, Providentia standing right, extending right hand to Quies standing left, holding branch in right hand and leaning on sceptre left.
Minted in Alexandria (gamma in mid field. ALE in exe), officina 3, earlier to mid 308 AD (that is before his second abdication at the conference in Carnuntum). Scarce according to RIC.

The coin type is supposed to honor the senior emperors Diocletian and Maximian after their abdication in 305 AD.
pierre_p77
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01. Constantine II / 2 soldiers and standard.AE 4, 337 - 341, Siscia mint.
Obverse: CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG / Diademed bust of Constantine II.
Reverse: GLORIA EXERCITVS / Two soldiers, each holding spear and shield, one standard between them. Christogram on standard.
Mint mark: ASIS (crescent and dot)
1.70 gm., 15 mm.
RIC #95; LRBC #770; Sear #17432.

Several mints used the title MAX for all three sons of Constantine the Great for a short time after his death. It's use on coins of Constantius II and Constans was quickly dropped, and P F (Pius Felix) was used instead, reserving MAX for the senior emperor (Constantine II).
Callimachus
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015e. Trajan PaterMarcus Ulpius Traianus. Deified father of Trajan. Served as a senator and consul suffectus. The date of his death is uncertain, but it was before 98 AD.

Coin: Denarius. Obv: IMP TRAIANVS AVG GER DAC PM TRP COS VI P P, laureate bust right, draped far shoulder. Rev: DIVVS PATER TRAIAN, Trajan's father seated left with patera and sceptre. RIC 252, RSC 140.
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015e01. Trajan & Trajan PaterDenarius. Obv: IMP TRAIANVS AVG GER DAC PM TRP COS VI P P, laureate bust right, draped far shoulder. Rev: DIVVS PATER TRAIAN, Trajan's father seated left with patera and sceptre. RIC 252, RSC 140.1 commentslawrence c
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018b. Faustina SeniorWife of Antoninus Pius. She died in 141 AD. She had four children with Antoninus; only Faustina Junior survived to be an adult.

Coin: Denarius. Rome, AD 148-161. Obv: DIVA FAVSTINA, draped bust right. Rev: AVGVSTA, Vesta standing left, holding patera over lit altar and Palladium close to her side in other arm. RIC 370, RSC 116.
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018b01. Faustina SeniorAE sestertius. 32.6mm, 27.39 g. Posthumous issue struck after AD 141.
Obv: DIVA FAVSTINA, draped bust right. Rev: AVGVSTA, Ceres standing left, holding short torch upwards, and corn-ears. S-C across fields.
RIC III 1118; Cohen 88; BMCRE 1514. A FORUM coin.
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faustina1.jpg
018b02. Faustina SeniorDenarius. 150 AD. Obv: DIVA FAVSTINA, diademed and draped bust right. Rev: AED DIV FAVSTINAE, front view of hexastyle temple on five steps, fencing before, statue of Faustina within. RIC 343, RSC 1.lawrence c
faustina2.jpg
018b03. Faustina SeniorDenarius. Rome, AD 148-161. Obv: DIVA FAVSTINA, draped bust right.
Rev: AVGVSTA, Vesta standing left, holding patera over lit altar and Palladium close to her side in other arm. RIC 370, RSC 116.
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018c. Faustina Senior & Galerius AntoninusAE27 (As) of uncertain Greek mint, perhaps Cyprus. Obv: ΘEA ΦAYCTEINA, Faustina draped bust right, hair in bun behind.
Rev: ANTΩNINOC AYTOKΡATOΡOC ANTΩNINOY YIOC, Galerius Antoninus bare-headed & draped bust right.
Vagi 1517.

NOTE: Galerius Antoninus was the son of Antoninus Pius & Faustina I, and he died before 138 AD.
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027 BC-14 AD - AVGVSTVS AE as - struck by Ascinius Gallus moneyer (16 BC)obv: CAESAR AVGVSTVS TRIBVNIC POTEST (bare head right)
rev: C ASINIVS C F GALLVS III VIR AAAFF around large SC
ref: RIC I 373, Cohen 369 (2frcs)
mint: Rome
9.60gms, 25mm

Ascinius Gallus, the former moneyer was an important senator, who married Vipsania, the daughter of Agrippa. On the death of Augustus, briefly, he was offered as a possible alternate to the throne, instead of Tiberius. After the death of Vipsania, he was also an ally of Agrippina Senior, and the "leak green party," a possible plot against the throne identified by Sejanus. He was executed for treason by Tiberius during the Praetorian Prefect's nominal rule of the capital.
berserker
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034a. BalbinusCo-Augustus in Rome 22 April -- 29 July 238 in Rome with Pupienus.

After collapse of the Gordians in Africa, the Roman Senate felt it had no recourse except to continue its resistance to Maximinus, who remained on campaign outside the city. It therefore appointed Balbinus, a very senior senator, and Pupienus as co-rulers. War was averted between the two sides when Maximinus was killed by his own troops. The two co-emperors, however, had poor relations with each other and did not rule effectively. Both were seized by the praetorians and murdered.

Coin: AE Sestertius. Obv: IMP CAES D CAEL BALBINVS AVG, laureate draped cuirassed bust right. Rev: VICTORIA AVGG S C, Victory standing facing, head left, holding wreath and palm. RIC 25.
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034a01. BalbinusAE Sestertius. Obv: IMP CAES D CAEL BALBINVS AVG, laureate draped cuirassed bust right. Rev: VICTORIA AVGG S C, Victory standing facing, head left, holding wreath and palm. RIC 25.

NOTE: Co-emperor in Rome 22 April -- 29 July 238 in Rome with Pupienus. After collapse of the Gordians in Africa, the Roman Senate felt it had no recourse except to continue its resistance to Maximinus, who remained on campaign outside the city. It therefore appointed Balbinus, a very senior senator, and Pupienus as co-rulers. War was averted between the two sides when Maximinus was killed by his own troops. The two co-emperors, however, Uhad poor relations with each other and did not rule effectively. Both were seized by the praetorians and murdered.
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Faustina_sen_Ag-Den_DIVA-FAVSTINA_AED-DIV-FAVSTINAE_RIC-III-AP-343_RSC-1_Rome_150-AD_Q-001_11h_17mm_2,95g-s~0.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0343 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AED DIV FAVSTINAE, Hexastyle temple,036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0343 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AED DIV FAVSTINAE, Hexastyle temple,
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers:- DIVA-FAVSTINA, Diademed and draped bust right.
revers:- AED-DIV-FAVSTINAE, Front view of temple of six columns on five steps, fencing before. Within is a statue of Faustina. Varying ornaments on temple.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 17mm, weight: 2,95g, axis: 11h,
mint: Rome, date: 150 A.D., ref: RIC-III-343 (Antoninus Pius)p- , RSC-191, BMCRE-306 (Pius),
Q-001
1 commentsquadrans
Faustina_sen_Ag-Den_DIVA-FAV-STINA_AETER-NITAS_RIC-III-AP-351_C-32_Rome_141-AD_Q-001_6h_17,5-19,5mm_2,50g-s.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0344 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AETERNITAS, Juno standing left, #1036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0344 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AETERNITAS, Juno standing left, #1
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers:- DIVA-FAV-STINA, Draped bust right.
revers:- AETER-NITAS, Juno standing left, hand raised, holding scepter.
exerg: -/-//-- , diameter: 17,5-19,5mm, weight: 2,50g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 148-161 A.D., ref: RIC-III-344 (Antoninus Pius)p- , C-26,
Q-001
1 commentsquadrans
Faustina_sen_Ag-Den_DIVA-FAV-STINA_AETE-R-NITAS_RIC-III-AP-344_C-32_Rome_141-AD_Q-001_6h_17-17,5mm_2,88ga-s.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0344var. (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AETERNITAS, Juno standing left, Unofficial, or ancient imitation !!!036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0344var. (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AETERNITAS, Juno standing left, Unofficial, or ancient imitation !!!
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers:- DIVA-FAV-STINA, Draped bust right.
revers:- AETE-R-NITAS, Juno standing left, hand raised, holding scepter.
exerg: -/-//-- , diameter: 17-17,5mm, weight: 2,88g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 148-161 A.D. ???, ref: RIC-III-344 ??? (Antoninus Pius)p- , C-26,
Q-001
quadrans
Faustina_sen_Ag-Den_DIVA-FAV-STINA_AETER-NITAS_RIC-III-AP-351_C-32_Rome_141-AD_Q-001_axis-h_18mm_2,98g-s.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0351 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AETERNITAS, Providentia, #1036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0351 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AETERNITAS, Providentia, #1
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers:- DIVA-FAV_STINA, Draped bust right.
revers:- AETER-NITAS, Providentia standing left, holding globe and veil above head..
exerg: , diameter: 17-18mm, weight: 2,89g, axis: h,
mint: Rome, date: 148-161 A.D., ref: RIC-III-351 (Antoninus Pius)p-70 , C-32.,
Q-001
quadrans
Faustina_sen_Ag-Den_DIVA-FAV-STINA_AETER-NITAS_RIC-III-AP-351_C-32_Rome_141-AD_Q-002_axis-5h_16-18mm_3,46g-s.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0351 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AETERNITAS, Providentia, #2036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0351 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AETERNITAS, Providentia, #2
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers:- DIVA-FAV-STINA, Draped bust right.
revers:- AETER-NITAS, Providentia standing left, holding globe and veil above head.
exerg: , diameter: 16-18mm, weight: 3,46g, axis: 5h,
mint: Rome, date: 148-161 A.D., ref: RIC-III-351 (Antoninus Pius)p-70 , C-32.,
Q-002
quadrans
Faustina-sen_Ag-Den_DIVA-FAV_STINA__AVG_V_STA_RIC-III-AP-356_C-96_Rome_141-AD_Q-001_axis-h_17-18mm_3,07g-s.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0356 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AVGVSTA, Ceres, 036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0356 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AVGVSTA, Ceres,
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers:- DIVA-FAV-STINA, Draped bust right.
revers:- AVG-V-STA, Ceres standing left, holding torch in right hand, sceptre in left.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 16-17mm, weight: 3,11g, axis: h,
mint: Rome, date: after 141 A.D., ref: RIC-III-356 (Antoninus Pius)-p70 , C-96.
Q-001
1 commentsquadrans
Faustina-sen-Ag-Den_DIVA-FAVSTINA_AVGV-STA_RIC-III-AP-360_C-078_Rome_141-AD_Q-001-axis-6h_17,5mm_2,80g-s.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0360 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AVGVSTA, Ceres, 036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0360 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AVGVSTA, Ceres,
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers:- DIVA-FAVSTINA, Draped bust right.
revers:- AVGV-STA, Ceres, veiled, standing left, holding two wheat ears and long lighted torch.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 17,5 mm, weight: 2,80g, axis: 6 h,
mint: Rome, date: after 141 A.D., ref: RIC-III-360 (Antoninus Pius)-p70 , C-78.
Q-001
quadrans
Faustina_sen_Den_DIVA-FAVSTINA_AVG-VSTA_RIC-III-AP-362_C-104_Rome_141_AD_Q-001_axis-h_xxmm_3,01g-s.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0362 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AVGVSTA, Ceres, #1036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0362 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AVGVSTA, Ceres, #1
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers:- DIVA-FAVSTINA, Draped bust right.
revers:- AVG_VSTA, Ceres standing left, holding torch and raising skirt.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 17-18mm, weight: 3,01g, axis: h,
mint: Rome, date: after 141 A.D., ref: RIC-III-362 (Antoninus Pius)p-71 , C-104,
Q-001
quadrans
Faustina_sen_Den_DIVA-FAVSTINA_AVG-VSTA_RIC-III-AP-362_C-104_Rome_141_AD_Q-002_5h_16-17mm_3,29g-s.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0362 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AVGVSTA, Ceres, #2036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0362 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AVGVSTA, Ceres, #2
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers:- DIVA-FAVSTINA, Draped bust right.
revers:- AVG_VSTA, Ceres standing left, holding torch and raising skirt.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 16-17mm, weight: 3,29g, axis: 5h,
mint: Rome, date: after 141 A.D., ref: RIC-III-362 (Antoninus Pius)p-71 , C-104,
Q-002
1 commentsquadrans
Faustina_sen_Den_DIVA-FAVSTINA_AVG-VSTA_RIC-III-AP-362_C-104_Rome_141_AD_Q-003_1h_18,5-19mm_3,02g-s.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0362 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AVGVSTA, Ceres, #3036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0362 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AVGVSTA, Ceres, #3
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers:- DIVA-FAVSTINA, Draped bust right.
revers:- AVG-VSTA, Ceres standing left, holding torch and raising skirt.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 18,5-19mm, weight: 3,02g, axis: 1h,
mint: Rome, date: after 141 A.D., ref: RIC-III-362 (Antoninus Pius)p-71 , C-104,
Q-003
quadrans
Faustina-sen-Ag-Den_DIVA-FAVSTINA_AVGV-STA_RIC-III-AP-370_C-116_Rome_141-AD_Q-001-axis-h_xxmm_2,83g-s.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0370 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AVGVSTA, Vesta, 036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0370 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, AVGVSTA, Vesta,
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers:- DIVA-FAV_STINA, Draped bust right.
revers:- AVGV-STA, Vesta standing left, sacrificng over altar and holding palladium.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 17mm, weight: 2,83g, axis: h,
mint: Rome, date: after 141 A.D., ref: RIC-III-370 (Antoninus Pius)-p-72 , C-116.
Q-001
quadrans
Faustina_sen_Ag-Den_DIVA-FAV-STINA_CE-RES_RIC-III-AP-379_RSC-141_Rome_141-AD_Q-001_h_mm_g-s.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0379 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, CERES, Ceres, veiled, seated left,036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0379 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, CERES, Ceres, veiled, seated left,
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers:- DIVA-FAV-STINA, Draped bust right.
revers:- CE-RES, Ceres, veiled, seated left, holding two ears of corn and long lighted torch.
exerg: -/-//-- , diameter: mm, weight:g, axis: h,
mint: Rome, date: After 141 A.D., ref: RIC-III-379 (Antoninus Pius)p- , RSC-141,
Q-001
quadrans
Faustina_sen_Ag-Den_DIVA-FAV-STINA_CONSE-C-RATIO_RIC-III-AP-382a-p-72_C-165a_Rome_148-161-AD_Q-001_6h_17,5-18mm_3,09g-s.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0382a (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, CONSECRATIO, Ceres standing left,036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0382a (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, CONSECRATIO, Ceres standing left,
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers:- DIVA-FAV-STINA, Draped bust right.
revers:- CONSE-C-RATIO, Ceres standing left, holding right hand up in greeting and torch.
exerg: , diameter:17,5-18mm, weight: 3,09g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 148-161 A.D., ref: RIC-III-382a (Antoninus Pius) p-72 , C-165a.,
Q-001
1 commentsquadrans
Faustina_sen_Ag-Den_DIVA-FAV-STINA_CONSECRATIO_RIC-III-AP-384,_RSC_175,_BMC_473_Rome_141-AD_Q-001_6-h_16-17,5mm_2,08g-s.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0384 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, CONSECRATIO, Peacock walking right, head left, #1036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0384 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, CONSECRATIO, Peacock walking right, head left, #1
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers:- DIVA-FAV-STINA, Draped bust right.
revers:- CONSECRATIO, Peacock walking right, head left.
exerg: , diameter: 16-17,5mm, weight: 2,08g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 148-161 A.D., ref: RIC-III-384 (Antoninus Pius)p- , RSC-175, BMC-473,
Q-001
quadrans
Faustina_sen_Ag-Den_DIVA-AVG-FAVSTINA_DEDICATIO-AEDIS_RIC-III-AP-388_RSC-191_Rome_141-AD_Q-001_7h_19-17mm_3,03g-s.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0388 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, DEDICATIO AEDIS, Hexastyle temple,036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 0388 (A.Pius), Rome, AR-Denarius, DEDICATIO AEDIS, Hexastyle temple,
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers:- DIVA-AVG-FAVSTINA, Draped bust right.
revers:- DEDICATIO-AEDIS, Frontal view of a hexastyle temple, Victories in corners.
exerg: , diameter: 17-19mm, weight: 3,03g, axis: 7h,
mint: Rome, date: 141-161 A.D., ref: RIC-III-388 (Antoninus Pius)p- , RSC-191, BMCRE-306 (Pius),
Q-001
This coin type records the dedication of the
temple of Divus Antoninus and Diva Faustina. The
dedication ceremonies took place in 142 AD, and
construction was completed in 150 AD. The temple
still stands today, overlooking the Forum.
quadrans
Faustina_sen_AE-Sest_DIVA-FAV-STINA_AETER-NITAS_S-C_RIC-III-AP-1143_C-210_Rome_141-AD_Q-001_axis-11h_33mm_26,70g-s.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 1103 (A.Pius), Rome, AE-Sestertius, AETERNITAS, Aeternitas seated left,036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 1103 (A.Pius), Rome, AE-Sestertius, AETERNITAS, Aeternitas seated left,
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers:- DIVA-FAV-STINA, Draped bust right.
revers:- AETER-NITAS, Aeternitas seated left holding phoenix and scepter.
exerg: -/-//S-C, diameter: 33mm, weight: 26,70g, axis: 11h,
mint: Rome, date: after 141 A.D., ref: RIC-III-1103 (Antoninus Pius) p-162 , C-15-17,
Q-001
quadrans
Faustina_sen_AE-Sest_DIVA-FAVSTINA_I-V-N-O_S-C_RIC-III-AP-1143_C-210_Rome_141-AD_Q-001_axis-h_31mm_x,xxg-s.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 1143 (A.Pius), Rome, AE-Sestertius, IVNO, Juno,036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 1143 (A.Pius), Rome, AE-Sestertius, IVNO, Juno,
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers:- DIVA-FAVSTINA, Draped bust right.
revers:- I-V-N-O, Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 31mm, weight: x,xxg, axis: h,
mint: Rome, date: after 141 A.D., ref: RIC-III-1143 (Antoninus Pius)p-165 , C-210,
Q-001
1 commentsquadrans
Faustina_sen_AE-Dup-or-As_DIVA-FAV-STINA_AVGV-STA_S-C_RIC-III-AP-1169b_C-80_Rome_after-141-AD_Q-001_5h_26-26,5mm_12,44ga-s.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 1169b (A.Pius), Rome, AE-dupondius, AVGVSTA, Ceres standing left, Scarce !036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 1169b (A.Pius), Rome, AE-dupondius, AVGVSTA, Ceres standing left, Scarce !
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers:- DIVA-FAV-STINA, Draped and veiled bust right.
revers:- AVGV-STA,Ceres standing left, holding corn ears and transverse long torch, S-C across the field.
exerg: S/C//--, diameter: 26-26,5mm, weight: 12,44g, axis:5 h,
mint: Rome, date: after 141 A.D., ref: RIC-III-1169b (Antoninus Pius)-p-167, C-80, Scarce !,
Q-001
2 commentsquadrans
Faustina-sen_AE-Dup_DIVA-FAV_STINA__AVG_V_STA_S-C_RIC-000_C-000_Q-001_27-28mm_11,75g-s.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 1173a (A.Pius), Rome, AE-dupondius, AVGVSTA, Ceres, Scarce !036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 1173a (A.Pius), Rome, AE-dupondius, AVGVSTA, Ceres, Scarce !
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers:- DIVA-FAV_STINA, Draped bust right.
revers:- AVGV_STA, Ceres standing left, holding torch in right hand, sceptre in left, S-C across the field.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 27-28mm, weight: 11,75g, axis: h,
mint: Rome, date: after 141 A.D., ref: RIC-III-1173a (Antoninus Pius)-p-167, C-100,99, Scarce,
Q-001
quadrans
Faustina-sen_AE-Dup-versus_AR-den_DIVA-FAV_STINA__AVG_V_STA_S-C_RIC-000_C-000_Q-001_27-28mm-20mm_11,75g-3,06g-s.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 1173a and 356, Rome, AE-dupondius and AR-Denarius, AVGVSTA, Ceres, 036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 1173a and 356, Rome, AE-dupondius and AR-Denarius, AVGVSTA, Ceres,
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers:- DIVA-FAV_STINA, Draped bust right.
revers:- AVG_V_STA, S-C, or AVG_V_STA, Ceres standing left, holding torch in right hand, sceptre in left.
exerg:-/-//--, diameter: 27-28mm, 16-17mm, weight: 11,75, 3,11g, axis: h, h,
mint: Rome, date: after 141 A.D., ref: RIC-III-1173a (Antoninus Pius) , C-100,99, and RIC-III-356 (Antoninus Pius) , C-96
Q-001
quadrans
036_Faustina_sen_,_AE-As,_DIVA_FAV_STINA,_AVGV_STA,_S-C,_RIC_III_(Ant_Pius)_1180,_C_118,_Rome,_after_141_AD,_Q-001,_6h,_24-24,5mm,_9,4g-s.jpg
036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 1180 (A.Pius), Rome, AE-As, AVGVSTA, Vesta standing left, #1 036 Faustina Senior (100-141 A.D.), RIC III 1180 (A.Pius), Rome, AE-As, AVGVSTA, Vesta standing left, #1
Wife of Antoninus Pius.
avers: DIVA FAV STINA, Draped bust right.
reverse: AVGV STA, Vesta standing left, sacrificing from patera over flaming altar to left and holding palladium in the left hand, S-C across the field.
exergue: S/C//--, diameter: 24,0-24,5mm, weight: 9,4g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: after 141 A.D., ref: RIC III 1180 (Antoninus Pius), C 118,
Q-001
1 commentsquadrans
RI_049f_img.jpg
049 - Faustina Senior - Barbarous denarius - AVGVSTA?Barbarous Denarius
Obv:- FAVSTINA AVGVSTA, Draped bust right
Rev:- AVGVSTA?, Aeternitas standing holding sceptre
4 commentsmaridvnvm
RI_049g_img.jpg
049 - Faustina Senior denarius - RIC 382b corr Denarius
Obv:- DIVA FAVSTINA, Draped bust right
Rev:- CONSECRATIO, Ceres standing left, holding torch and raising right hand
Minted in Rome.
Reference:- RIC 382b corr (listed incorrectly as veiled), RSC 165a, BMC 467
maridvnvm
RI_049d_img.jpg
049 - Faustina Senior, Denarius - RIC 344Obv:- DIVA FAVSTINA, Draped bust right
Rev:- ATERNITAS, Aeternitas standing holding sceptre
Minted in Rome. post A.D. 141
Reference:- RIC 344
maridvnvm
RI_049e_img.jpg
049 - Faustina Senior, Denarius - RIC 344Obv:- DIVA FAVSTINA, Draped bust right
Rev:- ATERNITAS, Aeternitas standing holding sceptre
Minted in Rome. post A.D. 141
Reference:- RIC 344
maridvnvm
mac.jpg
049a. MacrianusUsurper 260 - 261

Macrianus was the oldest son of Macrianus Senior (who was not viewed as a candidate for emperor due to his lameness and who did not strike coins). After Valerian was captured by the Sasanians, Macrianus tried to usurp the empire by naming his two sons, Macrianus Junior and Quietus as co-emperors in Summer 260. Macrianus Senior and Macrianus Junior succeeded in driving the Persians out of Antioch, but were defeated and killed in the Balkans in Summer 261 against Gallienus's troops.

Coin: Antoninianus. Samosata. Obv: IMP C FVL MACRIANVS P F AVG. Radiate and cuirassed bust right. Rev: AEQVTAS AVGG. Aequitas standing left, holding scales and cornucopia; star to left. RIC 5. 4.73 g., 20 mm. Naumann Auction 103, lot 870
lawrence c
normal_quietus~1.jpg
050a. QuietusUsurper Summer 260 - Summer 261

Younger brother of Macrianus Junior. When Macrianus Senior and Junior campaigned against Gallienus, Quietus was left in Syria to guard the Eastern frontier. The King of Palmyra allied with Gallienus and besieged the city of Emesa which Quietus was trying to hold. Quietus was killed by the citizens of Emesa.

Coin: Billon Antoninianus. Samosata mint ? Obv: IMP C FVL QVIETVS P F AVG, radiate, draped bust right, seen from behind. Rev: INDVLGENTIAE AVG, Indulgentia seated left, holding patera & sceptre. RIC 5; RSC 6-6b; Sear 10821.
lawrence c
Faustina-Sr-RIC-394a.jpg
057. Faustina Senior.Denarius, after 141 AD, Rome mint.
Obverse: DIVA AVG FAVSTINA / Bust of Faustina.
Reverse: PIETAS AVG / Pietas veiled, standing, dropping incense on altar, and holding a box.
3.59 gm., 18.5 mm.
RIC #394a; Sear #4598.

Faustina died early on in the reign of her husband. Most of her coinage is from the extensive memorial coinage issued in the years after her death. The portrait on this particular coin is exceptionally elegant and dignified.

Visible on the reverse (lower right edge) of this coin is an inclusion of copper that did not get melted and mixed with the silver when the planchet was made. That this coin is probably not a fouree is evidenced by the fact that it weighs a bit more than other denarii of the period.
Callimachus
faustina-sr_den_veiled-bust-peacock_2_82gr_feb2012a.JPG
06 - Faustina I - 02 - AR Denarius - Peacock 'CONSECRATIO' - NGC Choice VFAncient Roman Empire
Empress Faustina Senior (138 - 141), Wife of Emperor Antoninus Pius (AD 138 - 161).
Silver Denarius, Struck at the Rome Mint by the Emperor Antoninus Pius to consecrate and commemorate his wife after her death.

(All Titles in Latin)
obv: DIVA FAUSTINA - Veiled and Draped bust facing right.
rev: CONSECRATIO - Peacock facing right, head left, standing on scepter with knobs on both ends.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

*Note how the two head feathers on the top of the Peacock's head seperate the 'R' and the 'A' in " CONSECR ATIO ' on the reverse.
***Less common type with Veiled bust obverse rather than her usual bust with hair wrapped on the top of her head, like on my other example of this type with the same reverse design and titles, and the same obverse titles.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Certified "Choice Very Fine" by NGC Ancients.
Strike: 4/5
Surface: 4/5
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
>^..^< CLICK PHOTO FOR FULLSIZE IMAGE >^..^
5 commentsrexesq
faustina-sr_den_veiled-bust-peacock_2_82gr_feb2012b.jpg
06 - Faustina I - 02 - AR Denarius - Peacock 'CONSECRATIO' - NGC Choice VF.Ancient Roman Empire
Empress Faustina Senior (138 - 141), Wife of Emperor Antoninus Pius (AD 138 - 161).
Silver Denarius, Struck at the Rome Mint by the Emperor Antoninus Pius to consecrate and commemorate his wife after her death.

(All Titles in Latin)
obv: DIVA FAUSTINA - Veiled and Draped bust facing right.
rev: CONSECRATIO - Peacock facing right, head left, standing on scepter with knobs on both ends.
~~
*Note how the head feathers on the peacock's head seperate the 'R' and the 'A' in CONSECR ATIO

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Certified "Choice Very Fine" by NGC Ancients.
Strike: 4/5
Surface: 4/5
----------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------
** Any scratches, smudges or marks are on the slab, not the coin itself. **
rexesq
maximian_abdication.jpg
074a10. MaximianusAs Senior Augustus. AE Follis. 29mm, 7.41 g. Trier mint. 305-307 AD.
Obv: D N MAXIMIANO BEATISSIMO SEN AVG, laureate bust right wearing imperial mantle, holding olive branch and mappa. Rev: PROVIDENTIA DEORVM QVIES AVGG S-F, Providentia standing right, receiving olive branch from Quies standing left, holding sceptre. Mintmark PTR. RIC 673a

COIN NOTE: First abdication (retirement) issue.
lawrence c
marcian.jpg
119a. MarcianEastern Augustus 25 August 450 – 27 January 457

Without an heir to Theodosius, Marcian was selected by Pulcheria as the successor, and she married him. He was a 58 or 60 year old soldier and personal assistant to senior officials when selected. Reasonably successful reign.

Coin: AE4. 10mm, 1.25 g. Obv: DN MARCIANVS PF AVG, pearl diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right. Rev: Monogram within wreath. Uncertain mint.
lawrence c
DiocleAnt.jpg
1301a, Diocletian, 284-305 A.D. (Antioch)DIOCLETIAN (284 – 305 AD) AE Antoninianus, 293-95 AD, RIC V 322, Cohen 34. 20.70 mm/3.1 gm, aVF, Antioch. Obverse: IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG, Radiate bust right, draped & cuirassed; Reverse: CONCORDIA MILITVM, Jupiter presents Victory on a globe to Diocletian, I/XXI. Early Diocletian with dusty earthen green patina.


De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Diocletian ( 284-305 A.D.)


Ralph W. Mathisen
University of South Carolina


Summary and Introduction
The Emperor Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (A.D. 284-305) put an end to the disastrous phase of Roman history known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" (235-284). He established an obvious military despotism and was responsible for laying the groundwork for the second phase of the Roman Empire, which is known variously as the "Dominate," the "Tetrarchy," the "Later Roman Empire," or the "Byzantine Empire." His reforms ensured the continuity of the Roman Empire in the east for more than a thousand years.

Diocletian's Early Life and Reign
Diocletian was born ca. 236/237 on the Dalmatian coast, perhaps at Salona. He was of very humble birth, and was originally named Diocles. He would have received little education beyond an elementary literacy and he was apparently deeply imbued with religious piety He had a wife Prisca and a daughter Valeria, both of whom reputedly were Christians. During Diocletian's early life, the Roman empire was in the midst of turmoil. In the early years of the third century, emperors increasingly insecure on their thrones had granted inflationary pay raises to the soldiers. The only meaningful income the soldiers now received was in the form of gold donatives granted by newly acclaimed emperors. Beginning in 235, armies throughout the empire began to set up their generals as rival emperors. The resultant civil wars opened up the empire to invasion in both the north, by the Franks, Alamanni, and Goths, and the east, by the Sassanid Persians. Another reason for the unrest in the army was the great gap between the social background of the common soldiers and the officer corps.

Diocletian sought his fortune in the army. He showed himself to be a shrewd, able, and ambitious individual. He is first attested as "Duke of Moesia" (an area on the banks of the lower Danube River), with responsibility for border defense. He was a prudent and methodical officer, a seeker of victory rather than glory. In 282, the legions of the upper Danube proclaimed the praetorian prefect Carus as emperor. Diocletian found favor under the new emperor, and was promoted to Count of the Domestics, the commander of the cavalry arm of the imperial bodyguard. In 283 he was granted the honor of a consulate.

In 284, in the midst of a campaign against the Persians, Carus was killed, struck by a bolt of lightning which one writer noted might have been forged in a legionary armory. This left the empire in the hands of his two young sons, Numerian in the east and Carinus in the west. Soon thereafter, Numerian died under mysterious circumstances near Nicomedia, and Diocletian was acclaimed emperor in his place. At this time he changed his name from Diocles to Diocletian. In 285 Carinus was killed in a battle near Belgrade, and Diocletian gained control of the entire empire.

Diocletian's Administrative and Military Reforms
As emperor, Diocletian was faced with many problems. His most immediate concerns were to bring the mutinous and increasingly barbarized Roman armies back under control and to make the frontiers once again secure from invasion. His long-term goals were to restore effective government and economic prosperity to the empire. Diocletian concluded that stern measures were necessary if these problems were to be solved. He felt that it was the responsibility of the imperial government to take whatever steps were necessary, no matter how harsh or innovative, to bring the empire back under control.

Diocletian was able to bring the army back under control by making several changes. He subdivided the roughly fifty existing provinces into approximately one hundred. The provinces also were apportioned among twelve "dioceses," each under a "vicar," and later also among four "prefectures," each under a "praetorian prefect." As a result, the imperial bureaucracy became increasingly bloated. He institutionalized the policy of separating civil and military careers. He divided the army itself into so-called "border troops," actually an ineffective citizen militia, and "palace troops," the real field army, which often was led by the emperor in person.

Following the precedent of Aurelian (A.D.270-275), Diocletian transformed the emperorship into an out-and-out oriental monarchy. Access to him became restricted; he now was addressed not as First Citizen (Princeps) or the soldierly general (Imperator), but as Lord and Master (Dominus Noster) . Those in audience were required to prostrate themselves on the ground before him.

Diocletian also concluded that the empire was too large and complex to be ruled by only a single emperor. Therefore, in order to provide an imperial presence throughout the empire, he introduced the "Tetrarchy," or "Rule by Four." In 285, he named his lieutenant Maximianus "Caesar," and assigned him the western half of the empire. This practice began the process which would culminate with the de facto split of the empire in 395. Both Diocletian and Maximianus adopted divine attributes. Diocletian was identified with Jupiter and Maximianus with Hercules. In 286, Diocletian promoted Maximianus to the rank of Augustus, "Senior Emperor," and in 293 he appointed two new Caesars, Constantius (the father of Constantine I ), who was given Gaul and Britain in the west, and Galerius, who was assigned the Balkans in the east.

By instituting his Tetrarchy, Diocletian also hoped to solve another problem. In the Augustan Principate, there had been no constitutional method for choosing new emperors. According to Diocletian's plan, the successor of each Augustus would be the respective Caesar, who then would name a new Caesar. Initially, the Tetrarchy operated smoothly and effectively.

Once the army was under control, Diocletian could turn his attention to other problems. The borders were restored and strengthened. In the early years of his reign, Diocletian and his subordinates were able to defeat foreign enemies such as Alamanni, Sarmatians, Saracens, Franks, and Persians, and to put down rebellions in Britain and Egypt. The easter frontier was actually expanded.

.
Diocletian's Economic Reforms
Another problem was the economy, which was in an especially sorry state. The coinage had become so debased as to be virtually worthless. Diocletian's attempt to reissue good gold and silver coins failed because there simply was not enough gold and silver available to restore confidence in the currency. A "Maximum Price Edict" issued in 301, intended to curb inflation, served only to drive goods onto the black market. Diocletian finally accepted the ruin of the money economy and revised the tax system so that it was based on payments in kind . The soldiers too came to be paid in kind.

In order to assure the long term survival of the empire, Diocletian identified certain occupations which he felt would have to be performed. These were known as the "compulsory services." They included such occupations as soldiers, bakers, members of town councils, and tenant farmers. These functions became hereditary, and those engaging in them were inhibited from changing their careers. The repetitious nature of these laws, however, suggests that they were not widely obeyed. Diocletian also expanded the policy of third-century emperors of restricting the entry of senators into high-ranking governmental posts, especially military ones.

Diocletian attempted to use the state religion as a unifying element. Encouraged by the Caesar Galerius, Diocletian in 303 issued a series of four increasingly harsh decrees designed to compel Christians to take part in the imperial cult, the traditional means by which allegiance was pledged to the empire. This began the so-called "Great Persecution."

Diocletian's Resignation and Death
On 1 May 305, wearied by his twenty years in office, and determined to implement his method for the imperial succession, Diocletian abdicated. He compelled his co-regent Maximianus to do the same. Constantius and Galerius then became the new Augusti, and two new Caesars were selected, Maximinus (305-313) in the east and Severus (305- 307) in the west. Diocletian then retired to his palace at Split on the Croatian coast. In 308 he declined an offer to resume the purple, and the aged ex-emperor died at Split on 3 December 316.

Copyright (C) 1996, Ralph W. Mathisen, University of South Carolina
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.

1 commentsCleisthenes
DicletianConcordCyz.jpg
1301b, Diocletian, 20 November 284 - 1 March 305 A.D.Diocletian. RIC V Part II Cyzicus 256 var. Not listed with pellet in exegrue
Item ref: RI141f. VF. Minted in Cyzicus (B in centre field, XXI dot in exegrue)Obverse:- IMP CC VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right. Reverse:- CONCORDIA MILITVM, Diocletian standing right, holding parazonium, receiving Victory from Jupiter standing left with scepter.
A post reform radiate of Diocletian. Ex Maridvnvm.

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Diocletian ( 284-305 A.D.)


Ralph W. Mathisen
University of South Carolina


Summary and Introduction
The Emperor Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (A.D. 284-305) put an end to the disastrous phase of Roman history known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis" (235-284). He established an obvious military despotism and was responsible for laying the groundwork for the second phase of the Roman Empire, which is known variously as the "Dominate," the "Tetrarchy," the "Later Roman Empire," or the "Byzantine Empire." His reforms ensured the continuity of the Roman Empire in the east for more than a thousand years.

Diocletian's Early Life and Reign
Diocletian was born ca. 236/237 on the Dalmatian coast, perhaps at Salona. He was of very humble birth, and was originally named Diocles. He would have received little education beyond an elementary literacy and he was apparently deeply imbued with religious piety He had a wife Prisca and a daughter Valeria, both of whom reputedly were Christians. During Diocletian's early life, the Roman empire was in the midst of turmoil. In the early years of the third century, emperors increasingly insecure on their thrones had granted inflationary pay raises to the soldiers. The only meaningful income the soldiers now received was in the form of gold donatives granted by newly acclaimed emperors. Beginning in 235, armies throughout the empire began to set up their generals as rival emperors. The resultant civil wars opened up the empire to invasion in both the north, by the Franks, Alamanni, and Goths, and the east, by the Sassanid Persians. Another reason for the unrest in the army was the great gap between the social background of the common soldiers and the officer corps.

Diocletian sought his fortune in the army. He showed himself to be a shrewd, able, and ambitious individual. He is first attested as "Duke of Moesia" (an area on the banks of the lower Danube River), with responsibility for border defense. He was a prudent and methodical officer, a seeker of victory rather than glory. In 282, the legions of the upper Danube proclaimed the praetorian prefect Carus as emperor. Diocletian found favor under the new emperor, and was promoted to Count of the Domestics, the commander of the cavalry arm of the imperial bodyguard. In 283 he was granted the honor of a consulate.

In 284, in the midst of a campaign against the Persians, Carus was killed, struck by a bolt of lightning which one writer noted might have been forged in a legionary armory. This left the empire in the hands of his two young sons, Numerian in the east and Carinus in the west. Soon thereafter, Numerian died under mysterious circumstances near Nicomedia, and Diocletian was acclaimed emperor in his place. At this time he changed his name from Diocles to Diocletian. In 285 Carinus was killed in a battle near Belgrade, and Diocletian gained control of the entire empire.

Diocletian's Administrative and Military Reforms
As emperor, Diocletian was faced with many problems. His most immediate concerns were to bring the mutinous and increasingly barbarized Roman armies back under control and to make the frontiers once again secure from invasion. His long-term goals were to restore effective government and economic prosperity to the empire. Diocletian concluded that stern measures were necessary if these problems were to be solved. He felt that it was the responsibility of the imperial government to take whatever steps were necessary, no matter how harsh or innovative, to bring the empire back under control.

Diocletian was able to bring the army back under control by making several changes. He subdivided the roughly fifty existing provinces into approximately one hundred. The provinces also were apportioned among twelve "dioceses," each under a "vicar," and later also among four "prefectures," each under a "praetorian prefect." As a result, the imperial bureaucracy became increasingly bloated. He institutionalized the policy of separating civil and military careers. He divided the army itself into so-called "border troops," actually an ineffective citizen militia, and "palace troops," the real field army, which often was led by the emperor in person.

Following the precedent of Aurelian (A.D.270-275), Diocletian transformed the emperorship into an out-and-out oriental monarchy. Access to him became restricted; he now was addressed not as First Citizen (Princeps) or the soldierly general (Imperator), but as Lord and Master (Dominus Noster) . Those in audience were required to prostrate themselves on the ground before him.

Diocletian also concluded that the empire was too large and complex to be ruled by only a single emperor. Therefore, in order to provide an imperial presence throughout the empire, he introduced the "Tetrarchy," or "Rule by Four." In 285, he named his lieutenant Maximianus "Caesar," and assigned him the western half of the empire. This practice began the process which would culminate with the de facto split of the empire in 395. Both Diocletian and Maximianus adopted divine attributes. Diocletian was identified with Jupiter and Maximianus with Hercules. In 286, Diocletian promoted Maximianus to the rank of Augustus, "Senior Emperor," and in 293 he appointed two new Caesars, Constantius (the father of Constantine I ), who was given Gaul and Britain in the west, and Galerius, who was assigned the Balkans in the east.

By instituting his Tetrarchy, Diocletian also hoped to solve another problem. In the Augustan Principate, there had been no constitutional method for choosing new emperors. According to Diocletian's plan, the successor of each Augustus would be the respective Caesar, who then would name a new Caesar. Initially, the Tetrarchy operated smoothly and effectively.

Once the army was under control, Diocletian could turn his attention to other problems. The borders were restored and strengthened. In the early years of his reign, Diocletian and his subordinates were able to defeat foreign enemies such as Alamanni, Sarmatians, Saracens, Franks, and Persians, and to put down rebellions in Britain and Egypt. The easter frontier was actually expanded.

.
Diocletian's Economic Reforms
Another problem was the economy, which was in an especially sorry state. The coinage had become so debased as to be virtually worthless. Diocletian's attempt to reissue good gold and silver coins failed because there simply was not enough gold and silver available to restore confidence in the currency. A "Maximum Price Edict" issued in 301, intended to curb inflation, served only to drive goods onto the black market. Diocletian finally accepted the ruin of the money economy and revised the tax system so that it was based on payments in kind . The soldiers too came to be paid in kind.

In order to assure the long term survival of the empire, Diocletian identified certain occupations which he felt would have to be performed. These were known as the "compulsory services." They included such occupations as soldiers, bakers, members of town councils, and tenant farmers. These functions became hereditary, and those engaging in them were inhibited from changing their careers. The repetitious nature of these laws, however, suggests that they were not widely obeyed. Diocletian also expanded the policy of third-century emperors of restricting the entry of senators into high-ranking governmental posts, especially military ones.

Diocletian attempted to use the state religion as a unifying element. Encouraged by the Caesar Galerius, Diocletian in 303 issued a series of four increasingly harsh decrees designed to compel Christians to take part in the imperial cult, the traditional means by which allegiance was pledged to the empire. This began the so-called "Great Persecution."

Diocletian's Resignation and Death
On 1 May 305, wearied by his twenty years in office, and determined to implement his method for the imperial succession, Diocletian abdicated. He compelled his co-regent Maximianus to do the same. Constantius and Galerius then became the new Augusti, and two new Caesars were selected, Maximinus (305-313) in the east and Severus (305- 307) in the west. Diocletian then retired to his palace at Split on the Croatian coast. In 308 he declined an offer to resume the purple, and the aged ex-emperor died at Split on 3 December 316.

Copyright (C) 1996, Ralph W. Mathisen, University of South Carolina
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.


Cleisthenes
MaxHercRIC5iiRome.jpg
1302a, Maximian, 285 - 305, 306 - 308, and 310 A.D.Maximianus AE Antoninianus. RIC V Part II 506 Bust Type C. Cohen 355; VF; Minted in Rome A.D. 285-286. Obverse: IMP MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right; Rverse: IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG, Jupiter standing left holding thunderbolt & scepter, XXIZ in exergue. Ex maridvnvm.

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D.


Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University

Perhaps born ca. 249/250 A.D. in Sirmium in the area of the Balkans, Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus, more commonly known as Maximianus Herculius (Maximian), had been a soldier before he put on the purple. A fellow soldier with the Emperor Diocletian, he had served in the military during the reigns of Aurelian and Probus.

When the Emperor Diocletian determined that the empire was too large for one man to govern on his own, he made Maximian his Caesar in 285/6 and elevated him to the rank of Augustus in perhaps the spring of 286. While Diocletian ruled in the East, Maximian ruled in the West. In 293, in order to maintain and to strengthen the stability of the empire, Diocletian appointed Constantius I Chlorus to serve Maximian as a Caesar in the West, while Galerius did the same job in the East. This arrangement, called the "Tetrarchy", was meant not only to provide a stronger foundation for the two emperors' rule, but also to end any possible fighting over the succession to the throne once the two senior Augusti had left the throne--a problem which had bedeviled the principate since the time of the Emperor Augustus. To cement the relationship between Maximian and his Caesar, Constantius married Maximian's elder daughter Theodora. A decade later, Constantius' son Constantine would marry Maximia's younger daughter Fausta.

On 1 May 305 Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximian, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple. Their resignations seem largely due to the almost fatal illness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of 304. Diocletian seems to have forced his colleague to abdicate. In any case, Herculius had sworn an oath at the temple of Capitoline Jupiter to carry out the terms of the abdication. Constantius and Galerius were appointed as Augusti, with Maximinus Daia and Severus as the new Caesars. The retired emperors then returned to private life. Diocletian's retirement was at Salonae in Dalmatia, while Herculius' retreat was either in Lucania or Campania.

Maximian's retirement, however, was of short duration because, a little more than a year later on 28 October 306, his son Maxentius was proclaimed emperor at Rome. To give his regime an aura of legitimacy, Maximian was forced to affirm his son's acclamation. When Galerius learned of Maxentius' rebellion, he sent Severus against him with an army that had formerly been under his father's command. Maxentius invested his father with the purple again to win over his enemy's troops, a ruse which succeeded. Perhaps to strengthen his own position, in 307 Maximian went to Gaul and married his daughter Fausta to Constantine. When Constantine refused to become embroiled in the civil war between Galerius and Maxentius, Maximian returned to Rome in 308 and attempted to depose his son; however, he did not succeed. When Maximian was unable to convince Diocletian to take up the purple again at a meeting in Carnuntum in late 308, he returned to his son-in-law's side in Gaul.

Although Maximian was treated with all of the respect due a former emperor, he still desired to be more than a figurehead. He decided to seize the purple from Constantine when his son-in-law least expected it. His opportunity came in the summer of 310 when the Franks revolted. When Constantine had taken a small part of his army into enemy territory, Maximian proclaimed himself again emperor and paid the soldiers under his command a donative to secure their loyalty. As soon as Constantine received news about Maximian's revolt in July 310, he went south and reached Arelate before his father-in-law could mount a defense of the city. Although Maximian fled to Massilia, his son-in-law seized the city and took Maximian prisoner. Although he was deprived of the purple, he was granted pardon for his crimes. Unable to endure the humiliation of his defeat, he attempted to have Constantine murdered in his bed. The plot failed because he tried to get his daughter Fausta's help in the matter; she chose to reveal the matter to her husband. Because of this attempt on his son-in-law's life Maximian was dead by the end of July either by his own hand or on the orders of his intended victim.

Eutropia was of Syrian extraction and her marriage to Maximian seems to have been her second. She bore him two children: Maxentius and Fausta. An older daughter, Theodora, may have been a product of her first marriage. Fausta became the wife of Constantine I , while her sister Theodora was the second spouse of his father Constantius I Chlorus . Eutropia apparently survived all her children, with the possible exception of her daughter Fausta who seems to have died in 326. Eutropia is also said to have become a Christian.

By Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
Max.jpg
1302b, Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D., commemorative issued by Constantine the Great (Siscia)Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D., commemorative issued by Constantine the Great. Bronze AE3, RIC 41, VF, Siscia, 1.30g, 16.1mm, 0o, 317-318 A.D. Obverse: DIVO MAXIMIANO SEN FORT IMP, laureate and veiled head right; Reverse: REQVIES OPTIMO-RVM MERITORVM, Emperor seated left on curule chair, raising hand and holding scepter, SIS in exergue; scarce (R3).


De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D.


Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University

Perhaps born ca. 249/250 A.D. in Sirmium in the area of the Balkans, Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus, more commonly known as Maximianus Herculius (Maximian), had been a soldier before he put on the purple. A fellow soldier with the Emperor Diocletian, he had served in the military during the reigns of Aurelian and Probus.

When the Emperor Diocletian determined that the empire was too large for one man to govern on his own, he made Maximian his Caesar in 285/6 and elevated him to the rank of Augustus in perhaps the spring of 286. While Diocletian ruled in the East, Maximian ruled in the West. In 293, in order to maintain and to strengthen the stability of the empire, Diocletian appointed Constantius I Chlorus to serve Maximian as a Caesar in the West, while Galerius did the same job in the East. This arrangement, called the "Tetrarchy", was meant not only to provide a stronger foundation for the two emperors' rule, but also to end any possible fighting over the succession to the throne once the two senior Augusti had left the throne--a problem which had bedeviled the principate since the time of the Emperor Augustus. To cement the relationship between Maximian and his Caesar, Constantius married Maximian's elder daughter Theodora. A decade later, Constantius' son Constantine would marry Maximia's younger daughter Fausta.

On 1 May 305 Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximian, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple. Their resignations seem largely due to the almost fatal illness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of 304. Diocletian seems to have forced his colleague to abdicate. In any case, Herculius had sworn an oath at the temple of Capitoline Jupiter to carry out the terms of the abdication. Constantius and Galerius were appointed as Augusti, with Maximinus Daia and Severus as the new Caesars. The retired emperors then returned to private life. Diocletian's retirement was at Salonae in Dalmatia, while Herculius' retreat was either in Lucania or Campania.

Maximian's retirement, however, was of short duration because, a little more than a year later on 28 October 306, his son Maxentius was proclaimed emperor at Rome. To give his regime an aura of legitimacy, Maximian was forced to affirm his son's acclamation. When Galerius learned of Maxentius' rebellion, he sent Severus against him with an army that had formerly been under his father's command. Maxentius invested his father with the purple again to win over his enemy's troops, a ruse which succeeded. Perhaps to strengthen his own position, in 307 Maximian went to Gaul and married his daughter Fausta to Constantine. When Constantine refused to become embroiled in the civil war between Galerius and Maxentius, Maximian returned to Rome in 308 and attempted to depose his son; however, he did not succeed. When Maximian was unable to convince Diocletian to take up the purple again at a meeting in Carnuntum in late 308, he returned to his son-in-law's side in Gaul.

Although Maximian was treated with all of the respect due a former emperor, he still desired to be more than a figurehead. He decided to seize the purple from Constantine when his son-in-law least expected it. His opportunity came in the summer of 310 when the Franks revolted. When Constantine had taken a small part of his army into enemy territory, Maximian proclaimed himself again emperor and paid the soldiers under his command a donative to secure their loyalty. As soon as Constantine received news about Maximian's revolt in July 310, he went south and reached Arelate before his father-in-law could mount a defense of the city. Although Maximian fled to Massilia, his son-in-law seized the city and took Maximian prisoner. Although he was deprived of the purple, he was granted pardon for his crimes. Unable to endure the humiliation of his defeat, he attempted to have Constantine murdered in his bed. The plot failed because he tried to get his daughter Fausta's help in the matter; she chose to reveal the matter to her husband. Because of this attempt on his son-in-law's life Maximian was dead by the end of July either by his own hand or on the orders of his intended victim.

Eutropia was of Syrian extraction and her marriage to Maximian seems to have been her second. She bore him two children: Maxentius and Fausta. An older daughter, Theodora, may have been a product of her first marriage. Fausta became the wife of Constantine I , while her sister Theodora was the second spouse of his father Constantius I Chlorus . Eutropia apparently survived all her children, with the possible exception of her daughter Fausta who seems to have died in 326. Eutropia is also said to have become a Christian.

By Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
GaleriusAugCyz.jpg
1303a, Galerius, 1 March 305 - 5 May 311 A.D.Galerius, RIC VI 59, Cyzicus S, VF, Cyzicus S, 6.4 g, 25.86 mm; 309-310 AD; Obverse: GAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, laureate bust right; Reverse: GENIO A-VGVS[TI], Genius stg. left, naked but for chlamys over left shoulder, holding patera and cornucopiae. A nice example with sharp detail and nice brown hoard patina. Ex Ancient Imports.


De Imperatoribus Romanis,
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors


Galerius (305-311 A.D.)


Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University


Caius Galerius Valerius Maximianus, more commonly known as Galerius, was from Illyricum; his father, whose name is unknown, was of peasant stock, while his mother, Romula, was from beyond the Danube. Galerius was born in Dacia Ripensis near Sardica. Although the date of his birth is unknown, he was probably born ca. 250 since he served under Aurelian. As a youth Galerius was a shepherd and acquired the nickname Armentarius. Although he seems to have started his military career under Aurelian and Probus, nothing is known about it before his accession as Caesar on 1 March 293. He served as Diocletian's Caesar in the East. Abandoning his first wife, he married Diocletian's daugher, Valeria.

As Caesar he campaigned in Egypt in 294; he seems to have taken to the field against Narses of Persia, and was defeated near Ctesiphon in 295. In 298, after he made inroads into Armenia, he obtained a treaty from the Persians favorable to the Romans. Between 299-305 he overcame the Sarmatians and the Carpi along the Danube. The Great Persecution of the Orthodox Church, which was started in 303 by the Emperor Diocletian, was probably instigated by Galerius. Because of the almost fatal illness that he contracted toward the end of 304, Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximianus Herculius, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple on 1 May 305. Constantius and Galerius were appointed as Augusti, with Maximinus Daia and Severus as the new Caesars. Constantius and Severus reigned in the West, whereas Galerius' and Daia's realm was the East. Although Constantius was nominally senior Augustus, the real power was in the hands of Galerius because both Caesars were his creatures.

The balance of power shifted at the end of July 306 when Constantius, with his son Constantine at his side, passed away at York in Britain where he was preparing to face incursions by the Picts; his army proclaimed Constantine his successor immediately. As soon as he received the news of the death of Constantius I and the acclamation of Constantine to the purple, Galerius raised Severus to the rank of Augustus to replace his dead colleague in August 306. Making the best of a bad situation, Galerius accepted Constantine as the new Caesar in the West. The situation became more complicated when Maxentius, with his father Maximianus Herculius acquiesing, declared himself princes on 28 October 306. When Galerius learned about the acclamation of the usurper, he dispatched the Emperor Severus to put down the rebellion. Severus took a large field army which had formerly been that of Maximianus and proceeded toward Rome and began to besiege the city, Maxentius, however, and Maximianus, by means of a ruse, convinced Severus to surrender. Later, in 307, Severus was put to death under clouded circumstances. While Severus was fighting in the west, Galerius, during late 306 or early 307, was campaigning against the Sarmatians.

In the early summer of 307 Galerius invaded Italy to avenge Severus's death; he advanced to the south and encamped at Interamna near the Tiber. His attempt to besiege the city was abortive because his army was too small to encompass the city's fortifications. Not trusting his own troops, Galerius withdrew. During its retreat, his army ravaged the Italian countryside as it was returning to its original base. When Maximianus Herculius' attempts to regain the throne between 308 and 310 by pushing his son off his throne or by winning over Constantine to his cause failed, he tried to win Diocletian and Galerius over to his side at Carnuntum in October and November 308; the outcome of the Conference at Carnuntum was that Licinius was appointed Augustus in Severus's place, that Daia and Constantine were denoted filii Augustorum, and that Herculius was completely cut out of the picture. Later, in 310, Herculius died, having been implicated in a plot against his son-in-law. After the Conference at Carnuntum, Galerius returned to Sardica where he died in the opening days of May 311.

By Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University; Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

Galerius was Caesar and tetrarch under Maximianus. Although a talented general and administrator, Galerius is better known for his key role in the "Great Persecution" of Christians. He stopped the persecution under condition the Christians pray for his return to health from a serious illness. Galerius died horribly shortly after. Joseph Sermarini, FORVM.

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.



Cleisthenes
normal_2__zeno~0.jpg
131a. ZenoEastern Augustus First Reign 29 January 474 – 9 January 475
Second Reign August 476 – 9 April 491

Father of Leo II. Crowned senior co-emperor with the approval of the Senate. Deposed by a revolt led by his mother-in-law Verina & Basiliscus, and he fled to Isauria. He then was able to return and re-establish control over Constantinople.

Coin: Second reign, AD 476-491. AV Solidus (19.5mm, 4.40 g, 6h). Constantinople mint, 9th officina. D N ZENO-PERP AVG Pearl-diademed, helmeted, and cuirassed bust facing slightly right, holding spear over shoulder and shield / Victory standing left, holding long jeweled cross; star to right; VICTORI-A AVGGGΘ//CONOB. RIC X 910 and 929; Depeyrot 108/1.. CNG Auction 524, Lot 709, 28 Sep 2022
lawrence c
faustinaI as2.jpg
138-161 AD - FAUSTINA Senior AE as - struck 148-161 ADobv: DIVA FAVSTINA (draped bust right)
rev: AETERNITAS / S.C. (Aeternitas seated left holding phoenix on globe & scepter)
ref: RIC III 1156 (Ant.Pius), C.16 (2frcs)
8.10gms, 25mm,
berserker
faustinaI as.jpg
138-161 AD - FAUSTINA Senior AE dupondius - struck after 141 ADobv: DIVA FAVSTINA (a) (diademed & draped bust right)
rev: AVGVSTA / S.C. (Ceres standing left holding corn ears & torch)
ref: RIC III 1169 (Ant.Pius), C.80 (2frcs)
12.33gms, 25mm,
berserker
faustina_I_RIC327.jpg
138-161 AD - FAUSTINA Senior AR denarius - struck 138-139 ADobv: FAVSTINA AVG ANTONINI AVG P P (draped bust right, hair elaborately waved in several loops round head and then drawn up and coiled on top)
rev: CONCORDIA AVG (Concordia seated left holding patera & resting arm on cornucopiae)
ref: RIC III 327 (S) (AntPius), RSC 146v (6frcs), BMC 41
3.3gms, 19mm
Scarce

Coins of Faustina Senior struck during her lifetime are much rarer than the later DIVA issues struck in commemoration of her.
berserker
faustina_I_RIC343.jpg
138-161 AD - FAUSTINA Senior AR denarius - struck 150 ADobv: DIVA FAVSTINA (draped bust right)
rev: AED DIV FAVSTINAE (front view of temple of six columns on five steps, fencing before, statue of Faustina within)
ref: RIC III 343 (S) (AntPius), RSC 1 (10frcs), BMC 339
3.34gms, 18mm,
Scarce

This coin represents the aedes, or templum, with which, after her death, the elder Faustina was honoured by Antoninus Pius. According to Capitolinus, it was situated in the Via Sacra, and was at first dedicated to Faustina alone. But, after the decease of the husband, religious rites were paid therein to him also. A nice coin with an image of a building which still stands today in Rome.
berserker
faustina1 RIC344.jpg
138-161 AD - FAUSTINA Senior AR denarius - struck after 141 ADobv: DIVA FAVSTINA (draped bust right)
rev: AETERNITAS (Juno standing left, hand raised, holding scepter)
ref: RIC III 344 (AntPius), RSC 26 (12frcs), BMC 345
3,26gms, 17mm,
berserker
faustina1 RIC350.jpg
138-161 AD - FAUSTINA Senior AR denarius - struck after 141 ADobv: DIVA FAVSTINA (veiled & draped bust right)
rev: AETERNITAS (Aeternitas standing left, holding globe and scepter)
ref: RIC III 350 (AntPius), C.32 (2frcs)
3.03gms, 17mm,
Scarce

The veiled bust is scarcer.
berserker
faustina1 RIC374.jpg
138-161 AD - FAUSTINA Senior AR denarius - struck after 141 ADobv: DIVA FAVSTINA (diademed & draped bust right)
rev: AVGVSTA (Pietas standing left with raised hand, altar at foot left)
ref: RIC III 374 (Ant.Pius), RSC 124 (2frcs)
3.23gms, 17mm,
Scarce
berserker
faustina1 RIC384.jpg
138-161 AD - FAUSTINA Senior AR denarius - struck after 141 ADobv: DIVA FAVSTINA (draped bust right)
rev: CONSECRATIO (peacock walking right, head left)
ref: RIC III 384 (AntPius), RSC 175, BMC 473
3.20gms, 17mm,
berserker
faustinaI sest.jpg
138-161 AD - FAVSTINA Senior AE sestertius - struck after 141 ADbv: DIVA FAVSTINA (diademed & draped bust right)
rev: - / S.C. (Vesta standing left, holding long torch & palladium {Pallas statue})
ref: RIC III 1151(AntPius) (S), C.268 (6fr.)
23.51gms, 30mm,

I think it's a rare piece.
SOLD
2 commentsberserker
RI_141br_img.jpg
141 - Diocletian - Follis - RIC VI Trier 677a (corr. Cyzicus)Obv:– D N DIOCLETIANO FELICISSIMO SEN AVG, laureate bust right in imperial mantle, olive branch in right hand, mappa in left
Rev:– PROVIDENTIA DEORVM QVIES AVGG, Providentia standing right, extending right hand to Quies standing left, branch upward in right hand, vertical sceptre in left
Minted in Cyzicus (not Trier) ( S | F / KS //PTR)
Reference:– RIC VI Trier 677a (R) (see notes)
Notes:- This is perhaps one of the most unusual issues in the entire follis series. It is nearly always attributed to Trier (Treveri), but a comparison of portrait styles and an examination of follis hoards reveals that this issue was not struck in Trier but in Cyzicus. Two officinae struck this issue, and the KS in the field between the two figures is actually the mintmark, not the PTR. A look at the coins of Cyzicus (RIC 22-23) shows that the same two officinae struck this issue without the PTR also. The Senior Augustus issues of Diocletian and Maximianus were struck at every mint currently in operation. Apparently, the first coins of this type were prepared at Trier and examples were sent to the various mints for the individual mints to copy. At Cyzicus, the die engravers copied everything, including the Trier mintmark and put their own mintmark in the field. Eventually someone soon realized the mistake and new dies were prepared with the mintmark in its proper location.

Nicely silvered with little / no visible wear.
maridvnvm
RI 141v img.jpg
141 - Diocletian - RIC VI Rome 116a (Post Abdication - Senior Augustus)Obv:– DN DIOCLETIANO BEATISS SEN AVG, Laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle, holding olive branch in right hand and mappa in left
Rev:– PROVIDENT DEOR QVIES AVGG, Providentia standing right, extending right hand to Quies, standing left holding branch in right hand and leaning on scepter in left hand
Minted in Rome (S in left field, F in right field, RP in exe) c. A.D. 305
References:– RIC VI Rome 116a (R)
maridvnvm
RI 146ag img.jpg
146 - Maximianus - RIC VI Lugdunum 234 (Senior Augustus)Obv:– DN MAXIMIANO P F S AVG, Laureate, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– GENIO POP ROM, Genius standing left, modius on head, loins draped, right hand holding patera, left hand holding cornucopiae
Minted in Lugdunum (N in right field, PLG in exe). November to December A.D. 307
Reference:– RIC VI Lugdunum 234 (S) Bastien Volume XI 427 (5 examples)
maridvnvm
RI 146u img.jpg
146 - Maximianus - RIC VI Lugdunum 253 (Senior Augustus)Obv:– IMP C VAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, Laureate, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– GENIO POP ROM, Genius standing left, modius on head, loins draped, right hand holding patera, left hand holding cornucopiae, altar to left
Minted in Lugdunum (// PLC). Autumn A.D. 307 to Summer A.D. 308
Reference:– RIC VI Lugdunum 253 (S) Bastien Volume X1 468
maridvnvm
RI 146bu img.jpg
146 - Maximianus - RIC VI Lugdunum 288 (Senior Augustus) Obv:– IMP C VAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, Laureate, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– GENIO POP ROM, Genius standing left, modius on head, loins draped, right hand holding patera, left hand holding cornucopiae
Minted in Lugdunum (CI in left field, H over S in right field, PLC in exe).
Reference:– RIC VI Lugdunum 288
maridvnvm
RI_146df_img.jpg
146 - Maximianus - RIC VI Lugdunum 288 (Senior Augustus)Obv:– IMP C VAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, Laureate, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– GENIO POP ROM, Genius standing left, modius on head, loins draped, right hand holding patera, left hand holding cornucopiae
Minted in Lugdunum (CI in left field, H over S in right field, PLC in exe).
Reference:– RIC VI Lugdunum 288
1 commentsmaridvnvm
Theo1Ae3Ant.jpeg
1505b, Theodosius I, 19 January 379 - 17 January 395 A.D. (Antioch)Theodosius I, 19 January 379 - 17 January 395 A.D. Bronze AE 3, RIC 44(b), VF, Antioch, 2.17g, 18.1mm, 180o, 9 Aug 378 - 25 Aug 383 A.D. Obverse: D N THEODOSIVS P F AVG, rosette-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right; Reverse: CONCORDIA AVGGG, Constantinopolis enthroned facing, r. foot on prow, globe in l., scepter in r., Q and F at sides, ANTG in ex; scarce.


De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

THEODOSIUS I (379-395 A.D.)
David Woods
University College of Cork


Origin and Early Career
Flavius Theodosius was born at Cauca in Spain in about 346 to Thermantia and Theodosius the Elder (so-called to distinguish him from his son). Theodosius the Elder was a senior military officer serving in the Western empire and rose to become the magister equitum praesentalis under the emperor Valentinian I from late 368 until his execution in early 375. As the son of a soldier, Theodosius was legally obliged to enter upon a military career. He seems to have served under his father during his expedition to Britain in 367/8, and was the dux Moesiae Primae by late 374. Unfortunately, great controversy surrounds the rest of his career until Gratian had him hailed as his imperial colleague in succession to the emperor Valens at Sirmium on 19 January 379. It is clear that he was forced to retire home to Spain only to be recalled to active service shortly thereafter, but the circumstances of his forced retirement are shrouded in mystery. His father was executed at roughly the same time, and much speculation has centred on the relationship between these events.

[For a very detailed and interesting discussion of the Foreign Policy of Theodosius and the Civil Wars that plagued his reign, please see http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo1.htm]

Family and Succession
Theodosius married twice. His first wife was the Spanish Aelia Flavia Flaccilla. She bore him Arcadius ca. 377, Honorius on 9 September 384, and Pulcheria ca. 385. Theodosius honoured her with the title of Augusta shortly after his accession, but she died in 386. In late 387 he married Galla, daughter of Valentinian I and full-sister of Valentinian II. She bore him Gratian ca. 388, Galla Placidia ca. 388/390, and died in childbirth in 394, together with her new-born son John. Of his two sons who survived infancy, he appointed Arcadius as Augustus on 19 January 383 and Honorius as Augustus on 23 January 393. His promotion of Arcadius as a full Augustus at an unusually young age points to his determination right from the start that one of his own sons should succeed him. He sought to strengthen Arcadius' position in particular by means of a series of strategic marriages whose purpose was to tie his leading "generals" irrevocably to his dynasty. Hence he married his niece and adoptive daughter Serena to his magister militum per Orientem Stilicho in 387, her elder sister Thermantia to a "general" whose name has not been preserved, and ca. 387 his nephew-in-law Nebridius to Salvina, daughter of the comes Africae Gildo. By the time of his death by illness on 17 January 395, Theodosius had promoted Stilicho from his position as one of the two comites domesticorum under his own eastern administration to that of magister peditum praesentalis in a western administration, in an entirely traditional manner, under his younger son Honorius. Although Stilicho managed to increase the power of the magister peditum praesentalis to the disadvantage of his colleague the magister equitum praesentalis and claimed that Theodosius had appointed him as guardian for both his sons, this tells us more about his cunning and ambition than it does about Theodosius' constitutional arrangements.

Theodosius' importance rests on the fact that he founded a dynasty which continued in power until the death of his grandson Theodosius II in 450. This ensured a continuity of policy which saw the emergence of Nicene Christianity as the orthodox belief of the vast majority of Christians throughout the middle ages. It also ensured the essential destruction of paganism and the emergence of Christianity as the religion of the state, even if the individual steps in this process can be difficult to identify. On the negative side, however, he allowed his dynastic interests and ambitions to lead him into two unnecessary and bloody civil wars which severely weakened the empire's ability to defend itself in the face of continued barbarian pressure upon its frontiers. In this manner, he put the interests of his family before those of the wider Roman population and was responsible, in many ways, for the phenomenon to which we now refer as the fall of the western Roman empire.


Copyright (C) 1998, David Woods.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

There is a nice segue here, as we pick-up John Julius Norwich's summation of the reign of Theodosius, "Readers of this brief account of his career may well find themselves wondering, not so much whether he deserved the title of 'the Great' as how he ever came to acquire it in the first place. If so, however, they may also like to ask themselves another question: what would have been the fate of the Empire if, at that critical moment in its history after the battle of Adrianople, young Gratian had not called him from his Spanish estates and put the future of the East into his hands? . . . the probability is that the whole Empire of the East would have been lost, swallowed up in a revived Gothic kingdom, with effects on world history that defy speculation.

In his civil legislation he showed, again and again, a consideration for the humblest of his subjects that was rare indeed among rulers of the fourth century. What other prince would have decreed that any criminal, sentenced to execution, imprisonment or exile, must first be allowed thirty days' grace to put his affairs in order? Or that a specified part of his worldly goods must go to his children, upon whom their father's crimes must on no account be visited? Or that no farmer should be obliged to sell his produce to the State at a price lower than he would receive on the open market?

Had he earned his title? Not, perhaps, in the way that Constantine had done or as Justinian was to do. But, if not ultimately great himself, he had surely come very close to greatness; and had he reigned as long as they did his achievements might well have equalled theirs. He might even have saved the Western Empire. One thing only is certain: it would be nearly a century and a half before the Romans would look upon his like again" (Norwich, John Julius. Byzantium, the Early Centuries. London: Penguin Group, 1990. 116-7;118).

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.



Cleisthenes
Theod1GlrMan.jpg
1505c, Theodosius I, 379 - 395 A.D. (Constantinople)Theodosius I (379 - 395 AD) AE3. 388-394 AD, RIC IX 27(a)3, Third Officina. Seventh Period. 20.27 mm. 4.8gm. Near VF with black and earthen patina. Constantinople. Obverse: DN THEODO-SIANVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped, & cuirassed bust right; Reverse: GLORIA-ROMANORVM, Theodosius I standing, facing, holding labarum and globe, CONSB in exergue (scarcer reverse). A Spanish find.



De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families

THEODOSIUS I (379-395 A.D.)
David Woods
University College of Cork


Origin and Early Career
Flavius Theodosius was born at Cauca in Spain in about 346 to Thermantia and Theodosius the Elder (so-called to distinguish him from his son). Theodosius the Elder was a senior military officer serving in the Western empire and rose to become the magister equitum praesentalis under the emperor Valentinian I from late 368 until his execution in early 375. As the son of a soldier, Theodosius was legally obliged to enter upon a military career. He seems to have served under his father during his expedition to Britain in 367/8, and was the dux Moesiae Primae by late 374. Unfortunately, great controversy surrounds the rest of his career until Gratian had him hailed as his imperial colleague in succession to the emperor Valens at Sirmium on 19 January 379. It is clear that he was forced to retire home to Spain only to be recalled to active service shortly thereafter, but the circumstances of his forced retirement are shrouded in mystery. His father was executed at roughly the same time, and much speculation has centred on the relationship between these events.

[For a very detailed and interesting discussion of the Foreign Policy of Theodosius and the Civil Wars that plagued his reign, please see http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo1.htm]

Family and Succession
Theodosius married twice. His first wife was the Spanish Aelia Flavia Flaccilla. She bore him Arcadius ca. 377, Honorius on 9 September 384, and Pulcheria ca. 385. Theodosius honoured her with the title of Augusta shortly after his accession, but she died in 386. In late 387 he married Galla, daughter of Valentinian I and full-sister of Valentinian II. She bore him Gratian ca. 388, Galla Placidia ca. 388/390, and died in childbirth in 394, together with her new-born son John. Of his two sons who survived infancy, he appointed Arcadius as Augustus on 19 January 383 and Honorius as Augustus on 23 January 393. His promotion of Arcadius as a full Augustus at an unusually young age points to his determination right from the start that one of his own sons should succeed him. He sought to strengthen Arcadius' position in particular by means of a series of strategic marriages whose purpose was to tie his leading "generals" irrevocably to his dynasty. Hence he married his niece and adoptive daughter Serena to his magister militum per Orientem Stilicho in 387, her elder sister Thermantia to a "general" whose name has not been preserved, and ca. 387 his nephew-in-law Nebridius to Salvina, daughter of the comes Africae Gildo. By the time of his death by illness on 17 January 395, Theodosius had promoted Stilicho from his position as one of the two comites domesticorum under his own eastern administration to that of magister peditum praesentalis in a western administration, in an entirely traditional manner, under his younger son Honorius. Although Stilicho managed to increase the power of the magister peditum praesentalis to the disadvantage of his colleague the magister equitum praesentalis and claimed that Theodosius had appointed him as guardian for both his sons, this tells us more about his cunning and ambition than it does about Theodosius' constitutional arrangements.

Theodosius' importance rests on the fact that he founded a dynasty which continued in power until the death of his grandson Theodosius II in 450. This ensured a continuity of policy which saw the emergence of Nicene Christianity as the orthodox belief of the vast majority of Christians throughout the middle ages. It also ensured the essential destruction of paganism and the emergence of Christianity as the religion of the state, even if the individual steps in this process can be difficult to identify. On the negative side, however, he allowed his dynastic interests and ambitions to lead him into two unnecessary and bloody civil wars which severely weakened the empire's ability to defend itself in the face of continued barbarian pressure upon its frontiers. In this manner, he put the interests of his family before those of the wider Roman population and was responsible, in many ways, for the phenomenon to which we now refer as the fall of the western Roman empire.


Copyright (C) 1998, David Woods.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.

There is a nice segue here, as we pick-up John Julius Norwich's summation of the reign of Theodosius, "Readers of this brief account of his career may well find themselves wondering, not so much whether he deserved the title of 'the Great' as how he ever came to acquire it in the first place. If so, however, they may also like to ask themselves another question: what would have been the fate of the Empire if, at that critical moment in its history after the battle of Adrianople, young Gratian had not called him from his Spanish estates and put the future of the East into his hands? . . . the probability is that the whole Empire of the East would have been lost, swallowed up in a revived Gothic kingdom, with effects on world history that defy speculation.

In his civil legislation he showed, again and again, a consideration for the humblest of his subjects that was rare indeed among rulers of the fourth century. What other prince would have decreed that any criminal, sentenced to execution, imprisonment or exile, must first be allowed thirty days' grace to put his affairs in order? Or that a specified part of his worldly goods must go to his children, upon whom their father's crimes must on no account be visited? Or that no farmer should be obliged to sell his produce to the State at a price lower than he would receive on the open market?

Had he earned his title? Not, perhaps, in the way that Constantine had done or as Justinian was to do. But, if not ultimately great himself, he had surely come very close to greatness; and had he reigned as long as they did his achievements might well have equalled theirs. He might even have saved the Western Empire. One thing only is certain: it would be nearly a century and a half before the Romans would look upon his like again" (Norwich, John Julius. Byzantium, the Early Centuries. London: Penguin Group, 1990. 116-7;118).

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
023~0.JPG
151 FaustinaDiva Faustina Senior Æ Sestertius. DIVA FAVSTINA, draped bust right / AVGVSTA S-C, Pietas standing left, sacrificing from raised hand over flaming altar at feet left, & holding box of incense. RIC III 1127, Cohen 125

2 commentsRandygeki(h2)
1813_FLINT_LEAD_WORKS_PENNY.JPG
1813 AE Penny Token. Flint, Flintshire.Obverse: FLINT LEAD WORKS. View of the lead works, smoking away in full production; 1813 below in exergue.
Reverse: ONE POUND NOTE FOR 240 TOKENS • around ONE PENNY TOKEN in centre.
Edge: Centre Grained.
Diameter 34mm | Die Axis 6
Withers: 1313 | Davis: 12
SCARCE

The dies for this token were engraved by Thomas Halliday. The manufacturer of the token is unknown but it would in all probability have been struck in Birmingham. It was issued by George Roskell at the Flint Lead Works in Flintshire.

The Flint Lead Smelting Works was the only issuer of tokens in North Wales in the 19th century. The company produced lead from ore obtained from mines on the nearby Halkyn mountain. George Roskell (1777-1847) of Garstang, Lancashire, came to Flintshire as a shareholder in the Milwr Mine, and later became the senior partner in the Flint Smelting Works. In 1805, he married Mary Ann, only child of James Potts of Stokyn, near Holywell. His eldest son, George Potts Roskell succeeded to the Stokyn estate. In 1852 the Flint Lead Works became absorbed in the more extensive Alkali Works of Muspratt Bros. and Huntley, which by 1885 was one of the largest chemical works in Britain.

The town of Flint has its origins in the turbulent times of Edward I in the13th century when he invaded Wales for the complete subjugation of the Welsh princes and the people of Wales. Edward I picked the only suitable spot on the marshy shore, where an outcrop of rock jutted out some fifty yards into the river, on which to build the castle and town of Flint. The castle was built on the rock and joined by a drawbridge to the town. The town was built in the form of a Roman encampment, with a double ditch and earthen banks crowned by timber ramparts and four regular gates.
*Alex
Maximian_Providentia_sen_aug_wht.jpeg
305-307 AD Maximian Providentia Senior AugustusDenomination: Follis
Era: 305-307 CE
Metal: AE/Billon
Obverse: DN MAXIMIANO BAEATISSIMO SEN AVG. Bust r. Lour., in imperial mantle, r. holding olive-branch, l. mappa
Reverse: PROVIDENTIA DEORVMQVIESAVGG. PTR in exergue. In fields S|F. Providentia stg r., extending r. hand to Quies, stg l, r, holding branch, l. leaning on scepter
Mint: Trier
Weight: 8.62 g.
Reference: RIC 673b (Trier Mint)
Provenance: Münzenhandlung G. Hirsch Nachfolger, Auction 372. Lot 2103

Excellent obverse portrait. Reverse hard green deposits..
RIC_438_Denario_Antonino_Pio.jpg
31-08a - ANTONINO PIO (138 - 161 D.C)Acuñación realizada por Marco Aurelio y Lucio Vero en honor de Antonino Pío Divo.
Ar denario 19 mm 3.1 gr.

Anv: "DIVUS ANTONINVS” – Cabeza desnuda viendo a derecha, con ropajes en su hombro izquierdo.
Rev: "CONSECRATIO" – Crematorium piramidal de 4 pisos, con la base enguirnaldada, la puerta en segundo nivel, el ápice coronado por una cuadriga vista de frente.
El Crematorium construido por Antonino Pio ya había aparecido dos décadas antes en la acuñación póstuma de su esposa, Faustina Senior. Sus restos se han descubierto cerca de la Plaza Montecitorio, el oeste del corso, en Regio IX. La estructura similar mostrada en el 169 D.C. y 176 D.C. en la acuñación de Divo Lucio Vero y Diva Faustina Junior puede representar este mismo edificio, aunque más probablemente parece que estos reversos representarían el Crematorium de Marco Aurelio que aparecería más tarde en su propia acuñación póstuma emitida por Commodo (Sear).

Ceca: Roma - Italia
Acuñada: 161 D.C.
Rareza: Común

Referencias: RIC Vol.III #438 Pag.247 - DVM #135 Pag.141 - Sear RCTV Vol.II #5193 Pag.335 – BMCRE IV #60/3 Pag.394 –RSC Vol. II #164ª Pag.171 - Cohen Vol.II #164 var. Pag.288 – MIR Vol.18 #27
mdelvalle
Denario_Antonino_Pio_RIC_438.jpg
31-09 – ANTONINO PIO (138 – 161 D.C)Acuñación realizada por Marco Aurelio y Lucio Vero en honor de Antonino Pío Divo.
Ar denario 19 mm 3.1 gr.

Anv: "DIVUS ANTONINVS” – Cabeza desnuda viendo a derecha, con ropajes en su hombro izquierdo.
Rev: "CONSECRATIO" – Crematorium piramidal de 4 pisos, con la base enguirnaldada, la puerta en segundo nivel, el ápice coronado por una cuadriga vista de frente.
El Crematorium construido por Antonino Pio ya había aparecido dos décadas antes en la acuñación póstuma de su esposa, Faustina Senior. Sus restos se han descubierto cerca de la Plaza Montecitorio, el oeste del corso, en Regio IX. La estructura similar mostrada en el 169 D.C. y 176 D.C. en la acuñación de Divo Lucio Vero y Diva Faustina Junior puede representar este mismo edificio, aunque más probablemente parece que estos reversos representarían el Crematorium de Marco Aurelio que aparecería más tarde en su propia acuñación póstuma emitida por Commodo (Sear).

Ceca: Roma - Italia
Acuñada: 161 D.C.
Rareza: Común

Referencias: RIC Vol.III #438 Pag.247 - DVM #135 Pag.141 - Sear RCTV Vol.II #5193 Pag.335 – BMCRE Vol.4 #60 –RSC Vol. II #164ª Pag.171 - Cohen Vol.II #164 var. Pag.288 – MIR Vol.18 #27
1 commentsmdelvalle
Denario FAUSTINA RIC 344.jpg
32-05 - FAUSTINA MADRE (138 - 141 D.C.)AR Denario 18 x 16 mm 2.8 gr.

Anv: "DIVA FAVSTINA" - Busto vestido viendo a derecha.
Rev: "AETERNITAS" - Juno (?) / Aeternitas (La eternidad) de pié de frente viendo a izquierda, levantando su mano derecha y portando largo cetro vertical en izquierda.

Acuñada 141 - 161 D.C.
Ceca: Roma

Referencias: RIC Vol.III #344D Pag.69 - Sear RCTV Vol.II #4574 Pag.268 - BMCRE #345 - Cohen Vol.II #26 Pag.415 - DVM #4/3 Pag.142 - St. Vol.III #448 - RSC Vol. II #26 Pag.191
mdelvalle
RIC_344d_Denario_Faustina_I.jpg
32-05 - FAUSTINA MADRE (138 - 141 D.C.)AR Denario 18 x 16 mm 2.8 gr.

Anv: "DIVA FAVSTINA" - Busto vestido viendo a derecha.
Rev: "AETERNITAS" - Juno (?) / Aeternitas (La eternidad) de pié de frente viendo a izquierda, levantando su mano derecha y portando largo cetro vertical en izquierda.

Acuñada 141 - 161 D.C.
Ceca: Roma

Referencias: RIC Vol.III #344D Pag.69 - Sear RCTV Vol.II #4574 Pag.268 - BMCRE IV #351 Pag.53 - Cohen Vol.II #26 Pag.415 - DVM #4/3 Pag.142 - St. Vol.III #448 - RSC Vol. II #26 Pag.191
mdelvalle
Denario FAUSTINA RIC 351.jpg
32-07 - FAUSTINA MADRE (138 - 141 D.C.)AR Denario 18 x 16 mm 3.3 gr.

Anv: "DIVA FAVSTINA" - Busto vestido viendo a derecha.
Rev: "AETERNITAS" - Providencia/eternitas/Ucrania (?Cohen) de pié de frente viendo a izquierda, sosteniendo un globo en mano derecha y con la izquierda sostiene su velo que vuela sobre y detrás de su cabeza.

Acuñada 141 - 161 D.C.
Ceca: Roma

Referencias: RIC Vol.III #351 Pag.70 - Sear RCTV Vol.II #4578 Pag.268 - BMCRE #373 - Cohen Vol.II #32 Pag.415 - St. Vol.III #447 - RSC Vol. II #33 Pag.192
mdelvalle
RIC_351_Denario_Faustina_I.jpg
32-07 - FAUSTINA MADRE (138 - 141 D.C.)AR Denario 18 x 16 mm 3.3 gr.

Anv: "DIVA FAVSTINA" - Busto vestido viendo a derecha.
Rev: "AETERNITAS" - Providencia/eternitas/Ucrania (?Cohen) de pié de frente viendo a izquierda, sosteniendo un globo en mano derecha y con la izquierda sostiene su velo que vuela sobre y detrás de su cabeza.

Acuñada 141 - 161 D.C.
Ceca: Roma

Referencias: RIC Vol.III #351 Pag.70 - Sear RCTV Vol.II #4578 Pag.268 - BMCRE IV #375 Pag.56 - Cohen Vol.II #32 Pag.415 - St. Vol.III #447 - RSC Vol. II #33 Pag.192
mdelvalle
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