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Antoninus Pius, AD 138-161
AE – Sestertius
Rome, 145-161 AD
Head, laureate, r.
ANTONINVS PIVS PP TR P
Pax standing l., setting fire with torch to heap of arms and holding cornucopiae
COS IIII, PAX AVG in field, SC in exergue
RIC 777
C
Ardatirion

Faustina II. Silver Denarius (3.27 g), Augusta, AD 147-175. Rome, under Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, AD 161-164/5. FAVSTINA AVGVSTA, draped bust of Faustina II right, with single circle of pearls around head. Reverse: IVNONI REGINAE, Juno standing facing, head left, holding patera and scepter. RIC -; BMC -; RSC -. Unpublished in the standard references without the peacock. Normally a peacock is shown standing at the feet of Juno on the reverse. On this coin, the bird is missing.Quant.Geek

Domitian. A.D. 81-96. AR denarius (18 mm, 3.38 g, 7 h). Rome, A.D. 88/9. IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM P M TR P VIII, laureate head of Domitian right / IMP XIX COS XIIII CENS P P P, Minerva advancing right, holding shield and wielding javelin. RIC 667: BN 145; BMC 151; RSC 252. Ex:Triskeles Auctions Sale 31, lot 190, March 27, 20203 commentspaul1888

Rome. Vespasian (AD 69-79). AR denarius (3.52 gm). Rome, AD 79. Laureate head of Vespasian right / Capricorn left; below, globe. RIC 1058. Ex: CNG 42, lot 42, 1997; Ex: CNG Triton VI, lot 836, 1/13/2003; Ex: NAC 92, lot 2240, 5/23/16; Heritage Auctions, Auction 3036, lot 33400, 1/16/20182 commentspaul1888

Domitian. A.D. 81-96. AR denarius (18 mm, 3.41 g, 6 h). Rome, A.D. 81. IMP CAES DOMITIANVS AVG P M, laureate head of Domitian right / TR P COS VII DES VIII P P, tripod with dolphin above, no raven below. RIC 74; BN 19; BMC 22; cf. RSC 568c (ravens below). Ex: Triskeles Auctions, Auction 32, lot 185, March 27, 20202 commentspaul1888

Trajan AR Denarius. Rome, AD 113-114. IMP TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC P M TR P, laureate and draped bust right / COS VI P P SPQR, Trajan's column surmounted by statue of the emperor; at base, two eagles. RIC 307; BMCRE 522; RSC 115. 3.53g, 20mm, 6h. Ex: Roman Numismatics E-Sale 58, lot 1102, June 20, 2019; Ex: Spink Auction 18055, Lot 296, November 7, 2018; Ex: CNG E-auction 393, lot 242, March 15, 2017; Ex: Dr. Lawrence D. Sporty Collection; Ex: CNG Inventory # 874073, June 2010.1 commentspaul1888

Domitian Ar. denarius, Rome, AD 88, IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM P M TR P VIII, laureate head r., Rev., COS XIIII LVD SAEC FEC, herald with feather in cap walking left, holding round shield and wand. RIC 596.2 commentspaul1888

Philip II (247-249). Æ Sestertius (31mm, 18.68g, 12h). Secular Games issue. Rome, AD 248. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust r. R/ Low column inscribed COS/II. RIC IV 265a.paul1888

Caligula. 40-as; Caligula; 37-41 AD, Rome, 39/40 AD, As, 11.10g. BM-59, Paris-105, C-28, RIC-47 (S). Obv: C CAESAR DIVI AVG PRON AVG P M TR P III P P Head bare l. Rx: VESTA S - C Vesta seated l. holding patera and slanting scepter. Scarce with this date; most surviving VESTA asses date from Caligula\'s first tribunician year, with TR POT in obverse legend1 commentspaul1888

Philip I (244-249). AR Antoninianus (23mm, 4.08g, 12h). Rome, 244-9. Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust r. R/ Virtus standing l., holding spear and branch, foot set on helmet. RIC IV 52; RSC 2391 commentspaul1888

ROME REPUBLIC Cn. Plancius. AR Denarius, 55 BC. Obv. CN. PLANCIVS AED. CVR. S.C. Head of Diana Planciana R / GOAT
Cn. Plancius, Rome, 55 BC. AR Denarius (17mm, 3.84g, 3h). Female head (Diana Planciana?) r., wearing causia. R/ Cretan goat standing r.; bow and quiver to l. Crawford 432/1; RBW 1541; RSC Plancia 11 commentspaul1888

Roman Imperial
Family of Constantine I (A.D. 307-363)
Constantine I. A.D. 307/10-337. ’ follis (23 mm, 4.10 g, 6 h). Rome, A.D. 312/3. IMP CONSTANTINVS P F AVG, laureate and cuirassed bust of Constantine I right / SOLI INV-I-CTO COMITI, Sol standing facing, head left, extending arm and holding globe; RT. RIC 336a. VF, dark olive-green patina, clashed reverse die. The portrait of Constantine is engraved such that he has 'eyes to God'. paul1888

Philip I Arabs, 244-249. Dupondius 248, Rome, on the city's 1000th anniversary. Bust / cippus. RIC 162 C. 197 10.14 g. Dark brown patina, rare good Very nice
Ex auction Leu 10, 1974, 319 (hammer price: 1700 CHF).

While Claudius (47) and Antoninus Pius (147) used the founding date of 753 B.C. As a basis, Philippus Arabs assumed the Capitoline era, which began a year later. The boundary stone (cippus terminalis) is used in Roman iconography to mark the beginning and end.paul1888

Caracalla, RIC 311d, Date 213-217 AD, Silver Antoninianus Rome, VENVS VICTRIX (with Helmet)
Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Caracalla
Antoninianus of the Roman Imperial Period 213/217 AD
Material: Silver
Diameter: 23mm
Weight: 5.19g
Mint: Rome
Reference: RIC IV Caracalla 311d var. (Rare, with Helmet)
Provenance: Ex Dr. Gernot Heinrich Collection

This ist the RIC 311d Version with Helmet under the shield. An fantastic Antoninianus with many details on obverse and reverse, fantastic Caracalla bust and a clear reverse Venus. Rare RIC, and more Rare in this condition.

Obverse:
You can see the right-facing bust of Caracalla with a radiant crown. The inscription reads: ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM for Antoninus Pius Augustus Germanicus.

Reverse:
The goddess Venus can be seen standing to the left, leaning on a shield. In her left hand she holds a Victoriola, in her right hand a spear. Standing, she leans on her shield and helmet. The inscription reads: VENVS VICTRIX for Venus Victrix (the victorious Venus).

Comments:
In ancient Rome, Venus Victrix is the form of the goddess Venus as victor or „as the one who brings victory“. Especially Pompeius Magnus celebrated his military successes in their honor. This was probably inspired by the armed Aphrodite (nikephoros carrying victory) who protected the Acropolis in certain eastern regions of ancient Greece. In Rome, the victorious Venus was mainly in the third century BC increasingly invoked in the wars against Carthage. Iulius Caesar traced the descent of his family and thus his own from Venus (Venus Genitrix). Pompey, as his adversary, identified his glorious destiny with Venus Victrix in order to claim Venus‘ protection in the secret rivalry. After his victory in the war against Mithridates in 55 BC Pompeius celebrated his triumph „de orbi universo“ (over the whole world) and had a temple built for the victorious Venus, which unfortunately has not been preserved. The sanctuary of Venus Victrix stood on the Capitol, which was probably built during the war against the Samnites. Her feast days were August 12 and October 9, with an annual sacrifice being made on the latter date. At the same time, homage was also paid to Victoria, who closely connected the Romans with Venus Victrix.

Associating this type of coin directly with a specific historical event in the reign of Caracalla is difficult. This Antoninianus is between 213 and 217 AD dated. He could therefore retrospectively refer to the victories in the Germania campaign in 213 AD relate to the battles in Dacia against the Carps in 214 AD refer to or anticipate „the-victorious“ Venus Victrix to refer to the coming eastern campaign against the Parthians.1 commentspaul1888

Imperial Rome, Domitian denarius 1 commentspaul1888

Vespasian, 1 July 69 - 24 June 79 A.D.

SH110254. Silver denarius, RIC II-1 1431; RSC II 276; RPC II 833; BnF III 351; BMCRE II 457, SRCV I 2270, Choice EF, well centered, excellent portrait, light toning, slight double strike, 3.326g, 18.3mm, 180o, Ephesus mint, IMP CAESAR VESPAS AVG COS III TR P P P, laureate head right; reverse PACI AVGVSTAE, Victory advancing right, wreath in extended right hand, palm frond over left shoulder in left hand, EPHE (PHE ligate) lower right; ex Inasta (San Marino) auction 100 (24 Jun 2022), lot 212 Ex: Forum Ancient Coins.

Ephesus peaked during the 1st and 2nd century A.D. when it was second in importance and size only to Rome, with a population estimated at 400,000 to 500,000 in 100 A.D. The city was famous for the Temple of Artemis, the Library of Celsus, and its theater, seating 25,000 spectators. Ephesus also had several large bath complexes and one of the most advanced aqueduct systems in the ancient world. Water powered numerous mills, one of which has been identified as a sawmill for marble. The city and temple were destroyed by the Goths in 263 A.D., marking the decline of the city's splendor.1 commentspaul1888

Philip I Æ Sestertius. Rome, AD 248. I[MP] M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust to right / SA[E]CVLV[M] NOVVM, statue of Roma seated facing within octastyle temple on a base of three steps; SC in exergue. RIC IV 164 corr. (rev. legend); C. 201; Banti 52. 20.06g, 29mm, 6h.paul1888

Commodus. Æ Sestertius. Ex Kricheldorf.
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Reign: Emperor, A.D. 177-192.
Denomination: Æ Sestertius.
Diameter: 30 mm.
Weight: 20.43 grams.
Mint: Rome, A.D. 180.
Obverse: Laureate head right.
Reverse: Commodus seated left on platform, holding roll, attended by officer holding scepter; Liberalitas standing facing, holding tessera and cornucopia; citizen mounting steps of platform.
Reference: RIC 300; Ex Kricheldrof, Liste 3 (1955), lot 70; Ex MünzZentrum Köln, Auktion 64 (1988), lot 359.2 commentspaul1888

Philip I Æ Sestertius. Rome, AD 244-249. IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust to right / AETERNITAS AVGG, elephant advancing to left, guided by driver seated on back, holding staff and goad;GS in exergue. RIC IV 167a; C. 18; Banti 7-8. 20.36g, 28mm, 1h. Interesting error. 1 commentspaul1888

Marcus Aurelius. Silver Denarius (3.62 g), as Caesar, AD 138-161. Rome, under Antoninus Pius, AD 148/9. AVRELIVS CA-ESAR AVG PII F, bare head of Marcus Aurelius right. Reverse: TR POT III COS II, Minerva standing right, holding inverted spear and grounded shield. RIC 444; BMC 683; RSC 618. Lightly toned.
From The Herbert & Aphrodite Rubin Collection; Ex Seaby Coin and Medal Bulletin, October 1975, Lot A-805.paul1888

Otacilia Severa, Augusta, 244-249. Sestertius (Orichalcum, 23 mm, 15.68 g, 12 h), Rome, 248. MARCIA OTACIL SEVERA AVG Diademed and draped bust of Otacilia Severa to right. Rev. SAECVLARES AVGG / S C Hippopotamus walking right. Cohen 65. RIC 200a.1 commentspaul1888

ROMAN EMPIRE: Otacilia Severa, 244-249, AE dupondius (10.33g), Rome, RIC-202d, wife of Philip I, OTACIL SEVERA AVG, diademed, draped bust right on crescent // SAECVLARES AVGG / S - C (in field), Cippus
EX: Stephen Album Rare Coins, Auction 28, May 18, 2017, lot 62paul1888

ROMAN EMPIRE: Otacilia Severa, 244-249, AE dupondius (14.99), Rome, RIC-202d, wife of Philip I, OTACIL SEVERA AVG, diademed, draped bust right on crescent // SAECVLARES AVGG / S - C (in field), Cippuspaul1888

JUSTINIAN I, AR 120 Nummi, struck 552 - 565 at Rome or RavennaObverse: D N IVSTINIANVS P P AVG Diademed bust of Justinian I facing right, wearing robe ornamented with a row of pellets.
Reverse: Large P•K enclosed within wreath.
Diameter: 11mm | Weight: 0.67gms | Die Axis: 6
SBCV: 317 (Rome) | DOC: 336.3 (Ravenna) | MIB: 76 (Rome) | Ranieri: 355 (Ravenna)
Very Rare

In 552 the Byzantine general Narses crossed the Apennines with an army of around 25,000 men and marched on Rome only to find himself blocked by a Gothic force, under their king Totila, near Taginae in central Italy. However, Narses deployed his army in the form of a crescent in a narrow mountain valley with his dismounted cavalry mercenaries placed as a phalanx in the centre and his flanks protected by a mixed force of archers he had sent to seize the dominant heights. The Goths opened the battle with a determined cavalry charge but were halted by the enfilading fire from both sides and fell back in disarray on to the Byzantine infantry which had curved round behind them. The Byzantine cataphracts then swept into the confused Gothic mass and more than 6,000 Goths, including their leader Totila, were killed. The remnants of the Gothic army fled and Narses proceeded to Rome, capturing the city after a brief siege. The following year Narses ambushed a combined Gothic force under King Teia and his brother Aligern. The Gothic force was crushed in a hopeless last stand south of Naples, Teia was killed in the fighting and, though Aligern escaped the battle, he surrendered a few months later, so ending the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy after 60 years of rule.3 comments*Alex

Gallienus RIC 159 RomeGallienus (253-268), Antoninianus, Rome, AD 261-262 , Obverse:GALLIENVS AVG,radiate cuirassed bust right.
Reverse: AEQVITAS AVG, Aequitas standing facing, head left, holding cornucopiae right and scales left.. RIC V, 159; RSC 24; RCV 2966.
21.1 m., 4.1 g.NORMAN K

5 ClaudiusClaudius. A.D. 41-54.
Æ as (29 mm, 12.16 g, 6 h). Rome, ca. A.D. 50(?)-54.

TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG P M TR P IMP P P, bare head of Claudius left / LIBERTAS AVGVSTA, S C across field, Libertas standing facing, head right, holding pileus and extending left hand.
RIC 113; BMCRE 204; Cohen -.
Unusual red, green and red-brown patina. Light porosity and chipping on obverse edge. Very fine.
Ex-Triskeles Auction, June 2013
RI00243 commentsSosius

Hadrian, RIC II 759, Rome, 117-138 CEOrichaicum Sestertius
Obverse: HADRIANVS AVG COS III P P, laureate head right.
Reverse: FORTVNA AVG, Fortuna standing left, rudder in right hand, cornucopia in left hand.
Rome mint 31 mm., 24.7 g.
sold 1-2018NORMAN K

1 DiocletianDIOCLETIAN
Silvered Follis, Rome, Struck 302-3 AD

IMP C DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG, bust l. / SAC MON VRB AVGG ET CAESS NN, Moneta standing left holding scales and cornucopiae, star in l. field, RP in ex.

RIC VI Rome 105a gVF Sosius

10 Vespasian Denarius, 69-70 Judea CaptaVespasian. A.D. 69-79. AR denarius (17.1 mm, 2.86 g, 6 h). Rome, A.D. 69-70. Ex-Hebrew College Museum. IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG, laureate head right / IVDAEA, captive Jewess seated right, hands tied before, trophy of captured arms behind. RIC 2; BMCRE 35; RSC 226. Fine, toned.
Ex-Hebrew College Museum.
Ex Agora Auctions #1 - Nov 20132 commentsSosius

177 - 192, COMMODUS, AE Sestertius, Struck 185 at Rome, alluding to BritanniaObverse: M COMMODVS ANTON AVG PIVS BRIT, laureate head of Commodus facing right.
Reverse: P M TR P X IMP VII COS IIII P P. Draped figure of Victory, seated on pile of shields, facing right, holding a long stylus in her right hand and supporting a shield on her left knee with her left hand; S – C in field; VICT BRIT in exergue.
Diameter: 29.5mm | Weight: 20.12gms | Die Axis: 12h
RIC III: 452 | SRCV: 5826 | Cohen: 946 | BMCRE: 560 | SPINK: 648
SCARCE

This sestertius has a historically important reverse type which refers to Commodus' significant military campaign in Northern Britain.

COMMODUS
Between 180 AD and 184 AD, the Romans were once again at war with the northern tribes in Britain. According to Cassius Dio, “the tribes in that island, crossing the wall that separated them from the Roman legions, proceeded to do much mischief and cut down a general together with his troops”. Though Dio does not make it clear to us today which wall he was writing about, his Roman audience would have known. However, that said, since Southern Scotland was still occupied by the Romans at this time and the Maetae, one of the main tribes involved in the incursion, occupied a hill fort (called Myot Hill today) a few miles north of Antonine's Wall, the wall that seems to best fit his description of separating the tribes from the Roman legions would be the Antonine Wall rather than that of Hadrian. This was the most serious war of Commodus’ reign and when the war was won, Commodus minted coins to celebrate the victory. He also took on the title “Britannicus”, and all his coins after this date feature “Brit” in the legend.

CLICK ON THE IMAGE OF COMMODUS BELOW TO ENLARGE IT

*Alex

195 - 211, SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, AR Denarius, Struck 210 at Rome, alluding to BritanniaObverse: SEVERVS PIVS AVG BRIT. Laureate head of Septimius Severus facing right.
Reverse: VICTORIAE BRIT. Victory standing right, holding palm branch in her right hand and placing uninscribed shield on palm tree with her left.
Diameter: 20mm | Weight: 2.83gms | Die Axis: 7h
RIC IV: 336 | RSC: 730 | SRCV: 6384 | SPINK: 651A
SCARCE

This coin commemorates the success of the Roman campaigns in Scotland during 209 and 210 culminating in the death of Severus at York, England, in February 211.

SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS
Lucius Septimius Severus was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna in the Roman province of Africa.
Severus seized power after the death of the emperor Pertinax in 193 (the Year of the Five Emperors).
After consolidating his rule over the western provinces, Severus waged a brief, successful war in the east against the Parthian Empire, sacked their capital Ctesiphon, expanded the eastern frontier to the Tigris and enlarged and fortified the Limes Arabicus in Arabia Petraea. In 202, he campaigned in Africa and Mauretania against the Garamantes, captured their capital Garama and expanded the Limes Tripolitanus along the southern desert frontier of the empire. In 198 he raised his elder son Caracalla to Augustus and in 209 did the same to his younger son, Geta.
In AD 209 Severus invaded Caledonia (modern Scotland) with an army of 50,000 men, but he fell fatally ill of an infectious disease in late 210 and died at Eboracum (York, England) early in 211.

SEVERUS' CAMPAIGNS IN BRITAIN
In 208 Septimius Severus travelled to Britain with the intention of conquering Caledonia (Scotland). Modern archaeological discoveries have helped to throw some light on the scope and direction of this northern campaign.
Severus began by occupying the territory up to the Antonine Wall, this is evidenced by extensive Severan era fortifications and the likely reoccupation of some of the forts on that wall. Over the previous years Hadrian's Wall had fallen into disrepair and Severus strengthened and repaired much of it, he did this to such an extent that many early Antiquarians thought that he was the emperor who had actually built it. Severus constructed a 165-acre (67 ha) camp south of the Antonine Wall at Trimontium, probably assembling the main body of his forces there. Severus then thrust north across the Antonine Wall into Caledonian territory, supported and supplied by a strong naval force. He retraced the steps of Agricola of over a century before, rebuilding many abandoned Roman forts along the east coast, and he re-garrisoned the naval base at Carpow, likely built by Commodus in 185, and possibly the place named as "Horrea Classis" or "Poreo Classis" in the Ravenna Cosmography.
By 210 Severus' campaigning had made significant gains, despite Caledonian guerrilla tactics and purportedly heavy Roman casualties.
According to Cassius Dio: “Severus did not desist until he approached the extremity of the island. Here he observed most accurately the variation of the sun's motion and the length of the days and the nights in summer and winter respectively. Having thus been conveyed through practically the whole of the hostile country (for he actually was conveyed in a covered litter most of the way, on account of his infirmity), he returned to the friendly portion, after he had forced the Britons to come to terms, on the condition that they should abandon a large part of their territory.”
The Caledonians had sued for peace, which Severus had granted on the condition that they relinquished control of the Central Lowlands of Scotland, but later that year (210), they, along with the Maeatae, revolted. Severus prepared for another campaign, now intent on exterminating the Caledonians. However the campaign was cut short when Severus fell ill and withdrew south to Eboracum (York) where he died on 4 February 211. Severus was succeeded by his sons, Caracalla and Geta. Caracalla continued campaigning in Caledonia during 212 but soon settled for peace, and shortly after that the frontier was withdrawn south to Hadrian's Wall.
On his death, Severus was deified by the Senate and his remains were buried in the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome.

CLICK ON IMAGES BELOW TO ENLARGE THEM

*Alex

195 - 211, SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, AR Denarius, Struck 210 at Rome, alluding to BritanniaObverse: SEVERVS PIVS AVG BRIT. Laureate head of Septimius Severus facing right.
Reverse: VICTORIAE BRIT. Victory seated on shield facing left, holding another shield resting on her knee in her right hand and palm branch in her left.
Diameter: 19mm | Weight: 2.35gms | Die Axis: 12h
RIC IV: 335 | RSC: 731 | SRCV: 6385 | SPINK: 651C
SCARCE

This coin commemorates the success of the Roman campaigns in Scotland during 209 and 210 culminating in the death of Severus at York, England, in February 211.

SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS
Lucius Septimius Severus was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna in the Roman province of Africa.
Severus seized power after the death of the emperor Pertinax in 193 (the Year of the Five Emperors).
After consolidating his rule over the western provinces, Severus waged a brief, successful war in the east against the Parthian Empire, sacked their capital Ctesiphon, expanded the eastern frontier to the Tigris and enlarged and fortified the Limes Arabicus in Arabia Petraea. In 202, he campaigned in Africa and Mauretania against the Garamantes, captured their capital Garama and expanded the Limes Tripolitanus along the southern desert frontier of the empire. In 198 he raised his elder son Caracalla to Augustus and in 209 did the same to his younger son, Geta.
In AD 209 Severus invaded Caledonia (modern Scotland) with an army of 50,000 men, but he fell fatally ill of an infectious disease in late 210 and died at Eboracum (York, England) early in 211.

SEVERUS' CAMPAIGNS IN BRITAIN
In 208 Septimius Severus travelled to Britain with the intention of conquering Caledonia (Scotland). Modern archaeological discoveries have helped to throw some light on the scope and direction of this northern campaign.
Severus began by occupying the territory up to the Antonine Wall, this is evidenced by extensive Severan era fortifications and the likely reoccupation of some of the forts on that wall. Over the previous years Hadrian's Wall had fallen into disrepair and Severus strengthened and repaired much of it, he did this to such an extent that many early Antiquarians thought that he was the emperor who had actually built it. Severus constructed a 165-acre (67 ha) camp south of the Antonine Wall at Trimontium, probably assembling the main body of his forces there. Severus then thrust north across the Antonine Wall into Caledonian territory, supported and supplied by a strong naval force. He retraced the steps of Agricola of over a century before, rebuilding many abandoned Roman forts along the east coast, and he re-garrisoned the naval base at Carpow, likely built by Commodus in 185, and possibly the place named as "Horrea Classis" or "Poreo Classis" in the Ravenna Cosmography.
By 210 Severus' campaigning had made significant gains, despite Caledonian guerrilla tactics and purportedly heavy Roman casualties.
According to Cassius Dio: “Severus did not desist until he approached the extremity of the island. Here he observed most accurately the variation of the sun's motion and the length of the days and the nights in summer and winter respectively. Having thus been conveyed through practically the whole of the hostile country (for he actually was conveyed in a covered litter most of the way, on account of his infirmity), he returned to the friendly portion, after he had forced the Britons to come to terms, on the condition that they should abandon a large part of their territory.”
The Caledonians had sued for peace, which Severus had granted on the condition that they relinquished control of the Central Lowlands of Scotland, but later that year (210), they, along with the Maeatae, revolted. Severus prepared for another campaign, now intent on exterminating the Caledonians. However the campaign was cut short when Severus fell ill and withdrew south to Eboracum (York) where he died on 4 February 211. Severus was succeeded by his sons, Caracalla and Geta. Caracalla continued campaigning in Caledonia during 212 but soon settled for peace, and shortly after that the frontier was withdrawn south to Hadrian's Wall.
On his death, Severus was deified by the Senate and his remains were buried in the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome.

CLICK ON IMAGES BELOW TO ENLARGE THEM

5 comments*Alex

195 - 211, SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, AR Denarius, Struck 210 at Rome, alluding to BritanniaObverse: SEVERVS PIVS AVG BRIT. Laureate head of Septimius Severus facing right.
Reverse: VICTORIAE BRIT. Victory advancing right, holding wreath in her outstretched right hand and palm branch in her left.
Diameter: 19mm | Weight: 3.5gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC IV: 332 | RSC: 727 | SRCV: 6382 | SPINK: 650
SCARCE

This coin commemorates the success of the Roman campaigns in Scotland during 209 and 210 culminating in the death of Severus at York, England, in February 211.

SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS
Lucius Septimius Severus was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna in the Roman province of Africa.
Severus seized power after the death of the emperor Pertinax in 193 (the Year of the Five Emperors).
After consolidating his rule over the western provinces, Severus waged a brief, successful war in the east against the Parthian Empire, sacked their capital Ctesiphon, expanded the eastern frontier to the Tigris and enlarged and fortified the Limes Arabicus in Arabia Petraea. In 202, he campaigned in Africa and Mauretania against the Garamantes, captured their capital Garama and expanded the Limes Tripolitanus along the southern desert frontier of the empire. In 198 he raised his elder son Caracalla to Augustus and in 209 did the same to his younger son, Geta.
In AD 209 Severus invaded Caledonia (modern Scotland) with an army of 50,000 men, but he fell fatally ill of an infectious disease in late 210 and died at Eboracum (York, England) early in 211.

SEVERUS' CAMPAIGNS IN BRITAIN
In 208 Septimius Severus travelled to Britain with the intention of conquering Caledonia (Scotland). Modern archaeological discoveries have helped to throw some light on the scope and direction of this northern campaign.
Severus began by occupying the territory up to the Antonine Wall, this is evidenced by extensive Severan era fortifications and the likely reoccupation of some of the forts on that wall. Over the previous years Hadrian's Wall had fallen into disrepair and Severus strengthened and repaired much of it, he did this to such an extent that many early Antiquarians thought that he was the emperor who had actually built it. Severus constructed a 165-acre (67 ha) camp south of the Antonine Wall at Trimontium, probably assembling the main body of his forces there. Severus then thrust north across the Antonine Wall into Caledonian territory, supported and supplied by a strong naval force. He retraced the steps of Agricola of over a century before, rebuilding many abandoned Roman forts along the east coast, and he re-garrisoned the naval base at Carpow, likely built by Commodus in 185, and possibly the place named as "Horrea Classis" or "Poreo Classis" in the Ravenna Cosmography.
By 210 Severus' campaigning had made significant gains, despite Caledonian guerrilla tactics and purportedly heavy Roman casualties.
According to Cassius Dio: “Severus did not desist until he approached the extremity of the island. Here he observed most accurately the variation of the sun's motion and the length of the days and the nights in summer and winter respectively. Having thus been conveyed through practically the whole of the hostile country (for he actually was conveyed in a covered litter most of the way, on account of his infirmity), he returned to the friendly portion, after he had forced the Britons to come to terms, on the condition that they should abandon a large part of their territory.”
The Caledonians had sued for peace, which Severus had granted on the condition that they relinquished control of the Central Lowlands of Scotland, but later that year (210), they, along with the Maeatae, revolted. Severus prepared for another campaign, now intent on exterminating the Caledonians. However the campaign was cut short when Severus fell ill and withdrew south to Eboracum (York) where he died on 4 February 211. Severus was succeeded by his sons, Caracalla and Geta. Caracalla continued campaigning in Caledonia during 212 but soon settled for peace, and shortly after that the frontier was withdrawn south to Hadrian's Wall.
On his death, Severus was deified by the Senate and his remains were buried in the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome.

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1 comments*Alex

198 - 217, CARACALLA, AE As, Struck 211 at Rome, alluding to BritanniaObverse: ANTONINVS PIVS AVG BRIT, laureate head of Caracalla facing right, drapery on left shoulder.
Reverse: VICTORIAE BRITTANNICAE. Draped figure of Victory standing facing right, left foot on helmet, inscribing shield hung on a palm; S – C across field.
Diameter: 26mm | Weight: 10.9gms | Die Axis: 12h
RIC IV: 522b | Cohen: 636 | Cf.SRCV: 7015 | SPINK: 661
Rough surfaces
SCARCE

This coin commemorates the victories achieved by the Romans in Scotland during the campaigns led jointly by Septimius Severus and his eldest son Caracalla in 209, and by Caracalla alone the following year during his father's illness.

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*Alex

198 - 217, CARACALLA, AR Denarius, Struck 210 – 213 at Rome, alluding to BritanniaObverse: ANTONINVS PIVS AVG BRIT, Laureate head of Caracalla facing right.
Reverse: VICTORIAE BRIT. Victory advancing right, carrying trophy in both hands.
Diameter: 18.85mm | Weight: 2.76gms | Die Axis: 12h
RIC IV: 231A | RSC: 629 | SRCV: 6900 | SPINK: 658A
SCARCE

This coin commemorates the victories achieved by the Romans in Scotland during the campaigns led jointly by Septimius Severus and his eldest son Caracalla in 209, and by Caracalla alone the following year during his father's illness.

CLICK ON IMAGE BELOW TO ENLARGE IT

3 comments*Alex

209 - 212, GETA, AR Denarius, Struck 210 at Rome, alluding to BritanniaObverse: P SEPT GETA PIVS AVG BRIT. Laureate head of Geta facing right.
Reverse: VICTORIAE BRIT. Victory, half naked, standing facing left, holding wreath in her right hand and palm in her left.
Diameter: 20mm | Weight: 2.79gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC IV: 92 | RSC: 219 | SRCV: 7254 | BMC: 68 | Spink: 662
SCARCE

This coin commemorates the Roman victories achieved in Scotland in 209 and 210 by Septimius Severus and Caracalla, Geta's father and brother, while Geta and his mother, Julia Domna, remained behind in London.

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*Alex

25 CaracallaCARACALLA
AR Antoninianus, Rome, 216 AD, 4.72g

ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM, radiate and draped bust right / PM TRP XVIIII COS IIII PP, radiate lion with thunderbolt left

RIC 283b, C 368. VF
Ex-Harlan J. Berk1 commentsSosius

305 - 306, SEVERUS II as Caesar, AE Follis struck 305 - 306 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: SEVERVS NOBILISSIMVS CAES. Laureate and cuirassed bust of Severus II facing right.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. Genius, kalathos on head, standing facing left, holding patera in right hand and cornucopia in left; no mint-mark in exergue.
Diameter: 29mm | Weight: 10.399gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VI: 59a | Cohen VII: 24 | SPINK: 712
Rare
Ex. Errett Bishop Collection | Ex. FORVM (USA)

SEVERUS II
Flavius Valerius Severus Augustus was a Western Roman Emperor from 306 to 307. He was born in Northern Illyria (now Albania) and rose to become a senior officer in the Roman army. As an old friend of Galerius, that emperor appointed Severus as Caesar on 1 May 305 and he thus served as junior emperor under Constantius I in the Western Roman Empire.
When Constantius I died in the summer of 306, Severus was promoted to Augustus by Galerius under the rules of succession established under the Tetrarchy. However Constantius I had died on campaign in York and his army in Britain had acclaimed his son, Constantine I, as his successor. Although furious at this elevation, Galerius wanted to avoid any threat of a civil war so he compromised by allowing Constantine to bear the title of Caesar.
When this news reached Maxentius, the son of Maximianus, he revolted and declared himself emperor at Rome,
Galerius sent Severus, at the head of an army which had previously been commanded by Maximianus, to suppress the rebellion. Maxentius asked his father to re-assume the purple and rule the empire with him and Maximianus, who had been reluctant to abdicate, readily accepted. When Severus arrived under the walls of Rome to besiege it his men deserted to their old commander forcing Severus to flee to Ravenna. Maximianus offered to spare his life and treat him humanely if he surrendered peaceably. Severus complied but, despite Maximianus' assurance, he was displayed as a captive, imprisoned and later put to death.
3 comments*Alex

4. Athalaric, in name of JustinianATHALARIC
Ostrogoth King of Rome, in name of Justinian
AE 4, Ravenna mint

O: IVSTI..., diademed and cuirassed bust of Justinian I right

R: Monogram of Athalaric in wreath

BMC Ostrogoths p. 67, 52

1 commentsSosius

8 LiciniusLicinius I
AE3, Rome, 318-319 AD

IMP LIC-INIVS AVG, helmeted and cuirassed bust right / ROMAE AETERNAE, Roma seated right, shield on lap inscribed X/V. P-R across fields. Mintmark: RQ.

RIC VII Rome 151, aVFSosius

8 LiciniusLICINIUS I
Æ Follis, Rome, 308-324 AD

IMP LICINIVS P F AVG, Laureate cuirassed bust r. / SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI, Legionary eagle between two standards; in exergue, RP.

Sear 3800, Fine.Sosius

Augustus AE As, C Cassius Celler SCAugustus (27 BC – 14 AD)

AE As, Rome, 16 BC. Issued by C. Cassius Celler

Obv. CAESAR AVGVSTVS TRIBVNIC POTEST. Bare head rigth.
Rev. C CASSIVS CELER III VIR A A A F F arround SC.
RIC 376

Weight: 7.7g.
Diameter: 27mm.
Jose Polanco

Constantine, AE Follis, RIC VII 19 Rome, 303-337 CE.
Obverse: IMP CONSTANTINVS P F AVG, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
Reverse: SOLI INV-I-CTO COMITI, Sol standing left, chlamys across left shoulder, holding globe and raising right hand.
R-F across fields.
Mintmark R star S.

RIC VII Rome 19.NORMAN K

Galba 68-69ADSilver Denarius of Rome, July 68-January 69 AD
Obv: IMP SER GALBA - CAESAR AVG, head with laurel wreath r.
Rev: DIVA - AVGVSTA, Livia with Patera and scepter f.v.,

RIC I² 186 (R), RSC II 55.
(3.51 g)1 commentsVacolony

Gallienus, RIC V 245 Rome, 253 - 268 CE.Bronze antoninianus
Obverse: GALLIENVS AVG, radiate head right.
Reverse: NEPTVNO CONS AVG, Hippocamp right, N in ex
RIC V 245 (sole reign), Rome mint, 2.7g, 19.2mm
Reverse translation: Neptune god of the seas, preserver AugustusNORMAN K

Johannes (A.D. 423-425)AE Follis (AE4), A.D. 423-425, Rome, 12.0mm, 1.06g, 0°, RIC X 1916, rare.
Obv: D N IOHANN-ES P F AVG. diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: SALVS REI-PVBL[ICE]. Victory advancing left, holding trophy and dragging captive; Christogram to left.Marti Vltori

L SaufeiusHelmeted head of Roma right X behind

Victory in biga right L SAVF VF in monogram
ROMA below

Rome, 152 BC
3.54g

Sear 83, Saufeia 1, Syd 384

SOLD! Forum Auction July 20202 commentsJay GT4

Maximianus - RIC V 506, Z type 1AE Antoninianus.
Rome, 285-6 AD

IMP MAXIMIANVS PF AVG
radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG, Jupiter standing left holding thunderbolt and sceptre,

Mintmark XXIZ. Nothing at foot.

RIC V-2 506; Cohen 355; Sear 13143.Tacitus

Probus Silvered Antoninianus Rome, 276-282 CE
Obverse: IMP C M AVR PROBVS AVG, radiate, cuirassed bust right.
Reverse: SALVS AVG, Salus standing left, feeding snake rising from altar from patera.
XXI delta in ex. Rome mint. 23.8 mm., 4.2 g.NORMAN K

ROMAN EMPIRE. Gordian III. AD. 238-244. Æ SestertiusROMAN EMPIRE. Gordian III. AD. 238-244. Æ Sestertius. Rome, AD 243-244. IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right / Securitas standing facing, head left, leaning on column and holding sceptre; S-C across fields. RIC 335a; C. 329; Banti 97. paul1888

'Alea iacta est' - Crossing the Rubicon (49 BC)Julius Caesar AR Denarius, military mint traveling with Caesar, April-August 49 BC.

Obv: Elephant advancing r., trampling on horned serpent; CAESAR in exergue
Rev: Emblems of the pontificate: simpulum, aspergillum, securis, and apex

This coin was issued after Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon river and march into Rome, which formally began the Civil war of the Roman Republic.YuenTsin C

"As de Nîmes" or "crocodile" Ӕ dupondius of Nemausus (9 - 3 BC), honoring Augustus and AgrippaIMP DIVI F , Heads of Agrippa (left) and Augustus (right) back to back, Agrippa wearing rostral crown and Augustus the oak-wreath / COL NEM, crocodile right chained to palm-shoot with short dense fronds and tip right; two short palm offshoots left and right below, above on left a wreath with two long ties streaming right.

Ó”, 24.5 x 3+ mm, 13.23g, die axis 3h; on both sides there are remains of what appears to be gold plating, perhaps it was a votive offering? Rough edges and slight scrapes on flan typical for this kind of coin, due to primitive technology (filing) of flan preparation.

IMPerator DIVI Filius. Mint of COLonia NEMausus (currently Nîmes, France). Known as "As de Nîmes", it is actually a dupontius (lit. "two-pounder") = 2 ases (sometimes cut in halves to get change). Dupondii were often made out of a golden-colored copper alloy (type of brass) "orichalcum" and this appears to be such case.

Key ID points: oak-wreath (microphotography shows that at least one leaf has a complicated shape, although distinguishing oak from laurel is very difficult) – earlier versions have Augustus bareheaded, no PP on obverse as in later versions, no NE ligature, palm with short fronds with tip right (later versions have tip left and sometimes long fronds). Not typical: no clear laurel wreath together with the rostral crown, gold (?) plating (!), both features really baffling.

But still clearly a "middle" kind of the croc dupondius, known as "type III": RIC I 158, RPC I 524, Sear 1730. It is often conservatively dated to 10 BC - 10 AD, but these days it is usually narrowed to 9/8 - 3 BC.

It is a commemorative issue, honoring the victory over Mark Antony and conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The heads of Augustus and Agrippa were probably positioned to remind familiar obverses of Roman republican coins with two-faced Janus. Palm branch was a common symbol of victory, in this case grown into a tree, like the victories of Augustus and Agrippa grown into the empire. The two offshoots at the bottom may mean two sons of Agrippa, Gaius and Lucius, who were supposed to be Augustus' heirs and were patrons of the colony. Palm may also be a symbol of the local Nemausian deity, which was probably worshiped in a sacred grove. When these coins were minted, the colony was mostly populated by the settled veterans of Augustus' campaigns, hence the reminiscence of the most famous victory, but some of the original Celtic culture probably survived and was assimilated by Romans. The crocodile is not only the symbol of Egypt, like in the famous Octavian's coins AEGYPTO CAPTA. It is also a representation of Mark Antony, powerful and scary both in water and on land, but a bit slow and stupid. The shape of the crocodile with tail up was specifically chosen to remind of the shape of ship on very common "legionary" denarius series, which Mark Antony minted to pay his armies just before Actium. It is probably also related to the popular contemporary caricature of Cleopatra, riding on and simultaneously copulating with a crocodile, holding a palm branch in her hand as if in triumph. There the crocodile also symbolized Mark Antony.

Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa was born c. 64-62 BC somewhere in rural Italy. His family was of humble and plebeian origins, but rich, of equestrian rank. Agrippa was about the same age as Octavian, and the two were educated together and became close friends. He probably first served in Caesar's Spanish campaign of 46–45 BC. Caesar regarded him highly enough to send him with Octavius in 45 BC to train in Illyria. When Octavian returned to Rome after Caesar's assassination, Agrippa became his close lieutenant, performing many tasks. He probably started his political career in 43 BC as a tribune of the people and then a member of the Senate. Then he was one of the leading Octavian's generals, finally becoming THE leading general and admiral in the civil wars of the subsequent years.

In 38 as a governor of Transalpine Gaul Agrippa undertook an expedition to Germania, thus becoming the first Roman general since Julius Caesar to cross the Rhine. During this foray he helped the Germanic tribe of Ubii (who previously allied themselves with Caesar in 55 BC) to resettle on the west bank of the Rhine. A shrine was dedicated there, possibly to Divus Caesar whom Ubii fondly remembered, and the village became known as Ara Ubiorum, "Altar of Ubians". This quickly would become an important Roman settlement. Agrippina the Younger, Agrippa's granddaughter, wife of Emperor Claudius and mother of Emperor Nero, would be born there in 15 AD. In 50 AD she would sponsor this village to be upgraded to a colonia, and it would be renamed Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (colony of Claudius [at] the Altar of Agrippinians – Ubii renamed themselves as Agrippinians to honor the augusta!), abbreviated as CCAA, later to become the capital of new Roman province, Germania Inferior.

In 37 BC Octavian recalled Agrippa back to Rome and arranged for him to win the consular elections, he desperately needed help in naval warfare with Sextus Pompey, the youngest son of Pompey the Great, who styled himself as the last supporter of the republican cause, but in reality became a pirate king, an irony since his father was the one who virtually exterminated piracy in all the Roman waters. He forced humiliating armistice on the triumvirs in 39 BC and when Octavian renewed the hostilities a year later, defeated him in a decisive naval battle of Messina. New fleet had to be built and trained, and Agrippa was the man for the job. Agrippa's solution was creating a huge secret naval base he called Portus Iulius by connecting together lakes Avernus, Avernus and the natural inner and outer harbors behind Cape Misenum at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples. He also created a larger type of ship and developed a new naval weapon: harpax – a ballista-launched grapnel shot with mechanisms that allowed pulling enemy ships close for easy boarding. It replaced the previous boarding device that Romans used since the First Punic War, corvus – effective, but extremely cumbersome. A later defence against it were scythe blades on long poles for cutting ropes, but since this invention was developed in secret, the enemy had no chance to prepare anything like it. It all has proved extremely effective: in a series of naval engagements Agrippa annihilated the fleet of Sextus, forced him to abandon his bases and run away. For this Agrippa was awarded an unprecedented honour that no Roman before or after him received: a rostral crown, "corona rostrata", a wreath decorated in front by a prow and beak of a ship.

That's why Virgil (Aeneid VIII, 683-684), describing Agrippa at Actium, says: "…belli insigne superbum, tempora navali fulgent rostrata corona." "…the proud military decoration, gleams on his brow the naval rostral crown". Actium, the decisive battle between forces of Octavian and Mark Antony, may appear boring compared to the war with Sextus, but it probably turned out this way due to Agrippa's victories in preliminary naval engagements and taking over all the strategy from Octavian.

In between the wars Agrippa has shown an unusual talent in city planning, not only constructing many new public buildings etc., but also greatly improving Rome's sanitation by doing a complete overhaul of all the aqueducts and sewers. Typically, it was Augustus who later would boast that "he had found the city of brick but left it of marble", forgetting that, just like in his naval successes, it was Agrippa who did most of the work. Agrippa had building programs in other Roman cities as well, a magnificent temple (currently known as Maison Carrée) survives in Nîmes itself, which was probably built by Agrippa.

Later relationship between Augustus and Agrippa seemed colder for a while, Agrippa seemed to even go into "exile", but modern historians agree that it was just a ploy: Augustus wanted others to think that Agrippa was his "rival" while in truth he was keeping a significant army far away from Rome, ready to come to the rescue in case Augustus' political machinations fail. It is confirmed by the fact that later Agrippa was recalled and given authority almost equal to Augustus himself, not to mention that he married Augustus' only biological child. The last years of Agrippa's life were spent governing the eastern provinces, were he won respect even of the Jews. He also restored Crimea to Roman Empire. His last service was starting the conquest of the upper Danube, were later the province of Pannonia would be. He suddenly died of illness in 12 BC, aged ~51.

Agrippa had several children through his three marriages. Through some of his children, Agrippa would become ancestor to many subsequent members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He has numerous other legacies.Yurii P

(00040C) LIVIA (with Galba)(wife of Augustus; mother of Tiberius; grandmother of Claudius; b. 58 BC - d. 29 AD)
struck 68 - 69 AD (posthumous issue)
AR Denarius 3.15 g
O: IMP SER GALBA CAESAR AVG laureate head right
R: DIVA AVGVSTA Livia standing right, holding patera and scepter
Rome, RIC 186 laney

(0117) HADRIAN117 - 138 AD
Orichalcum sestertius 32 mm, 25.63 g
struck124 - 128 A.D.
O: laureate head right;
R: emperor on horseback left, raising hand
Rome, cf RIC 645laney

(0117) HADRIAN117-138 AD
Æ quadrans 19 mm, 2.93 g
Struck ca. 122-125.
O: Eagle standing left, head right
R: Winged thunderbolt, SC below
Rome, RIC 624laney

(0138) ANTONINUS PIUS138 - 161 AD
SILVER-PLATED DENARIUS (FOUREE) 2.70 g 17 mm
O: COS ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P P TR P III
BARE HEAD RIGHT
(P P = 139 AD, COS III = 140 AD)
R: HO-N-OS
HONOS, TOGATE, STANDING L HOLDING BRANCH AND CORNUCIPIAE
Reverse cf. BMC 41, 264; RIC 79, 422; Cohen 235, 236.
Minted under Antoninus Pius for Marcus Aurelius as Caesar in Rome, 140 - 144 AD
(mismatching dies in silverplated denarii is not uncommon)laney

(0161)MARCUS AURELIUS, as Caesar161 - 180 ad) (as Augustus)
138 - 161 (as Caesar)
Struck 145 AD, as Caesar under Antoninus Pius
AE As 26 mm 10.01 g
O: AVRELIVS CAESAR AVG PII F COS II, bare head r.
Rome, cf. RIC 1260
R: HILARITAS, Hilaritas standing front, head l., with palm and cornucopia; in field S - C. laney

(02) AUGUSTUS (POSTHUMOUS)"DIVUS AUGUSTUS" POSTHUMOUS ISSUE
Struck 34 - 37 AD. under Tiberius
AE As 26.5 mm max., 9.5 g
O: Radiate head of Augustus left
R: Large winged thunderbolt between S - C.
Rome, RIC 83 (Tiberius)laney

(0235) MAXIMINUS THRAX235 AD - 238 AD
AR Denarius 19.5 mm; 2.13 g
Obv: IMP MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
Rev: P M TR P P P, Maximinus standing left, holding spear and raising right hand, two standards at sides.
Rome, RIC 1laney

(0253) Gallienus253 - 268 AD
struck 260 - 268 AD
O: GALLIENVS AVG Laur head R
R: APOLLINI CONS AVG, H IN EXE .Centaur stg L hldg globe & rudder
Rome, Off. 8
AE 20.5 mm 2.87 g1 commentslaney

(0253) GALLIENUS253 - 268 AD
(struck during sole reign 260 - 268)
O: GALLIENVS AVG
Laur head R
R: APOLLINI CONS AVG, H IN EXE.
Centaur stg L hldg globe & rudder
Rome, Off. 8
AE 20.5 mm 2.87 g laney

(0253) GALLIENUS253 - 268 AD
(struck during sole reign 260 - 268)
O: GALLIENVS AVG
Laur head R
R: APOLLINI CONS AVG, H IN EXE.
Centaur stg L hldg globe & rudder
Rome, Off. 8
AE 20.5 mm 2.87 glaney

(0253) GALLIENUS253 - 268 AD
AE 17 mm; 2.95 g
O: [GALLIENVS AVG] Radiate head, right.
R: MARTI PACIFEROMars standing left, holding olive-branch, spear and shield, A in right field.
Rome, RIC 236

Mint City: Rome. Struck AD 264-66

Reference: Goebl 570a. RIC 236.
laney

(07) GALBA68 - 69 AD
AR Denarius 3.15 g
O: IMP SER GALBA CAESAR AVG laureate head right
R: DIVA AVGVSTA Livia standing right, holding patera and scepter
Rome, RIC 1861 commentslaney

(08) OTHO69 AD
AR Denarius 3.1 g
O: IMP OTHO CAESAR AVG TR P, bare head right.
R: SECVRITAS P R, Securitas standing left, holding wreath in extended right hand and cradling long sceptre in left arm.
Rome, RIC 8
1 commentslaney

(253-268) Gallien Rome, Imp caesB*Numis

(504c) Roman Republic, L. Cassius Longinus, 63 B.C.Silver denarius, Crawford 413/1, RSC I Cassia 10, SRCV I 364, aVF, struck with worn dies, Rome mint, weight 3.867g, maximum diameter 20.3mm, die axis 0o, c. 63 B.C. Obverse: veiled bust of Vesta left, kylix behind, L before; Reverse: LONGIN III V, voter standing left, dropping tablet inscribed V into a cista.

The reverse of this Longinus denarius captures a fascinating moment when a Roman citizen casts his ballot. "The abbreviation III V [ir] indentifies Longinus as one of the three annually appointed mintmasters (officially called tres viri aere argento auro flando feriundo). A citizen is seen casting his vote into the urn. On the ballot is the letter 'U', short for uti rogas, a conventional formula indicating assent to a motion. The picture alludes to the law, requested by an ancestor of the mintmaster, which introduced the secret ballot in most proceedings of the popular court" (Meier, Christian. Caesar, a Biography. Berlin: Severin and Siedler, 1982. Plate 6).

The date that this denarius was struck possesses unique significance for another reason. Marcus Tullius Cicero (politician, philosopher, orator, humanist) was elected consul for the year 63 BC -- the first man elected consul who had no consular ancestors in more than 30 years. A "new man," Cicero was not the descendant of a "patrician" family, nor was his family wealthy (although Cicero married "well"). Cicero literally made himself the man he was by the power of the words he spoke and the way in which he spoke them. A witness to and major player during the decline of the Roman Republic, Cicero was murdered in 43 BC by thugs working for Marc Antony. But Cicero proved impossible to efface.

Cicero's words became part of the bed rock of later Roman education. As Peter Heather notes, every educated young man in the late Roman Empire studied "a small number of literary texts under the guidance of an expert in language and literary interpretation, the grammarian. This occupied the individual for seven or more years from about the age of eight, and concentrated on just four authors: Vergil, Cicero, Sallust and Terence" (Heather, Peter. The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. 17).

Plutarch: Cicero's Death

But in the meantime the assassins were come with a band of soldiers, Herennius, a centurion, and Popillius, a tribune, whom Cicero had formerly defended when prosecuted for the murder of his father. Finding the doors shut, they broke them open, and Cicero not appearing, and those within saying they knew not where he was, it is stated that a youth, who had been educated by Cicero in the liberal arts and sciences, an emancipated slave of his brother Quintus, Philologus by name, informed the tribune that the litter was on its way to the sea through the close and shady walks. The tribune, taking a few with him, ran to the place where he was to come out. And Cicero, perceiving Herennius running in the walks, commanded his servants to set down the litter; and stroking his chin, as he used to do, with his left hand, he looked steadfastly upon his murderers, his person covered with dust, his beard and hair untrimmed, and his face worn with his troubles. So that the greatest part of those that stood by covered their faces whilst Herennius slew him. And thus was he murdered, stretching forth his neck out of the litter, being now in his sixty-fourth year. Herennius cut off his head, and, by Antony's command, his hands also, by which his Philippics were written; for so Cicero styled those orations he wrote against Antony, and so they are called to this day.

When these members of Cicero were brought to Rome, Antony was holding an assembly for the choice of public officers; and when he heard it, and saw them, he cried out, "Now let there be an end of our proscriptions." He commanded his head and hands to be fastened up over the rostra, where the orators spoke; a sight which the Roman people shuddered to behold, and they believed they saw there, not the face of Cicero, but the image of Antony's own soul. And yet amidst these actions he did justice in one thing, by delivering up Philologus to Pomponia, the wife of Quintus; who, having got his body into her power, besides other grievous punishments, made him cut off his own flesh by pieces, and roast and eat it; for so some writers have related. But Tiro, Cicero's emancipated slave, has not so much as mentioned the treachery of Philologus.

Translation by John Dryden: http://intranet.grundel.nl/thinkquest/moord_cicero_plu.html

Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes

000a. L. Sulla and L. Manlius ToruatusL. Sulla and L. Manlius Torquatus. 82 BC. AR Denarius (18mm, 3.89 g, 7h). Military mint moving with Sulla. Helmeted head of Roma right / Sulla driving triumphal quadriga right, holding branch and reins, being crowned by Victory flying left. Crawford 367/5; Sydenham 757 or 757a; Manlia 4 or 5. Near VF, toned, a few light scratches on the obverse.

From the Elwood Rafn Collection.

As consul for the year 88 BC, Sulla was awarded the coveted assignment of suppressing the revolt of Mithradates VI of Pontus, but political maneuvers resulted in this assignment being transferred to Marius. In response, Sulla turned his army on Rome, captured it, and reclaimed his command against Mithradates. His prosecution of the first Mithradatic War was successful, but he spared the Pontic king for personal gain. In 83 BC, Sulla returned to Italy as an outlaw, but he was able to win the support of many of the leading Romans. Within a year, he fought his way to Rome, where he was elected dictator. It was during this campaign to Rome that this denarius was struck. The obverse type represents Sulla's claim to be acting in Rome's best interest. The reverse shows Sulla enjoying the highest honor to which a Roman could aspire: the celebration of a triumph at Rome.ecoli

000c. Sextus PompeySextus Pompeius Magnus Pius, in English Sextus Pompey, was a Roman general from the late Republic (1st century BC). He was the last focus of opposition to the second triumvirate.

Sextus Pompeius was the youngest son of Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) by his third wife, Mucia Tertia. His older brother was Gnaeus Pompeius, from the same mother. Both boys grew up in the shadow of their father, one of Rome's best generals and originally non-conservative politician who drifted to the more traditional faction when Julius Caesar became a threat.

When Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 BC, thus starting a civil war, Sextus' older brother Gnaeus followed their father in his escape to the East, as did most of the conservative senators. Sextus stayed in Rome in the care of his stepmother, Cornelia Metella. Pompey's army lost the battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC and Pompey himself had to run for his life. Cornelia and Sextus met him in the island of Mytilene and together they fled to Egypt. On the arrival, Sextus watched his father being killed by treachery on September 29 of the same year. After the murder, Cornelia returned to Rome, but in the following years Sextus joined the resistance against Caesar in the African provinces. Together with Metellus Scipio, Cato the younger, his brother Gnaeus and other senators, they prepared to oppose Caesar and his army to the end.

Caesar won the first battle at Thapsus in 46 BC against Metellus Scipio and Cato, who committed suicide. In 45 BC, Caesar managed to defeat the Pompeius brothers in the battle of Munda. Gnaeus Pompeius was executed, but young Sextus escaped once more, this time to Sicily.

Back in Rome, Julius Caesar was murdered on the Ides of March (March 15) 44 BC by a group of senators led by Cassius and Brutus. This incident did not lead to a return to normality, but provoked yet another civil war between Caesar's political heirs and his assassins. The second triumvirate was formed by Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus, with the intention of avenging Caesar and subduing all opposition. Sextus Pompeius in Sicily was certainly a rebellious man, but the Cassius and Brutus faction was the second triumvirate's first priority. Thus, with the whole island as his base, Sextus had the time and resources to develop an army and, even more importantly, a strong navy operated by Sicilian marines.

Brutus and Cassius lost the twin battles of Philippi and committed suicide in 42 BC. After this, the triumvirs turned their attentions to Sicily and Sextus.

But by this time, Sextus was prepared for strong resistance. In the following years, military confrontations failed to return a conclusive victory for either side and in 39 BC, Sextus and the triumvirs signed for peace in the Pact of Misenum. The reason for this peace treaty was the anticipated campaign against the Parthian Empire. Antony, the leader, needed all the legions he could get so it was useful to secure an armistice in the Sicilian front. The peace did not last for long. Octavian and Antony's frequent quarrels were a strong political motivation for resuming the war against Sextus. Octavian tried again to conquer Sicily, but he was defeated in the naval battle of Messina (37 BC) and again in August 36 BC. But by then, Octavian had Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a very talented general, on his side. Only a month afterwards, Agrippa destroyed Sextus' navy off Naulochus cape. Sextus escaped to the East and, by abandoning Sicily, lost all his base of support.

Sextus Pompeius was caught in Miletus in 35 BC and executed without trial (an illegal act since Sextus was a Roman citizen) by order of Marcus Titius, Antony's minion. His violent death would be one of the weapons used by Octavian against Antony several years later, when the situation between the two became unbearable.

Sicilian Mint
Magn above laureate Janiform head
PIVS above, IMP below, prow of galley right
Sear RCV 348, RPC 671, Sydenham 1044a, Cohen 16
43-36 BC

Check ecoli

001 - Hadrian (117-138 AD), denarius - RIC 18Obv: IMP CAESAR TRAIAN HADRIANVS AVG, laurate bust right, draped on far shoulder.
Rev. P M TR P COS II, Fortuna seated left with rudder and cornucopiae, FORT RED in exe.
Minted in Rome, 117-118 AD.3 commentspierre_p77

001. Octavian "Augustus" (41 B.C. - 14 A.D.)Av.: IMP CAESAR DIVI F AVGVSTVS IMP XX
Rv.: TRIBVN POT XXXIII PONT MAXIM

AE As Ø27 / 9.3g
RIC 471 Rome, Cohen 226

001.Claudius 41-54 ADAE As
Mint: Rome, Date:41-50 AD
Ref: RIC I-95
Obv: TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TR P IMP - Bare head left
Rev: CONSTANTIAE AVGVSTI S-C-Constantia standing front, head turned left, Right hand up, holding spear.
S-C -Senatus Consulto,struck by the public authority of the Senate,"by decree of the Senate"
Size: 28 mm;8.86 gms
Ref: RIC I-95Brian L

001b. Pompey MagnusPompey was considered to be the premier general of his day. He initially was an ally with Julius Caesar, in part cemented by the marriage of Pompey to Caesar's daughter Julia. The two then broke, however, with Pompey siding with the optimates (the wealthy faction) against Caesar, with his populist leadership. During the civil war following Caesar’s invasion of Rome, Pompey was decisively defeated at the battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC. He fled to Egypt, where he was murdered, much to Caesar’s displeasure.

Coin: Cn Pompeius Magnus. Denarius, 48 BC. 17mm, 3.58 g. Terentius Varro, proquaestor. Uncertain Greek mint. Obv: VARRO PRO Q, bust of Jupiter Terminus right. Rev: MAGN PRO COS in two lines in exergue. Vertical scepter, with dolphin to left and eagle to right. Cr447/1a, Syd 1033, RSC 3, Pompeia 7. Triskeles Auction 28, Lot 261.lawrence c

001n. FulviaFulvia was the second wife of Marc Antony. She previously was married to two powerful politicians and was very politically active herself. She reportedly controlled some gangs in Rome, 'inheriting' them after the death of her first husband. She married Marc Antony in 46-47 BC, and her daughter married Octavian. She continued to be very active in Roman politics, and according to Cassius Dio, may have been the most powerful woman in Rome during the period. Fulvia helped raise 8 legions for Antony. She died of illness in exile in 40 BC.

Coin: PHRYGIA. Ae. 41-40 BC. Zmertorix, son of Philonides, magistrate. Obv: Winged bust of Fulvia (as Victory) right. Rev: ΦOVΛOVIANΩΝ / ZMEPTΟΡΙΓΟΣ ΦΙΛΟΝΙΔΟV. Athena standing left, holding shield and spear. 7.72 g. 21 mm. RPC I 3139; BMC 21. Naumann Auct 111, Lot 621.
lawrence c

001v3. Roman MoneyersL. Livineius Regulus AR Denarius. Rome, 42 BC. Bare head of the praetor L. Livineius Regulus to right / Modius between two stalks of grain; L• LIVINEIVS above, REGVLVS in exergue. Crawford 494/29; CRI 178; Sydenham 1111; BMCRR Rome 4269; RSC Livineia 13. 3.32g, 18mm, 12h. Roma Numismatics Auc 104, Lot 866 (Dec 2022)lawrence c

002 a Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), Octavianus, Crawford 540-2, Rome, AR-Denarius, COS•ITER•ET•TER•DESIG Tetrastyle temple, DIVO•IVL, Rare!!!,002 a Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), Octavianus, Crawford 540-2, Rome, AR-Denarius, COS•ITER•ET•TER•DESIG Tetrastyle temple, DIVO•IVL, Rare!!!,
Octavianus. Denarius, mint moving with Octavian 36 B.C.,
avers: IMP•CAESAR•DIVI•F•III•VIR• ITER•R•P•C Head of Octavian r., slightly bearded.
revers: COS•ITER•ET•TER•DESIG Tetrastyle temple within which veiled figure standing facing and holding lituus; on architrave, DIVO·IVL and within the pediment, star.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 18mm, weight: 3,89g, axis:- 5h,
mint: Rome, date: 36 B.C., ref: Crawford 540-2, Sydenham-1338,
Q-0017 commentsquadrans

002 Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 267, Brundisium or Rome, AR-Quinarius, ASIA RECEPTA, Victory standing left on cista mistica, #1002 Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 267, Brundisium or Rome, AR-Quinarius, ASIA RECEPTA, Victory standing left on cista mistica, #1
avers: CAESAR IMP VII, Bare head of Augustus right,
reverse: ASIA RECEPTA, Victory standing left on cista mistica, holding wreath and palm branch, on either site snake.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 13-13,5mm, weight: 1,64g, axes: 1h,
mint: Brundisium or Rome, date: 29-27 B.C., ref: RIC-I-276, C-14,
Q-001quadrans

002 Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 267, Brundisium or Rome, AR-Quinarius, ASIA RECEPTA, Victory standing left on cista mistica, #2002 Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 267, Brundisium or Rome, AR-Quinarius, ASIA RECEPTA, Victory standing left on cista mistica, #2
avers:- CAESAR-IMP-VII, Bare head of Augustus right,
revers:- ASIA-RECEPTA, Victory standing left on cista mistica, holding wreath and palm branch, on either site snake.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 13,3-14,5mm, weight: 1,58g, axes: 10h,
mint: Brundisium or Rome, date: 29-27 B.C., ref: RIC-I-276, C-14,
Q-0021 commentsquadrans

002 Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 267, Brundisium or Rome, AR-Quinarius, ASIA RECEPTA, Victory standing left on cista mistica, #3002 Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 267, Brundisium or Rome, AR-Quinarius, ASIA RECEPTA, Victory standing left on cista mistica, #3
avers: CAESAR IMP VII, Bare head of Augustus right,
reverse: ASIA RECEPTA, Victory standing left on cista mistica, holding wreath and palm branch, on either site snake.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 12,5-13,5mm, weight: 1,62g, axes: 1h,
mint: Brundisium or Rome, date: 29-27 B.C., ref: RIC-I-276, C-14,
Q-0031 commentsquadrans

002 Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 381, Rome, AE-Dupondius, Cn.Piso Cn.F, Large S•C,002 Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 381, Rome, AE-Dupondius, Cn.Piso Cn.F, Large S•C,
avers:- AVGVSTVS/TRIBVNIC/POTEST in three line, Legend in wreath.
revers:- CN-PISO-(CN-F-IIIVIR)-AAAFF around large S•C.
exe: S•C//--, diameter: 24,5-25,5 mm, weight: 6,45g, axis:11h,
mint: Rome, date: 15 B.C., ref: RIC-I-381, C
Q-001quadrans

002 Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 420, Rome, AE-Quadrans, •III•VIR•A•A•A•F•F, Legend around S•C,002 Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 420, Rome, AE-Quadrans, •III•VIR•A•A•A•F•F, Legend around S•C,
avers:- LAMIA-SILIVS-ANNIVS, Clasped hands around a caduceus.
revers:- •III•VIR•A•A•A•F•F, Legend around large S•C.
exe: S•C//--, diameter: 16,5mm, weight: 3,13g, axis: 5h,
mint: Rome, date: 9 B.C., ref: RIC-I-420, C-338, BMC 200, S 1693,
Q-001quadrans

002 Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 428, Rome, AE-As, (moneyer P Lurius Agrippa), P LVRIVS AGRIPPA IIIVIR •A•A•A•F•F•, around large S•C, #1002 Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 428, Rome, AE-As, (moneyer P Lurius Agrippa), P LVRIVS AGRIPPA IIIVIR •A•A•A•F•F•, around large S•C, #1
avers:- CAESAR-AVGVST-PONT-MAX-TRIBVNIC-POT, Bare head left.
revers:- P-LVRIVS-AGRIPPA-IIIVIR•A•A•A•F•F•, around large S•C.
exe: S•C//--, diameter: 27,5mm, weight: 8,42g, axis:5h,
mint: Rome, date: 7 B.C., ref: RIC-I-428, C-446, BMC-244,
Q-001quadrans

002a Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 081, Rome, AE-As, PROVIDENT, Postumus, Under Tiberius, #1002a Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 081, Rome, AE-As, PROVIDENT, Postumus, Under Tiberius, #1
avers:- DIVVS-AVGVSTVS-•-PATER, Radiate head left.
revers:- PROVIDENT, Altar large S-C on either side.
exe: S/C//PROVIDENT, diameter: 27-28mm, weight: 10,55g, axis:- h,
mint: Rome, date: 22-23 A.D., ref: RIC-I-81, C-228,
Q-0011 commentsquadrans

002a Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 081, Rome, AE-As, PROVIDENT, Postumus, Under Tiberius, #2002a Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 081, Rome, AE-As, PROVIDENT, Postumus, Under Tiberius, #2
avers:- DIVVS-AVGVSTVS-:-PATER, Radiate head left.
revers:- PROVIDENT, Altar large S-C on either side.
exe: S/C//PROVIDENT, diameter: 26-27,5mm, weight: 10,47g, axis:- 5h,
mint: Rome, date: 22-23 A.D., ref: RIC-I-81, C-228,
Q-0024 commentsquadrans

002a Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 081, Rome, AE-As, PROVIDENT, Postumus, Under Tiberius, #3002a Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 081, Rome, AE-As, PROVIDENT, Postumus, Under Tiberius, #3
avers:- DIVVS-AVGVSTVS-:-PATER, Radiate head left.
revers:- PROVIDENT, Altar large S-C on either side.
exe: S/C//PROVIDENT, diameter: 28-29mm, weight: 9,85g, axis: 5h,
mint: Rome, date: 22-23 A.D., ref: RIC-I-81, C-228,
Q-003quadrans

002a Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 081, Rome, AE-As, PROVIDENT, Postumus, Under Tiberius, #4002a Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC I 081, Rome, AE-As, PROVIDENT, Postumus, Under Tiberius, #4
avers: DIVVS-AVGVSTVS-P•ATER, Radiate head left.
revers: PROVIDENT, Altar large S-C on either side.
exe: S/C//PROVIDENT, diameter: 27,5-28,5mm, weight: 10,19g, axis:5h,
mint: Rome, date: 22-23 A.D., ref: RIC-I-81, C-228,
Q-0041 commentsquadrans

002d Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC IV-III 0078 (Traj.Dec.), Mediolanum, AR-Antoninianus, CONSECRATIO, Flaming Altar,002d Augustus (63 B.C.-14 A.D.), RIC IV-III 0078 (Traj.Dec.), Mediolanum, AR-Antoninianus, CONSECRATIO, Flaming Altar,
avers:- DIVO-AVGVSTO, Radiate head of Divus Augustus right.
revers:- CONSECRATIO, Flaming altar.
exe: -/-//--, diameter: 20-21,5mm, weight: 3,37g, axis:7 h,
mint: Rome, date: struck under Trajan Decius, 249-251, A.D., ref: RIC IV-III 78; p-130C (Augustus) 578;
Q-0012 commentsquadrans

003.Vaspasian 69-79 ADAR Denarius
Mint: Rome, Date: 74 AD
Obv: IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG,laureate head right.
Rev: PON MAX TR P COS V, Vespasian seated right on a curule chair, feet on stool with branch at left & scepter in right.
Size: 19mm; 3.2 gms
Ref: RIC II- 771 commentsBrian L

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