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This "Otho" with "VÍCTORIA PR" reverse is an ingenious fabrication created by the famous forger "Tardani". He had obviously realized that there were a few VICTORIA OTHONIS dies recut from Galba's VICTORIA PR dies and created this fictitious but possible coin with copies of real dies. I used to have this coin and another with the same dies is in the Berlin coin cabinet. Both are overweight, around 3.9 gr. It took some time to find a Galba minted with this particular reverse die but finally I succeeded. The final proof is seen in this coin, there are a few regions were the die has broken, ie before the die ever could have been used for an Otho coin. The coin is quite convincing because of the dies, but the surfaces were a bit strange and the legends unusual in profile.jmuona
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JAMES IV OF SCOTLAND
James IV was the King of Scotland from June 1488 until his death in battle at the age of 40 on the 9th September, 1513.
James IV's mother, Margaret of Denmark, was more popular than his father, James III, and though somewhat estranged from her husband she raised their sons at Stirling Castle until she died in 1486. Two years later, a rebellion broke out, where the rebels set up the 15-year-old Prince James as their nominal leader. The rebels fought James III at the Battle of Sauchieburn where, on 11th June 1488, the king was killed. Prince James assumed the throne as James IV and was crowned at Scone on 24th of June. However he continued to bear an intense guilt for the indirect role which he had played in the death of his father.
James maintained Scotland's traditional good relations with France, and this occasionally created diplomatic problems with England, but James recognised nonetheless that peace between Scotland and England was in the interest of both countries, and established good diplomatic relations with England as well. First he ratified the Treaty of Ayton in 1497, then, in 1502 James signed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Henry VII which was sealed by his marriage to Henry's daughter Margaret Tudor the next year. Anglo-Scottish relations generally remained stable until the death of Henry VII in 1509.
James saw the importance of building a fleet that could provide Scotland with a strong maritime presence, he founded two new dockyards and acquired a total of 38 ships for the Royal Scots Navy. These including the "Great Michael" which, built at great expense, was launched in 1511 and was at that time the largest ship in the world.
When war broke out between England and France, James found himself in a difficult position as an ally by treaty to both countries. But relations with England had worsened since the accession of Henry VIII, and when Henry invaded France, James reacted by declaring war on England.
James sent the Scottish navy, including the "Great Michael", to join the ships of Louis XII of France and, hoping to take advantage of Henry's absence at the siege of Thérouanne, he himself led an invading army southward into Northumberland. However, on 9th September 1513 at the disastrous Battle of Flodden James IV was killed, he was the last monarch in Great Britain to be killed in battle. His death, along with many of his nobles including his son the archbishop of St Andrews, was one of the worst military defeats in Scotland's history and the loss of such a large portion of the political community was a major blow to the realm. James IV's corpse was identified after the battle and taken to Berwick, where it was embalmed and placed in a lead coffin before being transported to London. Catherine of Aragon, wife of Henry VIII, sent the dead king's slashed, blood-stained surcoat to Henry, who was fighting in France, with the recommendation that he use it as a war banner.
James IV's son, James V, was crowned three weeks after the disaster at Flodden, but he was not yet two years old, and his minority was to be fraught with political upheaval.*Alex
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HENRY VI
Henry VI was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471. The only child of Henry V, he succeeded to the English throne at the age of nine months when his father died.
This was during the period of the long-running Hundred Years' War (1337 - 1453) and Henry is the only English monarch to also have been crowned King of France (as Henri II), in 1431. During his early reign several people were ruling for him and by the time Henry was declared fit to rule in 1437 he found his realm in a difficult position, faced with setbacks in France and divisions among the nobility at home. Henry is described as timid, shy, passive, well intentioned, and averse to warfare and violence; he was also at times mentally unstable. Partially in the hope of achieving peace, Henry married the ambitious and strong-willed Margaret of Anjou in 1445. The peace policy failed and the war recommenced with France taking the upper hand such that by 1453 Calais was Henry's only remaining territory on the continent.
With Henry effectively unfit to rule, Queen Margaret took advantage of the situation to make herself an effective power behind the throne. Starting around 1453 Henry began suffering a series of mental breakdowns and tensions mounted between Margaret and Richard of York, not only over control of the incapacitated king's government, but over the question of succession to the throne. Civil war broke out in 1459, leading to a long period of dynastic conflict, now known as the Wars of the Roses. Henry was deposed on 29th March 1461 after a crushing defeat at the Battle of Towton by Richard of York's son, who took the throne as Edward IV. Margaret continuing to resist Edward, but Henry was captured by Edward's forces in 1465 and imprisoned in the Tower of London.
Queen Margaret, who was first exiled in Scotland and then in France, was still determined to win back the throne on behalf of her husband and son. So, when Edward IV fell out with two of his main supporters, Richard Neville the Earl of Warwick and George the Duke of Clarence, Margaret formed a secret alliance with them backed by Louis XI of France. Warwick returned with an army to England, forced Edward IV into exile, and restored Henry VI to the throne on 30th October 1470, though Henry's position was nominal as Warwick and Clarence effectively ruled in his name.
But Henry's return to the throne lasted less than six months. Warwick overreached himself by declaring war on Burgundy, whose ruler responded by giving Edward IV the assistance he needed to win back his throne by force. Edward retook power in 1471, killing Warwick at the Battle of Barnet and Henry's only son at the Battle of Tewkesbury. Henry was again imprisoned in the Tower where, during the night of 21st May he died, possibly killed on Edward's orders.*Alex
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EGYPT. Alexandria. Domitian, 81-96. Diobol
(25 mm, 7.42 g, 11 h),
Obv: RY 10 = 90/1. [ΑΥΤ] ΚΑΙϹΑΡ ΔΟΜΙΤ [ϹЄΒ ΓЄΡΜ] Laureate head of Domitian to right, with aegis on his left shoulder.
Rev: L I Agathodaemon serpent riding horse to right.
Dattari (Savio) 563. Emmett 276.10. K&G 24.110. RPC II 2584A.
Extremely rare. Somewhat porous and with light deposits, otherwise, good fine.
From a European collection, formed before 2005.
Leu Numismatic Web auction 17 Lot 2103 Sunday August 15, 2021
I was first made aware of this coin a few years ago. Ever since, I have trying to grab one when they come up at auctions. The problem is 2-fold. First, it is a rare type. If the attribution of RPC 2854A is correct, it is even rarer than RPC 2854 which is on its own a rare coin. RPC online has my coin as RPC 2854 but I am not sure they are correct. The presence or absence of Aegis on the bust seems to be the key factor in differentiating these types.
I have found that I am attracted to the Alexandrian bronzes struck for Domitian. So many of the Egyptian themed coins are interesting and are a real departure from the reverses of the imperial coinage from the same time period.
Rarity aside it is the reverse of this coin that really shines. A coin that depicts a snake riding a horse? Yes, I will take one of those please. The reverse is so interesting that there is more demand for this type than the current supply. I consider myself lucky to add this fascinating type to my collection.
From the auction description: “According to Emmett, the reverse of this interesting issue is connected to the grain harvest. The horse represents the continuous cycle of the seasons, while Agathodaemon ensures that the grain will sprout, thus ensuring Egypt's prosperity.”
orfew
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2 Augustus and Divus Julius Caesar - 2 Provincials from ThessalonicaTop Coin:
Divus Julius Caesar and Augustus
AE20 of Thessalonika, Macedon
QEOC, laureate head of Julius Caesar right / QECCALONIKEWN, bare head of Augustus right.
Moushmov 6659, BMC 58, SGI 151, RPC 1551
Bottom Coin:
Augustus and Divus Julius Caesar.
AE 18 of Macedon, Thessalonica. Circa 38 BC.
SEBACTOC, bare head of Augustus right / QEOC, bare head of Julius Caesar right.
RPC 5421
I got these early in my collecting in a random lot of semi-cleaned coins. I was very proud of them at the time, and they are still among my favorites, because of the excitement I felt when I realized they were Julius Caesar and Augustus coins--my first of either of the first 2 Caesars.
RI0046
RI0047Sosius
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268 - 270, Roman Imitative Antoninianus (Barbarous Radiate), produced in Britain and the continent. Struck in the name of CLAUDIUS IIObverse: Unclear partial inscription. Radiate head of Claudius II facing right.
Reverse: Unclear partial inscription. Crude depiction of Pax standing facing left, right arm outstretched in front of her holding branch. Struck off-centre.
Hoard find from Northern England.
Diameter: 15mm | Weight: 1.6gms | Die Axis: 4
SPINK: 749
The term 'barbarous radiates', dating from its use by antiquarians in the 19th century, is still often used to refer to the locally produced unofficial coins which imitated the official Roman antoninianii of the period. These coins were not struck by barbarians outwith the Empire as the name would suggest, nor were they intrinsically forgeries or fakes. Instead they were the result of a period of great instability within the Roman empire during which the western provinces especially often experienced a severe lack of coinage. To fill this void small denomination coinage was unofficially issued in very large numbers. Though some of these coins are fairly close copies of the official coins which they imitate, many others have been produced by die engravers who were patently illiterate and often of limited ability artistically as well. Around 274 Aurelian banned the use of these imitative bronzes when he reformed the currency but it is possible that some "barbarous radiates" were still being produced after that date. Whether individual coins are of British or Continental mintage can really only be ascertained by provenance.
*Alex
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271 - 274, Roman Imitative Antoninianus (Barbarous Radiate), produced in Britain and the continent. Struck in the name of TETRICUS IObverse: (TETR)ICVS P F AVG. Radiate head of Tetricus I facing right.
Reverse: (PA)X AVGG Crude depiction of Pax standing facing left, right arm outstretched in front of her and holding vertical spear in her left.
From a hoard found in Northern England.
Diameter: 14mm | Weight: 1.6gms | Die Axis: 6
SPINK: 749
The term 'barbarous radiates', dating from its use by antiquarians in the 19th century, is still often used to refer to the locally produced unofficial coins which imitated the official Roman antoninianii of the period. These coins were not struck by barbarians outwith the Empire as the name would suggest, nor were they intrinsically forgeries or fakes. Instead they were the result of a period of great instability within the Roman empire during which the western provinces especially often experienced a severe lack of coinage. To fill this void small denomination coinage was unofficially issued in very large numbers. Though some of these coins are fairly close copies of the official coins which they imitate, many others have been produced by die engravers who were patently illiterate and often of limited ability artistically as well. Around 274 Aurelian banned the use of these imitative bronzes when he reformed the currency but it is possible that some "barbarous radiates" were still being produced after that date. Whether individual coins are of British or Continental mintage can really only be ascertained by provenance.
*Alex
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271 - 274, Roman Imitative Antoninianus (Barbarous Radiate), produced in Britain and the continent. Struck in the name of TETRICUS II as CAESARObverse: Blundered legend - - IVES - -. Radiate bust of Tetricus II facing right.
Reverse: Likely (PIETA)S AVG. Sacrificial Implements.
From an uncertain British location.
Diameter: 14.5mm | Weight: 2.29gms | Die Axis: 2
SPINK: 749
The term 'barbarous radiates', dating from its use by antiquarians in the 19th century, is still often used to refer to the locally produced unofficial coins which imitated the official Roman antoninianii of the period. These coins were not struck by barbarians outwith the Empire as the name would suggest, nor were they intrinsically forgeries or fakes. Instead they were the result of a period of great instability within the Roman empire during which the western provinces especially often experienced a severe lack of coinage. To fill this void small denomination coinage was unofficially issued in very large numbers. Though some of these coins are fairly close copies of the official coins which they imitate, many others have been produced by die engravers who were patently illiterate and often of limited ability artistically as well. Around 274 Aurelian banned the use of these imitative bronzes when he reformed the currency but it is possible that some "barbarous radiates" were still being produced after that date. Whether individual coins are of British or Continental mintage can really only be ascertained by provenance.
*Alex
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274, Roman Imitative Antoninianus (Barbarous Radiate), produced in Britain and the continent. Struck in the name of TETRICUS II as AUGUSTUSObverse: (IMP C TET)RICVS AG. Radiate bust of Tetricus II facing right, seen from behind.
Reverse: Struck from extremely worn reverse die which possibly depicts Salus feeding serpent arising from altar.
Diameter: 14mm | Weight: 1.7gms | Die Axis: 6
SPINK: 749
RARE
This is an irregular issue (barbarous radiate) giving Tetricus II the title of Augustus rather than Caesar.
Interestingly the Historia Augusta makes this statement with regard to Aurelian's triumph in A.D.274. "In the procession was Tetricus also, arrayed in a scarlet cloak, a yellow tunic, and Gallic trousers, and with him his son, whom he had proclaimed in Gaul as Imperator." (Historia Augusta, xxxiv, iii). Imperator was a title that invariably, when referring to an Imperial figure, implied the rank of Augustus, but no regular official coinage issues of Tetricus II citing him as such are known.
The term 'barbarous radiates', dating from its use by antiquarians in the 19th century, is still often used to refer to the locally produced unofficial coins which imitated the official Roman antoninianii of the period. These coins were not struck by barbarians outwith the Empire as the name would suggest, nor were they intrinsically forgeries or fakes. Instead they were the result of a period of great instability within the Roman empire during which the western provinces especially often experienced a severe lack of coinage. To fill this void small denomination coinage was unofficially issued in very large numbers. Though some of these coins are fairly close copies of the official coins which they imitate, many others have been produced by die engravers who were patently illiterate and often of limited ability artistically as well. Around 274 Aurelian banned the use of these imitative bronzes when he reformed the currency but it is possible that some "barbarous radiates" were still being produced after that date. Whether individual coins are of British or Continental mintage can really only be ascertained by provenance.
*Alex
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CANADA, Tokens. Bas (Lower) Canada. Banque du Peuple du Montreal.
CU Sou Token (28mm, 8.73 g, 11h)
Belleville (New Jersey) mint. Dies by John Gibbs. Struck 1838.
AGRICULTURE & COMMERCE/ * BAS CANADA *
Bouquet BANQUE DU PEUPLE./ MONTREAL.
UN SOU within wreath of oak leaves
Charlton LC-5A3; Corteau 17; Breton 715Ardatirion
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CANADA, Tokens. Bas (Lower) Canada. Montreal.
CU Sou Token
Belleville (New Jersey) mint. Struck 1837-1838.
AGRICULTURE & COMMERCE/ * BAS CANADA *, bouquet
UN/ SOU within wreath; TOKEN above, MONTREAL below
Charlton LC-24A1; Breton 679Ardatirion
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CANADA, Tokens. Bas (Lower) Canada. Montreal.
CU Sou Token (27mm, 6.59 g, 12h)
Belleville (New Jersey) mint. Dies by John Gibbs. Struck 1838/9 or later.
AGRICULTURE & COMMERCE/ * BAS CANADA *, bouquet
UN/ SOU within wreath; TOKEN above, MONTREAL below
Charlton LC-27A1; Breton 710; Corteau 43BArdatirion
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CANADA, Tokens. Bas (Lower) Canada. Montreal.
CU Sou Token (27mm, 6.79 g, 12h)
Belleville (New Jersey) mint. Dies by John Gibbs. Struck 1838/9 or later.
AGRICULTURE & COMMERCE/ * BAS CANADA *, bouquet
UN/ SOU within wreath; TOKEN above, MONTREAL below
Charlton LC-28; Breton 702; Corteau 29BArdatirion
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CANADA, Tokens. Bas (Lower) Canada. Montreal.
CU Sou Token
Belleville (New Jersey) mint. Struck 1837-1838
AGRICULTURE & COMMERCE/ * BAS CANADA *, bouquet
UN/ SOU within wreath; TOKEN above, MONTREAL below
Charlton LC-29E1; Breton 697Ardatirion
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CANADA, Tokens. Bas (Lower) Canada. Montreal.
CU Sou Token (28mm, 8.73 g, 11h)
Belleville (New Jersey) mint. Dies by John Gibbs. Struck 1838/9 or later.
AGRICULTURE & COMMERCE/ * BAS CANADA *, bouquet
UN/ SOU within wreath; TOKEN above, MONTREAL below
Charlton LC-32B; Breton 692; Corteau 32B
Ex G.F. Landon Collection (Moore Numismatic Auctions, 10 February 2015), lot 60 (part of)Ardatirion
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CANADA, Tokens. Bas (Lower) Canada. Montreal.
CU Sou Token
Belleville (New Jersey) mint. Struck 1837-1838
AGRICULTURE & COMMERCE/ * BAS CANADA *, bouquet
UN/ SOU within wreath; TOKEN above, MONTREAL below
Charlton LC-33A1; Breton 704Ardatirion
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CANADA, Tokens. Nova Scotia. William IV. King of Great Britain, 1830-1837.
CU Penny Token (34.5 mm, 14.27 g, 6 h)
Belleville (New Jersey) mint. Dated 1832, but struck circa 1835.
PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA
Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust right
ONE PENNY TOKEN, thistle with two leaves; 1832 below
Charlton NS-4A2; Breton 870
Canadian catalogs traditionally give this issue to an illicit mint in Montreal. Wayne Jacobs1 argues that these were struck in Belleville. While his methodology is somewhat questionable - most of his theory is based off a unreliable editorial in an 1893 edition of the Newark Sunday Call - his reasoning regarding this series is sound. He is able to clearly demonstrate that the halfpenny and penny tokens in question are a product of a single, cohesive establishment which could not have been located in Lower Canada. Finally, Jacobs' claim can be supported by documentary evidence from the Belleville mint's primary competitor, the Scoville Company of Waterbury, Connecticut. A letter from J.M.L. to W.H. Scoville, dated April 4 1839, states that, "a competitor was stamping Canada Nova Scotia and Southern coins at 35 cents a pound."
1. Jacobs, Wayne. 1996. “The Shadowy Issues of the Belleville Mint.” Canadian Numismatic Journal 41 1: 13–26.Ardatirion
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HAITI, Premier République. Jean Pierre Boyer. President, 1825-1843
Brass 50 Centimes (25.5mm, 4.26 g, 12h)
Contemporary counterfeit. Dated L'An 25 of the Republic (AD 1828/9)
J * BOYER * PRESIDENTE *, AN 25
Bust left
REPUBLIQUE D'HAITI */ 50 * C
Palm tree flanked by cannon and banners
KM 20a; cf. Arroyo 105 (for official issue); Lissade 96; iNumis 25, lot 1352
On 1 June 1835, local officials arrested engraver Joseph Gardner of Belleville on charges of counterfeiting. When searching his house, officials discovered dies for Spanish 8 reales in various states of completion, coining implements, a bag of gold dust, and several bags of "spurious Haytien coppers." Yet Gardner was not the only individual striking illicit Haitian coins. James Bishop of neighboring Bloomfield, New Jersey had been arrested several months before, and a third person was responsible for the issue brought to Haiti by Jeremiah Hamilton.
Today, two distinct issues of counterfeits can be identified: a group of 25 and 50 Centimes, clearly related in fabric, and two different dates of 100 Centimes. The smaller denominations are most often found lacking a silver plating, while the plating year 26 100 Centimes is fine enough to deceive the likes of NGC and Heritage. Additionally, there are a handful year 27 100 centimes overstruck on US large cents. While I have not yet found a regular strike from these dies, they are the most likely candidate for Belleville's production. Ardatirion
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UNITED STATES
Brass Pistareen – 2 Reales
Uncertain illicit mint in the New York City area, copying an issue of the Lima mint
Dated 1787 (LIMA) F, though struck circa 1800-1811 or 1820-1830
• CAROLVS III DEI GRATIA •
Laureate, draped, and cuirassed bust right; 1787 below
• HISPAN • ET IND • R EX • (LIMA) • F •
Crowned coat-of-arms flanked by Pillars of Hercules entwined with banners
Kleeburg dies 87A/M2Ardatirion
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BRITISH TOKENS, Tudor. temp. Mary–Edward VI.1553-1558.
PB Token (27mm, 5.29 g). St. Nicholas (‘Boy Bishop’) type. Cast in East Anglia (Bury St. Edmund’s?)
Mitre, croizer to right; all within border
Long cross pattée with trefoils in angles; scrollwork border
Rigold, Tokens class X.B, 1; Mitchiner & Skinner group Ra, 1
Ex Classical Numismatic Review XXXIX.1 (Spring 2014), no. 973330
Britain in the late middle ages played host to a popular regional variant of the ‘Feast of Fools’ festival. Every year on the feast of St. Nicholas, a boy was elected from among the local choristers to serve as ‘bishop.’ Dressed in mitre and bearing the croizer of his office, the young boy paraded through the city accompanied by his equally youthful ‘priest’ attendants. The ‘bishop’ performed all the ceremonies and offices of the real bishop, save for the actual conducting of mass. Though this practice was extinguished with the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539, it was briefly revived under Queen Mary, who took particular interest in the festival, when the lucky boy was referred to as ‘Queen Mary’s Child.’ The celebration of the boy bishop died out completely early in the reign of Elizabeth.
Evidence of this custom is particularly prevalent in East Anglia, specifically at Bury St. Edmunds. Beginning in the late 15th century, the region produced numerous lead tokens bearing the likeness of a bishop, often bearing legends relating to the festival of St. Nicholas. Issued in sizes roughly corresponding to groats, half groats, and pennies, these pieces were undoubtedly distributed by the boy bishop himself, and were likely redeemable at the local abbey or guild for treats and sweetmeats. Considering the endemic paucity of small change in Britain at the time, it is likely that, at least in parts of East Anglia, these tokens entered circulation along with the other private lead issues that were becoming common.Ardatirion
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Dy.001 Hugh Capet: denier (Beauvais)Hugh Capet, king of the Franks (987-996) and Hervé, Bishop of Beauvais (987-998)
Denier (Beauvais)
Silver, 1.19 g, diameter 21 mm, die axis 9h
O: [HERV]EVS HVGO RE[X] ; cross pattée with 2 pellets
R: BE[LVΛC]VS CIVITΛS ; carolingian monogram KRLS
Although Hugh Capet was the founder of the capetian dynasty, his coinage contains a carolingian monogram. It may have been a way to show the continuity of the royal authority. The presence of the bishop Hervé is not really understood on this nearly only coinage of Hugh Capet as king of the Franks (obols of the same type are also known, as well as a unique denier of Laon).
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Charles II the Bald (denier, Melle, immobilization)Charles the Bald, king of the Franks (840-877)
Denier (Melle, 10th century)
Silver, 1.15 g, 21 mm diameter, die axis 3h
O/ +CΛRLVS REX R; cross pattée (S retrograd)
R/ MET / . / ALO
Not really a type that can be attributed to Charles the Bald... this type was immobilized and struck from the middle of the 10th century to the end of the 11th century ! Minting was then totally in the hands of of the counts of Poitou and out of control of the royal administration.
The obverse is similar to previous coinage, but with a retrograd S on most of the specimen. On the contrary, the mint name (in the field on the obverse) had never been used by Charles the Bald (METALO instead of METALLVUM).
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"As de Nîmes" or "crocodile" Ӕ dupondius of Nemausus (9 - 3 BC), honoring Augustus and AgrippaIMP DIVI F , Heads of Agrippa (left) and Augustus (right) back to back, Agrippa wearing rostral crown and Augustus the oak-wreath / COL NEM, crocodile right chained to palm-shoot with short dense fronds and tip right; two short palm offshoots left and right below, above on left a wreath with two long ties streaming right.
Ó”, 24.5 x 3+ mm, 13.23g, die axis 3h; on both sides there are remains of what appears to be gold plating, perhaps it was a votive offering? Rough edges and slight scrapes on flan typical for this kind of coin, due to primitive technology (filing) of flan preparation.
IMPerator DIVI Filius. Mint of COLonia NEMausus (currently Nîmes, France). Known as "As de Nîmes", it is actually a dupontius (lit. "two-pounder") = 2 ases (sometimes cut in halves to get change). Dupondii were often made out of a golden-colored copper alloy (type of brass) "orichalcum" and this appears to be such case.
Key ID points: oak-wreath (microphotography shows that at least one leaf has a complicated shape, although distinguishing oak from laurel is very difficult) – earlier versions have Augustus bareheaded, no PP on obverse as in later versions, no NE ligature, palm with short fronds with tip right (later versions have tip left and sometimes long fronds). Not typical: no clear laurel wreath together with the rostral crown, gold (?) plating (!), both features really baffling.
But still clearly a "middle" kind of the croc dupondius, known as "type III": RIC I 158, RPC I 524, Sear 1730. It is often conservatively dated to 10 BC - 10 AD, but these days it is usually narrowed to 9/8 - 3 BC.
It is a commemorative issue, honoring the victory over Mark Antony and conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The heads of Augustus and Agrippa were probably positioned to remind familiar obverses of Roman republican coins with two-faced Janus. Palm branch was a common symbol of victory, in this case grown into a tree, like the victories of Augustus and Agrippa grown into the empire. The two offshoots at the bottom may mean two sons of Agrippa, Gaius and Lucius, who were supposed to be Augustus' heirs and were patrons of the colony. Palm may also be a symbol of the local Nemausian deity, which was probably worshiped in a sacred grove. When these coins were minted, the colony was mostly populated by the settled veterans of Augustus' campaigns, hence the reminiscence of the most famous victory, but some of the original Celtic culture probably survived and was assimilated by Romans. The crocodile is not only the symbol of Egypt, like in the famous Octavian's coins AEGYPTO CAPTA. It is also a representation of Mark Antony, powerful and scary both in water and on land, but a bit slow and stupid. The shape of the crocodile with tail up was specifically chosen to remind of the shape of ship on very common "legionary" denarius series, which Mark Antony minted to pay his armies just before Actium. It is probably also related to the popular contemporary caricature of Cleopatra, riding on and simultaneously copulating with a crocodile, holding a palm branch in her hand as if in triumph. There the crocodile also symbolized Mark Antony.
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa was born c. 64-62 BC somewhere in rural Italy. His family was of humble and plebeian origins, but rich, of equestrian rank. Agrippa was about the same age as Octavian, and the two were educated together and became close friends. He probably first served in Caesar's Spanish campaign of 46–45 BC. Caesar regarded him highly enough to send him with Octavius in 45 BC to train in Illyria. When Octavian returned to Rome after Caesar's assassination, Agrippa became his close lieutenant, performing many tasks. He probably started his political career in 43 BC as a tribune of the people and then a member of the Senate. Then he was one of the leading Octavian's generals, finally becoming THE leading general and admiral in the civil wars of the subsequent years.
In 38 as a governor of Transalpine Gaul Agrippa undertook an expedition to Germania, thus becoming the first Roman general since Julius Caesar to cross the Rhine. During this foray he helped the Germanic tribe of Ubii (who previously allied themselves with Caesar in 55 BC) to resettle on the west bank of the Rhine. A shrine was dedicated there, possibly to Divus Caesar whom Ubii fondly remembered, and the village became known as Ara Ubiorum, "Altar of Ubians". This quickly would become an important Roman settlement. Agrippina the Younger, Agrippa's granddaughter, wife of Emperor Claudius and mother of Emperor Nero, would be born there in 15 AD. In 50 AD she would sponsor this village to be upgraded to a colonia, and it would be renamed Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (colony of Claudius [at] the Altar of Agrippinians – Ubii renamed themselves as Agrippinians to honor the augusta!), abbreviated as CCAA, later to become the capital of new Roman province, Germania Inferior.
In 37 BC Octavian recalled Agrippa back to Rome and arranged for him to win the consular elections, he desperately needed help in naval warfare with Sextus Pompey, the youngest son of Pompey the Great, who styled himself as the last supporter of the republican cause, but in reality became a pirate king, an irony since his father was the one who virtually exterminated piracy in all the Roman waters. He forced humiliating armistice on the triumvirs in 39 BC and when Octavian renewed the hostilities a year later, defeated him in a decisive naval battle of Messina. New fleet had to be built and trained, and Agrippa was the man for the job. Agrippa's solution was creating a huge secret naval base he called Portus Iulius by connecting together lakes Avernus, Avernus and the natural inner and outer harbors behind Cape Misenum at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples. He also created a larger type of ship and developed a new naval weapon: harpax – a ballista-launched grapnel shot with mechanisms that allowed pulling enemy ships close for easy boarding. It replaced the previous boarding device that Romans used since the First Punic War, corvus – effective, but extremely cumbersome. A later defence against it were scythe blades on long poles for cutting ropes, but since this invention was developed in secret, the enemy had no chance to prepare anything like it. It all has proved extremely effective: in a series of naval engagements Agrippa annihilated the fleet of Sextus, forced him to abandon his bases and run away. For this Agrippa was awarded an unprecedented honour that no Roman before or after him received: a rostral crown, "corona rostrata", a wreath decorated in front by a prow and beak of a ship.
That's why Virgil (Aeneid VIII, 683-684), describing Agrippa at Actium, says: "…belli insigne superbum, tempora navali fulgent rostrata corona." "…the proud military decoration, gleams on his brow the naval rostral crown". Actium, the decisive battle between forces of Octavian and Mark Antony, may appear boring compared to the war with Sextus, but it probably turned out this way due to Agrippa's victories in preliminary naval engagements and taking over all the strategy from Octavian.
In between the wars Agrippa has shown an unusual talent in city planning, not only constructing many new public buildings etc., but also greatly improving Rome's sanitation by doing a complete overhaul of all the aqueducts and sewers. Typically, it was Augustus who later would boast that "he had found the city of brick but left it of marble", forgetting that, just like in his naval successes, it was Agrippa who did most of the work. Agrippa had building programs in other Roman cities as well, a magnificent temple (currently known as Maison Carrée) survives in Nîmes itself, which was probably built by Agrippa.
Later relationship between Augustus and Agrippa seemed colder for a while, Agrippa seemed to even go into "exile", but modern historians agree that it was just a ploy: Augustus wanted others to think that Agrippa was his "rival" while in truth he was keeping a significant army far away from Rome, ready to come to the rescue in case Augustus' political machinations fail. It is confirmed by the fact that later Agrippa was recalled and given authority almost equal to Augustus himself, not to mention that he married Augustus' only biological child. The last years of Agrippa's life were spent governing the eastern provinces, were he won respect even of the Jews. He also restored Crimea to Roman Empire. His last service was starting the conquest of the upper Danube, were later the province of Pannonia would be. He suddenly died of illness in 12 BC, aged ~51.
Agrippa had several children through his three marriages. Through some of his children, Agrippa would become ancestor to many subsequent members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He has numerous other legacies.Yurii P
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"C" Denarius, Crawford 107/1a - My favorite CoinDenomination: Denarius
Era: c. 209-208 BC
Metal: AR
Obverse: Helmeted head of Roma r. with splayed visor; “X” behind; Border of dots
Reverse: Dioscuri r.; Above, “C”; in linear frame, “ROMA”.
Mint: Etruia(?)
Weight: 4.44 gm.
Reference: Crawford 107/1a
Provenance: NAC 61; 25-OCT-2011, Privately purchased by RBW from CNG in 1989
Comments: This is one of my favorite coins. It is not high grade, neither the obverse nor the reverse is well centered. The dioscuri are really just blobs, and this coin would be overlooked in any sale but the NAC 61 sale of RBW’s finest and rarest coins, perhaps the greatest Roman Republican auction of our generation. Nevertheless, the coin has a lovely tone and a style that is very characteristic of this issue which is quite rare.
Unique to this variety and the related staff issue, are the braided locks extending from the helmet to the hair binding. The stars are simple dots above the dioscuri, and ROMA is cut into the die with very large letters with a very fine line tool. There has been much speculation on the significance of the “C” insignia, but few with any real merit.
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(n.d.) 4 Realesn.d. 4 Reales
Potosi, Bolivia
King Philip III (1598 - 1621)
Assayer: R (Baltasar Ramos Leceta; 1605? - 1612)
13.69 grams
Sedwick type: P40cmcdon0923
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(n.d.) 8 Realesn.d. 8 Reales
Potosi, Bolivia
King Philip IV
Assayer: T (Juan Ximez de Tapia; 1629-31)
27.25 grams
Sedwick type: P26cmcdon0923
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*IMITATION OTTOMAN Cedid MahmudiyeThis piece came in a bag of modern Foreign coins - 21 pounds! May be gold inside!!!
The dating did not seem right to me! From the experts at Zeno, I found a similar issue..... This attribution from Zeno:
Imitation of gold cedid mahmudiye (KM, Turkey #645) with distorted inscriptions and fantasy regnal year 78. Made for jewelry purposes throughout the 19th and early 20th century, very likely outside Turkey: similar imitations are met in abundance in South Russia and Ukraine, along the shores of Black and Azov seas, where they were widely used for adorning Gypsy and native Greek women's garments.
So, as you see, it is not exactly a FAKE or a COUNTERFEIT - it is an IMITATION, so the makers could not get into trouble. The regnal years alone would show that the coin was not "real" -
An interesting piece that may turn up from time to time!
dpaul7
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001. MARK ANTONYJULIUS CAESAR and MARK ANTONY. 43 BC.
Hardly any of his assassins survived Caesar for more than three years, or died a natural death. They were all condemned, and they perished in various ways---some by shipwreck, some in battle; some took their own lives with the self-same dagger with which they had impiously slain Caesar.
Fourré Denarius (19mm, 3.63 gm).
Obv: Bare head of Mark Antony right; lituus behind
Rev: Laureate head of Julius Caesar right, jug behind.
Ref: Crawford 488/1; CRI 118; Sydenham 1165; RSC 2. Near VF, porous, several large breaks in plating revealing the copper core.
Source: Ex Classical Numismatic Group 55 (13 September 2000), lot 1087.
Ex CNG Electronic Auction 105 lot 141 229/150
BFBV
I don't usually buy fourres; but in reality, I have no chance of owning this popular type given my budget. ecoli
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003 Eric Haraldsson "Bloodaxe"Penny of Eric, king of Norway 932-934 and York 947-948 and 952-954
English issue as king of Jorvik
Moneyer: Ingelgar
Mint: probably York
Sword type
S.1030
A fragment of a penny of Eric Haraldsson, remembered to history by his nicknames "Bloodaxe" and "Brother-bane". Eric was probably the son of Harald, first king of Norway. His early life is described in the Norwegian sagas, written much later, and certainly with embellishment. He feuded with his half-brothers, and probably killed at least one or two of them. He succeeded his father in 932 as king of Norway, but was an unpopular ruler and ultimately deposed in favor of his brother Haakon. Eric left to live the good Viking life for a time, raiding in the North Sea. During this time, a Viking kingdom in York was slowly in decline due to the actions by the West Saxons, and with the defeat of Anlaf Guthfrithsson in 937, Viking York seemed likely to be integrated into the Saxon realm. However, Aethelstan's premature death in 939, his young successor was unable to consolidate the gains, and Viking York lived on, though in a diminished capacity. It should be remembered that Northumbria was something of a sideshow for its Viking leaders, who were kings in Ireland as well. Conflict between Vikings and English would continue, until a new player joined in- Malcolm, king of the Scots. The Scots started raiding Viking York, leading to even further weakening and the removal of Anlaf Sihtricsson, the new Viking king.
Eventually, Eric would find his way to Northumbria, where he would be made king in 947. This was not ok with the English Saxons, who believed they had overlordship of this region. King Eadred invaded and kicked out Eric and company. Eric's first reign would last only a year or so.
However, Eric was nothing if not tenacious. After his removal, the Saxons lost interest and things in York started to fall apart. Anlaf Sihtricsson, came back from Ireland to take charge again. Eric subsequently returned to the scene, defeated the Scots, kicked out Anlaf (again), and became king of York a second time.
It is thought that this sword coinage is from Eric's second reign, and hearkens back to old Northumbrian coinage in the name of Sihtric and St. Peter that also features the sword.
Eric's time was finally running out though. In 954 he was killed, likely in battle against England. Ultimately, he was the last of the Viking kings of York. Northumbria was finally absorbed into the English realm.
Eric's story is well recorded in the sagas, and there are a number of colorful details that are probably apocryphal. Eric might have been betrayed by a retainer, who had him assassinated. Eric's nickname "bloodaxe" is a colorful nickname that has survived, and presumably had to do with either his prowess in battle, or his murder of his family.
Ex- R.Hamer, EMC 2022.0390, PAS PUBLIC-BAFF76, found DriffieldSt. George's Collection
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004. Caligula GAIUS (CALIGULA). 37-41 AD.
Whatever damage Tiberius's later years had done to the carefully crafted political edifice created by Augustus, Gaius multiplied it a hundredfold. When he came to power in A.D. 37 Gaius had no administrative experience beyond his honorary quaestorship, and had spent an unhappy early life far from the public eye. He appears, once in power, to have realized the boundless scope of his authority and acted accordingly. His reign highlighted an inherent weakness in the Augustan Principate, raw monarchy in which only the self-discipline of the incumbent acted as a restraint on his behavior.
Æ As (28mm, 10.19 gm). Rome mint. Struck 37-38 AD. Bare head left / Vesta seated left, holding patera and sceptre. RIC I 38; Cohen 27. Near VF, dark brown surfaces. Ex-CNG
ecoli
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005d. Agrippina IILYDIA, Hypaepa. Agrippina Jr., mother of Nero. Augusta, 50-59 AD. Æ 14mm (2.33 gm). Draped bust of Agrippina right / Cult statue of Artemis. RPC I 2541; SNG Copenhagen -.
Julia Vipsania Agrippina Minor or Agrippina Minor (Latin for "the younger") (November 7, AD 15 – March 59), often called "Agrippinilla" to distinguish her from her mother, was the daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina Major. She was sister of Caligula, granddaughter and great-niece to Tiberius, niece and wife of Claudius, and the mother of Nero. She was born at Oppidum Ubiorum on the Rhine, afterwards named in her honour Colonia Agrippinae (modern Cologne, Germany).
Agrippina was first married to (1st century AD) Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus. From this marriage she gave birth to Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, who would become Roman Emperor Nero. Her husband died in January, 40. While still married, Agrippina participated openly in her brother Caligula's decadent court, where, according to some sources, at his instigation she prostituted herself in a palace. While it was generally agreed that Agrippinilla, as well as her sisters, had ongoing sexual relationships with their brother Caligula, incest was an oft-used criminal accusation against the aristocracy, because it was impossible to refute successfully. As Agrippina and her sister became more problematic for their brother, Caligula sent them into exile for a time, where it is said she was forced to dive for sponges to make a living. In January, 41, Agrippina had a second marriage to the affluent Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus. He died between 44 and 47, leaving his estate to Agrippina.
As a widow, Agrippina was courted by the freedman Pallas as a possible marriage match to her own uncle, Emperor Claudius, and became his favourite councillor, even granted the honor of being called Augusta (a title which no other queen had ever received). They were married on New Year's Day of 49, after the death of Claudius's first wife Messalina. Agrippina then proceeded to persuade Claudius to adopt her son, thereby placing Nero in the line of succession to the Imperial throne over Claudius's own son, Brittanicus. A true Imperial politician, Agrippina did not reject murder as a way to win her battles. Many ancient sources credited her with poisoning Claudius in 54 with a plate of poisened mushrooms, hence enabling Nero to quickly take the throne as emperor.
For some time, Agrippina influenced Nero as he was relatively ill-equipped to rule on his own. But Nero eventually felt that she was taking on too much power relative to her position as a woman of Rome. He deprived her of her honours and exiled her from the palace, but that was not enough. Three times Nero tried to poison Agrippina, but she had been raised in the Imperial family and was accustomed to taking antidotes. Nero had a machine built and attached to the roof of her bedroom. The machine was designed to make the ceiling collapse — the plot failed with the machine. According to the historians Tacitus and Suetonius, Nero then plotted her death by sending for her in a boat constructed to collapse, intending to drown Agrippina. However, only some of the crew were in on the plot; their efforts were hampered by the rest of the crew trying to save the ship. As the ship sank, one of her handmaidens thought to save herself by crying that she was Agrippina, thinking they would take special care of her. Instead the maid was instantly beaten to death with oars and chains. The real Agrippina realised what was happening and in the confusion managed to swim away where a passing fisherman picked her up. Terrified that his cover had been blown, Nero instantly sent men to charge her with treason and summarily execute her. Legend states that when the Emperor's soldiers came to kill her, Agrippina pulled back her clothes and ordered them to stab her in the belly that had housed such a monstrous son.
ecoli
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007. Galba (68 AD - 69 AD)GALBA. 68-69 AD.
Galba had displayed talent and ambition during his lengthy career. He enjoyed distinguished ancestry, moved easily among the Julio-Claudian emperors (with the exception of Nero towards the end of his principate), and had been awarded the highest military and religious honors of ancient Rome. His qualifications for the principate cannot be questioned. Even so, history has been unkind to him. Tacitus characterized Galba as "weak and old," a man "equal to the imperial office, if he had never held it." To be sure, Galba's greatest mistake lay in his general handling of the military. His treatment of the army in Upper Germany was heedless, his policy towards the praetorians short sighted. Given the climate in 68-69, Galba was unrealistic in expecting disciplina without paying the promised rewards.
AR Denarius (18mm, 2.97 gm). Rome mint. Bare head right / Legend in three lines within oak wreath. RIC I 167; RSC 287. Ex-CNGecoli
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015b. PlotinaPompeia Plotina. Wife of Trajan. Maintained a reputation for modesty and dignity. There is no record of her having any children. She played a significant role in the naming of Hadrian as a successor to Trajan. Plotina did not appear on coinage until late in the realm. She died in 121 or 122.lawrence c
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02 - 06 - Virreynato FELIPE II (1556-1598) "Macuquina del Escudo Coronado"
2 Reales de Plata
27x25 mm
Anv: PHILIPPVS · D · G · HISPANIARVM alrededor del escudo de armas coronado, entre ceca P sobre ensayador R en campo izq. y valor II en campo der.
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Rev: ET · INDIARVM · REX · alrededor del cuartelado de castillos y leones dentro de orla de ocho lóbulos.
Acuñada: 1572-1576
Ensayador: R - Alonso Rincón
Ceca: Potosí - Hoy ubicada en Bolivia
Referencias: mdelvalle
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02. Claudius II: Thessalonica fractional.AE3 fractional (half follis?), 317-18, Thessalonica mint.
Obverse: DIVO CLAVDIO OPTIMO IMP / Veiled bust of Claudius II, Gothicus.
Reverse: REQVIES OPTIMORVM MERITORVM / Emperor seated on curule chair, raising right hand and holding sceptre.
Mint mark:: . TS . Γ .
1.35 gm., 16 mm.
RIC #26; PBCC #906; Sear #16399.
Around the years 317 - 318, Constantine issued commemorative coins honoring three deified emperors: Claudius II Gothicus, Constantius I, and Maximian. It is not real clear when these coins were issued, but RIC assigns them to the years 317-18 saying there is evidence they were issued near or at the end of the Sol coinage. They are small AE3 in size (16 mm), but on flans that are much thinner and weigh significantly less than other coins of the period. Therefore they are generally regarded as fractionals. They were minted at Treveri, Arelate, Rome, Aquileia, Siscia, and Thessalonica.
Why these three emperors? Constantine claimed Claudius II Gothicus was one of his ancestors (probably not true). Constantius I was Constantine's father, and Maximian was the father of Constantine's wife, Fausta.
Callimachus
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0224 - 1 Real Reyes Católicos c.1535 ACObv/ Coat of arms flanked by X and X; around, : FERNANDVS : 7 : ELISABET - D
Rev/ Arrows and yoke, points around, below S. Around, + : REX : 7 : REGINA : CASTELE : LEGI
Ag, 26.5 mm, 3.28 g
Mint: Sevilla
Calicó -- - F6.8.1var
ex-Áureo & Calicó, auction Isabel de Tratámara, vol IX, lot 885dafnis
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0225 - 1 real Enrique II 1369-79 ACObv/ Crowned monogram, around in two lines DOMINVS : MICHI : AIDVTOR : EDEGO : DIS + / PICIAM : INIMICOS : MEOS
Rev/ Castles and lions divided by cross, around roses and S below; around ENRICVS : DEI : GRACIA : REX : CASTEL +
Ag, 26.9 mm, 3.46 g
Mint: Sevilla
AB406 - Cy 98/1247 - Cy/1313
ex-Cayón, speed auction 55, lot 9131dafnis
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0226 1 Real Fernando VI 1758 ACObv/ Coat of arms, RI and crowned M on left, JB and dots on right. Around, FERDINANDUS - VI - D - G
Rev/ Castles and lions divided by cross, around HISPANIARUM REX 1758
Ag, 21.2 mm, 2.91 g
Mint: Madrid
Cy 98/9640 - Cy/10345
ex-Cayón, speed auction 55, lot 9613dafnis
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0227 - 1 Real Enrique IV 1454-74 ACObv/ Bust of Henry IV l.; around, ENRICVS QARTVS DEI GRACIS REX C +, words separated by roses
Rev/ Castles and lions divided by cross; around, ENRICVS REX CASTELE ET LEGION +, words separated by roses; S below
Ag, 27.5 mm, 3.31 g
Mint: Sevilla
AB685 - Cy98/1493a
ex-Spink, The Numismatic Collector's Series, lot 741dafnis
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0228 - 1 Real Juana & Carlos 1542-1555 ACObv/ Crowned coat of arms, M with circle above to l., O to r.; around, CAROLUS o ET o IOHANA o REGS
Rev/ Pillars of Hercules on waves, PL VS VL in between, central dot; around, HISPANIARVM o ET o INDIARVM
Ag, 23.5 mm, 3.32 g
Mint: México
Cy98/2891
ex-Agora Auctions, auction 81, lot 250dafnis
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0235 - 1 Real Carlos III 1770 ACObv/ Coat of arms, P and I to the sides, around, CAROLVS - III - DG - (HISPA)N ET IND REX
Rev/ Pillars of Hercules on waves, flanking globe; around, VTRA (QUE) VNVM G 1770 G, stars separating words.
Ag, 20.5 mm, 2.98 g
Mint: Guatemala
Cy98/10555 - Cy/11299
ex-Cayón, auction Feb 2019, Pillars Milled Colln, lot 808dafnis
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0236 - 1 Real Carlos III 1772 ACObv/ Coat of arms, R and I to the sides, around, CAR - III - D - G - HISP - ET IND - R -
Rev/ Pillars of Hercules on waves, flanking globe; around, VTRA QUE VNVM, below LM - 1772 - JM.
Ag, 21.2 mm, 3.23 g
Mint: Lima
Cy98/10556 - Cy/11314
ex-Cayón, auction Feb 2019, Pillars Milled Colln, lot 863dafnis
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0237 - 1 Real Carlos III 1769 ACObv/ Coat of arms, R and I to the sides, around, CAR - III - D - G - HISP - ET IND - R -
Rev/ Pillars of Hercules on waves, flanking globe; around, VTRA QUE VNVM, below PTS in monogram - 1769 - JR.
Ag, 20.5 mm, 3.34 g
Mint: Potosí
Cy98/10546 - Cy/11298
ex-Cayón, auction Feb 2019, Pillars Milled Colln, lot 1000dafnis
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0238 - 1/2 Real Fernando VI (year ?)Obv/ Coat of arms, crowned M and JB to the sides, around, FERDINAND - VI - D - G
Rev/ Castles and lions divided by cross; around, (HISPA)NIARUM - REX - (illegible date)
Ag, 14.9 mm, 0.94 g
Mint: Madrid
Cy98/9460 to 9545
Gifted, early 1990'sdafnis
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0240 - 1 Real Fernando VII 1821 ACObv/ Bust of F. VII r., laureate and draped. Around, FERDIN - VII - DEI - GRATIA - 1821
Rev/ Spanish coat of arms; around, HISPAN - ET - IND - REX - Z - 1R - RG
Ag, 23.2 mm, 3.66 g
Mint: Zacatecas
Calicó (2019)/714
ex-Tauler & Fau, auction 39 (Spanish Coins Vol.V), lot 1534dafnis
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0250 - 1 Real Fernando VI 1755 ACObv/ Spanish coat of arms crowned, R and I to the sides between stars; around, · FRD · VI · D · G · HISP · ET · IND · R ·
Rev/ Pillars of Hercules on waves, flanking globe; around, VTRA QUE VNUM; below, LM · 1755 · JM
Ag, 16.4 mm, 3.26 g
Mint: Lima
Calicó (2019)/157
ex-Áureo & Calicó, auction 338 (Fleming colln., vol. I), lot 470 (ex-Áureo, auction 21/5/1997, lot 477)dafnis
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0251 - 1 Real Reyes Católicos c.1523 ACObv/ Coat of arms crowned; around, FERNANDVS * ET : HELISA :
Rev/ Arrows and yoke, below B. Around, ++ REX : ET · REGINA : CAST · LEGIO
Ag, 27.5 mm, 3.36 g
Mint: Burgos
Calicó (2019)/309 - F1.3.1.1 var
ex-Tauler & Fau, auction e46 (Spanish Coins Vol.V), lot 8158dafnis
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0257 - 1 Real Felipe V 1721 ACObv/ Spanish coat of arms crowned, R and mint mark of Segovia aqueduct on the l., I and F to the r. between points; around, PHILIPPUS V D G between flowers.
Rev/ Castles and lions divided by cross, around HISPANIARUM REX 1721 between flowers.
Ag, 20.9 mm, 2.42 g
Mint: Segovia
Calicó (2019)/623
ex-Tauler & Fau, auction 60, lot 378dafnis
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03 - 04 - Virreynato FELIPE V (1700-1746) "Macuquina con PLVS VLTRA y Columnas sobre ondas de Mar"
1 Real de Plata Ley 917
20x18 mm
Anv: PHILIPPVS V D G HISPANIARVM REX (Felipe V por la gracia de Dios rey de las Españas) la leyenda, al tratarse de una macuquina, no es visible, alrededor de la cruz de Jerusalén con castillos y leones, con I (valor) encima, P (ceca) en campo izq., Y (Ensayador) en campo der. y 704 (fecha) debajo.
Rev: POTOSI EL PERV 1704 La leyenda, al tratarse de una macuquina, no es visible, alrededor de las 2 columnas y entre ellas en 3 líneas valor I entre P (marca de la ceca) e Y (ensayador), 2ª línea PLVS VLTRA, 3ª línea 704 entre Y (ensayador) y P (ceca).
Acuñada: 1704
Ensayador: Y - Diego de Ybarbouro
Ceca: Potosí - Hoy ubicada en Bolivia
Referencias: Maravedis.net #B-042-4mdelvalle
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03 - 06 - Virreynato FELIPE V (1700-1746) "Macuquina con PLVS VLTRA y Columnas sobre ondas de Mar"
2 Reales de Plata Ley 917
22x25 mm
Anv: PHILIPPVS V D G HISPANIARVM REX (Felipe V por la gracia de Dios rey de las Españas) la leyenda, al tratarse de una macuquina, no es visible, alrededor de la cruz de Jerusalén con castillos y leones, con 2 (valor) encima, P (ceca) en campo izq., Q (Ensayador) en campo der. y 745 (fecha) debajo.
Rev: POTOSI AÑO 1745 EL PERV La leyenda, al tratarse de una macuquina, no es visible, alrededor de las 2 columnas y entre ellas en 3 líneas valor 2 entre P (marca de la ceca) e Q (ensayador), 2ª línea PLVS VLTRA, 3ª línea 745 entre Q (ensayador) y P (ceca).
Acuñada: 1745
Ensayador: Q - Luis de Quintanilla
Ceca: Potosí - Hoy ubicada en Bolivia
Referencias: Krause SCWC KM#29a Pag.112 - Maravedis.net #B-055-52mdelvalle
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03-01 - AGRIPA (27 - 12 A.C.)AE AS 28 mm 8.3 gr.
(Emisión Póstuma realizada por Gaius (Calígula), Tiberio es también responsable por esta extensa emisión)
Anv: "M AGRIPPA · L · F · COS · III" - Busto con Corona Rostral viendo a izquierda.
"Corona Rostral" de oro (corona de laureles adornada con proas y popas de barcos, que se concedía por haber capturado una nave enemiga o bien por un gran acto de valor en combate naval)
Rev: "S C " - Neptuno de pié a izquierda, portando delfín en mano derecha y tridente en izquierda.
Acuñada 37 - 41 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Referencias: RIC Vol.1 #58 Pag.112 (Gaius) - Sear RCTV Vol.1 #1812 Pag.358 - BMCRE (Tiberius) #161 - Cohen Vol.1 #3 Pag.175/6 - DVM #4 Pag.74 - CBN #77mdelvalle
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03-01 - AGRIPPA (27 - 12 A.C.)AE AS (Emisión Póstuma realizada por Gaius (Calígula), Tiberio es también responsable por esta extensa emisión) 28 mm 8.3 gr.
Anv: "M AGRIPPA · L · F · COS · III" - Busto con Corona Rostral viendo a izquierda.
"Corona Rostral" de oro (corona de laureles adornada con proas y popas de barcos, que se concedía por haber capturado una nave enemiga o bien por un gran acto de valor en combate naval)
Rev: "S C " - Neptuno de pié a izquierda, portando delfín en mano derecha y tridente en izquierda.
Acuñada 37 - 41 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Referencias: RIC Vol.1 #58 Pag.112 (Gaius) - Sear RCTV Vol.1 #1812 Pag.358 - BMCRE (Tiberius) #161 - Cohen Vol.1 #3 Pag.175/6 - DVM #4 Pag.74 - CBN #77mdelvalle
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03. Constantius I: Thessalonica fractional.AE3 fractional (half follis?), 317-18, Thessalonica mint.
Obverse: DIVO CONSTANTIO PIO PRINCIPI / Veiled bust of Constantius I.
Reverse: REQVIES OPTIMORVM MERITORVM / Emperor seated on curule chair, raising right hand and holding sceptre.
Mint mark: . T . SB .
1.78 gm., 16 mm.
RIC #25; PBCC #908; Sear unlisted.
Around the years 317 - 318, Constantine issued commemorative coins honoring three deified emperors: Claudius II Gothicus, Constantius I, and Maximian. It is not real clear when these coins were issued, but RIC assigns them to the years 317-18 saying there is evidence they were issued near or at the end of the Sol coinage. They are small AE3 in size (16 mm), but on flans that are much thinner and weigh significantly less than other coins of the period. Therefore they are generally regarded as fractionals. They were minted at Treveri, Arelate, Rome, Aquileia, Siscia, and Thessalonica.
Why these three emperors? Constantine claimed Claudius II Gothicus was one of his ancestors (probably not true). Constantius I was Constantine's father, and Maximian was the father of Constantine's wife, Fausta.
Callimachus
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04 - 06 - Virreynato CARLOS III (1759-1788) "Macuquina con PLVS VLTRA y Columnas sobre ondas de Mar"
2 Reales de Plata Ley 917
20x22 mm
Anv: CAROLUS III D G HISPANIARVM REX (Carlos III por la gracia de Dios rey de las Españas) la leyenda, al tratarse de una macuquina, no es visible, alrededor de la cruz de Jerusalén con castillos y leones, con 2 (valor) encima, P (ceca) en campo izq., V (Ensayador) en campo der. y 767 (fecha) debajo.
Rev: POTOSI 1767 EL PERV La leyenda, al tratarse de una macuquina, no es visible, alrededor de las 2 columnas y entre ellas en 3 líneas valor 2 entre P (marca de la ceca) e V (ensayador), 2ª línea PLVS VLTRA, 3ª línea 767 entre V (ensayador) y P (ceca).
Acuñada: 1767
Ensayador: V - José de Vargas y Flores
Ceca: Potosí - Hoy ubicada en Bolivia
Referencias: Krause SCWC KM#43 Pag.112 - Maravedis.net #B-302-8mdelvalle
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04-03 - MARCO ANTONIO (43 - 30 A.C.)2do. triunvirato (43 - 30 A.C.)
AR denario Legionario 17 mm 3.1 gr.
Anv: Galera Pretoriana navegando a derecha con cetro y estandarte en proa - "ANT AVG" arriba y "III VIR.R.P.C." debajo.
Rev: "LEG III" (Legión III - Gallica) - Aquila (Aguila Legionaria) volando entre dos estandartes militares.
Acuñada 32/31 A.C.
Ceca: Patrae ? - Grecia
Según Sear RCTV Vol.1 Pag.284 : "La celebrada acuñación legionaria de Marco Antorio fue producida con gran probabilidad en los Cuarteles de invierno de Patrae poco antes de la Campaña de Actian. Se realizó honrando a 23 Legiones (Leg.PRI a LEG.XXIII) así como a la Guardia Pretoriana (Guardia Personal de los Emperadores) y la Cohorte de Speculatores (Escuadrón de reconocimiento, mensajería e inteligencia militar)."
Referencias: Craw RRC #544/15 - Syd CRR #1217 - BMCRR (este) #193 - RSC Vol.1 #29 Pag.124 - Cohen Vol.1 #28 Pag.41 - Babelon MRRB#107
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04-03 - MARCO ANTONIO (43 - 30 A.C.)2do. triunvirato (43 - 30 A.C.)
AR denario Legionario 17 mm 3.1 gr.
Anv: Galera Pretoriana navegando a derecha con cetro y estandarte en proa - "ANT AVG" arriba y "III VIR.R.P.C." debajo.
Rev: "LEG III" (Legión III - Gallica) - Aquila (Aguila Legionaria) volando entre dos estandartes militares.
Acuñada 32/31 A.C.
Ceca: Patrae ? - Grecia
Según Sear RCTV Vol.1 Pag.284 : "La celebrada acuñación legionaria de Marco Antorio fue producida con gran probabilidad en los Cuarteles de invierno de Patrae poco antes de la Campaña de Actian. Se realizó honrando a 23 Legiones (Leg.PRI a LEG.XXIII) así como a la Guardia Pretoriana (Guardia Personal de los Emperadores) y la Cohorte de Speculatores (Escuadrón de reconocimiento, mensajería e inteligencia militar)."
Referencias: Craw RRC #544/15 - Syd CRR #1217 - BMCRR (este) #193 - RSC Vol.1 #29 Pag.124 - Cohen Vol.1 #28 Pag.41 - Babelon MRRB#107
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04-05 - MARCO ANTONIO (43 - 30 A.C.)2do. triunvirato (43 - 30 A.C.)
AR denario Legionario 16 x 18 mm 3.2 gr.
Anv: Galera Pretoriana navegando a derecha con cetro y estandarte en proa - "ANT AVG" arriba y "III VIR.R.P.C." debajo.
Rev: "LEG V" (Legión V - Alaudae) - Aquila (Aguila Legionaria) volando entre dos estandartes militares.
Acuñada 32/31 A.C.
Ceca: Patrae ? - Grecia
Según Sear RCTV Vol.1 Pag.284 : "La celebrada acuñación legionaria de Marco Antorio fue producida con gran probabilidad en los Cuarteles de invierno de Patrae poco antes de la Campaña de Actian. Se realizó honrando a 23 Legiones (Leg.PRI a LEG.XXIII) así como a la Guardia Pretoriana (Guardia Personal de los Emperadores) y la Cohorte de Speculatores (Escuadrón de reconocimiento, mensajería e inteligencia militar)."
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #1479 Pag.283 - Sear CRI #354 - Craw RRC #544/18 - Syd CRR #1221 -BMCRR (este) #196 - RSC Vol.1 #32 Pag.124 - Cohen Vol.1 #32 Pag.41 - Babelon MRRB#110mdelvalle
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04-05 - MARCO ANTONIO (43 - 30 A.C.)2do. triunvirato (43 - 30 A.C.)
AR denario Legionario 16 x 18 mm 3.2 gr.
Anv: Galera Pretoriana navegando a derecha con cetro y estandarte en proa - "ANT AVG" arriba y "III VIR.R.P.C." debajo.
Rev: "LEG V" (Legión V - Alaudae) - Aquila (Aguila Legionaria) volando entre dos estandartes militares.
Acuñada 32/31 A.C.
Ceca: Patrae ? - Grecia
Según Sear RCTV Vol.1 Pag.284 : "La celebrada acuñación legionaria de Marco Antorio fue producida con gran probabilidad en los Cuarteles de invierno de Patrae poco antes de la Campaña de Actian. Se realizó honrando a 23 Legiones (Leg.PRI a LEG.XXIII) así como a la Guardia Pretoriana (Guardia Personal de los Emperadores) y la Cohorte de Speculatores (Escuadrón de reconocimiento, mensajería e inteligencia militar)."
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #1479 Pag.283 - Sear CRI #354 - Craw RRC #544/18 - Syd CRR #1221 -BMCRR (este) #196 - RSC Vol.1 #32 Pag.124 - Cohen Vol.1 #32 Pag.41 - Babelon MRRB#110mdelvalle
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04-11 - MARCO ANTONIO (43 - 30 A.C.)2do. triunvirato (43 - 30 A.C.)
AR denario Legionario 18 x 19 mm 3.3 gr.
Anv: Galera Pretoriana navegando a derecha con cetro y estandarte en proa - "ANT AVG" arriba y "III VIR.R.P.C." debajo.
Rev: "LEG XI" (Legión XI) - Aquila (Aguila Legionaria) volando entre dos estandartes militares.
Acuñada 32/31 A.C.
Ceca: Patrae ? - Grecia
Según Sear RCTV Vol.1 Pag.284 : "La celebrada acuñación legionaria de Marco Antorio fue producida con gran probabilidad en los Cuarteles de invierno de Patrae poco antes de la Campaña de Actian. Se realizó honrando a 23 Legiones (Leg.PRI a LEG.XXIII) así como a la Guardia Pretoriana (Guardia Personal de los Emperadores) y la Cohorte de Speculatores (Escuadrón de reconocimiento, mensajería e inteligencia militar)."
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #1479 var. Pag.283/284 - Craw RRC #544/25 - Syd CRR #1229 - BMCRR (este) #203 - RSC Vol.1 #39 Pag.124 - Cohen Vol.1 #39 Pag.41 - Babelon MRR B#118mdelvalle
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04-11 - MARCO ANTONIO (43 - 30 A.C.)2do. triunvirato (43 - 30 A.C.)
AR denario Legionario 18 x 19 mm 3.3 gr.
Anv: Galera Pretoriana navegando a derecha con cetro y estandarte en proa - "ANT AVG" arriba y "III VIR.R.P.C." debajo.
Rev: "LEG XI" (Legión XI) - Aquila (Aguila Legionaria) volando entre dos estandartes militares.
Acuñada 32/31 A.C.
Ceca: Patrae ? - Grecia
Según Sear RCTV Vol.1 Pag.284 : "La celebrada acuñación legionaria de Marco Antorio fue producida con gran probabilidad en los Cuarteles de invierno de Patrae poco antes de la Campaña de Actian. Se realizó honrando a 23 Legiones (Leg.PRI a LEG.XXIII) así como a la Guardia Pretoriana (Guardia Personal de los Emperadores) y la Cohorte de Speculatores (Escuadrón de reconocimiento, mensajería e inteligencia militar)."
Referencias: Sear RCTV Vol.1 #1479 var. Pag.283/284 - Craw RRC #544/25 - Syd CRR #1229 - BMCRR (este) #203 - RSC Vol.1 #39 Pag.124 - Cohen Vol.1 #39 Pag.41 - Babelon MRR B#118mdelvalle
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04. Maximian: Siscia fractional.AE3 fractional (half follis?), 317-18, Siscia mint.
Obverse: DIVO MAXIMIANO SEN FORT IMP / Veiled bust of Maximian.
Reverse: REQVIES OPTIMORVM MERITORVM / Emperor seated on curule chair, raising right hand and holding sceptre.
Mint mark: SIS
1.61 gm., 15mm.
RIC #41; PBCC #838; Sear #16412.
Around the years 317 - 318, Constantine issued commemorative coins honoring three deified emperors: Claudius II Gothicus, Constantius I, and Maximian. It is not real clear when these coins were issued, but RIC assigns them to the years 317-18 saying there is evidence they were issued near or at the end of the Sol coinage. They are small AE3 in size (16 mm), but on flans that are much thinner and weigh significantly less than other coins of the period. Therefore they are generally regarded as fractionals. They were minted at Treveri, Arelate, Rome, Aquileia, Siscia, and Thessalonica.
Why these three emperors? Constantine claimed Claudius II Gothicus was one of his ancestors (probably not true). Constantius I was Constantine's father, and Maximian was the father of Constantine's wife, Fausta.
Callimachus
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05-02 - Seleuco III, Soter Cerauno (226 - 223 A.C.)Seleuco III Sóter Cerauno (? - 223 adC). Rey de la dinastía seleúcida, hijo mayor de Seleuco II Calinico, a quien sucedió. Su apelativo Cerauno significa “el Rayo”. Su reinado fue breve (apenas tres años, desde el 225 adC). Decidió llevar a cabo el plan que su padre no pudo realizar en vida: enfrentar al rey Atalo I de Pérgamo, aliado de Antioco Hierax, hermano de Seleuco Calinico y tio suyo, el cual había muerto hace poco, pero que había ayudado a Atalo, quien había aprovechado la situación para expandir sus fronteras y conquistar toda el Asia Menor.
En el transcurso de esta campaña realizada en la región del Tauro, Seleuco III murió asesinado víctima de la traición de uno de sus oficiales llamado Nicanor, en complicidad con el galo Apaturios (223 adC).
Fue sucedido por su hermano Antíoco III Megas, contando con el apoyo de Aqueo, pariente del difunto rey quien había tenido gran influencia durante su reinado. Aqueo rechazó la corona que le ofrecieron las tropas y prefirió gobernar como regente del imperio. Nombró a Molón gobernador de las provincias superiores y él se reservó el Asia Menor; combatió con éxito contra Atalo I y lo confinó en Pérgamo, de modo que suyo fue el mérito de ganar la guerra que había empezado Seleuco III. (Wikipedia)
AE 12 mm 2.0 gr.
Anv: Busto de Artemisa viendo a der. Grafila de puntos.
Rev: "BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΣEΛEYKOY" - Apolo sentado a izquierda en ónfalo (Piedra semicilíndrica centro del culto de Apolo en Delfos, fetiche de basalto y altar de la madre tierra de la religión micénica) con flecha en mano derecha levantada y apoyando la izquierda en un arco. "CE / Λ" en campo izquierdo y "AP" (Monograma) en exergo.
Ceca: Antioquía en Orontes
Referencias: B.M.C. Vol.4 (Seleucid Kings of Syria) #8 Pag.22 - Sear GCTV Vol.2 #6929 Pag.646 - SNG Spaer #518 - Newell E.T. (Western Seleucid Mints) #1036mdelvalle
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053. 2'nd Jewish (bar Kokhba) Revolt.Zuz (denarius), attributed to Year 3 (134-35 AD).
Obverse: (Shim'on) / Bunch of Grapes.
Reverse: (For the Freedom of Jerusalem) / Lyre with three strings.
3.19 gm., 18.5 mm.
Mildenberg #205.19 (this coin); Hendin #734.
This coin likely started out as a denarius of one of the Roman emperors between Vespasian and Hadrian. Many coins of the Second Jewish Revolt show traces of the earlier Roman coin. This coin is no exception, and traces of the previous coin can be seen on the obverse in and around the bunch of grapes.
The bunch of grapes on the obverse is an ancient symbol of blessing and fertility. As such it occasionally appears on ancient coins of other areas besides this series. Given the messianic nature of the Bar Kokhba revolt, the bunch of grapes takes on added significance because in Jewish prophetic literature, grapes (and the vine or vineyard) are often symbolic of the restoration of Israel, or even symbolic of Israel itself.
The lyre on the reverse is associated with temple worship, as are trumpets, which are also found on coins of the Bar Kokhba Revolt. King David is mentioned as playing a lyre, and there are numerous Biblical references to praising the Lord with the lyre and trumpets. (The word "kinnor," sometimes translated as "harp," is really a type of lyre.) Even today the lyre is an important Jewish symbol and the state of Israel has chosen to portray it on the half New Israeli Sheqel coin. Callimachus
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058 Eric Menved or 063 Christopher IIPenny of Eric VI Menved, king of Denmark 1286-1319, or of Christopher II, king of Denmark 1320-1326, 1329-1332
Mint: Roskilde
MB 422
Eric was another somewhat forgotten king of Denmark. During his reign the powers of the king were limited and the treasury was drained. Eric had 14 children and had the misfortune to outlive them all.
Recent scholarship has questioned the attribution, as to whether this coin belongs to Eric or Christopher's reign. The presence of the E doesn't really mean much in favor of Eric, as many of these coins have a single letter represented, of uncertain meaning.
Ex- G WardSt. George's Collection
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063 - Clodius Albinus As - RIC 59 AE As
Obv:- D CL SEPT ALB CAES, Bare headed head right
Rev:- FORT REDVCI COS II, Fortuna, seated left holding rudder and cornucopia
Minted in Rome. A.D. 194 - A.D. 195
Reference:- BMCRE 547 note. RIC 59 (Rare)
Additional information from Curtis Clay:-
"Same dies as J. Hirsch 24, 1909, Weber 1793, Cat. 327 in my Oxford thesis.
The Fortuna Redux type is common on Albinus' sestertii, but rare on his denarii (4 spec. in Reka Devnia hoard) and on his asses. In my thesis I catalogued just eight specimens of the As, from two rev. dies. One of the rev. dies has wheel under seat, the other, from which your coin was struck, omits the wheel. Further specimens have turned up since 1972, but no new rev. dies.
Ragged flan as often and some pitting, but really quite a presentable specimen, in my opinion! "maridvnvm
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064 - Septimius Severus denarius - RIC - (466 corr?)Obv:– L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP VIII, Laureate head right
Rev:– ARAB ADIABENIC, Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm
Minted in Laodicea-ad-Mare. A.D. 196-197
Reference(s) – C 52 var. BMCRE p 110 var. RIC 466 corr.(RIC 466 (R) is IMP VII but should really be IMP VIII but the reverse type for 466 is incorrectly described as wreath and trophy whereas this type is wreath and palm)maridvnvm
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066 - Caracalla Ae As - RIC 532bObv:- ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM, Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:- P M TR P XVII IMP III COS IIII P P - S C, Mars, helmeted in military dress, cloak over left arm, standing front, head left, right knee slightly bent, holding branch raised in right hand and vertical spear in left hand. Items on ground. I cannot really make them out but at magnification they look like helmet on left, cuirass between legs and spear resting on shield.
This seems to generally match RIC 532b, which cites Cohen 260. RIC 532a is the same reverse type with a Laureate head right. BMCRE does not include this type with this bust but does include the type in the notes to BMCRE 268. BMCRE 268, which is the Laureate head type is described as right foot on helmet with cuirass? to right.maridvnvm
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07-01 GERMANICO (4 - 19 D.C.)AE AS 26 mm 10.0 gr.
Emisión póstuma realizada por su hijo Caligula
Anv: "GERMANICVS CAESAR TI AVGVST F DIVI AVG N" - Busto a cabeza desnuda viendo a izquierda.
Rev: "C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT" - Leyenda alrededor de gran "S C ".
Acuñada 3ra. Emisión 37 - 38 D.C.
Ceca: Roma - Off. 1ra.
Referencias: RIC Vol.1 (Gaius) #35 Pag.110 - Sear RCTV Vol.1 (Caligula) #1821 Pag.360 - BMCRE (Gaius) #49 - Cohen Vol.1 #1 Pag.224 - DVM #2 Pag.77 - CBN #73 - MIR #20 - RC #600mdelvalle
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07-01 GERMANICO (4 - 19 D.C.)AE AS 26 mm 10.0 gr.
Emisión póstuma realizada por su hijo Caligula
Anv: "GERMANICVS CAESAR TI AVGVST F DIVI AVG N" - Busto a cabeza desnuda viendo a izquierda.
Rev: "C CAESAR AVG GERMANICVS PON M TR POT" - Leyenda alrededor de gran "S C ".
Acuñada 3ra. Emisión 37 - 38 D.C.
Ceca: Roma - Off. 1ra.
Referencias: RIC Vol.1 (Gaius) #35 Pag.110 - Sear RCTV Vol.1 (Caligula) #1821 Pag.360 - BMCRE (Gaius) #49 - Cohen Vol.1 #1 Pag.224 - DVM #2 Pag.77 - CBN #73 - MIR #20 - RC #600mdelvalle
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07-03 GERMANICO (4 - 19 D.C.)AE AS 28 mm 9.1 gr.
Emisión póstuma realizada por su hijo Caligula
Anv: "GERMANICVS CAESAR TI AVG F DIVI AVG N" - Busto a cabeza desnuda viendo a izquierda.
Rev: "C CAESAR DIVI AVG PRON P M TR P III P P" - Leyenda alrededor de gran "S C ".
Acuñada 3ra. Emisión 39 - 40 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Referencias: RIC Vol.1 (Gaius) #43var, Pag.111 - Sear RCTV Vol.1 (Caligula) #1821var, Pag.360 - BMCRE (Gaius) #60 - Cohen Vol.1 #4, Pag.224 - DVM #3 Pag.77 - CBN II #106, Pag.72mdelvalle
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07-03 GERMANICO (4 - 19 D.C.)AE AS 28 mm 9.1 gr.
Emisión póstuma realizada por su hijo Caligula
Anv: "GERMANICVS CAESAR TI AVG F DIVI AVG N" - Busto a cabeza desnuda viendo a izquierda.
Rev: "C CAESAR DIVI AVG PRON P M TR P III P P" - Leyenda alrededor de gran "S C ".
Acuñada 3ra. Emisión 39 - 40 D.C.
Ceca: Roma
Referencias: RIC Vol.1 (Gaius) #43var, Pag.111 - Sear RCTV Vol.1 (Caligula) #1821var, Pag.360 - BMCRE (Gaius) #60 - Cohen Vol.1 #4, Pag.224 - DVM #3 Pag.77 - CBN II #106, Pag.72mdelvalle
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07. Caracalla.Tetradrachm, 205-207 AD, Laodiceia ad Mare.
Obverse: AVT KAI . ANTΩNEINOC . CE . / Laureate bust of Caracalla.
Reverse: ΔHMAPX EΞ VΠATOC B / Eagle, holding wreath in beak, star between legs.
12.91 gm., 25 mm.
Bellinger #57; Prieur #1144.
When Caracalla went to the East to wage war with the Parthians, he issued vast quantities of tetradrachms to finance the activity. This coin, however, is not from that series; it was minted about 10 years earlier when Septimius Severus was still emperor. The main distinguishing feature of this coin is a bust of Caracalla as an adolescent, with just the beginnings of sideburns. It is a fairly scare type. For more information see "Severan Tetradrachms of Laodiceia" by R. G. McAlee in ANS Museum Notes #29 (1984), pages 43-59.
Prieur #1144 has the same obverse die as this coin. However, the reverse legend of #1144 has a Γ at the end of it. Prieur knew of only one example of this coin. Several years ago CNG had a coin from similar dies with the reverse legend ending in a B. Unfortunately, the last letter of the reverse legend on this coin is not real clear.Callimachus
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08. Helena: Constantinople.A 4, 337 - 341, Constantinople mint.
Obverse: FL IVL HELENAE AVG / Diademed bust of Helena.
Reverse: PAX PVBLICA / Pax standing, holding branch and sceptre.
Mint mark: CONSE
1.57 gm., 15.5 mm.
RIC 34/49; LRBC #1047 var.; Sear #17497/98.
This coin does not really fit the description of RIC #34 or RIC #49:
RIC #34 - terminal dot to reverse legend, Officina E.
RIC #49 - without terminal dot. Officina Θ.
This coin - without terminal dot. Officina E.Callimachus
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09. Alexandria: Tetradrachm in the name of Alexander the Great.Tetradrachm, ca 310 - 305 BC, Alexandria (Egypt) mint.
Obverse: Head of Alexander with Horn of Ammon, wearing elephant skin headdress.
Reverse: ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ / Athena carrying shield and hurling spear. Also small eagle sitting on thunderbolt at right. Two monograms: one at left, one at right.
15.10 gm., 26 mm.
S. #7749; BMC 6.6, 46.
You may have noticed that I refer to the obverse portraits on the Alexander the Great coins as "Head of Alexander as Herakles." Much has been written about these portraits as to whether or not they really portray Alexander's likeness. There can be no doubt, however, that the portrait on this coin was intended to be that of Alexander. Ptolemy issued this coin in the name of Alexander while he was Satrap of Egypt. The elephant skin headdress was probably inspired by the lion's skin headdress on Alexander's own coins. It likely refers to Alexander's conquests in India where he defeated an Indian army with 200 elephants. Beneath the elephant skin headdress, right above his ear, Alexander wears the Horn of Zeus Ammon. The priests of Zeus Ammon recognized Alexander as divine when he visited Egypt in 331 BC. Callimachus
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0aa Caius MariusC. Fundanius, moneyer
101-91 BC
Denarius
Helmeted head of Roma right, control-mark C behind
"Triumphator" (Marius) in quadriga right, holding laurel-branch and staff; a rider sits on near horse, holding laurel-branch, Q above, C FVNDAN in exergue
The reverse shows Marius as triumphator in the quadriga. He holds sceptre and laurel branch. On one of the horses rides his son. The children of the triumphator were - according to tradition - allowed to share the triumph of their father. The Q above refers to the office as quaestor the mintmaster held while minting these coins. FORVM Ancient Coins says of a similar piece, "The reverse refers to Marius triumph after victories over the Cimbri and Teutones. The rider on the near horse is Marius's son, at that time eight years old." Andrew McCabe comments, "The Triumphator on the Fundania denarius is usually taken to be Marius, with his young son on horseback. This would make it the first Roman coin to explicitly portray a living Roman politician. "
Seaby Fundania 1
Marius rose from common origins to become the First Man in Rome. Plutarch in his Life writes: There is a likeness of Marius in stone at Ravenna, in Gaul, which I myself saw quite corresponding with that roughness of character that is ascribed to him. Being naturally valiant and warlike, and more acquainted also with the discipline of the camp than of the city, he could not moderate his passion when in authority. . . . He was born of parents altogether obscure and indigent, who supported themselves by their daily labour; his father of the same name with himself, his mother called Fulcinia. He had spent a considerable part of his life before he saw and tasted the pleasures of the city; having passed previously in Cirrhaeaton, a village of the territory of Arpinum, a life, compared with city delicacies, rude and unrefined, yet temperate, and conformable to the ancient Roman severity. He first served as a soldier in the war against the Celtiberians, when Scipio Africanus besieged Numantia; where he signalized himself to his general by courage far above his comrades, and particularly by his cheerfully complying with Scipio's reformation of his army, being almost ruined by pleasures and luxury. It is stated, too, that he encountered and vanquished an enemy in single combat, in his general's sight. In consequence of all this he had several honours conferred upon him; and once when at an entertainment a question arose about commanders, and one of the company (whether really desirous to know, or only in complaisance) asked Scipio where the Romans, after him, should obtain such another general, Scipio, gently clapping Marius on the shoulder as he sat next him, replied, "Here, perhaps. . . ."
The consul Caecilius Metellus, being declared general in the war against Jugurtha in Africa took with him Marius for lieutenant; where, eager himself to do great deeds and services that would get him distinction, he did not, like others, consult Metellus's glory and the serving his interest, and attributing his honour of lieutenancy not to Metellus, but to fortune, which had presented him with a proper opportunity and theatre of great actions, he exerted his utmost courage. . . . Marius thus employed, and thus winning the affections of the soldiers, before long filled both Africa and Rome with his fame, and some, too, wrote home from the army that the war with Africa would never be brought to a conclusion unless they chose Caius Marius consul. . . .He was elected triumphantly, and at once proceeded to levy soldiers contrary both to law and custom, enlisting slaves and poor people; whereas former commanders never accepted of such, but bestowed arms, like other favours, as a matter of distinction, on persons who had the proper qualification, a man's property being thus a sort of security for his good behavior. . . .
[In Marius' fourth consulship,] The enemy dividing themselves into two parts, the Cimbri arranged to go against Catulus higher up through the country of the Norici, and to force that passage; the Teutones and Ambrones to march against Marius by the seaside through Liguria. . . . The Romans, pursuing them, slew and took prisoners above one hundred thousand, and possessing themselves of their spoil, tents, and carriages, voted all that was not purloined to Marius's share, which, though so magnificent a present, yet was generally thought less than his conduct deserved in so great a danger. . . . After the battle, Marius chose out from amongst the barbarians' spoils and arms those that were whole and handsome, and that would make the greatest show in his triumph; the rest he heaped upon a large pile, and offered a very splendid sacrifice. Whilst the army stood round about with their arms and garlands, himself attired (as the fashion is on such occasions) in the purple-bordered robe, and taking a lighted torch, and with both hands lifting it up towards heaven, he was then going to put it to the pile, when some friends were espied with all haste coming towards him on horseback. Upon which every one remained in silence and expectation. They, upon their coming up, leapt off and saluted Marius, bringing him the news of his fifth consulship, and delivered him letters to that effect. This gave the addition of no small joy to the solemnity; and while the soldiers clashed their arms and shouted, the officers again crowned Marius with a laurel wreath, and he thus set fire to the pile, and finished his sacrifice. Blindado
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0ab Lucius Cornelius Sulla FelixL Manlivs, moneyer
82-72 BC
Denarius
Head of Roma, right, MANLI before, PRO Q behind
Sulla in walking quadriga, crowned by Victory, L SVLLA IM in ex.
Seaby, Manlia 4
Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (c. 138 BC – 78 BC) was a Roman general and conservative statesman. He had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. Sulla was awarded a grass crown, the most prestigious and rarest Roman military honor, during the Social War. He was the first man to lead an army to Rome to settle a political dispute, in this case with Marius. In late 81 BC, he stunned the world by resigning his near-absolute powers, restoring constitutional government. After seeing election to and holding a second consulship, he retired to private life and died shortly after.
As to the person, Plutarch wrote: LUCIUS Cornelius Sylla was descended of a patrician or noble family. . . . His general personal appearance may be known by his statues; only his blue, eyes, of themselves extremely keen and glaring, were rendered all the more forbidding and terrible by the complexion of his face, in which white was mixed with rough blotches of fiery red. . . . And when supreme master of all, he was often wont to muster together the most impudent players and stage-followers of the town, and to drink and bandy jests with them without regard to his age or the dignity of his place, and to the prejudice of important affairs that required his attention. When he was once at table, it was not in Sylla's nature to admit of anything that was serious, and whereas at other times he was a man of business and austere of countenance, he underwent all of a sudden, at his first entrance upon wine and good-fellowship, a total revolution, and was gentle and tractable with common singers and dancers, and ready to oblige any one that spoke with him. It seems to have been a sort of diseased result of this laxity that he was so prone to amorous pleasures, and yielded without resistance to any temptation of voluptuousness, from which even in his old age he could not refrain. He had a long attachment for Metrobius, a player. In his first amours, it happened that he made court to a common but rich lady, Nicopolis by name, and what by the air of his youth, and what by long intimacy, won so far on her affections, that she rather than he was the lover, and at her death she bequeathed him her whole property. He likewise inherited the estate of a step-mother who loved him as her own son. By these means he had pretty well advanced his fortunes. . . . In general he would seem to have been of a very irregular character, full of inconsistencies with himself much given to rapine, to prodigality yet more; in promoting or disgracing whom he pleased, alike unaccountable; cringing to those he stood in need of, and domineering over others who stood in need of him, so that it was hard to tell whether his nature had more in it of pride or of servility. As to his unequal distribution of punishments, as, for example, that upon slight grounds he would put to the torture, and again would bear patiently with the greatest wrongs; would readily forgive and he reconciled after the most heinous acts of enmity, and yet would visit small and inconsiderable offences with death and confiscation of goods; one might judge that in himself he was really of a violent and revengeful nature, which, however, he could qualify, upon reflection, for his interest.
Blindado
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1 - GabineteEl mueble está realizado en MDF enchapado totalmente en roble natural y luego tratado con 2 manos de laca incolora. Su tamaño total es 510 mm de ancho, 400 mm de alto y 560 mm de profundidad. mdelvalle
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10 - 04 - Virreynato CARLOS III (1759-1788) Pieza columnaria o de "Mundos y Mares"
1/2 Real de Plata ley 917
16 mm
Anv: CAR·III·D·G·HISP·ET·IND·R (Carlos III por la gracia de Dios rey de las Españas y las Indias) alrededor de un escudo coronado de castillos y leones y escusón de los Borbones.
Rev: VTRAQUE VNUM ·PTS monograma POTOSI (ceca) ·1770·JR· (JR = ensayador ) (uno y otro son uno, refiriéndose a la unión de los 2 mundos el conocido y el nuevo, América) alrededor de 2 bolas coronadas que representan al nuevo y viejo mundo entre 2 columnas con las leyendas PLVS VLTRA
Acuñada: 1770
Ensayador: JR - José de Vargas y Flores y Raimundo de Iturriaga
Ceca: Potosí - Hoy ubicada en Bolivia
Referencias: Krause SCWC C#9 Pag.179 - Maravedis.net #B-272-4 mdelvalle
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10 - 06 - Virreynato CARLOS III (1759-1788) Pieza columnaria o de "Mundos y Mares"
1 Real de Plata ley 917
21 mm
Anv: CAR·III·D·G·HISP·ET·IND·R (Carlos III por la gracia de Dios rey de las Españas y las Indias) alrededor de un escudo coronado de castillos y leones y escusón de los Borbones, entre R y valor I.
Rev: VTRAQUE VNUM ·PTS monograma POTOSI (ceca) ·1770·JR· (JR = ensayador ) (uno y otro son uno, refiriéndose a la unión de los 2 mundos el conocido y el nuevo, América) alrededor de 2 bolas coronadas que representan al nuevo y viejo mundo entre 2 columnas con las leyendas PLVS VLTRA
Acuñada: 1770
Ensayador: JR - José de Vargas y Flores y Raimundo de Iturriaga
Ceca: Potosí - Hoy ubicada en Bolivia
Referencias: Krause SCWC C#10 Pag.180 - Maravedis.net #B-290-4 mdelvalle
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10 - 08 - Virreynato CARLOS III (1759-1788) Pieza columnaria o de "Mundos y Mares"
2 Reales de Plata ley 917
28 mm
Anv: CAR·III·D·G·HISP·ET·IND·R (Carlos III por la gracia de Dios rey de las Españas y las Indias) alrededor de un escudo coronado de castillos y leones y escusón de los Borbones, entre R y valor 2.
Rev: VTRAQUE VNUM ·PTS monograma POTOSI (ceca) ·1770·JR· (JR = ensayador ) (uno y otro son uno, refiriéndose a la unión de los 2 mundos el conocido y el nuevo, América) alrededor de 2 bolas coronadas que representan al nuevo y viejo mundo entre 2 columnas con las leyendas PLVS VLTRA
Acuñada: 1770
Ensayador: JR - José de Vargas y Flores y Raimundo de Iturriaga
Ceca: Potosí - Hoy ubicada en Bolivia
Referencias: Krause SCWC C#11 Pag.180 - Maravedis.net #B-306-4 mdelvalle
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103. HadrianHadrian
With execution of four power men in the beginning of his reign, his relations with the senate were irrevocably damaged, never really to improve until his death, when the senate hoped to have posthumous revenge. Much was said against him after his death, and by many persons. The senate wished to annul his acts, and would have refrained from naming him "the Deified" had not Antoninus requested it. Antoninus, moreover, finally built a temple for him at Puteoli to take the place of a tomb, and he also established a quinquennial contest and flamens and sodales and many other institutions which appertain to the honour of one regarded as a god. It is for this reason, as has been said before, that many think that Antoninus received the surname Pius.
AR Denarius. IMP CAESAR TRAIAN HADRIANVS AVG, laureate bust right / P M TR P COS III, Victory flying right with trophy. RSC 1132, RIC 101ecoli
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107. PertinaxPertinax
Only a mediocre public speaker, Pertinax was first and foremost a gritty old soldier. He was heavily built, had a pot belly, although it was said, even by his critics, that he possessed the proud air of an emperor.
He possessed some charm, but was generally understood to be a rather sly character. He also acquired a reputation for being mean and greedy. He apparently even went as far as serving half portions of lettuce and artichoke before he became emperor. It was a characteristic which would not serve him well as an emperor.
When he took office, Pertinax quickly realized that the imperial treasury was in trouble. Commodus had wasted vast sums on games and luxuries. If the new emperor thought that changes would need to be made to bring the finances back in order he was no doubt right. But he sought to do too much too quickly. In the process he made himself enemies.
The gravest error, made at the very beginning of his reign, was to decide to cut some of the praetorian's privileges and that he was going to pay them only half the bonus he had promised.
Already on 3 January AD 193 the praetorians tried to set up another emperor who would pay up. But that senator, wise enough to stay out of trouble, merely reported the incident to Pertinax and then left Rome.
The ordinary citizens of Rome however also quickly had enough of their new emperor. Had Commodus spoilt them with lavish games and festivals, then now Pertinax gave them very little.
And a truly powerful enemy should be the praetorian prefect Laetus. The man who had after all put Pertinax on the throne, was to play an important role in the emperor's fate. It isn't absolutely clear if he sought to be an honest advisor of the emperor, but saw his advise ignored, or if he sought to manipulate Pertinax as his puppet emperor. In either case, he was disappointed.
And so as Pertinax grew ever more unpopular, the praetorians once more began to look for a new emperor. In early March, When Pertinax was away in Ostia overseeing the arrangements for the grain shipments to Rome, they struck again. This time they tried to set up one of the consuls, Quintus Sosius Falco.
When Pertinax returned to Rome he pardoned Falco who'd been condemned by the senate, but several praetorians were executed. A slave had given them away as being part of the conspiracy.
These executions were the final straw. On 28 March AD 193 the praetorians revolts.
300 hundred of them forced the gates to the palace. None of the guards sought to help their emperor.
Everyone, so it seemed, wanted rid of this emperor. So, too, Laetus would not listen as Pertinax ordered him to do something. The praetorian prefect simply went home, leaving the emperor to his fate.
Pertinax did not seek to flee. He stood his ground and waited, together with his chamberlain Eclectus. As the praetorians found him, they did not discover an emperor quivering with fear, but a man determined on convincing them to put down their weapons. Clearly the soldiers were over-awed by this brave man, for he spoke to them for some time. But eventually their leader found enough courage to step forwards and hurl his spear at the emperor. Pertinax fell with the spear in his chest. Eclectus fought bravely for his life, stabbing two, before he two was slain by the soldiers.
The soldiers then cut off Pertinax' head, stuck it on a spear and paraded through the streets of Rome.
Pertinax had ruled for only 87 days. He was later deified by Septimius Severus.
RI1. Pertinax. A.D. 193. AR denarius (18.0 mm, 2.74 g, 7 h). Rome mint. Rare. IMP CAES P HELV PERTIN AVG, laureate head right / OPI DIVIN TR P COS II, Ops seated left, holding two stalks of grain, resting hand on seat of throne. RIC 8a; RSC 33; BMCRE 19. aVF, flan crack.ecoli
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112 Probus (276-282 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 204 var, Rome, SOLI INVICTO, Bust-H-var (Not in RIC), Sol in spread quadriga,112 Probus (276-282 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 204 var, Rome, SOLI INVICTO, Bust-H-var (Not in RIC), Sol in spread quadriga,
avers:- IMP-C-M-AVR-PROBVS-P-F-AVG, Radiate bust left in imperial mantle, holding sceptre surmounted by eagle, and globe in right hand. (H-var Not in RIC)
revers:- SO-LI-IN-VIC-TO, Sol in spread quadriga holding globe and whip.
exergo: -/-//R, diameter: 22-25mm, weight: 4,66g, axis: 5h,
mint: Rome, 2nd emission of Rome, 277, date: 277 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 204var (Not in RIC), p-39,
Q-001
"What is particularly interesting in this coin is that it was unlisted till now with this exergue // R (cf. S. Estiot & Ph. Gysen, L'atelier de Rome au début du règne de Probus: corpus et documents inédits, Revue Numismatique 2006, tables p. 254-255)
PDF Download Available on Academia.edu
In fact since our 2006 article has been published, I realized that there was such a coin in Vienna: so Joe's is the second known exemplary; furthermore, it has been struck with the same reverse die as the coin in Vienna. "by S.Estiot, Thank you S. Estiot.quadrans
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12 - 04 - Virreynato CARLOS III (1759-1788) "Piezas con el Busto de los Monarcas Españoles"
1/2 Real de Plata Ley 903
17 mm
Anv: ·CAROLUS·III·DEI·GRATIA·1773· (Carlos III por la gracia de Dios) alrededor de un busto del rey a derechas.
Rev: ·HISPAN·ET·IND·REX·PTSmonograma POTOSÍ(ceca) J·R· (Ensayador) (rey de las Españas y las Indias) alrededor de un escudo coronado de castillos y leones con escusón de los Borbones entre dos columnas con las leyendas PLUS ULTRA.
Acuñada: 1773
Ensayador: J R - José de Vargas y Flores y Raimundo de Iturriaga.
Ceca: Potosí - Hoy ubicada en Bolivia
Referencias: Krause SCWC C#14 Pag.179 - Maravedis.net #B-281-1mdelvalle
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12 - 06- Virreynato CARLOS III (1759-1788)"Piezas con el Busto de los Monarcas Españoles"
1 Real de Plata Ley 903
20 mm
Anv: ·CAROLUS·III·DEI·GRATIA·1776· (Carlos III por la gracia de Dios) alrededor de un busto del rey a derechas.
Rev: ·HISPAN·ET·IND·REX·PTSmonograma POTOSÍ(ceca)·1R· (Valor) P·R· (Ensayador) (rey de las Españas y las Indias) alrededor de un escudo coronado de castillos y leones con escusón de los Borbones entre dos columnas con las leyendas PLUS ULTRA.
Acuñada: 1776
Ensayador: PR- Pedro Narciso de Mazondo y Raimundo de Iturriaga.
Ceca: Potosí - Hoy ubicada en Bolivia
Referencias: Krause SCWC C#15 Pag.180 - Maravedis.net #B-298-5mdelvalle
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12 - 08 - Virreynato CARLOS III (1759-1788) "Piezas con el Busto de los Monarcas Españoles"
2 Reales de Plata Ley 917
28 mm
Anv: ·CAROLUS·III·DEI·GRATIA·1784· (Carlos III por la gracia de Dios) alrededor de un busto del rey a derechas.
Rev: ·HISPAN·ET·IND·REX·PTSmonograma POTOSÍ(ceca)·2R· (Valor) P·R· (Ensayador) (rey de las Españas y las Indias) alrededor de un escudo coronado de castillos y leones con escusón de los Borbones entre dos columnas con las leyendas PLUS ULTRA.
Acuñada: 1784
Ensayador: PR- Pedro Narciso de Mazondo y Raimundo de Iturriaga.
Ceca: Potosí - Hoy ubicada en Bolivia
Referencias: Krause SCWC C#16 Pag.180 - Maravedis.net #B-313-13mdelvalle
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12 - 12 - Virreynato CARLOS III (1759-1788) "Piezas con el Busto de los Monarcas Españoles"
8 Reales de Plata Ley 896
40 mm
Anv: ·CAROLUS·III·DEI·GRATIA·1788· (Carlos III por la gracia de Dios) alrededor de un busto del rey a derechas.
Rev: ·HISPAN·ET·IND·REX·PTSmonograma POTOSÍ(ceca)·8R· (Valor) P·R· (Ensayador) (rey de las Españas y las Indias) alrededor de un escudo coronado de castillos y leones con escusón de los Borbones entre dos columnas con las leyendas PLUS ULTRA.
Acuñada: 1788
Ensayador: PR- Pedro Narciso de Mazondo y Raimundo de Iturriaga.
Ceca: Potosí - Hoy ubicada en Bolivia
Referencias: Krause SCWC KM#55 Pag.115 - Maravedis.net #B-344-17mdelvalle
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120 - Tetricus I Barbarous Ant. - Copies RIC -Obv:– IMP C TETRICVS P F AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– MARS VICTOR, Mars walking right, holding spear and trophy
(III in exe)
Reference:– No real Mars walking right coins are known for Tetricus I or II. This coin combines a Tetricus obverse of decent style with a reverse of Probus from Lugdunum with the III in exe.maridvnvm
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1285 Hadrian Sestertius Roma 129-30 AD Galley leftReference
RIC II, 706; Strack 837; C. 657; Banti 337; RIC 1285
Bust A1
Obv. HADRIANVS AVGVSTVS
Laureate head
Rev. FELICITATI AVG COS III P P S C in field
Galley moving left with stearman and five rowers; vexillum on prow.
23.61 gr
31 mm
12h
Ex.
Stack's Bowers Galleries January 2013 N.Y.I.N.C. lot 5210
Note.
An acrostolium is an ornamental extension of the stem post on the prow of an ancient warship. Often used as a symbol of victory or of power at sea. (numiswiki)
1st-4th Century AD:
The Ship in Imperial Rome
Realizing its importance, Augustus established the Roman navy along lines similar to that of the legions. In addition to a number of key harbors, from which ships could be deployed, he stationed several fleets (Latin classes) in key areas throughout the empire. Among these, the classis Britannica patrolled the channel between Gaul and Britannia, protecting the shipping lanes. Its strategic regional importance is commemorated in the coinage of several of the period usurpers from the area. M. Aurelius Postumus was the first to do so (lots 676-679). His bronze ship issues carry the legend LAETITIA AVG, emphasizing the source of imperial well-being resides in a strong navy. The usurper M. Aurelius Carausius, commander of the classis Britannica under Diocletian, struck coins commemorating, in part, his control of that fleet and its abilities in keeping the sea lanes open (lot 680). His short-lived successor, Allectus, continued the type (lots 681-684).
One important function of the navy was the transportation of the imperial family on state visits. From the time of Augustus, vessels were dispatched to carry the emperor between the capital and the provinces. One such instance is commemorated in a rare bronze as, struck at Patrae in AD 66/7 (lot 609). The reverse depicts the quinquereme used to carry Nero on his infamous tour of Greece. Hadrian’s extensive travels were recorded with a wide variety of ship types struck at Rome (lots 610-622), and in the East (lot 623). An inscription from Ephesus (Syll. III 3241), records that a local captain, L. Erastus, used his ship to transport the emperor while he was in that area. A coin struck at Alexandria (lot 624) is of particular importance for, in the same year as the coin was struck Antinoüs drowned as the imperial party was sailing up the Nile. Hadrian’s successors continued to travel, now to shore up border conflicts or prepare for one of the periodic wars with Persia (lots 625-627; 631-675). By the middle of the third century AD local issues, rather than those minted at the imperial capital, recorded these events, a sign that the center of power was drifting away from Rome itself.
Warships were not the exclusive vessel of the Roman navy. Providing the empire with an uninterrupted supply of grain, as well as other necessary supplies, necessitated the construction of ship for such a purpose. Unlike the warship, which required speed and strength for ramming, the merchantman (Greek nau~ stroggulh; Latin navis oneraria) was of broader beam. Many of these vessels, like the ponto or more common actuaria resembled the shape of a trireme and could be powered by both oars and sails. Since ships of this type were used to transport vital commodities such as wine and grain, they, like the large ponto, are often those shown on coins from the Black Sea (lots 655 and 664-666). The great Roman merchantman, or corbita, often seen in part on imperial issues commemorating the annona, is more familiar (lots 607-608). Powered by two large sails, it featured a rear cabin in the shape of a swan and was the true workhorse of Roman merchant vessels; its type continued well into the Byzantine period.okidoki
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