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OBV:+ RENATI* D[V]X* BARREN* Z* LOTHO’ M;René, Duke of Bar
and Lorraine.(Quartered field of Anjou and Bar, an escutcheon
of Lorraine embroidered over the whole)
REV:MONET* FAC-TA* [IN*] S* MICHAL Currency minted in Saint-
(Pal sword cutting the legend and next to a bar accompanied by
two crossettes and an alerion.)
Mint: Saint Mihiel
Date: 1431-1452.
Roberts 9425, BD 1492
23mm, 1.24g
ex cng eauction 535, Lot 863 29/3/23
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René of Anjou (1409-1480), better known as "Good King René" was also Count of Provence (1434-1480), Duke of Bar (1419-1480). By his marriage to Isabelle de Lorraine, the daughter of Duke Charles, he became Duke of Lorraine. He was also king of Naples (1438-1442), titular king of Sicily and nominal of Jerusalem (1434-1480).wileyc
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Delhi Sultanate, Fath Khan, 1358-1388 Billon Tanka Obv. Fi zaman al-Imam/Amir al-mominin abi/Abdullah khaldat/khilafatahu
Rev. Shah/Fath Khan Firuz/Jalla Allah zalal/Jalalahu
Special Thanks to Rick2 and Jim Roberts for IdentificationSkyler
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112 Probus (276-282 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II Not in, Ticinum, SALVS PVBLIC, Bust-Heroic type in "Square shield", -/-//ΓXXI, Salus standing right, Scarce!112 Probus (276-282 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II Not in, Ticinum, SALVS PVBLIC, Bust-Heroic type in "Square shield", -/-//ΓXXI, Salus standing right, Scarce!
avers:- VIRTVS-PROBI-AVG, Radiate, heroically nude bust left, holding spear and aegis,"Square shield", seen from back.
revers:- SALVS-PVBLIC, Salus standing right, feeding serpent in arms.
exerg: -/-//ΓXXI, diameter: 21mm, weight: 4,15g, axes: 6h,
mint: Ticinum, date: , ref: RIC-V-II-Not in, p-, Heroic Bust Type (Unlisted with this bust type in RIC, Square shield),
Q-001
"Rarity of your coin: there are 10 examples of this type in my documentation (with a high rate of die linking).
I think your coin shares its obverse die with the Glasgow Hunter Coin Cabinet coin (A. S. Robertson n. 174)"
by S.Estiot. Thank you S. Estiot.quadrans
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1409a, Julian II "the Philosopher," February 360 - 26 June 363 A.D.Julian II, A.D. 360-363; RIC 167; VF; 2.7g, 20mm; Constantinople mint; Obverse: DN FL CL IVLIANVS P F AVG, helmeted & cuirassed bust right, holding spear & shield; Reverse: VOT X MVLT XX in four lines within wreath; CONSPB in exergue; Attractive green patina. Ex Nemesis.
De Imperatoribus Romanis,
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
Julian the Apostate (360-363 A.D.)
Walter E. Roberts, Emory University
Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University
Introduction
The emperor Flavius Claudius Julianus reigned from 360 to 26 June 363, when he was killed fighting against the Persians. Despite his short rule, his emperorship was pivotal in the development of the history of the later Roman empire. This essay is not meant to be a comprehensive look at the various issues central to the reign of Julian and the history of the later empire. Rather, this short work is meant to be a brief history and introduction for the general reader. Julian was the last direct descendent of the Constantinian line to ascend to the purple, and it is one of history's great ironies that he was the last non-Christian emperor. As such, he has been vilified by most Christian sources, beginning with John Chrysostom and Gregory Nazianzus in the later fourth century. This tradition was picked up by the fifth century Eusebian continuators Sozomen, Socrates Scholasticus, and Theodoret and passed on to scholars down through the 20th century. Most contemporary sources, however, paint a much more balanced picture of Julian and his reign. The adoption of Christianity by emperors and society, while still a vital concern, was but one of several issues that concerned Julian.
It is fortunate that extensive writings from Julian himself exist, which help interpret his reign in the light of contemporary evidence. Still extant are some letters, several panegyrics, and a few satires. Other contemporary sources include the soldier Ammianus Marcellinus' history, correspondence between Julian and Libanius of Antioch, several panegyrics, laws from the Theodosian Code, inscriptions, and coinage. These sources show Julian's emphasis on restoration. He saw himself as the restorer of the traditional values of Roman society. Of course much of this was rhetoric, meant to defend Julian against charges that he was a usurper. At the same time this theme of restoration was central to all emperors of the fourth century. Julian thought that he was the one emperor who could regain what was viewed as the lost glory of the Roman empire. To achieve this goal he courted select groups of social elites to get across his message of restoration. This was the way that emperors functioned in the fourth century. By choosing whom to include in the sharing of power, they sought to shape society.
Early Life
Julian was born at Constantinople in 331. His father was Julius Constantius, half-brother of the emperor Constantine through Constantius Chlorus, and his mother was Basilina, Julius' second wife. Julian had two half-brothers via Julius' first marriage. One of these was Gallus, who played a major role in Julian's life. Julian appeared destined for a bright future via his father's connection to the Constantinian house. After many years of tense relations with his three half-brothers, Constantine seemed to have welcomed them into the fold of the imperial family. From 333 to 335, Constantine conferred a series of honors upon his three half-siblings, including appointing Julius Constantius as one of the consuls for 335. Julian's mother was equally distinguished. Ammianus related that she was from a noble family. This is supported by Libanius, who claimed that she was the daughter of Julius Julianus, a Praetorian Prefect under Licinius, who was such a model of administrative virtue that he was pardoned and honored by Constantine.
Despite the fact that his mother died shortly after giving birth to him, Julian experienced an idyllic early childhood. This ended when Constantius II conducted a purge of many of his relatives shortly after Constantine's death in 337, particularly targeting the families of Constantine's half-brothers. ulian and Gallus were spared, probably due to their young age. Julian was put under the care of Mardonius, a Scythian eunuch who had tutored his mother, in 339, and was raised in the Greek philosophical tradition, and probably lived in Nicomedia. Ammianus also supplied the fact that while in Nicomedia, Julian was cared for by the local bishop Eusebius, of whom the future emperor was a distant relation. Julian was educated by some of the most famous names in grammar and rhetoric in the Greek world at that time, including Nicocles and Hecebolius. In 344 Constantius II sent Julian and Gallus to Macellum in Cappadocia, where they remained for six years. In 351, Gallus was made Caesar by Constantius II and Julian was allowed to return to Nicomedia, where he studied under Aedesius, Eusebius, and Chrysanthius, all famed philosophers, and was exposed to the Neo-Platonism that would become such a prominent part of his life. But Julian was most proud of the time he spent studying under Maximus of Ephesus, a noted Neo-Platonic philospher and theurgist. It was Maximus who completed Julian's full-scale conversion to Neo-Platonism. Later, when he was Caesar, Julian told of how he put letters from this philosopher under his pillows so that he would continue to absorb wisdom while he slept, and while campaigning on the Rhine, he sent his speeches to Maximus for approval before letting others hear them. When Gallus was executed in 354 for treason by Constantius II, Julian was summoned to Italy and essentially kept under house arrest at Comum, near Milan, for seven months before Constantius' wife Eusebia convinced the emperor that Julian posed no threat. This allowed Julian to return to Greece and continue his life as a scholar where he studied under the Neo-Platonist Priscus. Julian's life of scholarly pursuit, however, ended abruptly when he was summoned to the imperial court and made Caesar by Constantius II on 6 November 355.
Julian as Caesar
Constantius II realized an essential truth of the empire that had been evident since the time of the Tetrarchy--the empire was too big to be ruled effectively by one man. Julian was pressed into service as Caesar, or subordinate emperor, because an imperial presence was needed in the west, in particular in the Gallic provinces. Julian, due to the emperor's earlier purges, was the only viable candidate of the imperial family left who could act as Caesar. Constantius enjoined Julian with the task of restoring order along the Rhine frontier. A few days after he was made Caesar, Julian was married to Constantius' sister Helena in order to cement the alliance between the two men. On 1 December 355, Julian journeyed north, and in Augusta Taurinorum he learned that Alamannic raiders had destroyed Colonia Agrippina. He then proceeded to Vienne where he spent the winter. At Vienne, he learned that Augustudunum was also under siege, but was being held by a veteran garrison. He made this his first priority, and arrived there on 24 June 356. When he had assured himself that the city was in no immediate danger, he journeyed to Augusta Treverorum via Autessioduram, and from there to Durocortorum where he rendezvoused with his army. Julian had the army stage a series of punitive strikes around the Dieuse region, and then he moved them towards the Argentoratum/Mongontiacum region when word of barbarian incursions reached him.
From there, Julian moved on to Colonia Agrippina, and negotiated a peace with the local barbarian leaders who had assaulted the city. He then wintered at Senonae. He spent the early part of the campaigning season of 357 fighting off besiegers at Senonae, and then conducting operations around Lugdunum and Tres Tabernae. Later that summer, he encountered his watershed moment as a military general. Ammianus went into great detail about Julian's victory over seven rogue Alamannic chieftains near Argentoratum, and Julian himself bragged about it in his later writing. After this battle, the soldiers acclaimed Julian Augustus, but he rejected this title. After mounting a series of follow-up raids into Alamannic territory, he retired to winter quarters at Lutetia, and on the way defeated some Frankish raiders in the Mosa region. Julian considered this campaign one of the major events of his time as Caesar.
Julian began his 358 military campaigns early, hoping to catch the barbarians by surprise. His first target was the Franks in the northern Rhine region. He then proceeded to restore some forts in the Mosa region, but his soldiers threatened to mutiny because they were on short rations and had not been paid their donative since Julian had become Caesar. After he soothed his soldiers, Julian spent the rest of the summer negotiating a peace with various Alamannic leaders in the mid and lower Rhine areas, and retired to winter quarters at Lutetia. In 359, he prepared once again to carry out a series of punitive expeditions against the Alamanni in the Rhine region who were still hostile to the Roman presence. In preparation, the Caesar repopulated seven previously destroyed cities and set them up as supply bases and staging areas. This was done with the help of the people with whom Julian had negotiated a peace the year before. Julian then had a detachment of lightly armed soldiers cross the Rhine near Mogontiacum and conduct a guerilla strike against several chieftains. As a result of these campaigns, Julian was able to negotiate a peace with all but a handful of the Alamannic leaders, and he retired to winter quarters at Lutetia.
Of course, Julian did more than act as a general during his time as Caesar. According to Ammianus, Julian was an able administrator who took steps to correct the injustices of Constantius' appointees. Ammianus related the story of how Julian prevented Florentius, the Praetorian Prefect of Gaul, from raising taxes, and also how Julian actually took over as governor for the province of Belgica Secunda. Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, supported Ammianus' basic assessment of Julian in this regard when he reported that Julian was an able representative of the emperor to the Gallic provincials. There is also epigraphic evidence to support Julian's popularity amongst the provincial elites. An inscription found near Beneventum in Apulia reads:
"To Flavius Claudius Julianus, most noble and sanctified Caesar, from the caring Tocius Maximus, vir clarissimus, for the care of the res publica from Beneventum".
Tocius Maximus, as a vir clarissimus, was at the highest point in the social spectrum and was a leader in his local community. This inscription shows that Julian was successful in establishing a positive image amongst provincial elites while he was Caesar.
Julian Augustus
In early 360, Constantius, driven by jealousy of Julian's success, stripped Julian of many troops and officers, ostensibly because the emperor needed them for his upcoming campaign against the Persians. One of the legions ordered east, the Petulantes, did not want to leave Gaul because the majority of the soldiers in the unit were from this region. As a result they mutinied and hailed Julian as Augustus at Lutetia. Julian refused this acclamation as he had done at Argentoratum earlier, but the soldiers would have none of his denial. They raised him on a shield and adorned him with a neck chain, which had formerly been the possession of the standard-bearer of the Petulantes and symbolized a royal diadem. Julian appeared reluctantly to acquiesce to their wishes, and promised a generous donative. The exact date of his acclamation is unknown, but most scholars put it in February or March. Julian himself supported Ammianus' picture of a jealous Constantius. In his Letter to the Athenians, a document constructed to answer charges that he was a usurper, Julian stated that from the start he, as Caesar, had been meant as a figurehead to the soldiers and provincials. The real power he claimed lay with the generals and officials already present in Gaul. In fact, according to Julian, the generals were charged with watching him as much as the enemy. His account of the actual acclamation closely followed what Ammianus told us, but he stressed even more his reluctance to take power. Julian claimed that he did so only after praying to Zeus for guidance.
Fearing the reaction of Constantius, Julian sent a letter to his fellow emperor justifying the events at Lutetia and trying to arrange a peaceful solution. This letter berated Constantius for forcing the troops in Gaul into an untenable situation. Ammianus stated that Julian's letter blamed Constantius' decision to transfer Gallic legions east as the reason for the soldiers' rebellion. Julian once again asserted that he was an unwilling participant who was only following the desire of the soldiers. In both of these basic accounts Ammianus and Julian are playing upon the theme of restoration. Implicit in their version of Julian's acclamation is the argument that Constantius was unfit to rule. The soldiers were the vehicle of the gods' will. The Letter to the Athenians is full of references to the fact that Julian was assuming the mantle of Augustus at the instigation of the gods. Ammianus summed up this position nicely when he related the story of how, when Julian was agonizing over whether to accept the soldiers' acclamation, he had a dream in which he was visited by the Genius (guardian spirit) of the Roman state. The Genius told Julian that it had often tried to bestow high honors upon Julian but had been rebuffed. Now, the Genius went on to say, was Julian's final chance to take the power that was rightfully his. If the Caesar refused this chance, the Genius would depart forever, and both Julian and the state would rue Julian's rejection. Julian himself wrote a letter to his friend Maximus of Ephesus in November of 361 detailing his thoughts on his proclamation. In this letter, Julian stated that the soldiers proclaimed him Augustus against his will. Julian, however, defended his accession, saying that the gods willed it and that he had treated his enemies with clemency and justice. He went on to say that he led the troops in propitiating the traditional deities, because the gods commanded him to return to the traditional rites, and would reward him if he fulfilled this duty.
During 360 an uneasy peace simmered between the two emperors. Julian spent the 360 campaigning season continuing his efforts to restore order along the Rhine, while Constantius continued operations against the Persians. Julian wintered in Vienne, and celebrated his Quinquennalia. It was at this time that his wife Helena died, and he sent her remains to Rome for a proper burial at his family villa on the Via Nomentana where the body of her sister was entombed. The uneasy peace held through the summer of 361, but Julian concentrated his military operations around harassing the Alamannic chieftain Vadomarius and his allies, who had concluded a peace treaty with Constantius some years earlier. By the end of the summer, Julian decided to put an end to the waiting and gathered his army to march east against Constantius. The empire teetered on the brink of another civil war. Constantius had spent the summer negotiating with the Persians and making preparations for possible military action against his cousin. When he was assured that the Persians would not attack, he summoned his army and sallied forth to meet Julian. As the armies drew inexorably closer to one another, the empire was saved from another bloody civil war when Constantius died unexpectedly of natural causes on 3 November near the town of Mopsucrenae in Cilicia, naming Julian -- the sources say-- as his legitimate successor.
Julian was in Dacia when he learned of his cousin's death. He made his way through Thrace and came to Constantinople on 11 December 361 where Julian honored the emperor with the funeral rites appropriate for a man of his station. Julian immediately set about putting his supporters in positions of power and trimming the imperial bureaucracy, which had become extremely overstaffed during Constantius' reign. Cooks and barbers had increased during the late emperor's reign and Julian expelled them from his court. Ammianus gave a mixed assessment of how the new emperor handled the followers of Constantius. Traditionally, emperors were supposed to show clemency to the supporters of a defeated enemy. Julian, however, gave some men over to death to appease the army. Ammianus used the case of Ursulus, Constantius' comes sacrum largitionum, to illustrate his point. Ursulus had actually tried to acquire money for the Gallic troops when Julian had first been appointed Caesar, but he had also made a disparaging remark about the ineffectiveness of the army after the battle of Amida. The soldiers remembered this, and when Julian became sole Augustus, they demanded Ursulus' head. Julian obliged, much to the disapproval of Ammianus. This seems to be a case of Julian courting the favor of the military leadership, and is indicative of a pattern in which Julian courted the goodwill of various societal elites to legitimize his position as emperor.
Another case in point is the officials who made up the imperial bureaucracy. Many of them were subjected to trial and punishment. To achieve this goal, during the last weeks of December 361 Julian assembled a military tribunal at Chalcedon, empanelling six judges to try the cases. The president of the tribunal was Salutius, just promoted to the rank of Praetorian Prefect; the five other members were Mamertinus, the orator, and four general officers: Jovinus, Agilo, Nevitta, and Arbetio. Relative to the proceedings of the tribunal, Ammianus noted that the judges, " . . . oversaw the cases more vehemently than was right or fair, with the exception of a few . . .." Ammianus' account of Julian's attempt at reform of the imperial bureaucracy is supported by legal evidence from the Theodosian Code. A series of laws sent to Mamertinus, Julian's appointee as Praetorian Prefect in Italy, Illyricum, and Africa, illustrate this point nicely. On 6 June 362, Mamertinus received a law that prohibited provincial governors from bypassing the Vicars when giving their reports to the Prefect. Traditionally, Vicars were given civil authority over a group of provinces, and were in theory meant to serve as a middle step between governors and Prefects. This law suggests that the Vicars were being left out, at least in Illyricum. Julian issued another edict to Mamertinus on 22 February 362 to stop abuse of the public post by governors. According to this law, only Mamertinus could issue post warrants, but the Vicars were given twelve blank warrants to be used as they saw fit, and each governor was given two. Continuing the trend of bureaucratic reform, Julian also imposed penalties on governors who purposefully delayed appeals in court cases they had heard. The emperor also established a new official to weigh solidi used in official government transactions to combat coin clipping.
For Julian, reigning in the abuses of imperial bureaucrats was one step in restoring the prestige of the office of emperor. Because he could not affect all elements of society personally, Julian, like other Neo-Flavian emperors, decided to concentrate on select groups of societal elites as intercessors between himself and the general populace. One of these groups was the imperial bureaucracy. Julian made it very clear that imperial officials were intercessors in a very real sense in a letter to Alypius, Vicar of Britain. In this letter, sent from Gaul sometime before 361, the emperor praises Alypius for his use of "mildness and moderation with courage and force" in his rule of the provincials. Such virtues were characteristic of the emperors, and it was good that Alypius is representing Julian in this way. Julian courted the army because it put him in power. Another group he sought to include in his rule was the traditional Senatorial aristocracy. One of his first appointments as consul was Claudius Mamertinus, a Gallic Senator and rhetorician. Mamertinus' speech in praise of Julian delivered at Constantinople in January of 362 is preserved. In this speech, Claudius presented his consular selection as inaugurating a new golden age and Julian as the restorer of the empire founded by Augustus. The image Mamertinus gave of his own consulate inaugurating a new golden age is not merely formulaic. The comparison of Julian to Augustus has very real, if implicit, relevance to Claudius' situation. Claudius emphasized the imperial period as the true age of renewal. Augustus ushered in a new era with his formation of a partnership between the emperor and the Senate based upon a series of honors and offices bestowed upon the Senate in return for their role as intercessor between emperor and populace. It was this system that Julian was restoring, and the consulate was one concrete example of this bond. To be chosen as a consul by the emperor, who himself had been divinely mandated, was a divine honor. In addition to being named consul, Mamertinus went on to hold several offices under Julian, including the Prefecture of Italy, Illyricum, and Africa. Similarly, inscriptional evidence illustrates a link between municipal elites and Julian during his time as Caesar, something which continued after he became emperor. One concrete example comes from the municipal senate of Aceruntia in Apulia, which established a monument on which Julian is styled as "Repairer of the World."
Julian seems to have given up actual Christian belief before his acclamation as emperor and was a practitioner of more traditional Greco-Roman religious beliefs, in particular, a follower of certain late antique Platonist philosophers who were especially adept at theurgy as was noted earlier. In fact Julian himself spoke of his conversion to Neo-Platonism in a letter to the Alexandrians written in 363. He stated that he had abandoned Christianity when he was twenty years old and been an adherent of the traditional Greco-Roman deities for the twelve years prior to writing this letter.
(For the complete text of this article see: http://www.roman-emperors.org/julian.htm)
Julian’s Persian Campaign
The exact goals Julian had for his ill-fated Persian campaign were never clear. The Sassanid Persians, and before them the Parthians, had been a traditional enemy from the time of the Late Republic, and indeed Constantius had been conducting a war against them before Julian's accession forced the former to forge an uneasy peace. Julian, however, had no concrete reason to reopen hostilities in the east. Socrates Scholasticus attributed Julian's motives to imitation of Alexander the Great, but perhaps the real reason lay in his need to gather the support of the army. Despite his acclamation by the Gallic legions, relations between Julian and the top military officers was uneasy at best. A war against the Persians would have brought prestige and power both to Julian and the army.
Julian set out on his fateful campaign on 5 March 363. Using his trademark strategy of striking quickly and where least expected, he moved his army through Heirapolis and from there speedily across the Euphrates and into the province of Mesopotamia, where he stopped at the town of Batnae. His plan was to eventually return through Armenia and winter in Tarsus. Once in Mesopotamia, Julian was faced with the decision of whether to travel south through the province of Babylonia or cross the Tigris into Assyria, and he eventually decided to move south through Babylonia and turn west into Assyria at a later date. By 27 March, he had the bulk of his army across the Euphrates, and had also arranged a flotilla to guard his supply line along the mighty river. He then left his generals Procopius and Sebastianus to help Arsacius, the king of Armenia and a Roman client, to guard the northern Tigris line. It was also during this time that he received the surrender of many prominent local leaders who had nominally supported the Persians. These men supplied Julian with money and troops for further military action against their former masters. Julian decided to turn south into Babylonia and proceeded along the Euphrates, coming to the fortress of Cercusium at the junction of the Abora and Euphrates Rivers around the first of April, and from there he took his army west to a region called Zaitha near the abandoned town of Dura where they visited the tomb of the emperor Gordian which was in the area. On April 7 he set out from there into the heart of Babylonia and towards Assyria.
Ammianus then stated that Julian and his army crossed into Assyria, which on the face of things appears very confusing. Julian still seems to be operating within the province of Babylonia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The confusion is alleviated when one realizes that,for Ammianus, the region of Assyria encompassed the provinces of Babylonia and Assyria. On their march, Julian's forces took the fortress of Anatha, received the surrender and support of several more local princes, and ravaged the countryside of Assyria between the rivers. As the army continued south, they came across the fortresses Thilutha and Achaiachala, but these places were too well defended and Julian decided to leave them alone. Further south were the cities Diacira and Ozogardana, which the Roman forces sacked and burned. Soon, Julian came to Pirisabora and a brief siege ensued, but the city fell and was also looted and destroyed. It was also at this time that the Roman army met its first systematic resistance from the Persians. As the Romans penetrated further south and west, the local inhabitants began to flood their route. Nevertheless, the Roman forces pressed on and came to Maiozamalcha, a sizable city not far from Ctesiphon. After a short siege, this city too fell to Julian. Inexorably, Julian's forces zeroed in on Ctesiphon, but as they drew closer, the Persian resistance grew fiercer, with guerilla raids whittling at Julian's men and supplies. A sizable force of the army was lost and the emperor himself was almost killed taking a fort a few miles from the target city.
Finally, the army approached Ctesiphon following a canal that linked the Tigris and Euphrates. It soon became apparent after a few preliminary skirmishes that a protracted siege would be necessary to take this important city. Many of his generals, however, thought that pursuing this course of action would be foolish. Julian reluctantly agreed, but became enraged by this failure and ordered his fleet to be burned as he decided to march through the province of Assyria. Julian had planned for his army to live off the land, but the Persians employed a scorched-earth policy. When it became apparent that his army would perish (because his supplies were beginning to dwindle) from starvation and the heat if he continued his campaign, and also in the face of superior numbers of the enemy, Julian ordered a retreat on 16 June. As the Roman army retreated, they were constantly harassed by guerilla strikes. It was during one of these raids that Julian got caught up in the fighting and took a spear to his abdomen. Mortally wounded he was carried to his tent, where, after conferring with some of his officers, he died. The date was 26 June 363.
Conclusion
Thus an ignominious end for a man came about who had hoped to restore the glory of the Roman empire during his reign as emperor. Due to his intense hatred of Christianity, the opinion of posterity has not been kind to Julian. The contemporary opinion, however, was overall positive. The evidence shows that Julian was a complex ruler with a definite agenda to use traditional social institutions in order to revive what he saw as a collapsing empire. In the final assessment, he was not so different from any of the other emperors of the fourth century. He was a man grasping desperately to hang on to a Greco-Roman conception of leadership that was undergoing a subtle yet profound change.
Copyright (C) 2002, Walter E. Roberts and Michael DiMaio, Jr. Used by permission.
In reality, Julian worked to promote culture and philosophy in any manifestation. He tried to reduce taxes and the public debts of municipalities; he augmented administrative decentralisation; he promoted a campaign of austerity to reduce public expenditure (setting himself as the example). He reformed the postal service and eliminated the powerful secret police.
by Federico Morando; JULIAN II, The Apostate, See the Julian II Page on NumisWiki
Flavius Claudius Iulianus was born in 331 or maybe 332 A.D. in Constantinople. He ruled the Western Empire as Caesar from 355 to 360 and was hailed Augustus by his legions in Lutetia (Paris) in 360. Julian was a gifted administrator and military strategist. Famed as the last pagan emperor, his reinstatement of the pagan religion earned him the moniker "the Apostate." As evidenced by his brilliant writing, some of which has survived to the present day, the title "the Philosopher" may have been more appropriate. He died from wounds suffered during the Persian campaign of 363 A.D. Joseph Sermarini, FORVM.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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1501s, Valentinian I, 25 February 364 - 17 November 375 A.D. (Siscia)Valentinian I, 25 February 364 - 17 November 375 A.D., Bronze AE 3, S 4103, VF, Siscia mint, 2.012g, 18.7mm, 180o, 24 Aug 367 - 17 Nov 375 A.D.obverse D N VALENTINI-ANVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right; reverse SECVRITAS - REIPVBLICAE, Victory advancing left, wreath in right and palm in left, symbols in fields, mintmark in exergue.
De Imperatoribus Romanis, An Online Encyclopedia of the Roman Emperors and their Families
Valentinian I (364-375 AD.)
Walter E. Roberts, Emory University
Valentinian was one of Rome's last great warrior emperors. Flavius Valentinianus, was born in A.D. 321 at Cibalis (modern Vinkovci) in southern Pannonia. His father Gratian was a soldier renowned for his strength and wrestling skills. Gratian had an illustrious career in the army, rising from staff officer to tribune, to comes Africae, and finally [i/comes Britanniae.
The emperor Jovian died on 17 February 364, apparently of natural causes, on the border between Bithynia and Galatia. The army marched on to Nicaea, the nearest city of any consequence, and a meeting of civil and military officials was convened to choose a new emperor. The assembly finally agreed upon Valentinian.
On 26 February 364, Valentinian accepted the office offered to him. As he prepared to make his accession speech, the soldiers threatened to riot, apparently uncertain as to where his loyalties lay. Valentinian reassured them that the army was his greatest priority. Furthermore, to prevent a crisis of succession if he should die prematurely, he agreed to pick a co-Augustus. According to Ammianus, the soldiers were astounded by Valentinian’s bold demeanor and his willingness to assume the imperial authority. His decision to elect a fellow-emperor could also be construed as a move to appease any opposition among the civilian officials in the eastern portion of the empire. By agreeing to appoint a co-ruler, he assured the eastern officials that someone with imperial authority would remain in the east to protect their interests. After promoting his brother Valens to the rank of tribune and putting him in charge of the royal stables on March 1, Valentinian selected Valens as co-Augustus at Constantinople on 28 March 364, though this was done over the objections of Dagalaifus. Ammianus makes it clear, however, that Valens was clearly subordinate to his brother.
Ammianus and Zosimus as well as modern scholars praise Valentinian for his military accomplishments. He is generally credited with keeping the Roman empire from crumbling away by “. . . reversing the generally waning confidence in the army and imperial defense . . ..” Several other aspects of Valentinian's reign also set the course of Roman history for the next century.
Valentinian deliberately polarized Roman society, subordinating the civilian population to the military. The military order took over the old prestige of the senatorial nobility. The imperial court, which was becoming more and more of a military court, became a vehicle for social mobility. There were new ideas of nobility, which was increasingly provincial in character. By this it is meant that the imperial court, not the Senate, was the seat of nobility, and most of these new nobles came from the provinces. With the erosion of the old nobility, the stage was set for the ascendancy of Christianity. Ammianus makes it clear that actions such as these were part of a systematic plan by Valentinian to erode the power and prestige of the senatorial aristocracy. Several pieces of extant legislation seem to confirm Ammianus’ allegations that Valentinian was eroding senatorial prestige.
Valentinian's reign affords valuable insights into late Roman society, civilian as well as military. First, there was a growing fracture between the eastern and western portions of the empire. Valentinian was the last emperor to really concentrate his resources on the west. Valens was clearly in an inferior position in the partnership. Second, there was a growing polarization of society, both Christian versus pagan, and civil versus military. Finally there was a growing regionalism in the west, driven by heavy taxation and the inability of Valentinian to fully exercise military authority in all areas of the west. All of these trends would continue over the next century, profoundly reshaping the Roman empire and western Europe.
By Walter E. Roberts, Emory University
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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1501s, Valentinian I, 25 February 364 - 17 November 375 A.D. (Siscia)Valentinian I, 25 February 364 - 17 November 375 A.D. Bronze AE 3, RIC 5(a) ii, VF, Siscia, 1.905g, 19.3mm, 0o, 25 Feb 364 - 24 Aug 367 A.D. Obverse: D N VALENTINI-ANVS P F AVG, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right; Reverse: GLORIA RO-MANORVM, Emperor dragging captive with right, labarum (chi-rho standard) in left, •GSISC in exergue.
De Imperatoribus Romanis, An Online Encyclopedia of the Roman Emperors and their Families
Valentinian I (364-375 AD.)
Walter E. Roberts, Emory University
Valentinian was one of Rome's last great warrior emperors. Flavius Valentinianus, was born in A.D. 321 at Cibalis (modern Vinkovci) in southern Pannonia. His father Gratian was a soldier renowned for his strength and wrestling skills. Gratian had an illustrious career in the army, rising from staff officer to tribune, to comes Africae, and finally [i/comes Britanniae.
The emperor Jovian died on 17 February 364, apparently of natural causes, on the border between Bithynia and Galatia. The army marched on to Nicaea, the nearest city of any consequence, and a meeting of civil and military officials was convened to choose a new emperor. The assembly finally agreed upon Valentinian.
On 26 February 364, Valentinian accepted the office offered to him. As he prepared to make his accession speech, the soldiers threatened to riot, apparently uncertain as to where his loyalties lay. Valentinian reassured them that the army was his greatest priority. Furthermore, to prevent a crisis of succession if he should die prematurely, he agreed to pick a co-Augustus. According to Ammianus, the soldiers were astounded by Valentinian’s bold demeanor and his willingness to assume the imperial authority. His decision to elect a fellow-emperor could also be construed as a move to appease any opposition among the civilian officials in the eastern portion of the empire. By agreeing to appoint a co-ruler, he assured the eastern officials that someone with imperial authority would remain in the east to protect their interests. After promoting his brother Valens to the rank of tribune and putting him in charge of the royal stables on March 1, Valentinian selected Valens as co-Augustus at Constantinople on 28 March 364, though this was done over the objections of Dagalaifus. Ammianus makes it clear, however, that Valens was clearly subordinate to his brother.
Ammianus and Zosimus as well as modern scholars praise Valentinian for his military accomplishments. He is generally credited with keeping the Roman empire from crumbling away by “. . . reversing the generally waning confidence in the army and imperial defense . . ..” Several other aspects of Valentinian's reign also set the course of Roman history for the next century.
Valentinian deliberately polarized Roman society, subordinating the civilian population to the military. The military order took over the old prestige of the senatorial nobility. The imperial court, which was becoming more and more of a military court, became a vehicle for social mobility. There were new ideas of nobility, which was increasingly provincial in character. By this it is meant that the imperial court, not the Senate, was the seat of nobility, and most of these new nobles came from the provinces. With the erosion of the old nobility, the stage was set for the ascendancy of Christianity. Ammianus makes it clear that actions such as these were part of a systematic plan by Valentinian to erode the power and prestige of the senatorial aristocracy. Several pieces of extant legislation seem to confirm Ammianus’ allegations that Valentinian was eroding senatorial prestige.
Valentinian's reign affords valuable insights into late Roman society, civilian as well as military. First, there was a growing fracture between the eastern and western portions of the empire. Valentinian was the last emperor to really concentrate his resources on the west. Valens was clearly in an inferior position in the partnership. Second, there was a growing polarization of society, both Christian versus pagan, and civil versus military. Finally there was a growing regionalism in the west, driven by heavy taxation and the inability of Valentinian to fully exercise military authority in all areas of the west. All of these trends would continue over the next century, profoundly reshaping the Roman empire and western Europe.
By Walter E. Roberts, Emory University
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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1843 "BENJAMIN NIGHTINGALE" AE Halfpenny Token. London, MiddlesexObverse: VILIUS EST ARGENTUM AURO, VIRTUTIBUS AURUM. Female, leaning on books behind her, holding a cornucopia from which coins are spilling, seated facing right in front of an open coin cabinet; in exergue, tudor rose on shield between two branches.
Reverse: BENJAMIN NIGHTINGALE LONDON * PRIVATE TOKEN * 1843 surrounding “BN” monogram in script.
Edge: Plain.
Diameter: 30mm | Weight: 14.2gms | Die Axis: 12
Bell (Middlesex) A3
VERY RARE (Only 72 of these bronzed copper halfpenny tokens were struck)
Privately issued in London by Benjamin Nightingale, the die sinker for this token was William Joseph Taylor (whose initials WJT can be seen to the left below the books on the obverse), following a similar design for halfpennies that he had produced for Matthew Young, a British merchant. Taylor was born in Birmingham in 1802 and was apprenticed to Thomas Halliday in 1818 as the first die-sinker to be trained by him. He set up his own business as a die-sinker, medallist and engraver at 5 Porter Street, Soho, London in 1829, later moving to 3 Lichfield Street, Birmingham. In 1843 the business moved to 33 Little Queen Street and finally, in 1869, to 70 Red Lion Street where, in 1885, Taylor died.
The Soho Mint at Birmingham (founded by Matthew Boulton) closed in 1848, and it's plant and equipment was sold via auction in April 1850. Taylor purchased many of the Soho Mint's hubs and dies from this auction and used them to restrike many of the coins & patterns that the Soho Mint had struck between the 1790's and the 1840's, though he nearly always re-polished or re-engraved elements of the original dies before re-using them.
Benjamin Nightingale was a wine and spirit merchant who lived at 17 Upper Stamford Street, Blackfriars Road in London. He was born in 1806 and died on March 9th, 1862. He was a well known Antiquarian and was a member of the Numismatic Society of London.
In 1863, after his death, Benjamin Nightingale's collection, consisting of 359 lots, was sold over a two day period by Sotheby's. This is from the February 13, 1863 edition of the London Daily News (page 8, column 6).
THE VALUABLE CABINET of COINS and MEDALS of the late BENJAMIN NIGHTINGALE, Esq.
MESSRS S. LEIGH SOTHEBY and WILKINSON, auctioneers of literary property and works illustrative of the fine arts, will SELL BY AUCTION, at their house, No. 13 (late 3), Wellington-street, Strand, W.C., on WEDNESDAY, Feb. 25, and following day, at 1 precisely, the valuable CABINET OF COINS and MEDALS of the late Benjamin Nightingale, Esq.; comprising a few Roman coins in gold, silver, and copper, in the highest state of preservation; a most valuable collection of English medals in all metals; rare and curious jetons, including a very perfect set of those struck to illustrate the history of the low countries; a few remarkable foreign medals, a choice library of numismatic books, several well-made cabinets, & c. – May be viewed two days previous, and catalogues had on receipt of two stamps.
According to Manville and Robertson, prior to his death, Benjamin Nightingale had sold off part of his collection at an auction by Sotheby's on 29th Nov. 1855.
"Benjamin NIGHTINGALE" in ANS copy; Greek, Roman, Tavern Tokens, Town Pieces, 17-18c Tokens, English and Foreign Medals, Books; 165 lots. -Curtis Clay.
The inspiration for these tokens might have been Pye's 1797 halfpenny (Warwickshire 223) which is of a similar design.
 *Alex
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1954 Official Republican Centennial MedalObv: REPUBLICAN CENTENNIAL 1854 - 1954, Conjoined busts of Abraham Lincoln and Dwight Eisenhower facing left.
Rev: Two lighted torches, quotes between: "WITH MALICE TOWARD NONE, WITH CHARITY FOR ALL, WITH FIRMNESS IN THE RIGHT, AS GOD GIVES US TO SEE THE RIGHT, LET US STRIVE ON TO FINISH THE WORK WE ARE IN" -Abraham Lincoln. "IN ALL THOSE THINGS WHICH DEAL WITH PEOPLE, BE LIBERAL, BE HUMAN. IN ALL THOSE THINGS WHICH DEAL WITH THE PEOPLE'S MONEY OR THEIR ECONOMY, OR THEIR FORM OF GOVERNMENT, BE CONSERVATIVE." Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Engraver: Gilroy Roberts
Mint: Medallic Art Company, Date: 1954, Bronze, Diameter: 63.6 mm
Note: Gilroy Roberts was already the chief engraver of the United States Mint when he designed this medal. He would go on to design the portrait on the John F. Kennedy half dollar.Matt Inglima
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Abbey of Saint Martial (France, feudal) billion denierAbbey of Saint Martial (France, feudal)
Obverse:
Bearded bust of Saint Martial, front, flanked by two rings. The Inscription reads: SES MARCIAL for Sanctus Marcial (Saint Martial).
Reverse:
Cross with 4 pairs of dots within an inner circle, legend around. The Inscription reads: +LEMOVICENSIS for Lemovicensis ([Denier] of Limoges).
18mm; .89g
Mint: Limoges, France
References: PA 2291, 2296, 2298; Dy feodales 883-884, 886-893; Boudeau 390, Roberts 4912wileyc
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Abbots of Souvigny 1080-1213 AR denier Obv SILVIMIA.CO cross
Rev. SES.MAIOLNS facing portrait of saint Maieur
Mint:Souvigny
Date: 1080-1213
19mm
.83g
Roberts 4916
wileyc
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Anglo-Gallic - Eleanor of Aquitaine, AR denier, 1189-1204 ADEleanor of Aquitaine
Anglo-Gallic
AR denier
1189-1204 AD
+DVCISIT
M and A and two crosses around central pellet
+AGVITANIE
Cross
Elias 11b; Poey d'Avant 2546; Roberts 3886Ardatirion
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Annonymous Count of LaMarche denier, early feudal R: cross;LODOICVS
Obv: Cresent above cross and three annulets, EGOLISSIME
Mint: La Marche county
Date:12-13th c
.91g, 20mm
Roberts 4361
wileyc
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Aquitaine (1127-1137) - William XDenier of William, duke of Aquitaine 1127-1137
Roberts 4311
O: +CLVILILMO
R: +BVRDEGVLA
Ex- eBaySt. George's Collection
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Aquitaine (1137-1204) - EleanorDenier of Eleanor, duchess of Aquitaine 1137-1204
Roberts 4313
S.8011
O: +DVCISIT
R: +AQVITANIE
Ex- eBay, Holding History CoinsSt. George's Collection
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AQUITAINE - Eleanor, as RegentAQUITAINE - Eleanor, as Regent, 1189-1204. Billon Denier. Obv.: + DVCISIT. Two crosses; above: omega, below, alpha. Reverse: + AQVITANIE. around cross. Reference: Elias 11b; Poey d'Avant 2546; Roberts 3886. Ex-Ardatirion collection.dpaul7
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AR Denier French feudal Souvigny Denier of Souvigny abbotts
Bust Of saint Mayeul (4th Abbot of Cluny born in 906 AD in Avignon, France. He died on May 11 994 AD at Souvigny)
Obv: SCS MAILOUS
Rev: + SILVINACO cross
Mint: Souvigny
Date:1080-1213 CE
19mm; .75g
Roberts 4913, Mayhew p44-78wileyc
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Cahors, Annonymous Bishops 12th-13th c
Obv: ✠:ЄPISCOPVS:, three crosses; Crozier above central cross
Rev: ✠CATVRCENSIS, cross patée, three pellets in upper left quadrant
Mint: Cahors
Date-1204-1234 attributed to Guillaume de Cardaillac
17mm, .81g
Roberts 4664, PdA 3907.
ex CNG 3/29/23wileyc
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Canterbury CathedralJames Robertson’s Canterbury (Kent) copper Conder halfpenny token dated 1794. Obverse: Very detailed view of Canterbury Cathedral with legend: “UNITY PEACE AND CONCORD : GOODWILL TO ALL MEN”, “CANTERBURY TOKEN”. Reverse: Shield of Arms of the City of Canterbury with legend: “PROTECTION TO OUR KING AND COUNTRY LAWS AND TRADE 1794”. Edge inscription: “PAYABLE AT JAMES ROBERTSONS ++++”. James Robertson was a linen draper with a business in Canterbury.
D&H Kent No: 7. Diameter 28.6mm. EF-. Ancient Aussie
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Capetians, Charles IV le Bel. Maille Blanche.France. Capetians, Charles IV le Bel. 1322-1328 3rd emission 1326. AR Maille Blanche (1.30 gm, 21mm, 10h) 3eme. July 1326. Short cross pattée. ✠KAROLVS⸰ RE•X• (pelleted L) ✠BHDICTV⁝ SIT⁝ ȠOᙏЄ⁝ DHI⁝ ȠRI. / Châtel Tournois with cross at top, floral border of 10 lis, the topmost flanked by two pellets. ✠FRAИCORVᙏ. VF. Pegasi Numismatics Sale 136 #514. Duplessy Royales I #243D; Roberts 2483; Ciani 257; Lafaurie 247a; Thomsen (Erslev) 2981.Anaximander
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Capetians, Hughes Capet. Royal & Episcopal Denier of Beauvais.France. Capetians, Hughes Capet. 987–996 AD. AR Denier (0.99 gm, 20.6mm, 6h) of Beauvais. Struck 987-998 by Bishop Hervé (986-998). Cross pattée; pellet in 2ⁿᵈ and 3ʳᵈ quarters. HERVEVS HVGO REX (ligated HE and VE). / Carolus monogram, CΛR◇LVS. ✠BELVΛCVS CIVITΛS. nVF. CNG EA 413 #633. Duplessy Royales I #1; Boudeau 1891; Ciani 12-13; Lafaurie 6; Poey d'Avant Féodales III #6455 (pl.CL #17); Roberts 2251. Typical crude strike. First royal French coin. Ex-Norman Frank Col., purchased from Andy Singer. Rare.Anaximander
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Capetians, Jean II le Bon. Gros blanc à la couronne.France. Capetians, Jean II le Bon. 1350‑1364 AD. BI Gros blanc à la couronne (3.30ᵍᵐ 26.0ᵐᵐ 10ʰ) issue of 26 Mar. 1357. Short cross pattée with lis in 2ⁿᵈ & 3ʳᵈ quarter. ✠IOhAȠȠES∘ DЄI∘ GRA / ✠BȠDICTV⁝ SIT⁝ ȠOᙏЄ⁝ DȠI⁝ ȠRῙ⁝ DЄI⁝ IℏV⁝ XPῙ. / Crown topped by ⚜ in floral border of 12 lis. FRAȠCORV∘REX. VF. DNW Auction 2017-12-12 #1766. ex Tony Merson collection, Bt M. Phillips, March 1995. Duplessy Royales I #303; Roberts 2691; Ciani 385; Dieudonne II #105; Lafaurie 306; Erslev Thomsen 3019.Anaximander
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Capetians, Jean II le Bon. Gros Tournois of Tours.France. Capetians, Jean II le Bon. 1350-1364 AD. Gros Tournois (3.38 gm, 25mm, 9h) of Tours, 1359. Short cross pattée, ✠BH̅DICTV̅⁝ SIT⁝ HOᙏЄ̅⁝ DH̅I⁝ HRῙ⁝ DЄI⁝ IℏṾ.XPῙ / ✠IOh⚻ȠȠⲉS▴REX. / Châtel Tournois with cross at top ✠TVROИVS▴CIVIS (w/ pelleted S); floral border of twelve lis. gVF Bt. Goldberg Pre-Long Beach Auction 128 #1711. Rare. PCGS #44665399 graded AU-58. Ciani 401; Duplessy Royales I #351; Roberts 2475; Hoffman pl.XX #15.Anaximander
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Capetians, Louis IX (St. Louis). Gros Tournois of Touraine. France. Capetians, Louis IX (St. Louis). 1226-1270 AD. AR Gros Tournois (3.92ᵍᵐ 25.4ᵐᵐ 11ʰ) of Touraine. c. 1266-1270. Short cross pattée. ✠BH̅DICTV̅⁝ SIT⁝ HOᙏЄ̅⁝ DN̅I⁝ ȠRῙ⁝ DЄI⁝ IℏV.XPῙ / ✠LVDOVICVS˙ REX. / Châtel Tournois with cross at top ✠TVRONV.S⸰ CIVIS; floral border of twelve lis. VF. CNG EA358 #477. Van Hengel L15 var. (.XPI and variant V in TVRONV.S⸰ CIVIS); Duplessy Royales I #190; Ciani 181; Lafaurie 198; Roberts 2451.Anaximander
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Capetians, Louis VI. Church Façade Denier of Dreux.France. Capetians, Louis VI le Gros. 1108‑1137 AD. AR Denier (1.00 gm, 19.6mm, 1h) first type of Dreux. Church façade. ✤LVDOV–CVS REX. / Short cross pattée, Ω in 2ⁿᵈ and 3ʳᵈ quarter. ✠DRVCΛꙄ CΛꙄTΛ. aVF. Pegasi Numismatics Auction 34 #784. Duplessy Royales I #96; Roberts 2362/2361; Ciani 106. cf. iNumis MBS 44 #306.Anaximander
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Capetians, Louis VI. City Gate Denier of Orléans. France. Capetians, Louis VI. 1108‑1137 AD. AR Denier (1.14 gm, 20.7mm, 4h) of Orléans. Also appears as an immobilized type under Louis VII (1137-1180). City gate of Orléans with Ω to left, 𑁔 to right, O above, and ⁞ inside. ✠LVDOVICVS REX I. / Short cross cantonée with O in 2nd quarter and Λ in 3rd quarter. ✠ΛVRЄLᴵΛNIS CIVITΛS. aVF. CNG EAuction 537 #677 (Louis VII). Ciani 111, Duplessy Royales I #120, Hoffman 8; Lafaurie 130; Roberts 2378. Louis VII: Duplessy Royales I #142; Lafaurie 154.Anaximander
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Capetians, Louis VII. Crosier in Pale Denier of Château-Landon. France. Capetians, Louis VII le Jeune. 1137-1180 AD. AR Denier (1.39 gm, 21.2mm, 10h) of Château-Landon. Pale between two crosiers, each topped by …; an abbot's crosier is wrapped by a pallium or "sudarium" hence a crosier in pale. ✠LVDOVICVS REX. / Short cross inside dotted border, S in 1ˢᵗ & 4ᵗʰ quarters. ✠LΛND🝊NIS CΛSTΛ (cruciform O). VF. Pegasi Numismatics Auction 34 #785. Ciani 122; Duplessy Royales I #136; Lafaurie 147; Roberts 2316. cf. CGB.fr Auction 2021-03 #644028 (cruciform O); iNumis MBS38 #247 (round O).Anaximander
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Capetians, Philippe I. Portal Denier of Orléans. France. Capetians, Philippe I Dieudonné. 1060-1108 AD. AR Denier (1.30ᵍᵐ 22.4ᵐᵐ 4ʰ) Portal type of Aurelianis (Orléans) Porte accostée (gateway), IИ-I-IC around, ΛT downward in center. ✠PHIL'PVS x REX D‾I. / Short cross pattée, S in 1ˢᵗ and 4ᵗʰ quarter. ✠ΛVRELᴵΛNIS CIVITΛ. aVF. Pegasi Numismatics Auction 33 (VAuctions Sale 317) #781. Rare. Duplessy Royales I #50 var. (℞ legend NE-I-IC-TΛ); Erslev Thomsen 2920. cf. Lafaurie I #68; Roberts 2376 (℞ legend). Ciani - .Anaximander
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Capetians, Philippe II. Denier of Laon. France. Capetians, Philippe II Auguste. 1180-1223 AD. AR Denier (0.76 gm, 18.5mm, 11h) of Laon, struck by Bishop Roger I of Rosoy (1174-1207). Facing bust of crowned king ✠PHILIPVS RE. / Mitered bust facing of Bishop Roger de Rosoi. ✠ROGERVS EP̅E. VF. DNW Auction 2017-12-12 #1747. Tony Merson Coll. Ex-Christie's Auction 10-11 Oct 1989 #282 (part). Rare. Boudeau 1905; Ciani 150; Duplessy Royales I 184; Lafaurie 173; Poey d'Avant Féodales III #6545; Roberts 2387.Anaximander
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Capetians, Philippe III. Gros Tournois.France. Capetians, Philippe III le Hardi. 1270-1285 AD. AR Gros Tournois (3.93ᵍᵐ 25.9ᵐᵐ 2ʰ), before 1280. Short cross pattée. ✠PhILIPVS⠁REX, ✠BN̄DICTV̄⁝ SIT⁝ NOᙏЄ⁝ DN̄I: ȠR̄I⁝ DЄI⁝ IℏVׅ .XP̄I. / Châtel Tournois topped with cross, floral border of 12 embedded lis. ✠TVROИV.S⠁CIVIS. gVF. Pegasi Numismatics Sale 121 #461. van Hengel P22.02 (pl.5 #3); Duplessy Royales I #202a; Ciani 188; Lafaurie 204; Roberts 2454.Anaximander
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Capetians, Philippe IV le Bel. Maille Tierce à l'O rond. France. Capetians, Philippe IV le Bel. 1285‑1314 AD. AR Maille Tierce (1.46ᵍᵐ 19ᵐᵐ 9ʰ) à l'O rond. Short cross pattée. ✠PhILIPPVS REX, ✠BH̅DICTV̄⁝ SIT⁝ HOᙏЄȠ⁝ DOᙏIȠI. / Châtel Tournois, cross above, with floral border of 10 lis. ✠TVRONVS˚ CIVIS (R with tail). VF. CNG EA 542 #548. From the Chris J. Sabine Collection. Duplessy Royales I #219E; Ciani 214 ; Lafaurie - ; Roberts 2498.Anaximander
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Capetians, Philippe IV. Gros Tournois à l'O long.France. Capetians, Philippe IV le Bel. 1285-1314 AD. AR Gros Tournois (4.03ᵍᵐ 26.2ᵐᵐ 6ʰ) à l'O long, 1290-1295. Short cross pattée. ✠PhILIPPVS REX (L w/ crescent), ✠BN̄DICTV̄⁝ SIT⁝ NOᙏЄ⁝ DN̄I⁝ ȠR̄I⁝ DЄI⁝ IℏVׅ XPĪ. / Châtel Tournois with cross at top, floral border of 12 lis. ✠TVR0NVS⸪ CIVIS (R with tail). gVF. Ex-CNG EA23 (25 Feb, 2001) item #61781. van Hengel #504.01; Duplessy Royales I #214; Ciani 206; Lafaurie 218; Roberts 2464.Anaximander
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Capetians, Philippe V. Gros Tournois à l'O rond.France. Capetians, Philippe V le Long. 1316-1322 AD. AR Gros Tournois (4.05 gm, 26.6mm, 12h) à l'O rond. Short cross pattee. ✠PhILIPPVSᴛREX, ✠BN̄DICTV̄⁝ SIT⁝ ȠOᙏЄ⁝ DN̄I⁝ ȠR̄I⁝ DЄI⁝ Iℏ'V⁝ XP̄I. / Châtel Tournois with cross at top, floral border of 12 lis. ✠TVRONVSᴛCIVIS. VF. Pegasi Numismatics Sale 125 #460. Duplessy Royales I #238; Ciani 244; Lafaurie 242; Roberts 2471; Van Hengel PV14.02 (pl.6 #21); Erslev Thomsen 2976.Anaximander
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Charles I the Bald, Obole of Melle.Carolingian. Charles I the Bald, King of West Francia. 840-877 AD. AR Obole (0.79 gm, 15mm, 9h) of Melle (Deux-Sèvres), struck 864-877. KAROLVS monogram (₭ΛR◇LVS), ᛭ in 3rd qtr. / Small cross pattée, ✠METVLLO. gVF. Bt. Goldberg Pre-Long Beach Auction 128 #1709. PCGS #44665416 graded AU-53. Depeyrot 625; Gadoury 76 (pl.24); Gariel 2/2 pl.XXIV #77; M&G 1061; Poey d'Avant II #2361 (pl.LII #17); Prou 706; Roberts 1345; MEC I #962-963.Anaximander
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Charles the Simple. Cristiana Religio Denier of Langres with Carolus monogram.Carolingian. Charles the Simple, King of West Francia. 898-922 AD. AR Cristiana Religio Denier (1.83ᵍᵐ 21.0ᵐᵐ 6ʰ) of Langres (Langres Hoard?). Short cross patée. ✠CΛRLVS REX. / Carolus monogram (₭ΛR◇LVS). X✠RI˙Λ˙IIΛ REIIϽIO (blundered legend). nEF. Davisson's Auction 43 #181 (Charles the Bald). Simon Coupland: Unlike the Christiana religio coins of Charles the Bald, bearing a temple on the reverse, which survive in large numbers and were struck at several mints, these monogram Christiana religio coins in the name of a king Charles are known in small numbers and were probably the product of a single mint. The hoard evidence indicates that they are coins of Charles the Simple, minted in the early tenth century, and suggests that they may well have been minted at Langres. They have namely turned up in just two hoards, Langres 1880, which contained no fewer than seven specimens alongside a GDR denier of Langres itself, and Neufchâteau 2008, discovered less than 60 km from Langres. [S. Coupland]" in CNG EA 411 #517. See also Simon Coupland (Neufchâteau I 2008) #10. Rare. Depeyrot 1197; M&G 1436v. cf. Gariel ("Charles") pl.45 #69 (XRIΛIIΛ IICIO)-70 (XPIΛIIΛ PIIICIO); Prou 1067 (XPIΛИΛ REIICIO)-1068 (XRIΛIIΛ IICIO); Roberts SCMF (Chas. the Bald [B] or Chas. the Simple [S]) #1287 [S] (XRIΛIIΛ IICIO). MEC I - .Anaximander
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Chatel Type Denier Tournois Obv: + ALFVNSVS COMES.(Alphonse, comte). around cross
Rev: + PICTAVIENTSIS.(Poitou) Châtel tournois
Mint: Montreuil-Bonnin
Date: 1249-1267
18mm; .86g
Roberts 5201 (like) BD .431; PA 2582'
ex CNG eAuction 529wileyc
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Coin of the Cahors Billion DenierObverse : Squared cross with CATVRCICS around.
Reverse : CHI-RHO with an A below, flanked by two small crosses, with CIVITAS around.
Mint-Narbonne
Date-1220-1240
Reference : Roberts-4316. Mayhew-115. D. 1158 Bwileyc
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Conrad the Pacific, King of Burgundy. Denier of Lyons. Carolingian. Conrad the Pacific, King of Burgundy. 937-993 AD. AR Denier (1.3 gm, 20.2mm, 6h) of Lyon. Short cross pattée, ✠CONRΛDVS. / Church spire with cross ✠LVGDVDVS. gVF. Pegasi Numismatics Auction XI #735. M&G 1683; Boudeau 1122ff; Depeyrot 531; Dumas Fécamp 8564; Duplessy Féodales #2525; Poey d'Avant 5013 (pl. CXII #21); Prou 634-636; Roberts 1892. MEC 1 – .Anaximander
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County of Maine. Herbert I, BI denierMonogram of Herbert.
Obv; ✠ COMES CENOMANNIS, Translation: Herbert count of Le Mans.
Rev: Cross with alpha and omega hanging. ✠ SIGNVM DEI VIVI
Translation: The symbol of the incarnate God.
Mint: Le Mans, France
1015-1036
15mm, .91g
Poey d'Avant 1548; Roberts 4121/22
ex CNG e auction 535 lot 863 29/3/23
denarii bearing the monogram of Herbert I (Count of Maine from 1015 to 1036), were minted in various variants until 1246.
wileyc
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County of Poitou, MelleObv:+CARLVS REX, (S is retrograde) around cross
Rev: MET/ALO in two lines (Melle)
Mint:Melle
Date:9-11c
22mm, .77g
Roberts 3862, Boud. 414
Starting around 877 the lead/sliver mines of Melle had a workshop that belonged to the Counts of Poitiers. From 877 thru the 12th century, Melle minted denarii and obols in the name of the Carolingian ruler Charles the Bald who was a 9th century ling of West Francia 843-8977 and emperor of the Carolingian Empire.
wileyc
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Early French Feudal DenierThibaut IV LE Chansonnier
Rev: +TEBAT COMES; Cross pattee, omega in the first quarter, crescents in the second and third quarters, alpha in the fourth quarter
Obv:CASTRI PRVVINS; Comb, surmounted by a castle
Mint: Provins
Date; 1201-1253
1.15g; 21mm
Roberts 4731
The coins of Champagne feature a type of symbolism beloved by medieval Europeans. The field (champ) of the coin features a comb (peigne) which thus visually spells the name of the county. These coins were widely circulated as a result of the fairs held in Champagne during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.Thibaut IV was the last count to issue the design,wileyc
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EB0267 Zeus / CentaurThessaly, Magnetes, AE 20, 196-146 BC.
Obverse: Laureate head of Zeus right.
Reverse: MAΓN/HTΩN, Centaur walking right holding branch.
References: Cf. BCD 419.9; BMC-7.
Diameter: 20mm, Weight: 5.971g.
Ex: Dr. Roberts collection.EB
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Edward I. Denier au léopard of Bordeaux.Anglo-Gallic. Edward I. 1272-1307. BI Denier au léopard (0.95 gm, 19.5mm, 4h) of Bordeaux, c.1291. AϬL in one line, léopard passant left above, Є below. ✠ EDWARDVS REX. / Short cross pattée, Є in 1ˢᵗ quarter. ✠ DVX AQVITˀ BVRDˀ. aVF. Bt. Lance Chaplin, Bloomsbury Coin Fair, 2014. Withers AGC 16A (2/g); Elias 18; Boudeau 476; Duplessey, Féodales I #1042; Poey d'Avant Féodales II #2775 (pl.60 #14); Roberts 6756; Spink SCBC 8018.Anaximander
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Edward I. Denier au léopard of Bordeaux.Anglo-Gallic. Edward I. 1272-1307. BI Denier au léopard (0.95 gm, 18.4mm, 9h) 1ˢᵗ type of Bordeaux, 1291-1294. AϬL in one line, léopard passant left above, Є below. ✠ EDVARDVS REX. / Short cross pattée, Є in 1ˢᵗ quarter. ✠DVX AQIT BVRD. gVF. Bt. Michael Bezayiff, FUN Show 2017. Withers AGC 16A (c/3) (-,d); Elias 18; Boudeau 476; Duplessey Féodales I #1042; Poey d'Avant Féodales II #2775 (pl.60 #14); Roberts 6756; Spink SCBC 8018.Anaximander
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Edward I. Denier au lion of Bordeaux.Anglo-Gallic. Edward I. Duke of Aquitaine, 1252-1272. AR Denier au lion (0.94 gm, 18.5mm, 4h) of Bordeaux. Léopard passant left. ✠ЄDVVΛRDˀ FILI "Edward, son…" / Short cross pattée ✠h' RЄGIS ΛNGLIЄ ("…of Henry, King of England."). VF. CNG EA377 #724. Withers AGC 11 (3/a); Boudeau 474; Duplessy Féodales I #1037; Elias 13; Poey d'Avant Féodales II #2786; Roberts 6751; Spink 8013.Anaximander
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Edward II. Maille Blanche Hibernie of Aquitaine.Anglo-Gallic. Edward II. Duke of Aquitaine, 1306-1325. AR Maille Blanche Hibernie (1.79 gm, 22.2mm, 1h) of Aquitaine. Short cross pattée. ✠ ED' ⦂ REX AȠGLIE; + BȠDICTV ⦂ SIT ⦂ ИOᙏE ⦂ DИI ⦂ ȠRI. / Châtel tournois with turreted towers & cross pattée, ⋯ over gateway & ∵ below; tressure of nine leaves. ✠ DȠS ⦂ hIBERȠIE. gVF. Bt. Forum Ancient Coins, 2021. Withers AGC 22A (7/b); Elias 32, Duplessy Féodales I #1049, Poey d'Avant Féodales II #2864 (pl.61 #16), Roberts (Edward III) 5592; Spink 8026.Anaximander
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Edward II. Maille Blanche Hibernie.Anglo-Gallic. Edward II. Duke of Aquitaine, 1306-1325. AR Maille Blanche Hibernie (1.49 gm, 22.0mm, 4h). Short cross pattée. ✠ЄDˀ: RЄX AȠGLIЄ (Edward King of England) [✠B]ȠDICTV⦂ SIT⦂ ИOᙏЄ⦂ DȠ[I⦂ ȠRI]. / Châtel Aquitanique, ⋯ over gateway and ∵ below. ✠DȠS⦂ hIBЄRȠIЄ (Lord of Ireland); tressure of nine leaves. aVF. Bt. Alan Cherry, London Coin Fair, 2014. Withers AGC 22 (3/b); Duplessy Féodales I #1049; Elias 32; Boudeau 486(8f); Poey d'Avant Féodales II 2864 (pl. 61 #16); Spink SCBC 8026; Roberts (Edward III) 5592.Anaximander
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Edward III. Double au léopard sous couronne.Anglo-Gallic. Edward III. 1327-1377. BI Double au léopard sous couronne (1.03 gm, 19.5mm, 9h). Large crown above léopard passant left, ✿ below, ✠ЄDˀ RЄX ∶ ΛȠϬLIЄ. / Short cross pattée; ♔ in 1ˢᵗ & 4ᵗʰ quarters, ✠ᙏOȠЄ⏄A∶ DVPLЄX✿. gVF. CNG EA 431 #628. Michael Joffre Coll. Withers AGC 100E (2/b); Boudeau 500; Duplessey Féodales I 1092A; Elias 92c; Poey d'Avant Féodales II #2895 (pl.63 #8); Roberts 6784; Spink SCBC 8080.Anaximander
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Edward the Black Prince. Demi Gros.Anglo-Gallic. Edward the Black Prince. 1362‑1372 †1376. AR Demi Gros (1.88ᵍᵐ 25.2ᵐᵐ 12ʰ) of La Rochelle, second issue. Half-lenth bust right in tressure, sword over shoulder and raised hand. [✠ЄD⁑] PO⁑ ϬȠS⁑ R[EϬIS⁑] AȠϬL [IЄ⁑R]. / Long cross pattée. ∴ in qtrs. [ϬLΛ•I]IȠC XLC•[DC C] TIȠ•TC RΛ [•PΛX] | ∶PRȠ CPS ΛQI TΛȠ. VF. Key diagnostic: double rosette stops (also used at Limoges) with reverse initial mark "∶" (indicative of second issue). Bt. Den of Antiquity, London, 2014. Withers AGC 200 (1/h); Boudeau 510; Elias 182; Elias Coll 276; Poey d'Avant 3043 (pl.65 #7); Duplessy Féodales I #1124A; Roberts 6825; Spink SCBC 8131.Anaximander
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Edward the Black Prince. Hardi d'argent of La Rochelle. Anglo-Gallic. Edward the Black Prince. 1362‑1372 †1376. AR Hardi d'argent (1.14ᵍᵐ 20.0ᵐᵐ 3ʰ) of La Rochelle. Half-lenth figure facing, holding sword, canopy above. ЄD•PO∶ ϬȠS∶ R EϬI∶ ΛϬLIЄ (Edwardus Primo Genetis Regis Anglie Princeps). / Long cross pattée, lis and leopard in alternating qtrs. ✿PRI | CPS✿R | AQIT | AȠIC (Prince of Aquitaine). nEF. The ϬȠS R and ✿R in the legends are diagnostic of the issuing mint. CNG EA 434 #603. Londinium Coll. Withers AGC 231B 7/d; Boudeau 513; Duplessy Féodales I #1126; Elias 206a; Poey d'Avant Féodales II #3056 (pl 65/15-18); Roberts 6832-3; Spink SCBC 8134. cf. Davissons 35 #324.Anaximander
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Edward the Black Prince. Hardi d’argent of Poitiers.Anglo-Gallic. Edward the Black Prince. 1362‑1372 †1376. AR Hardi d’argent (1.13ᵍᵐ 20.0ᵐᵐ 8ʰ) of Poitiers. Half-length figure of Edward facing, beneath Gothic canopy with annulets, holding sword. ЄD PO GЄȠT REϬI AϬIЄ. / Long cross pattée. Lis in 1ˢᵗ & 4ᵗʰ quarters, léopard passant in 2ⁿᵈ & 3ʳᵈ. PRȠ | CPS | AQᴾI | TAȠ. gVF Mint mark ᴾ on reverse legend. CNG EA 490 #481. From the Peter J. Merani Coll. Ex WRG Coll. (CNR XLIII.2, Summer 2018), #485784, ex-William B. Porter, July 1992. Withers AGC 230A (9/a); Duplessey - ; Elias 205b; Roberts 6832; Spink 8134.Anaximander
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Feudal France, Bretagne. Francois II. Gros a l'écu of Rennes. Feudal France, Bretagne. Francois II. 1458-1488 AD. AR Gros a l'écu (3.50 gm, 29mm, 8h) of Rennes. Six ermine pelts on coat-of-arms. ⁚✠⁚ FRAȠCISCVS: BRITOȠVᙏ: DVX: R⯂: / Short Cross Fleurie, R at center. ✠SIT: ȠOᙏЄȠ: DȠI: BЄȠЄDICTVᙏ:⯂ gVF. Pegasi Numismatics Auction 33 #802. Duplessy Féodales I 337A; Poey d'Avant Féodales I #1322 (pl.XXIV #6); Jézéquel 414N; Roberts 6183; Erslev Thomsen 3236. cf Boudeau 136.Anaximander
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Feudal France, Burgundy. Jean I sans Peur. Blanc d'Argent of Auxonne. France. Feudal, Burgundy. Jean I sans Peur. 1404-1419 AD. AR Grand Blanc d'Argent (2.90 gm, 27.4mm, 7h) of Auxonne. Jean I Valois heraldic crest in shield. ✠IOh͆AȠЄS⁑ DV̥X⁑ BVRGVȠDIЄ (double trefoil stops). / Short cross pattée with lions and lis in angles. ✠SIT Ƞ̥OᙏЄȠ: DȠI: BЄȠЄDICTV (double crescent stops). VF. Pegasi Numismatics Auction 34 #808. Roberts 7821; Erslev Thomsen 3570. Dumas 14-5-3. Boudeau 1224. cf. Poey d'Avant Féodales III #5723 (obv. saltire stops)(pl.133 #5).Anaximander
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Feudal France, Franche-Comté. Temple Denier of Lons-le-Saunier. France. Feudal, Franche-Comté. End-11ᵗʰ or 12ᵗʰ c. AD. AR Denier (0.99ᵍᵐ 18.2ᵐᵐ 12ʰ) of Lons-le-Saunier. Immobilized type of Charles III le Simple. Short cross pattée, pellets in angles. ✠CARLVS RX. / Tetrastyle temple, cross within. Long oval below. ✠BLЄ∂ONIS (cursive D). aVF. Pegasi Numismatics Sale 129 #473. Roberts 1726; Gariel pl.XLIX #9 = Gariel Coll. #1205; M&G (Chas. the Simple) 1425; Depeyrot (1993) #154; BnF Gallica C 3018. Cf. Crinon, Desfretier & Dhénin, "La série au temple frappée à Lons-Le-Saulnier à partir de la fin du XIe siècle," BSFN 51 (1996) p.140 #1.Anaximander
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Feudal France, Lorraine, Adémar de Monteil. Denier "Messin" of Metz. France. Feudal, Lorraine, Adémar de Monteil. 1327-1361 AD. AR Denier "Messin" (0.51 gm, 15.1mm, 12h) of Metz. Half-length figure of bishop right with crosier, hand raised. •Λ̅• Є P'S. / Short cross pattée w/ stars and crescents in qtrs. MЄTЄNSIS (pelleted N and S). gVF. Adémar de Monteil de la Garde, bishop of Metz. Pegasi Numismatics Sale 136 #528. Roberts 8870; de Saulcy 65; Erslev Thomsen 3520. Rare. No examples in acsearch.Anaximander
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Feudal France, Lorraine, Charles II. Petit Gros of Nancy.France. Feudal, Lorraine, Charles II. 1390‑1431 AD. AR Petit Gros (2.37 gm, 24.6mm, 1h) of Nancy. Duke stdg facing holding sword & wearing helmet & sash. ⁘KΛROLVS⁘ DVX LOThOR ⁘Z⁘ ᙏ⁘ / Long cross pattée breaking inner legend. ᙏOȠETΛ ✿DE✿ ȠΛȠCI, ✠BHDCTV⎖🟌 SIT🟌🟌 ȠOᙏЄ ⎖🟌 DHI⎖🟌 ȠRI'🟌 IℏV⎖🟌XPI⎖🟌 VF. Pegasi Numismatics Auction 47 #754. Boudeau 1479-1480; Roberts 9542/9545 (René I); De Saulcy pl IX 18; Flon #33.Anaximander
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Feudal France, Lorraine. Antoine le Bon. Sol de guerre of Nancy. France. Feudal, Lorraine. Antoine le Bon. 1508-1544. AR Sol de guerre (1.12 ᵍᵐ 20.1ᵐᵐ 1ʰ) of Nancy. Crowned ducal coat of arms. ✠ ΛȠThOȠ ˣ a ᵜ Ϭ ᵜ CΛLABЧ ᵜ LO. / Sword pointing down. ✠ ᙏOȠЄTΛ · FΛCTΛ · ȠΛȠCЄ. aEF. Agora Auctions 111 #288. Ex Bir Collection (Pegasi Numismatics Auction 25 #805). De Saulcy pl. XIV #14; Roberts 9437; Boudeau 1509.Anaximander
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Feudal France, Maine. Herbert I Éveille-Chien. Denier Mansois.France. Feudal, Maine. Herbert I Éveille-Chien. 1015-1032/5 AD. AR Denier (1.41ᵍᵐ 20.8ᵐᵐ 8ʰ) of Le Mans (Cinomans). Large Hebert monogram. EBER|TVS, ✤COMES CENOMΛNNIS. / Short cross, pellets in 1ˢᵗ & 2ⁿᵈ quarter, Λ and Ꞷ suspended in 3ʳᵈ & 4ᵗʰ. ✤SIGNVM DEI VIVI. gVF. Pegasi Numismatics Sale (Agora Auctions) 165 #531. Denier "mansois," possible immobilized type of XII C. Duplessy Féodales I #397; Boudeau 171, Dieudonné IV #163; Roberts 4121; Poey d'Avant Féodales I #1546ff (pl.XXIX #14); Erslev Thomsen 3273. cf. Saulges Hoard #1-26.Anaximander
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Feudal France, Nevers, i/n/o King Louis IV d'Outremer. Denier.France. Feudal, Nevers, i/n/o Louis IV d'Outremer. c. 1050-1100 AD. AR Denier (1.15ᵍᵐ 19.1ᵐᵐ 10ʰ). REX monogram. ✠LVDOVICVS E (retrograde but for the S). / Short cross. ✠NEVERNIꙄ CIVT (degraded legend). gVF. Pegasi Numismatics Auction 39 (VAuctions 333) #748. Roberts 4163; Boudeau 340v (legend); Ciani - ; Duplessy Féodales I #751A; Poey d'Avant Féodales I #2110 pl.46 #11.Anaximander
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Feudal France, Normandy. Henry I, King of England. AR Denier.Feudal France, Normandy. Henry I Beauclerc. 1106-1135. AR Denier (0.91 gm) of Rouen. Short croix pattée; pellets in ea qtr. +NORMΛNN[I]Λ. / Degenerated church façade w/ central cross; pellet-in-triangle above flanked by linked pellets. gF. Very rare Norman issue of English king. Usual crude strike, good metal. Agora Auctions Sale 38 #282. Legros 401; Dumas Normandes (RN 1979) Group C, pl.XX #13; Roberts 4837; Boudeau - ; Poey d'Avant - ; Duplessy Féodales - . cf. CNG EA 425 #703.Anaximander
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Feudal France, Penthièvre, Stephen I. Denier of Guingamp, Brittany.France. Feudal, Penthièvre, Stephen I. 1093-1138. AR Denier (0.81ᵍᵐ 19.3ᵐᵐ 2ʰ) of Guingamp, Brittany. Head right. ✠ ϬVINϬAMP. / Cross pattée, star in 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ quarters. ✠ ᔕTEPhAN COᲗ. aVF. Agora Auctions 111 #286. Ex Pegasi Numismatics (Spartan Sale 76 #310). Ghosting on obv. from rev. cross. Roberts 4954; Boudeau 144 (4f); Poey d'Avant I #1444. cf. Duplessy, Féodales I (type immobilisé) #364; de Wit 350.Anaximander
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Feudal France, Provence. Louis II-III. Gros à la couronne.France. Feudal, Provence. Louis II-III 1384-1417-1434 Gros à la couronne (1.75 gm, 23.1mm, 4h). Large crown, two lis on lambel below, ✠:LVDOV⦂ ⱵER⦂ ЄT⦂ SICIL: RЄX⦂ / Field of arms, Jerusalem (cross with crosslets) and Anjou (lis) ✠:COHES:ꝒVICE⦂ ЄT⦂ FORCAL⦂ (ligatedAL) gVF. As king of Jerusalem and Sicily and count of Provence and Forçalquier. Pegasi Numismatics Sale 158 #534. Duplessy Féodales II #1697, Poey d'Avant II #4052 (pl. 91 #15); Roberts 5983. cf. Erslev Thomsen 3325 (sou courronat).Anaximander
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Feudal France, Provence. Raymond VI-VII. AR Denier.France. Feudal, Provence. Raymond VI-VII. 1194-1249 AD. AR Denier (0.77 gm, 17.4mm, 2h) of Mornas. Short cross "toulousaine" (croix pommetée & évidée) w/ three pellets at each end. ✠R⁝ COMES⁝ PALACI (ligate ME). / Sun and moon (star with crescent) ✠DVX·MARCℏ'·PV˴. Countermarks on points of crescent: 2 (atop 8) and 4. gVF. Pegasi Numismatics Auction X #739. Duplessy Féodales I #1606A; Roberts (Raymond V) 4355; Poey d'Avant Féodales II #3730 (cf. pl.81 #18); Erslev Thomsen 3335; Lhotka (Raymond VII) 425.Anaximander
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Feudal France, Toulouse. Raymond V-VII. Pax Denier France. Feudal, Toulouse. Raymond V-VII. 1148-1249 AD. AR Denier (1.08 gm, 19.2mm, 8h). Short cross pattée, S in 2ⁿᵈ quarter. RAMON COMEᔕ (ligate ME). / PɅX monogram (Crook, ɪɪ & ✠) in center. ✠ TOLOᔕΛ CIVI. VF. Pegasi Numismatics Sale 148 #582. Boudeau 721; Duplessy Féodales I #1228; Erslev Thomsen 3340; Lhotka 418; Poey d'Avant Féodales II #3702 (pl.LXXXI #4); Roberts 4226.Anaximander
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Feudal France, Toulouse. Raymond V-VII. PAX Obole.France. Feudal, Toulouse. Raymond V-VII. 1148-1194, 1222-1249 AD. AR Obole (0.57 gm, 15mm, 4h). Short cross patée, RAMON COME∽ (ME ligate, horizontal S), S in 2nd quarter. / PΛX monogram in inner circle, a crozier as the P, II as A, and a cross pateé as the X. ✠ TOLO∽Λ CIVI (horizontal S). VF. Davissons E45 #103. Ex Robert W. Hoge Collection. Ex Agora 62 (1 November 2016) lot 288 (part) = CNG EA 358 #479. Duplessy Féodales I #1229; Roberts 4226 (denier); Boudeau 722. cf. Poey d'Avant II (Raimond VII) #3703 (pl.lxxxi #5). These rulers were involved in the Crusades against the Cathars.Anaximander
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France (Feudal): Champagne, Provins and Sens, Anonymous, 11th and 12th CenturiesRoberts 4097 & 4724, Poey d'Avant 5966 var., Boudeau 1754-1755 var.
AR denier, Sens mint, ca. 1050-1125, 20 mm.
Obv: + RIL DVNS CATO [Castle of Provins], wool comb in lower field formed by circle of dots, o+o above (legend begins at 9 o’clock).
Rev: + SEEI OMS CIVI [City of Sens], cross in circle of dots, pellets in two quadrants, possible alpha and omega in other quadrants.
The field (champ) and comb (peigne) on the reverse is a visual pun on the name of the region.
Provins was home to two of the six Champagne and Brie fairs, which were the keys to its prosperity. The May Fair began on the Tuesday before Ascension and ran for 46 days, and the Fair of St. Ayoul began on the Exaltation of the Cross (September 14).Stkp
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France (Feudal): Counts of Maine, by and in the name of Count Herbert I Éveille-Chien/Wakedog (1014-1035)Roberts 4121, Poey d'Avant 1546-1598 Plate XXIX/16-XXX/5, Boudeau 171 (1f), Legros 572.
Billon denier, Le Mans mint, 1014-1246 (immobilized type): 1.16 g. 20.79 mm. max., 0
Obv.: + COMES CENOMANIS (ME ligature) (= Counts of Maine), degenerate monogram of Count Herbert I Éveille-Chien/Wakedog.
Rev.: + SIGNVM DEI VIVI (= Signe de Dieu vivant = Sign of the Living God), cross with pellets in the upper quadrants and alpha and omega in the lower.
Herbert was, at times, a nominal vassal of his neighbor Fulk III Nerra, Count of Anjou but otherwise considered himself independent. He obtained his nickname "Wake-dog" for having to constantly resist the intrusions of his Angevin neighbors to the south.Stkp
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France (Feudal): Duchy of Brittany. John I, “the Red” (1237-1286)Roberts 4611 var., Poey d'Avant 356 var. (plate 11, no. 14), Boudeau 36-37 var. , Duplessy 73 var. (apparently no pellet on obverse after the X in the sources)
AR denier, Vannes mint [?], ca. 1250 [?], 19 mm.
Obv: + IOhANNES•DVX•, central cross.
Rev: + B-RIT-ANI-E, triangular shield of the house of Dreux in Brittany consisting of three spots and field of ermine.
John I (c. 1217/18–1286), known as John the Red due to the color of his beard, was the son of Duke Peter I, Duke of Brittany jure uxoris and Alix of Thouars, hereditary Duchess of Brittany. He was hereditary duke from 1221, upon his mother’s death, but his father ruled as regent until he reached adulthood. He experienced a number of conflicts with the Bishop of Nantes and the Breton clergy. In 1240, he issued an edict expelling Jews from the duchy and cancelling all debts to them. He joined Louis IX of France in the Eighth Crusade (1270), and survived the plague that killed the king. The duchy of Brittany experienced a century of peace, beginning with John I and ending with Duke John III's reign in 1341.Stkp
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France (Feudal): Dukes of Aquitaine. William X, the “Saint” (1127-1137).Roberts, 4311, Boudeau 464, Poey d'Avant 2735
AR denier, Bordeaux mint, 18 mm.
Obv: + CLVILILMO [first L retrograde] (Guillaume), four crosslets forming a cross.
Rev: + BVRDECIILA (Bordeaux, Burdigalae in Latin), cross pattée.
William X (1099–1137), was Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, and Count of Poitou (as William VIII). He was the son of Duke William IX by his second wife, Philippa of Toulouse. He was born in Toulouse when his father was briefly the Count. Shortly after his birth his father went on Crusade, and he was raised in Poitiers by his mother. His father later abandoned her, and took Dangerose, the wife of one of his vassals, as mistress. This caused strain between father and son, until William married Aenor de Châtellerault, daughter of Dangerose, in 1121. They had three children, one of whom was Eleanor of Aquitaine, his heiress.
William was a lover of the arts and a warrior. He became involved in conflicts with Normandy and France. Inside his borders, he faced an alliance of the Lusignans and the Parthenays against him, an issue he resolved by the total destruction of his enemies. William X initially supported antipope Anacletus II in the papal schism of 1130, against the will of his own bishops. In 1134 Saint Bernard of Clairvaux convinced William to drop his support of Anacletus and to embrace Pope Innocent II.
In 1137 William joined the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, but died of suspected food poisoning during the trip. He left the dukedom and the care of his 15-year-old daughter to King Louis VI of France. Louis VI accepted this guardianship and married Eleanor to his son, Louis VII.Stkp
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France (Feudal): Gien (County of Donzy). Geoffrey III (1120-1160) or Herve III (1160-1194).Boudeau 297, Poey d'Avant 1998 (p. 42 no. 21), Duplessy 605, Legros 1565, Roberts 1497-8
AR denier, struck 1120-1191, 19 mm.
Obv: + GOSEDVS COS (Geoffroi, count), cross with staff and hammer in second angle and triangles in other three angles.
Rev: + GIEMIS CA (Castle of Gien), degraded monogram of Fulk of Anjou (legend begins at 9 o’clock).
The deniers of Gien were derived from those of Angers and bear a degraded monogram of Fulk of Angers. The reason for this is unclear as the regions are far apart and there is no connection between them. Standards of weight and fineness appear to have been similar, as records from 1202-3 value the denier giennois at 1.5 deniers parisis and the denier angevin at 1.46 d.p.
The deniers are struck in the name of a Count Geoffrey, and the type may have begun under Geoffrey II (1169-1184) or more probably Geoffrey III (1120-1160), but was immobilized after 1160. The coin is variously attributed to either or both of them, and also to Herve III (1160-1194). It ceased to be minted in 1191 when King Phillip II Augustus (1180-1223) acquired Gien and closed its mint.Stkp
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France (Feudal): Marquisate of Provence. Raymond VI (1156-1222)Roberts 4356, Boudeau 785, Poey d'Avant 3723 LXXXI, 17, Duplessy 1604A
AR denier, Pont-de-Sorgues mint, struck 1200-1220; 74 g., 16.59 mm. max., 0°
Obv: + R • COMES (=Raymond, count; beginning at 6 o'clock), sun between two pellets, crescent moon below.
Rev: D-V-X-M (=Duke, marquis), Toulouse cross dividing legend.
To accommodate the longstanding claims of the count of Toulouse, in 1125 Provence was divided along the Durance River. Lands north of the river constituted the Marquisate of Provence, ruled by Toulouse, and south of the river was the county proper, ruled by the House of Barcelona. Raymond VI (1156-1222) was Count of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne, Marquis of Provence, Count of Quercy and Albi.Stkp
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France (Feudal): Strasbourg (Municipality of Strasbourg), 1482-1667Roberts 9070, Boudeau 1335, Engel-Lehr 398-401
AR kreuzer (two deniers), 17 mm.
Obv: + GLA • IN EXCELS DO, central lily.
Rev: + MONETA • ARGEN, central lily.
The obverse legend is an abbreviated form of “GLORIA IN EXCELSIS DEO” ("Glory to God in the highest”), which are the words sung by the angels at the birth of Jesus in Luke 2:14. The words entered the Roman Catholic liturgy as the title and first words of a hymn known as the Great Doxology and the Hymnus Angelicus.
Stkp
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France (Feudal): Valence (Bishops of Valence and Die), 12th – 13th CenturyPoey d’Avant 4690, Roberts 4782 var., Boudeau 1021, Belaubre 965
AR denier, 18 mm.
Obv: + VRBS VALENTIAI, angel with spread wings, resembling an eagle, facing.
Rev: + S APOLLINARS, cross with annulet in second quarter.
In 1275 the bishoprics of Valence and Die were merged. The reverse legend refers to St. Apollinaris, who is the patron saint of the cathedral in Valence.
Valence deniers are found in significant quantities in coin hoards from the Crusader possessions in the east. For this reason, the emission is also catalogued as Metcalf (Crusades & Latin East), 39-40, Metcalf Group Di. It is possible that some of the cruder varieties, such as this, are in fact eastern imitations of the French issue.
Stkp
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France (Feudal): Vienne, Archbishopric, 11th and 12th CenturiesRoberts 5045, Poey d'Avant 4828 Plate CVI/17, Boudeau 1046.
Billon denier, Vienne mint, ca. 1200-1250: .82 g. 17.35 mm. max., 270
Obv.: + S • M • VIENNA • (= Saint Maurice of Vienne), bearded head of St. Maurice left.
Rev.: MAXIMA GALL (= Greater Gaul), cross with pellets.
Vienne was the first bishopric of Gaul, occupied by the legendary St. Crescens. The bishops became archbishops around 450 A.D. Its archbishops and those of Lyon disputed the title of "Primate of All the Gauls" based on the dates of founding of the cities compared to the dates of founding of the bishoprics.Stkp
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France (Feudal): Champagne, Provins. Count Thibaut II, The Great (1125-1152)Roberts 4726, Poey d'Avant 5971 Plate CXXXVIII/18, Boudeau --
AR denier, Provins mint, .80 g., 19.88 mm. max., 180°
Obv: [+] TEBAL[T] COMES (= Count Thibaut), Cross, pellets in two quadrants, alpha and omega in other quadrants.
Rev: (beginning at 9 o'clock) CASTRI P[VVI]NS (=Chateau/Castle Provins), Wool comb; T on V flanked by two annulets.
The field (champ) and comb (peigne) on the reverse is a visual pun on the name of the region.
Provins was home to two of the six Champagne and Brie fairs, which were the keys to its prosperity. The May Fair began on the Tuesday before Ascension and ran for 46 days, and the Fair of St. Ayoul began on the Exaltation of the Cross (September 14).
Thibaut II of Champagne and Thibaut IV of Blois was born about 1090 and died January 10, 1152. He was Count of Blois, Chartres, Meaux, Châteaudun lord of Sancerre between 1102 and 1152 and Count of Troyes and Champagne between 1125 and 1152.Stkp
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France (feudal): Charles of Valois, as Count of Anjou (1290-1325)Boudeau 167, Poey d'Avant 1537, Plate XXIX No. 5, Duplessy 392, Roberts 4707, Legros 749
AR denier; Anger mint; .89 g., 19.84 mm. max., 90â–«
Obv: + KAROLVS COMES, cross
Rev: + *ANDEGAVENSIS (of Anjou), Clef/Key between vertical lis on the left and horizontal lis on the right.
Charles of Valois was the third son of King Philip III (1270–1285) of France, brother of King Philip IV (1285–1314) of France, and uncle of Kings Louis X (1314–1316), Philip V (1316-1322) and Charles IV (1322-1328) of France. He was also the son-in-law and brother-in-law to kings or queens of Navarre, England and Naples. Charles thus dreamed of more and sought and intrigued all his life for a crown he never obtained. If he had survived three years longer he would have inherited the French throne, which passed to his son, Philip VI (1293-1350), the first Valois king of France. It was said of Charles: "Son of a king, brother of a king, uncle of three kings, father of a king, but never king himself." Still. Charles was the founder of a dynasty of kings.
Through his first marriage, in 1290 to Margaret, Countess of Anjou, (1272–1299) and daughter of King Charles II of Naples, Charles became Count of Anjou and Maine.Stkp
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France (Feudal): County of La Marche. Hugh X de Lusignan (1208-1249)Boudeau 437, Poey d'Avant 2609-2613, probably 2612, Duplessey 960, Roberts __
AR denier, Montreuil-Bonnin or Bellac mint; .87 g., 19.47 mm. max, 0°
Obv: + VGO COMES, cross pattée
Rev: + MAR[C]HIE, crosslet surrounded by two crescents and two annulets, within inner border.
Hugh’s father, Hugh IX of Lusignan was betrothed to marry 12-year-old Isabel of Angoulême in 1200, when King John of England married her instead. This resulted in the entire de Lusignan family rebelling against the English king. Instead, Hugh’s father married Hugh’s mother, Agathe de Preuilly. Following King John's death in 1216, Queen Isabella returned to France, where she married Hugh on May 10, 1220.Stkp
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France (Feudal): County of Melgueil (Languedoc), Bishops of Maguelonne (ca. 1080-1120)Roberts 4336 var. (central pellet), Boudeau 753 var. (same), Poey d'Avant 3842 var. (same) cf. LIIIV, 17
AR denier, Narbonne mint, .94 g., 18.44 mm. max., 270°
Obv: RAMVNDS (=Raymond; degenerate legend), cross formed from a fasces and bishop's mitres, pellet in upper left quarter.
Rev: NAIDONA (=Narbonne; degenerate legend), four annulets.
The obverse legend refers to Raymond, the first bishop who first issued these coins. The three large bars at 3 o'clock are the "M", the "o" at 8 o'clock is the "D,". and the other letters correspond accordingly. The fasces is a symbol of Rome, and the mitres symbolize the ecclesiastical authority of the bishop, whose ultimate authority resides in Rome.Stkp
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France (feudal): Duchy of Burgundy; Hugues/Hugh III (1162-1192) and Hugues/Hugh IV (1218-1272)Boudeau 1211; Poey d’Avant 5677 var., plate XXXI No. 12; Roberts 4533-34 var.
AR denier; Dijon mint; .89 g., 17.75 mm. max., 270°
Obv: + VGO D[V]X BVRG:DIE (three vertical pellets between G and D), pellet above two billettes, annulet below.
Rev: + DIVIONENSIS (=Dijon) (first S retrograde), cross.Stkp
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France (feudal): Fulk V (1109-29) and Geoffrey V le Bel/Plantagenet (1129-51), Counts of AnjouBoudeau 153, Poey d'Avant 1506, Duplessy 376, cf. Roberts 4115
Billon denier; Angers mint; 1.06 g., 19.48 mm. max., 0â–«
Obv: + FVICO COMES, cross
Rev: + VRBS AN[DEG]AVS [legend starts at 6 o'clock], monogram of Fulk.
Fulk V, known as the Younger, became the Count of Anjou in 1109 upon the death of his father, Fulk IV (1068-1109). The next year, he married Ermengarde of Maine, cementing Angevin control over the County of Maine. Fulk went on crusade in 1119/20. In 1129, upon his second marriage to Melisende, daughter and heir of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem (1118-1131), he renounced his countship in favor of his son, Geoffrey V le Bel (the Handsome). In 1131 Fulk became King of Jerusalem, and remained king until his death in 1143.
Geoffrey became Count of Anjou, Touraine and Maine by inheritance at age sixteen in 1129. One year earlier, he married the Empress Matilda, daughter and heiress of King Henry I of England (1100-1135). Their son succeeded to the English throne as King Henry II (1154-1189) and was the first king of the Plantagenet dynasty. Geoffrey had received the nickname Plantagenet from the yellow sprig of broom blossom (genêt is the French name for the planta genista, or broom shrub) he wore in his hat.Stkp
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France (Feudal): Strasbourg (Municipality of Strasbourg)Roberts 9069, Boudeau 1334
Billon kreuzer (= 2 deniers), 15th to 16th centuries; .66 g., 18.80 mm. max., 90°
Obv: + DEO * GLORIA (= thanks to God), surrounding inner circle enclosing fleur-de-lis.
Rev: + ARGENTINA (=Argentoratum = Latin for Strasbourg), surrounding inner circle enclosing fleur-de-lis.Stkp
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France (Feudal): Strasbourg (Municipality of Strasbourg)Boudeau 1329; Roberts 9052; Saurma 1980, plate XXXII 977; Engel & Lehr page 186, 318, plate XXXII II.
Billon hohlpfennig (bracteate), after 1334, probably 15th century; .35 g., 15.35 mm. max.
Obv: Fleur de lis with cross-type base and four pellets, surrounded by pearled border.
Rev.: Incuse.Stkp
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France (Feudal): Vienne, Archbishopric, 11th and 12th CenturiesBillon Denier
O: + S • M • VIENNA • (= Saint Maurice of Vienne), bearded head of St. Maurice left.
R: MAXIMA GALL (= Greater Gaul), cross with pellets.
Vienne mint, (1200-1250 A.D.)
18mm
.80g
Roberts 5045, Poey d'Avant 4828 Plate CVI/17, Boudeau 1046.Mat
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France (Royal). Francis I (1515-1547)Billon (179 parts per million AR) liard (valued at 3 deniers tournois). Struck 1541 in Limoges. .81 g., 16.51 mm. max., 0°
Cianni 1181, LaFaurie 790, Duplessy 930, Sombart 4290, Roberts 3331
Obv.: + FRAN : D : G : FRANC : REX : D . . . (pellet under 2nd N [10th letter], signifying Limoges), crowned F.
Rev.: + SIT : NOMEN DNI : BENEDIC . . . (= Blessed be the name of the Lord) (pellet under 2nd N [10th letter], signifying Limoges), cross with I (= Limoges mintmark) beneath.Stkp
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France (Royal). Philippe IV, le Bel (the Fair) (1285-1314)AR Gros Tournois à l’O rond (958‰ fineness). Struck 1285-1290. 3.81 g., 24.76 mm. max. (clipped), 0°
Ciani 206, LaFaurie 218, Duplessy 214, Dhénin 258, Roberts 2461
Obv.: + BNDICTV: SIT: NOmE: DNI: nRI: DEI: IhV. XPI with 3-pellet stops (= Benedictum Sit Nomen Domini Nostri Dei Ihesu Christus = Blessed in the name of our Lord, Jesus Christ) around + PhILIPPVS REX around cross pattée.
Rev.: + TVRONVS CIVIS (= City of Tours) around châtel tournois, surrounded by floral border of twelve embedded lis.
Van Hengel (1997) Group 200 (PhILLIPPVS legend with no punctuation marks in PhILLIPVS REX and TVRONVS CIVITAS). Van Hengel initially hesitated over whether this group is imitative, i.e., the work of professional moneyers and struck by a minting authority with the right to mint coins, somewhere. He later (1999) concluded that the group is imitative. The variable letter characteristics of the coin, according to the Van Hengel system, are:
• The first three Ns in the obverse outer legend appear as Hs, which is a later development;
• The M in NOME is open, as per Tyler-Smith letter form 2 var., another late development;
• There is no single pellet stop before XPI;
• The R in PhILLIPVS is a variant letter form not depicted by Tyler-Smith;
• The T on the reverse is a non-specific variant letter form depicted but not numbered by Tyler-Smith;
• The Vs on the reverse are a variant letter form not depicted by Tyler-Smith;
• The N on the reverse is Tyler-Smith variant letter form 2 (retrograde).Stkp
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FRANCE - BOURGOGNE, DUCHY - JEAN SANS PEUR, 1404-1419"John the fearless" AR Blanc
Obv. Shield quartered at 1 and 4 of modern Burgundy,
at 2 and 3 of old Burgundy within circle.
outer circle ✠ IOHANЄS⁑DVX⁑BVRGVNDIЄ
Rev. Short cross with lily and lion alternately in the corners within circle.
outer circle the legend ✠ SIT:NOME:DNI:BENEDICTV
Date: 1404-1419
Mint: Dijon
25mm; 2.78g
Boudeau 1224, Poet d'avant 5723, Roberts 7821.
wileyc
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FRANCE - FEUDAL, BURGUNDYFEUDAL FRANCE. Duchy of Burgundy. Hugh V, 1305-1315 AD. Billon Denier of Dijon. DVX on annille / Cross. Roberts.5784. Obv.: + VDO DVX BVRG:DIE. Rev.: + DIVIONENSIS. dpaul7
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FRANCE - HENRI IVRoyal France, Henri IV, 1602 (reigned, 1589-1610), AR 1/4 Ecu (27x28mm), F+/VF, similar to Ciani 1517 and Roberts 3263. Obv. + HENRICVS IIII D G FRANC E NAVA REX 1602 (with beginning corss of globe), flowered cross. Rev. + SIT NOMEN DOMINI BENEDICTVM, crowned coat of arms with three fleurs de lis, between II and II. The images are well struck, with some weakness, and a little bit of double striking on the reverse. Henri IV was a protestant during the French Wars of Religion, but became Catholic when he inherited the throne. Henri granted official toleration for protestants through the Eidct of Nantes, but was assassinated.dpaul7
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France - William I the Conquerer - 1070 - 1087AR Denier, 1070 – 1087, Rouen, 19.1mm, 0.75g, 0°, Legros 312, Dumas pl XX 20, Roberts 4838, RN 1906 pl. XIII 11.
Obv: Short cross pattée, pellet in each angle, within linear inner border, blundered imitation of a legend (L's and J's) around.
Rev: Crude abstract two temples side-by-side, cross above center between triangular peaks, pellet in pediments, and temples.Marti Vltori
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FRANCE, Carolingian, Charles the Bald, (840-875), silver denierobv. cross in circle, CINOMANIS CIVITAS
rev. KRLS monogram, CIVIONIS CIVITS
Mint: Le Mans
Date: 84-887
1.44g,21mm
Roberts 1414
wileyc
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FRANCE, Royal. Louis IX (Saint Louis). AR Denier. Struck circa 1245/50-1270.Tours mint. (18mm, 0.99 g, 10h). + LVDOVICVS REX, cross pattée / + TVRONVS. CIVIS, châtel tournois. Duplessy 193A; Lafaurie 201a; Ciani –; Roberts 2413.
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