| Image search results - "Philippos" |
359-336 BC Philip IIMacedonian KIngdom Philip II 359-336 b.c
AE Quarter Unit
Obverse:Head of Herakles right
Reverse:FILIPPOY up and down of club
10.79mm 1.35gm
SNG COP 620
maik
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359-336 BC PhilipIIMacedonian KIngdom Philip II
AE Double Unit
Obverse:Head of Apollo right
Reverse:Youth on horse prancing, FILIPPOY above , E below
21.80mm 8.64gmmaik
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Arabia Petraea_Bostra_Philippus_II_SNG Ans 1247Philippus II.
AE, Arabia Petraea, Bostra
Struck: 244-247 / 27-29 mm / 18,14 g
Av: MAP C IVL PHILIPPOS CESAR
Radiate, cuirassed and draped bust right seen from behind
Rv: COL METROPOLIS BOSTRA
AETI / AΔOV / CAPIA in wreath
Reference: SNG Ans 1247Andicz
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Asia Minor, Lydia, Hierocaesarea, Commodus, PerseusLydia. Hierocaesaraea
Commodus
P. Sex. Philippos (archon for the second time)
Bronze, Æ 35
Obv.: ΑΥΤ ΚΑΙ Λ ΑΥΡΗ ΚΟΜΜΟΔΟΣ, laureate-headed bust of Commodus (lightly bearded) wearing cuirass and paludamentum
Rev.: ΕΠΙ ΑΡΧ Π ΣΕΞ ΦΙΛΙΠΠ-ΟΥ Τ Β ΙΕΡΟΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΩΝ, hero (Perseus) advancing right, wearing military dress, holding harpa and ?
Æ, 35mm, 21.55g
Ref.. RPC online IV.2 № 1271-3 (this coin), GRPC Lydia 106 (this coin)
C. Fontana, RIN 69 (1967), 50, no. 13, pl. II.13
F. Kenner, Die Münzsammlung des Stiftes St. Florian (1871), p. 160, pl. V.17
Ex Gorny&Mosch auction 241, lot 1906shanxi
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Greek Philippos ITetradrachme
Philippos I. Epiphanes Philadelphos, 93 - 83 BC.
Tanit
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Greek, Macedonian Kingdom, Philip V (221-179 B.C.), SNG Cop 1250, AE-21, Pella mint, Two goats kneeling right,Philip V., Macedonia, Kings, (221-179 B.C.), SNG Cop 1250, AE-21, Pella mint, Two goats kneeling right,
avers:- Head of young Herakles right, clad in lion's skin.
revers:-Two goats kneeling right side by side, BA above, Φ below.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 21 mm, weight: g, axes: h,
mint: Macedonia, Kings, Philippos V., Pella mint, date: 221-179 B.C., ref: SNG Cop 1250,
Q-001quadrans
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Greek, Macedonian kingdom, Philip V, (221-179 B.C.), SNG Munich 1167 , AE-21, Horseman right,Macedonia, Kings, Philippos V, (221-179 B.C.), AE-21, SNG Munich 1167, Horseman right,
avers: Head of Herakles right,
revers: B - A at top left and right, horseman right, raising right arm in greeting, on horse prancing right, Φ-I at below left and right.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 18mm, weight: 6,40g, axes: 8h,
mint: Macedonia, Kings, Philippos V., date: 221-179 B.C., ref: AMNG 7; SNG Munich 1167.
Q-001quadrans
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Macedonia, Kings, 032 Philip V., (221-179 B.C.), SNG Munich 1167, AE-21, Horseman right,Macedonia, Kings, 032 Philip V., (221-179 B.C.), SNG Munich 1167, AE-21, Horseman right,
avers: Head of Herakles right,
reverse: B - A at the top left and right, horseman right, raising the right arm in greeting, on horse prancing right, Φ-I at below left and right.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 18mm, weight: 6,40g, axes: 8h,
mint: Macedonia, Kings, Philippos V., date: 221-179 B.C., ref: AMNG 7; SNG Munich 1167.
Q-001quadrans
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Macedonian Kingdom, Philip II, 359 - 336 B.C., Lifetime IssueSilver tetradrachm, Le Rider 233 (D130/R188); SNG ANS 385 ff., VF, Pella, 14.163g, 25.4mm, 225o, 342 - 336 B.C.; obverse laureate head of Zeus right; reverse "FILIPPOU", naked youth on horse pacing right on horseback holding palm, thunderbolt below; ex CNG 214, 82; very high relief sculptural portrait, nice style, lifetime issue. Ex FORVM.
Philip II expanded the size and influence of the Macedonian Kingdom, but is perhaps best known as the father of Alexander the Great. He personally selected the design of his coins.
Philip II of Macedon (382 BC–336 BC; in Greek Φίλιππος = φίλος (friend) + ίππος (horse), transliterated Philippos) was the King of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination. He was the father of Alexander the Great, Phillip III Arrhidaeus, and possibly Ptolemy I Soter, founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
Born in Pella, Philip was the youngest son of King Amyntas III and Eurydice. In his youth, (ca. 368 BC–365 BC) Philip was a hostage in Thebes, which was the leading city of Greece during the Theban hegemony. While a captive there, Philip received a military and diplomatic education from Epaminondas, was involved in a pederastic relationship with Pelopidas and lived with Pammenes, who was an enthusiastic advocate of the Sacred Band of Thebes. In 364 BC, Philip returned to Macedonia. The deaths of Philip's elder brothers, King Alexander II and Perdiccas III, allowed him to take the throne in 359 BC. Originally appointed regent for his infant nephew Amyntas IV, who was the son of Perdiccas III, Philip managed to take the kingdom for himself that same year.
Philip's military skills and expansionist vision of Macedonian greatness brought him early success. The hill tribes were broken by a single battle in 358 BC, and Philip established his authority inland as far as Lake Ohrid. He used the Social War as an opportunity for expansion. In 357 BC, he took the Athenian colony of Amphipolis, which commanded the gold mines of Mount Pangaion. That same year Philip married the Epirote princess Olympias, who was the daughter of the king of the Molossians. In 356 BC, Philip conquered the town of Crenides and changed its name to Philippi. Philip also attacked Abdera and Maronea, on the Thracian sea-board. Also in 356 Alexander was born and his race horse won in the Olympics in He took Methone in 354 BC, a town which had belonged to Athens. During the siege of Methone, Philip lost an eye.
Not until his armies were opposed by Athens at Thermopylae in 352 BC did Philip face any serious resistance. Philip did not attempt to advance into central Greece because the Athenians had occupied Thermopylae. Also in 352 BC, the Macedonian army won a complete victory over the Phocians at the Battle of Crocus Field. This battle made Philip tagus of Thessaly, and he claimed as his own Magnesia, with the important harbour of Pagasae.
Hostilities with Athens did not yet take place, but Athens was threatened by the Macedonian party which Philip's gold created in Euboea. From 352 to 346 BC, Philip did not again come south. He was active in completing the subjugation of the Balkan hill-country to the west and north, and in reducing the Greek cities of the coast as far as the Hebrus (Maritza). For the chief of these coastal cities, Olynthus, Philip continued to profess friendship until its neighboring cities were in his hands.
In 349 BC, Philip started the siege of Olynthus. Olynthus at first allied itself with Philip, but later shifted its allegiance to Athens. The Athenians did nothing to help Olynthus. Philip finally took Olynthus in 348 BC and razed the city to the ground. In 346 BC, he intervened effectively in the war between Thebes and the Phocians, but his wars with Athens continued intermittently.
Macedonia and the regions adjoining it having now been securely consolidated, Philip celebrated his Olympic games at Dium. In 347 BC, Philip advanced to the conquest of the eastern districts about the Hebrus, and compelled the submission of the Thracian prince Cersobleptes. Meanwhile, Athens had made overtures for peace, and when Philip, in 346 BC, again moved south, peace was sworn in Thessaly. With key Greek city-states in submission, Philip turned to Sparta; he sent them a message, "You are advised to submit without further delay, for if I bring my army into your land, I will destroy your farms, slay your people, and raze your city." Their reply was "If." Philip and Alexander would both leave them alone. Later, the Macedonian arms were carried across Epirus to the Adriatic Sea. In 342 BC, Philip led a great military expedition north against the Scythians, conquering the Thracian fortified settlement Eumolpia to give it his name, Philippoupolis (modern Plovdiv).
In 340 BC, Philip started the siege of Perinthus. Philip began another siege in 339 BC of the city of Byzantium. After unsuccessful sieges of both cities, Philip's influence all over Greece was compromised. However, Philip successfully reasserted his authority in the Aegean by defeating an alliance of Thebans and Athenians at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC. He erected a memorial of a marble lion to the Sacred Band of Thebes for their bravery that still stands today. Philip created and led the League of Corinth in 337 BC. Members of the League agreed never to wage war against each other, unless it was to suppress revolution. Philip was elected as leader (hegemon) of the army of invasion against the Persian Empire. In 336 BC, when the invasion of Persia was in its very early stage, Philip was assassinated, and was succeeded on the throne of Macedon by his son Alexander the Great.
Philip’s Assassination
The murder happened in October of 336 BC, at Aegae, the ancient capital of the kingdom of Macedon. The court had gathered there for the celebration of the marriage between Alexander of Epirus and Philip's daughter. While the king was entering unprotected into the town's theatre (highlighting his approachability to the Greek diplomats present), he was killed by Pausanias of Orestis, one of Philip's seven bodyguards. The assassin immediately tried to escape and reach his associates who were waiting for him with horses at the entrance of Aegae. He was pursued by three of Philip's bodyguards and died by their hands.
The reasons for Pausanias' assassination of Phillip are difficult to fully expound, since there was controversy already among ancient historians. The only contemporary account in our possession is that of Aristotle, who states rather tersely that Philip was killed because Pausanias had been offended by the followers of Attalus, the king's father-in-law.
Whatever else that may be written about Philip II it must be recognized that he was responsible for making Macedon the ascendant Greek power. He reorganized the Macedonian army. It was this army that Alexander the Great inherited. Phillip II trained some of Alexander’s best generals: Antigonus Cyclops, Antipater, Nearchus, Parmenion, and Perdiccas.
According to the Greek historian Theopompus of Chios, Europe had never seen a man like king Philip of Macedonia, and he called his history of the mid-fourth century BCE the Philippic History. Theopompus had a point. Not even his better known son Alexander has done so much to change the course of Greek history. Philip reorganized his kingdom, gave it access to the sea, expanded its power so that it could defeat the Achaemenid Empire, and subdued the Greek city-states, which never regained their independence again. To achieve this, he modernized the Macedonian economy, improved the army, and concluded several marital alliances. The result was a superpower with one weakness: it was as strong as its king. When Philip's son Alexander died, the institutions were too weak, and Macedonia never recovered.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon
http://www.livius.org/phi-php/philip/philip_ii.htm
Ed. by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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Philip II - Bostra245-246 AD
radiate bust right from behind
MARC IVL PHILIPPOS CESAR
wreath
COL METROPOLIS BOSTRA
AKTI / A ΔOV / CAPIA
Sofaer 54; Kindler 46a; Spijkerman 60; Rosenberger 52
14,7g 28mm
ex RomaJ. B.
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Philippos Philadelphos (Posthumous), 93-83 BC. Nominal: AR tetradrachm. City: Antioch.Obv .: Diad. King's head to the right.
Rev .: BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΦIΛΛIΠΠOY ... Zeus is enthroned to the left, holding scepter and Nike.
Condition: fine to very fine.
Dimensions: 15.06g, 25mm.
Newell: 441, BMC: 10, Sear: 7196.Canaan
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Provincia Arabia, Philip IIAE28, 14.85g; Bostra mint, 244-247 AD.
Obv.: [MARC IVL] PHILIPPOS CESAR; Radiate bust right.
Rev.: COL METROPOLIS BOSTRA; AKTI/A ΔOVC/APIA in wreath.
Reference: Spijkerman 59, SNG ANS 1247-50.
Note: The ‘Aktia Dousaria’ was the festival in honor of Dushara, or Dusares, a Middle-Eastern deity worshipped by the Nabataeans at Petra and Madain Saleh. John Anthony
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RPC - Asia Minor, Lydia, Hierocaesarea, Commodus, RPC IV.2 online 1271-3 - Plate CoinLydia. Hierocaesaraea
Commodus
P. Sex. Philippos (archon for the second time)
Bronze, Æ 35
Obv.: ΑΥΤ ΚΑΙ Λ ΑΥΡΗ ΚΟΜΜΟΔΟΣ, laureate-headed bust of Commodus (lightly bearded) wearing cuirass and paludamentum
Rev.: ΕΠΙ ΑΡΧ Π ΣΕΞ ΦΙΛΙΠΠ-ΟΥ Τ Β ΙΕΡΟΚΑΙΣΑΡΕΙΩΝ, hero (Perseus) advancing right, wearing military dress, holding harpa and ?
Æ, 35mm, 21.55g
Ref.. RPC online IV.2 № 1271-3 (this coin), GRPC Lydia 106 (this coin)
C. Fontana, RIN 69 (1967), 50, no. 13, pl. II.13
F. Kenner, Die Münzsammlung des Stiftes St. Florian (1871), p. 160, pl. V.17
Ex Gorny&Mosch auction 241, lot 1906shanxi
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Seleucia, Seleukid Kingdom, 26 Philippos I. Philadelphos, (93-83 B.C.), SC 2488, AR-Tetradrachm, Zeus seated left on throne, #1Seleucia, Seleukid Kingdom, 26 Philippos I. Philadelphos, (93-83 B.C.), SC 2488, AR-Tetradrachm, BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟY/ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟYΣ ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΟY, Zeus seated left on throne, #1
avers: Diademed head right.
reverse: BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟY/ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟYΣ ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΟY, Zeus seated left on throne, holding sceptre and crowning Nike, all within wreath. Controls: I to inner left, monogram below throne, Π in exergue.
exergue: -/-//--, diameter: 25,5-27,0mm, weight: 15,4g, axes: 0h,
mint: Antioch on the Orontes. Posthumous issue., Seleukid Kingdom, Philippos I. Philadelphos, date: 95/4-76/5 B.C., ref: SC 2488, HGC 9, 1323.
Q-001quadrans
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Thessaly, Thessalian League: Philippos and Themistogenes, Magistrates (mid-late 1st century BCE) AR Stater (BCD Thessaly II 883.2; cf. SNG Copenhagen 296)Obv: Head of Zeus right, wearing oak wreath
Rev: ΘEΣΣA-ΛΩN; Athena Itonia advancing right right, wielding spear and holding forth shield on outstretched arm; above and in exergue, magistrate's names: ΦIΛIΠ-ΠOY and [ΘH]MIΣTO[ΓENHΣ]; in outer right field, Ennodia running right, holding two torches
Quant.Geek
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[103b] Macedonian Kingdom, Philip II, 359 - 336 B.C.Macedonian Kingdom, Philip II, 359 - 336 B.C. Bronze AE 21, Heavy or Double Unit, SNG ANS 833, aVF, 8.40g, 21.2mm, 0o, lifetime issue. Obverse: head Apollo right, wearing tania; Reverse: FILIPPOU, young male rider right, right hand raised, E right.
Ex FORVM.
Philip II expanded the size and influence of the Macedonian Kingdom, but is perhaps best known as the father of Alexander the Great. He personally selected the design of his coins.
Struck in commemoration of Philip's Olympic victory. This is one of his earliest issues in bronze.
Philip II of Macedon (382 BC–336 BC; in Greek Φίλιππος = φίλος (friend) + ίππος (horse), transliterated Philippos) was the King of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination. He was the father of Alexander the Great, Phillip III Arrhidaeus, and possibly Ptolemy I Soter, founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
Born in Pella, Philip was the youngest son of King Amyntas III and Eurydice. In his youth, (ca. 368 BC–365 BC) Philip was a hostage in Thebes, which was the leading city of Greece during the Theban hegemony. While a captive there, Philip received a military and diplomatic education from Epaminondas, was involved in a pederastic relationship with Pelopidas and lived with Pammenes, who was an enthusiastic advocate of the Sacred Band of Thebes. In 364 BC, Philip returned to Macedonia. The deaths of Philip's elder brothers, King Alexander II and Perdiccas III, allowed him to take the throne in 359 BC. Originally appointed regent for his infant nephew Amyntas IV, who was the son of Perdiccas III, Philip managed to take the kingdom for himself that same year.
Philip's military skills and expansionist vision of Macedonian greatness brought him early success. The hill tribes were broken by a single battle in 358 BC, and Philip established his authority inland as far as Lake Ohrid. He used the Social War as an opportunity for expansion. In 357 BC, he took the Athenian colony of Amphipolis, which commanded the gold mines of Mount Pangaion. That same year Philip married the Epirote princess Olympias, who was the daughter of the king of the Molossians. In 356 BC, Philip conquered the town of Crenides and changed its name to Philippi. Philip also attacked Abdera and Maronea, on the Thracian sea-board. Also in 356 Alexander was born and his race horse won in the Olympics in He took Methone in 354 BC, a town which had belonged to Athens. During the siege of Methone, Philip lost an eye.
Not until his armies were opposed by Athens at Thermopylae in 352 BC did Philip face any serious resistance. Philip did not attempt to advance into central Greece because the Athenians had occupied Thermopylae. Also in 352 BC, the Macedonian army won a complete victory over the Phocians at the Battle of Crocus Field. This battle made Philip tagus of Thessaly, and he claimed as his own Magnesia, with the important harbour of Pagasae.
Hostilities with Athens did not yet take place, but Athens was threatened by the Macedonian party which Philip's gold created in Euboea. From 352 to 346 BC, Philip did not again come south. He was active in completing the subjugation of the Balkan hill-country to the west and north, and in reducing the Greek cities of the coast as far as the Hebrus (Maritza). For the chief of these coastal cities, Olynthus, Philip continued to profess friendship until its neighboring cities were in his hands.
In 349 BC, Philip started the siege of Olynthus. Olynthus at first allied itself with Philip, but later shifted its allegiance to Athens. The Athenians did nothing to help Olynthus. Philip finally took Olynthus in 348 BC and razed the city to the ground. In 346 BC, he intervened effectively in the war between Thebes and the Phocians, but his wars with Athens continued intermittently.
Macedonia and the regions adjoining it having now been securely consolidated, Philip celebrated his Olympic games at Dium. In 347 BC, Philip advanced to the conquest of the eastern districts about the Hebrus, and compelled the submission of the Thracian prince Cersobleptes. Meanwhile, Athens had made overtures for peace, and when Philip, in 346 BC, again moved south, peace was sworn in Thessaly. With key Greek city-states in submission, Philip turned to Sparta; he sent them a message, "You are advised to submit without further delay, for if I bring my army into your land, I will destroy your farms, slay your people, and raze your city." Their reply was "If." Philip and Alexander would both leave them alone. Later, the Macedonian arms were carried across Epirus to the Adriatic Sea. In 342 BC, Philip led a great military expedition north against the Scythians, conquering the Thracian fortified settlement Eumolpia to give it his name, Philippoupolis (modern Plovdiv).
In 340 BC, Philip started the siege of Perinthus. Philip began another siege in 339 BC of the city of Byzantium. After unsuccessful sieges of both cities, Philip's influence all over Greece was compromised. However, Philip successfully reasserted his authority in the Aegean by defeating an alliance of Thebans and Athenians at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC. He erected a memorial of a marble lion to the Sacred Band of Thebes for their bravery that still stands today. Philip created and led the League of Corinth in 337 BC. Members of the League agreed never to wage war against each other, unless it was to suppress revolution. Philip was elected as leader (hegemon) of the army of invasion against the Persian Empire. In 336 BC, when the invasion of Persia was in its very early stage, Philip was assassinated, and was succeeded on the throne of Macedon by his son Alexander the Great.
Philip’s Assassination
The murder happened in October of 336 BC, at Aegae, the ancient capital of the kingdom of Macedon. The court had gathered there for the celebration of the marriage between Alexander of Epirus and Philip's daughter. While the king was entering unprotected into the town's theatre (highlighting his approachability to the Greek diplomats present), he was killed by Pausanias of Orestis, one of Philip's seven bodyguards. The assassin immediately tried to escape and reach his associates who were waiting for him with horses at the entrance of Aegae. He was pursued by three of Philip's bodyguards and died by their hands.
The reasons for Pausanias' assassination of Phillip are difficult to fully expound, since there was controversy already among ancient historians. The only contemporary account in our possession is that of Aristotle, who states rather tersely that Philip was killed because Pausanias had been offended by the followers of Attalus, the king's father-in-law.
Whatever else that may be written about Philip II it must be recognized that he was responsible for making Macedon the ascendant Greek power. He reorganized the Macedonian army. It was this army that Alexander the Great inherited. Phillip II trained some of his Alexander’s best generals: Antigonus Cyclops, Antipater, Nearchus, Parmenion, and Perdiccas.
While Alexander was a bold and charismatic leader, he owes much of his success to his father.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon
J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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[103c] Macedonian Kingdom, Philip II, 359 - 336 B.C.Bronze AE Unit, SNG ANS 896, SNG Cop 589, F, 5.554g, 16.8mm, 0o, Macedonian mint, c. 359 - 336 B.C.; lifetime issue. Obverse: head Apollo right wearing tania; Reverse: FILIPPOU, young male riding horse prancing to right, AI below. Ex FORVM.
Philip II expanded the size and influence of the Macedonian Kingdom, but is perhaps best known as the father of Alexander the Great. He personally selected the design of his coins.
Philip II of Macedon (382 BC–336 BC; in Greek Φίλιππος = φίλος (friend) + ίππος (horse), transliterated Philippos) was the King of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination. He was the father of Alexander the Great, Phillip III Arrhidaeus, and possibly Ptolemy I Soter, founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
Born in Pella, Philip was the youngest son of King Amyntas III and Eurydice. In his youth, (ca. 368 BC–365 BC) Philip was a hostage in Thebes, which was the leading city of Greece during the Theban hegemony. While a captive there, Philip received a military and diplomatic education from Epaminondas, was involved in a pederastic relationship with Pelopidas and lived with Pammenes, who was an enthusiastic advocate of the Sacred Band of Thebes. In 364 BC, Philip returned to Macedonia. The deaths of Philip's elder brothers, King Alexander II and Perdiccas III, allowed him to take the throne in 359 BC. Originally appointed regent for his infant nephew Amyntas IV, who was the son of Perdiccas III, Philip managed to take the kingdom for himself that same year.
Philip's military skills and expansionist vision of Macedonian greatness brought him early success. The hill tribes were broken by a single battle in 358 BC, and Philip established his authority inland as far as Lake Ohrid. He used the Social War as an opportunity for expansion. In 357 BC, he took the Athenian colony of Amphipolis, which commanded the gold mines of Mount Pangaion. That same year Philip married the Epirote princess Olympias, who was the daughter of the king of the Molossians. In 356 BC, Philip conquered the town of Crenides and changed its name to Philippi. Philip also attacked Abdera and Maronea, on the Thracian sea-board. Also in 356 Alexander was born and his race horse won in the Olympics in He took Methone in 354 BC, a town which had belonged to Athens. During the siege of Methone, Philip lost an eye.
Not until his armies were opposed by Athens at Thermopylae in 352 BC did Philip face any serious resistance. Philip did not attempt to advance into central Greece because the Athenians had occupied Thermopylae. Also in 352 BC, the Macedonian army won a complete victory over the Phocians at the Battle of Crocus Field. This battle made Philip tagus of Thessaly, and he claimed as his own Magnesia, with the important harbour of Pagasae.
Hostilities with Athens did not yet take place, but Athens was threatened by the Macedonian party which Philip's gold created in Euboea. From 352 to 346 BC, Philip did not again come south. He was active in completing the subjugation of the Balkan hill-country to the west and north, and in reducing the Greek cities of the coast as far as the Hebrus (Maritza). For the chief of these coastal cities, Olynthus, Philip continued to profess friendship until its neighboring cities were in his hands.
In 349 BC, Philip started the siege of Olynthus. Olynthus at first allied itself with Philip, but later shifted its allegiance to Athens. The Athenians did nothing to help Olynthus. Philip finally took Olynthus in 348 BC and razed the city to the ground. In 346 BC, he intervened effectively in the war between Thebes and the Phocians, but his wars with Athens continued intermittently.
Macedonia and the regions adjoining it having now been securely consolidated, Philip celebrated his Olympic games at Dium. In 347 BC, Philip advanced to the conquest of the eastern districts about the Hebrus, and compelled the submission of the Thracian prince Cersobleptes. Meanwhile, Athens had made overtures for peace, and when Philip, in 346 BC, again moved south, peace was sworn in Thessaly. With key Greek city-states in submission, Philip turned to Sparta; he sent them a message, "You are advised to submit without further delay, for if I bring my army into your land, I will destroy your farms, slay your people, and raze your city." Their reply was "If." Philip and Alexander would both leave them alone. Later, the Macedonian arms were carried across Epirus to the Adriatic Sea. In 342 BC, Philip led a great military expedition north against the Scythians, conquering the Thracian fortified settlement Eumolpia to give it his name, Philippoupolis (modern Plovdiv).
In 340 BC, Philip started the siege of Perinthus. Philip began another siege in 339 BC of the city of Byzantium. After unsuccessful sieges of both cities, Philip's influence all over Greece was compromised. However, Philip successfully reasserted his authority in the Aegean by defeating an alliance of Thebans and Athenians at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC. He erected a memorial of a marble lion to the Sacred Band of Thebes for their bravery that still stands today. Philip created and led the League of Corinth in 337 BC. Members of the League agreed never to wage war against each other, unless it was to suppress revolution. Philip was elected as leader (hegemon) of the army of invasion against the Persian Empire. In 336 BC, when the invasion of Persia was in its very early stage, Philip was assassinated, and was succeeded on the throne of Macedon by his son Alexander the Great.
Philip’s Assassination
The murder happened in October of 336 BC, at Aegae, the ancient capital of the kingdom of Macedon. The court had gathered there for the celebration of the marriage between Alexander of Epirus and Philip's daughter. While the king was entering unprotected into the town's theatre (highlighting his approachability to the Greek diplomats present), he was killed by Pausanias of Orestis, one of Philip's seven bodyguards. The assassin immediately tried to escape and reach his associates who were waiting for him with horses at the entrance of Aegae. He was pursued by three of Philip's bodyguards and died by their hands.
The reasons for Pausanias' assassination of Phillip are difficult to fully expound, since there was controversy already among ancient historians. The only contemporary account in our possession is that of Aristotle, who states rather tersely that Philip was killed because Pausanias had been offended by the followers of Attalus, the king's father-in-law.
Whatever else that may be written about Philip II it must be recognized that he was responsible for making Macedon the ascendant Greek power. He reorganized the Macedonian army. It was this army that Alexander the Great inherited. Phillip II trained some of his Alexander’s best generals: Antigonus Cyclops, Antipater, Nearchus, Parmenion, and Perdiccas.
While Alexander was a bold and charismatic leader, he owes much of his success to his father.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon
J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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