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JAMES IV OF SCOTLAND
James IV was the King of Scotland from June 1488 until his death in battle at the age of 40 on the 9th September, 1513.
James IV's mother, Margaret of Denmark, was more popular than his father, James III, and though somewhat estranged from her husband she raised their sons at Stirling Castle until she died in 1486. Two years later, a rebellion broke out, where the rebels set up the 15-year-old Prince James as their nominal leader. The rebels fought James III at the Battle of Sauchieburn where, on 11th June 1488, the king was killed. Prince James assumed the throne as James IV and was crowned at Scone on 24th of June. However he continued to bear an intense guilt for the indirect role which he had played in the death of his father.
James maintained Scotland's traditional good relations with France, and this occasionally created diplomatic problems with England, but James recognised nonetheless that peace between Scotland and England was in the interest of both countries, and established good diplomatic relations with England as well. First he ratified the Treaty of Ayton in 1497, then, in 1502 James signed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Henry VII which was sealed by his marriage to Henry's daughter Margaret Tudor the next year. Anglo-Scottish relations generally remained stable until the death of Henry VII in 1509.
James saw the importance of building a fleet that could provide Scotland with a strong maritime presence, he founded two new dockyards and acquired a total of 38 ships for the Royal Scots Navy. These including the "Great Michael" which, built at great expense, was launched in 1511 and was at that time the largest ship in the world.
When war broke out between England and France, James found himself in a difficult position as an ally by treaty to both countries. But relations with England had worsened since the accession of Henry VIII, and when Henry invaded France, James reacted by declaring war on England.
James sent the Scottish navy, including the "Great Michael", to join the ships of Louis XII of France and, hoping to take advantage of Henry's absence at the siege of Thérouanne, he himself led an invading army southward into Northumberland. However, on 9th September 1513 at the disastrous Battle of Flodden James IV was killed, he was the last monarch in Great Britain to be killed in battle. His death, along with many of his nobles including his son the archbishop of St Andrews, was one of the worst military defeats in Scotland's history and the loss of such a large portion of the political community was a major blow to the realm. James IV's corpse was identified after the battle and taken to Berwick, where it was embalmed and placed in a lead coffin before being transported to London. Catherine of Aragon, wife of Henry VIII, sent the dead king's slashed, blood-stained surcoat to Henry, who was fighting in France, with the recommendation that he use it as a war banner.
James IV's son, James V, was crowned three weeks after the disaster at Flodden, but he was not yet two years old, and his minority was to be fraught with political upheaval.*Alex
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1 Gordian IIIGordian III
Ant 3.3g
O: IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG. Radiate and draped bust right.
R: SECVRIT PERPET. Security standing left leaning on column and holding scepter.
RIC IV-3 151; Cohen 327; Sear (5) 8660Sosius
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670Denarius
Rome
Issue 9
SECVRIT PERPET
G 670mauseus
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670Denarius
Rome
Issue 9
SECVRIT PERPET
G 670mauseus
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012. Domitian 81-96 ADDomitian
As emperor, Domitian was to become one of Rome's foremost micro managers, especially concerning the economy. Domitian's reach extended well beyond the economy. Late in A.D. 85 he made himself censor perpetuus, censor for life, with a general supervision of conduct and morals. The move was without precedent and, although largely symbolic, it nevertheless revealed Domitian's obsessive interest in all aspects of Roman life. While the military abilities of Vespasian and Titus were genuine, those of Domitian were not. Partly as an attempt to remedy this deficiency, Domitian frequently became involved in his own military exploits outside of Rome. He claimed a triumph in A.D. 83 for subduing the Chatti in Gaul, but the conquest was illusory.
as Caesar, AR Denarius. 76 AD. CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS, laureate head right / COS IIII, Pegasus walking right. RSC 47ecoli
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027a08. CaracallaAR Denarius. 196-198 AD. Rome. Obv: M AVR ANTON CAES PONTIF, bare-headed, draped, cuirassed bust right. Rev: SPEI PERPETVAE, Spes walking left, holding flower and raising hem of robe. RIC 16; RSC 597.lawrence c
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041b Commodus (166-180 A.D. as Caesar, 180-192 A.D. as Augustus), RIC III 0249, Rome, AR-denarius, FELIC PERPETVAE AVG, Commodus and Felicitas, Scarce !041b Commodus (166-180 A.D. as Caesar, 180-192 A.D. as Augustus), RIC III 0249, Rome, AR-denarius, FELIC PERPETVAE AVG, Commodus and Felicitas, Scarce !
avers:- L-AEL-AVREL-COMM-AVG-P-FEL, Laureate head right.
revers:- FELIC-PERPETVAE-AVG, Commodus standing left on right, holding cornucopia, shaking hands with Felicitas to left, holding caduceus.
exerg: -/-//--, diameter: 16,5-19mm, weight: 2,67g, axes: 7h,
mint: Rome, date: 192 A.D., ref: RIC-III-249, p-395, C-120, BMC 337, Scarce!,
Q-001quadrans
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051 Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Rome, RIC IV-I 005, AR-Denarius, SPEI PERPETVAE, Spes walks left, #1051 Caracalla (196-198 A.D. Caesar, 198-217 A.D. Augustus ), Rome, RIC IV-I 005, AR-Denarius, SPEI PERPETVAE, Spes walks left, #1
avers: M AVR ANTO NINVS CAES, Bare-headed and draped bust of Caracalla, at about ten years old, facing right.
reverse: SPEI PERPETVAE, Spes, personifying hope, walks left, holding a flower and a fold of her dress.
exergue:-/-//--, diameter: 17,5-19mm, weight: 3,56g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: 196 A.D.,
ref: RIC IV-I 5, p-212, RSC 594, BMC 190,
Q-001quadrans
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059e Severus Alexander. AR denariusobv: IMP SEV ALEXANDER AVG laur. head r.
rev: PERPETVI_TATI AVG Perp. std. l. holding globe and leaning on columnhill132
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066 - Caracalla denarius - RIC 330 Obv:– M AVR ANTON CAES PONTIF, Young, bare headed, draped and cuirassed, seen half from the back
Rev:– SECVRITAS PERPETVA, Minerva standing left, aegis on chest, resting right hand on shield and holding spear
Minted in Laodicea-ad-Mare. A.D. 196-197
Reference:– RIC 330 (Scarce). RSC 566. maridvnvm
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068 - Geta denarius - RIC 096Obv:– L SEPTIMVS GETA CAES, Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– SPES PERPETVAE, Spes walking left holding flower, raising skirt
Minted in Laodicea-ad-Mare. A.D. 198 - 200
Reference:– RIC 96. RSC 192a.
Weight 3.21g. 18.87mm.maridvnvm
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071 - Elagabalus denarius - RIC 199Obv:– IMP ANTONINVS AVG, Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right
Rev:– SPEI PERPETVAE, Spes standing holding flower and lifting skirt
Minted in Antioch, A.D. 218 - 222
Reference:– BMC 313-4. RIC 199. RSC 273maridvnvm
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072 Gordianus-III. (238-244 A.D.), RIC IV-III 335a, AE-Sestertius, Rome, S/C//--, SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing facing, head left, #1072 Gordianus-III. (238-244 A.D.), RIC IV-III 335a, AE-Sestertius, Rome, S/C//--, SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing facing, head left, #1
avers: IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG, Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
reversre: SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing facing, head left, leaning on short column and holding sceptre with the right hand, S C across the fields.
exergue: S/C//--, diameter: 28,0-29,0mm, weight: 19,28g, axis: 0h,
mint: Rome, date: 243-244 A.D., ref: RIC IV-III 335a, C-329,
Q-001quadrans
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075. Elagabalus / RIC 199.Denarius, 219-220 AD, Antioch mint.
Obv: IMP ANTONINVS AVG / Laureate bust of Elagabalus.
Rev: SPEI PERPETVAE / Spes walking, holding flower and raising the hem of her skirt.
3.15 gm., 19 mm.
RIC #199; Sear #7547.Callimachus
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077 - Severus Alexander denarius - RIC 208Obv:– IMP SEV ALEXAND AVG, Laureate head right
Rev:– PERPETVITATI AVG, Perpetuitas standing left holding, globe and transverse sceptre and resting left around column
References:– VM 31, RIC 208, RSC 191maridvnvm
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080. Elagabalus / RIC 199.Denarius, 219-220 AD, Antioch mint.
Obv: IMP ANTONINVS AVG / Laureate bust of Elagabalus.
Rev: SPEI PERPETVAE / Spes walking, holding flower and raising the hem of her skirt.
3.29 gm, 18 mm.
RIC #199; Sear #7547.
Note: This coin shares an obverse die with another coin in this album: RIC 186.Callimachus
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087 - Gordian III ̠ Sestertius - RIC 335aObv:РIMP GORDIANVS PIVS P F AVG, Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from behind
Rev:– SECVRIT PERPET / S C, Securitas standing left, legs crossed, with sceptre, resting arm on column
Minted in Rome, Fifth issue
Reference:– Van Meter 105, RIC 335a, Cohen 329
Weight 17.20 gms
Dimensions 29.96mm maridvnvm
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 260var.(Bust), AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/H//--, SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing left, Rare! #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 260var.(Bust), AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/H//--, SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing left, Rare! #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left.
reverse: SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing left, leaning on column right and holding a scepter in the right hand, H in right field.
exergue: -/H//--, diameter: 18,0-20,0mm, weight: 3,15g, axis: 6h,
mint: Rome, date: A.D.
ref: RIC V-I 260var.(bust), p-, Göbl 595m / Cunetio 1249 , 2 coins known by Göbl !!!, Rare !!!
Q-001quadrans
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090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 280, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/H//--, SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing left, #1090b Gallienus (253-268 A.D.), Rome, RIC V-I 280, AE-Antoninianus, Sole Reign, -/H//--, SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing left, #1
avers: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiated cuirassed bust right.
reverse: SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing left, leaning on column, legs crossed, holding scepter, "H" in the right field.
exergue: -/H//--, diameter: 19,0-21,0mm, weight: 3,73g, axes: 1h,
mint: Rome, date: 253-268-A.D., Sole Reign.,
ref: RIC V-I 280, Göbl 595a, C 961, Sear 10359,
Q-001quadrans
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1.05 Constantine as Caesar: Alexandria follis.Follis, late 306 - early 307, Alexandria mint.
Obverse: FL VAL CONSTANTINVS NOB CAES / Laureate bust of Constantine.
Reverse: PERPETVITAS AVGG / Roma, helmeted, seatedon throne with shield underneath, holding small Victory on globe, and leaning on sceptre. S in left field; Δ and P in right field.
Mint mark: ALE
9.70 gm., 25 mm.
RIC #63; PBCC #1164; Sear #15545.
Reference: Dharmadhikari, Jay. “L’atelier tétrarchique d’Alexandrie de 304 à 307,” Revue Numismatique, Année 2016, pp. 303-358.
This coin is listed as #39 on page 346 of this article. A coin of the same dies is pictured on page 358. It is listed as 39 (3) – Paris 9139.Callimachus
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1075Antoninianus
Milan
Issue 3
PERPETVITATI AVG
G 1075aamauseus
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112 Probus (276-282 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 317, Ticinum, PERPETVITATE AVG, Bust-C, -/-//QTI, Securitas standing left, Rare !!!,112 Probus (276-282 A.D.), AE-Antoninianus, RIC V-II 317, Ticinum, PERPETVITATE AVG, Bust-C, -/-//QTI, Securitas standing left, Rare !!!,
avers: IMP-C-M-AVR-PROBVS-AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from back. (C)
revers: PERPETVITATE-AVG, Securitas standing left, leaning on column, and holding globe and sceptre.
exerg: -/-//QTI, diameter: 20,5-23,5mm, weight: 3,45g, axes: 11h,
mint: Ticinum, 1st.emission, 4th.off., date: 276 A.D., ref: RIC V-II 317, p-50 ,
Q-001quadrans
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115 Severus II. AE follis 10.9gmobv: FL VAL SEVERVS NOB CAES laur. head r.
rev: PERPET_VITES AVGG roma seated l. on shield holding victory on globe and scepter
ex: -VI//SISrhill132
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117-138 AD - HADRIAN AR denarius - struck 118 ADobv: IMP CAESAR TRAIAN HADRIANVS AVG (laureate bust right, cuirassed, draped far shoulder)
rev: P M TR P COS II (Justice is seated on the curule chair, as on a tribunal: with the insignia of the hasta pura and the extended patera she displays her care for religion), IVSTITIA in ex.
ref: RIC II 42, RSC 877
mint: Rome
3.25gms, 19mm
Rare cuirassed bust, RIC not describes (c - not in RIC). Unfortunately the reverse is burned, but still valuable.
The reverse perhaps refer to the edictum perpetuum or Pretorian edict, what was an annual declaration made by the praetor urbanus in which he laid out the principles by which he would exercise his jurisdiction for his year in office. Under Hadrian, the edict became fixed and unchangeable.
And there's an other fact that can refer this reverse. When Hadrian arrived in Rome in July 118 to a hostile reception on the part of the senate, because of the death of the four consulars. The four men were Cornelius Palma, governor of Syria, Avidius Nigrinus, governor of Dacia, Publilius Celsus and Lusius Quietus, governor of Judaea, they were all Trajan's men, and their elimination certainly made Hadrian's course easier. But an Emperor had right everytime, and he was the justice.berserker
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128 Maximinus II. "Daia" (305-309 A.D. Caesar, 309-910 A.D. Filius Augustorum, 310-313 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC VI 184b, AE-1, -/VI//SISA, PERPETVITAS AVG G, Roma, helmeted, seated left on shield, Not in RIC this Officina, Rare !!!128 Maximinus II. "Daia" (305-309 A.D. Caesar, 309-910 A.D. Filius Augustorum, 310-313 A.D. Augustus), Siscia, RIC VI 184b, AE-1, -/VI//SISA, PERPETVITAS AVG G, Roma, helmeted, seated left on shield, Not in RIC this Officina, Rare !!!
avers:- GA VAL MAXIMINVS NOB C, Laureate head right.
revers:- PERPETV ITAS AVG G, Roma, helmeted, seated left on shield, right hand holding Victory on globe, left leaning on spear or sceptre.
exergo: -/VI//SISA, diameter: 27,5mm, weight: 9,25g, axis: 0h,
mint: Siscia, date: 305-307 A.D., ref: RIC VI 184b, p-476,
Q-001quadrans
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132 - Probus - RIC 869 - Bust Type F var (Serdica) (KA•A•)Obv:– PERPETVO IMP C PROBO AVG, Radiate, cuirassed bust right
Rev:– SOLI INVICTO, Sol in spread quadriga, holding whip
Minted in Serdica (KA•A• in exe) Emission 4 Officina 4. A.D. 277
Reference:– RIC 869 Bust type F var. (Not listed with this bust type in RIC, listed types noted as R2).maridvnvm
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1883 Hawaiian Silver QuarterKingdom of Hawaii, Kalākaua I (1874-91), Silver 1/4 (Quarter) Dollar (Hapaha), 25 Cents, 1883, Breen 8032, SCWC KM 5, Medcalf-Russell 2CS-3, one-year type, gEF, mark below chin, otherwise attractive portrait and coin, engraved by Chief Engraver of the US Mint, Charles Barber, edge milled, weight 6.3g (ASW 0.1823oz), composition 0.9 Ag, 0.1 Cu, diameter 24.3mm, thickness 2.0mm, die axis 180°, San Francisco, CA mint, 1883; obverse KALAKAUA I KING OF HAWAII, bare head right, • 1883 • below, toothed border surrounding; reverse UA MAU KE EA O KA-AINA I KA PONO. (The Life of the Land is Perpetuated in Righteousness), crowned garnished quartered shield of Arms of the Kingdom of Hawaii bearing plain, vertically and horizontally ruled stripes for the eight islands of Hawaii, two sacred taboo sticks (pūlo'ulo'u), dotted inescutcheon with two crossed canoe paddles overlaid by triangular feather standard (kāhili), ¼-D across fields, HAPAHA (Quarter Dollar) below, toothed border surrounding; from the Roger Belmar Collection; ex Timothy Medhurst Coins & Antiquities (11 Jan 2023); £150.00.Serendipity
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196_Caracalla_As_RIC_403var_1Caracalla (198 – 217 AD)
AE As, Rome, 196 – 197
M AVR ANTONINVS CAES;
Bareheaded, draped and cuirassed bust right
SECVRITAS PERPETVA, S-C;
Minerva standing left, resting right hand on shield and holding spear
9,77 gr, 25 mm
RIC IVa, 403 var. (draped only); BMC V, 614A var. (draped only); C. 565 var. (draped only)
Ex Jean Elsen, Auction 108, lot 355; Ex Aureo & Calico, Auction 258, lot 3247
ga77
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1997.161.5 Rome, RIC 335aSestertius, 18.36 g
Obverse: IMP GORVIANVS PIVS FEL AVG; Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
Reverse: SECVRIT PERPET S C; Securitas standing left, legs crossed, holding scepter and resting left arm on column.
Ref: RIC 335a [Fifth Issue]; C 329, 80 fr;gordian_guy
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1eo Jovian363-364
AE 3, Heraclea
Diademed bust left, draped & cuirassed, D N IOVIANVS P F AVG
VOT V MVLT X in wreath, Mintmark HERACA
RIC 110A
Zosimus recorded: A meeting of the officers and soldiers was afterwards convened, in order to appoint a successor to the empire : since it would be impossible for them without a ruler to avoid the dangers to which they were exposed in the midst of an enemy's country. The general voice was in favour of Jovianus, the son of Varronianus, tribune of the domestic forces. When Jovian had assumed the purple and the diadem, he directed his course homewards with all possible speed. . . . They then marched forward four days, continually harassed by the enemy, who followed them when they were proceeding, but fled when the Romans offered any resistance. At length, having gained some distance of the enemy, they resolved to crops the Tigris. For this purpose they fastened skins together, and floated over. When the greater part had gained the opposite bank, the commanders crossed over in safety with the remainder. The Persians, however, still accompanied them, and followed them with a large army so assiduously, that the Romans were in perpetual danger, both from the unfavourable circumstances in which they were placed, and from the want, of provisions. Although the Roman army was in this condition, the Persians were willing to treat for peace, and for that purpose sent Surenas with other |90 officers to the Roman camp. Jovian, upon hearing this, sent to them Sallustius, prefect of the court, together with Aristaeus, who, after some discussion, agreed on a truce for thirty years. The conditions were, that the Romans should give up to the Persians the country of the Rabdiceni, and that of the Candueni, Rhemeni, and Zaleni, besides fifteen castles in those provinces, with the inhabitants, lands, cattle, and all their property ; that Nisibis should be surrendered without its inhabitants, who were to be transplanted into whatever colony the Remans pleased. The Persians also deprived the Romans of great part of Armenia, leaving them but a very small part of it. The truce having been concluded on these conditions, and ratified on both sides, the Romans had an opportunity of returning home unmolested, neither party offering or sustaining any injury, either by open force; or secret machination.
Jovian marched through all the towns in great speed, because they were so filled with grief [because they were being given over to Persian rule], that the inhabitants could not look patiently on him; such being the custom and disposition of those countries. Taking with him the imperial guard, he proceeded to Antioch. . . . Jovian now turning his attention to the affairs of government, made various arrangements, and sent Lucilianus his father-in-law, Procopius, and Valentinian, who was afterwards emperor, to the armic.s in Pannoriia, to inform them of the death of Julian, and of his being chosen emperor. The Bavarians who were at Sirmium, and were left there for its protection, as soon as they received the news, put to death Lucilianus who brought such unwelcome intelligence, without regard to his relationship to the emperor. Such was the respect they had to Jovian's relations, that Valentinian himself only escaped from the death they intended to inflict on him. Jovianus proceeding from Antioch towards Constantinople, suddenly fell sick at Dadostana in Bithynia, and died after a reign of eight months, in which short time he had not been able to render the public any essential service.
Blindado
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201a. Julia DomnaVesta
Vesta was introduced in Rome by King Numa Pompilius. She was a native Roman deity (some authors suggest received from the Sabine cults), sister of Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hera and Demeter, and presumably the daughter of Saturn and Ops (or Rea). However, the similarity with the cult of Greek Hestia is notable. Vesta too protected familial harmony and the res publica. Apollo and Neptune had asked for her in marriage, but she refused both, preferring to preserve her virginity, whose symbol was the perpetually lit fire in her circular fane next to the Forum which the Romans always distinguished from a temple by calling it her "house".
As Goddess of the Hearth she was the symbol of the home, around which a newborn child must be carried before it could be received into the family. Every meal began and ended with an offering to her:
Vesta, in all dwellings of men and immortals
Yours is the highest honor, the sweet wine offered
First and last at the feast, poured out to you duly.
Never without you can gods or mortals hold banquet.
Landscape with Vesta temple in Tivoli, Italy, c. 1600.Each city too had a public hearth sacred to Vesta, where the fire was never allowed to go out. If a colony was to be founded, the colonists carried with them coals from the hearth of the mother-city with which to kindle the fire on the new city's hearth.
The fire was guarded by her priestesses, the Vestales. Every March 1 the fire was renewed. It burned until 391, when the Emperor Theodosius I forbade public pagan worship. One of the Vestales was Rea Silvia, who with Mars conceived Romulus and Remus (see founding of Rome).
3070. Silver denarius, RIC 538, RSC 221, VF, 2.30g, 17.5mm, 0o, Rome mint, 193-196 A.D.; obverse IVLIA DOMNA AVG, draped bust right; reverse VESTA, Vesta seated left, holding palladium and scepter. Ex Forum
ecoli
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44 BC Julius Caesar Lifetime Portrait denariusCAESAR DICT PERPETVO
laureate head of Julius Caesar right
L BVCA
Venus seated right holding Victory on extended right hand, transverse scepter in left
Struck Feb - Mar 14th, 44 BC.
3.58g
RCV 1410, RSC 24.
Venus seated' only appears on this one type of Caesar's 'lifetime' issues, on the remainder she is standing.
Lucius Aemilius Buca was a distant relative of the dictator Sulla. This coin was struck within a month of Caesar's murder.
Ex-Incitatus, Ex-CNG Electronic Auction 223, lot 393Jay GT4
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457Leo I
AE4
Obv: DN LEO PERPET AV
Diademed draped bust right
Rev: No legend apart from NIC in exergue
Emperor standing right holding cross and raising captive
Nicomedia mint
cf RIC X 708
The obverse legend appears to terminate AV, instead of AVGmauseus
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457Leo I
Tremesis
Obv: DN LEO PERPET AVG
Diademed draped bust right
Rev: VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM
Victory standing left holding wreath and globus cruciger, star in right fied
Constantinople mint
RIC 611
mauseus
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48-03 - CARACALLA Como Cesar de Septimio Severo (27/05/196 - 04/198 D.C.)AR Denario 18 mm 2.5 gr.
Anv: "M AVR ANTONINVS CAES" - Busto a cabeza desnuda, vestido y viendo a derecha.
Rev: "SECVRITAS PERPETVA", Minerva estante a izq. con égida en el pecho, apoyando su mano der. en un escudo y portando lanza en la izq.
Acuñada 196/7 D.C.
Ceca: Roma (Off.5ta)
Referencias: RIC Vol.IV Parte I #2 Pag.212 (Pl.11 #7), Sear RCTV Vol.II #6678 Pag.504, BMCRE V #181 Pag.50 (Pl.10 #1), Cohen Vol.IV #562 Pag.202, RSC Vol. III #562 Pag.83, DVM #89 Pag.198, Hill CSS#253, RC #1894, Salgado II/1 #4403.d P.125mdelvalle
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69-22 - GORDIANO III (238 - 244 D.C.)AR Antoniniano 22 mm 2.6 gr.
Anv: "IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG" - Busto radiado, vestido y acorazado, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "SECVRIT PERPET" - Securitas de pié a izquierda con las piernas cruzadas, portando largo cetro vertical en mano derecha y descansando su codo izquierdo en una columna.
Acuñada 13ava. Emisión En./Feb. 244 D.C.
Ceca: Roma (Off.1ra.)
Referencias: RIC Vol.IV Parte III #152 Pag.31, Sear RCTV Vol.III #8660 Pag.122, Cohen Vol.V #328 Pag.57, Hunter #63, RSC Vol. IV #328 Pag.9, DVM #50 var Pag.225mdelvalle
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69-23 - GORDIANO III (238 - 244 D.C.)AR Antoniniano 22 mm 2.6 gr.
Anv: "IMP GORDIA[NVS PIVS F]EL AVG" - Busto radiado, vestido y acorazado, viendo a derecha.
Rev: "SECVRIT PERPET" - Securitas de pié a izquierda con las piernas cruzadas, portando largo cetro vertical en mano derecha y descansando su codo izquierdo en una columna.
Acuñada 13ava. Emisión En./Feb. 244 D.C.
Ceca: Roma (Off.1ra.)
Referencias: RIC Vol.IV Parte III #152 Pag.31 - Sear RCTV Vol.III #8660 - Cohen Vol.V #328 Pag.57 - RSC Vol. IV #328 Pag.9 - DVM #50 var Pag.225mdelvalle
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712a, Domitian, 13 September 81 - 18 September 96 A.D.Domitian, as Caesar, AR Denarius. 77-78 AD; RIC 242, VF, 18mm, 3.18grams. Obverse: CAESAR AVG F DOMITIA[NVS], laureate head right ; Reverse: COS V below man with hand raised out behind him on horse prancing right. RSC 49a. Scarce. Ex Zuzim Judaea.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Titus Flavius Domitianus(A.D. 81-96)
John Donahue
College of William and Mary
Domitian was born in Rome on 24 October A.D. 51, the youngest son of Vespasian, Roman emperor (A.D. 69-79) and Domitilla I, a treasury clerk's daughter. Little is known about Domitian in the turbulent 18 months of the four (five?) emperors, but in the aftermath of the downfall of Vitellius in A.D. 69 he presented himself to the invading Flavian forces, was hailed as Caesar, and moved into the imperial residence.
As emperor, Domitian was to become one of Rome's foremost micromanagers, especially concerning the economy. Shortly after taking office, he raised the silver content of the denarius by about 12% (to the earlier level of Augustus), only to devaluate it in A.D. 85, when the imperial income must have proved insufficient to meet military and public expenses.
Domitian's reach extended well beyond the economy. Late in A.D. 85 he made himself censor perpetuus, censor for life, with a general supervision of conduct and morals. The move was without precedent and, although largely symbolic, it nevertheless revealed Domitian's obsessive interest in all aspects of Roman life. An ardent supporter of traditional Roman religion, he also closely identified himself with Minerva and Jupiter, publicly linking the latter divinity to his regime through the Ludi Capitolini, the Capitoline Games, begun in A.D.86. Held every four years in the early summer, the Games consisted of chariot races, athletics and gymnastics, and music, oratory and poetry.
Beyond Rome, Domitian taxed provincials rigorously and was not afraid to impose his will on officials of every rank. Consistent with his concern for the details of administration, he also made essential changes in the organization of several provinces and established the office of curator to investigate financial mismanagement in the cities. Other evidence points to a concern with civic improvements of all kinds, from road building in Asia Minor, Sardinia and near the Danube to building and defensive improvements in North Africa.
While the military abilities of Vespasian and Titus were genuine, those of Domitian were not. Partly as an attempt to remedy this deficiency, Domitian frequently became involved in his own military exploits outside of Rome. He claimed a triumph in A.D. 83 for subduing the Chatti in Gaul, but the conquest was illusory. Final victory did not really come until A.D. 89. In Britain, similar propaganda masked the withdrawal of Roman forces from the northern borders to positions farther south, a clear sign of Domitian's rejection of expansionist warfare in the province.
Domitian's autocratic tendencies meant that the real seat of power during his reign resided with his court. The features typically associated with later courts - a small band of favored courtiers, a keen interest in the bizarre and the unusual (e.g., wrestlers, jesters, and dwarves), and a highly mannered, if somewhat artificial atmosphere, characterized Domitian's palace too, whether at Rome or at his Alban villa, some 20 kilometers outside of the capital.
On 18 September, A.D. 96, Domitian was assassinated and was succeeded on the very same day by M. Cocceius Nerva, a senator and one of his amici. The sources are unanimous in stressing that this was a palace plot, yet it is difficult to determine the level of culpability among the various potential conspirators.
In many ways, Domitian is still a mystery - a lazy and licentious ruler by some accounts, an ambitious administrator and keeper of traditional Roman religion by others. As many of his economic, provincial, and military policies reveal, he was efficient and practical in much that he undertook, yet he also did nothing to hide the harsher despotic realities of his rule. This fact, combined with his solitary personality and frequent absences from Rome, guaranteed a harsh portrayal of his rule. The ultimate truths of his reign remain difficult to know.
Copyright (C) 1997, John Donahue.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Perhaps the reverse of this Domitian/Horseman specimen depicts Domitian as he rode a white horse behind his father, Vespasian, and his brother, Titus, during their joint triumph celebrating their victory over Judaea (see: Suetonius. The Twelve Caesars. Trans. Robert Graves. London: Penguin, 2003. 304).
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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ALFOLDI 066.001OBVERSE: IMP PROBVS INV AVG
REVERSE: SECVRITAS PERPETVA
BUST TYPE: A2 = Radiate, cuirassed and draped bust right, seen from rear
FIELD / EXERGUE MARKS: -/Δ//XXI
WEIGHT 3.95g / AXIS: 6h / DIAMETER: 21 mm
MINT: Siscia
RIC 759 corr.
ALFOLDI 066.001 (5 ex. cited)
COLLECTION NO. 1350
Very rare and desirable reverse type, struck only during the second emmission at Siscia.
Provenance: Paul Francis Jacquier auction 45 lot 1525 = ex Ph. Gysen collectionBarnaba6
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Britain, Caerleon, Isca Silurum, Inscription to Gaius Valerius Victor - Standard BearerA plaque with inscription found at Caerleon. Caerleon, (known as Isca Sulla to the Romans) was founded by Vespasian and was the headquarters for Legio II Augusta from about A.D. 75 to A.D. 300.
D M
G VALERIVS G F
GALERIA VICTOR
LVGDVNI SIG LEG II AVG
STIP XVII ANNOR XLV CV
RAI AGENT ANNIO PERPETVO H
DIS MANIBVS
GAIVS VALERIVS GAI FILLVS
GALERIA (TRIBV) VICTOR
LVGDVNI SIGNIFER LEGIONIS II AVGVSTAE
STRIPENDIORVM XVII ANNORVM XLV CV-
RAIM AGENTE ANNIO PERPETVO HEREDE
"To the spirits of the departed; Gaius Valerius Victor, son of Gaius, of the Galerian voting tribe, from Lugdunum, standard-bearer of the Second Augustan Legion, of 17 years; service, Aged 45, set up under the charge of Annius Perpetuus, his heir."maridvnvm
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Byzantine Empire: Justinian I (527-565) Pb Imperial Seal (Zacos–Veglery 3a, BZS.1958.106.563)Obv: Nimbate, beardless bust of Justinian I, facing forward, wearing both a helmet with diadem, trefoil ornament, and pendilia, and a chlamys. A circular inscription beginning at left. Border of dots.
D N IVSTINI ANVS PP AVG - Dominus noster Iustinianus perpetuus augustus (Our lord Justinian, eternal augustus)
Rev: Winged Victory advancing, wearing a long chiton and holding a victory wreath in each hand. A small cross visible at left and right. No epigraphy. Border of dots.Quant.Geek
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Byzantine Lead Seal, IVSTINIANVS-I, (527-565 A.D.), Pb Imperial Seal (Zacos–Veglery 3a, BZS.1958.106.563), #01Byzantine Lead Seal, IVSTINIANVS-I, (527-565 A.D.), Pb Imperial Seal (Zacos–Veglery 3a, BZS.1958.106.563), #01
avers: - D N IVSTINI ANVS PP AVG - (Dominus noster Iustinianus perpetuus augustus (Our lord Justinian, eternal augustus)), Nimbate, beardless bust of Justinian I, facing forward, wearing both a helmet with diadem, trefoil ornament, and pendilia, and a chlamys. A circular inscription beginning at left. Border of dots.
revers:- Winged Victory advancing, wearing a long chiton and holding a victory wreath in each hand. A small byzatian cross visible at left and right. No epigraphy. Border of dots.
diameter: 17-19,5 mm,
weight: 5,49 g,
mint:
date:
ref:Zacos–Veglery 3a, BZS.1958.106.563
Q-001
quadrans
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Byzantine Lead Seal, IVSTINIANVS-I, (527-565 A.D.), Pb Imperial Seal (Zacos–Veglery 3a, BZS.1958.106.563), #02,Byzantine Lead Seal, IVSTINIANVS-I, (527-565 A.D.), Pb Imperial Seal (Zacos–Veglery 3a, BZS.1958.106.563), #02,
avers: - D N IVSTINI ANVS PP AVG - (Dominus noster Iustinianus perpetuus augustus (Our lord Justinian, eternal augustus)), Nimbate, beardless bust of Justinian I, facing forward, wearing both a helmet with diadem, trefoil ornament, and pendilia, and a chlamys. A circular inscription beginning at left. Border of dots.
revers:- Winged Victory advancing, wearing a long chiton and holding a victory wreath in each hand. A small byzatian cross visible at left and right. No epigraphy. Border of dots.
diameter: 19-22 mm,
weight: 6,48 g,
mint:
date:
ref:Zacos–Veglery 3a, BZS.1958.106.563
Q-002quadrans
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C. Julius Caesar and P. Sepullius Macer, Denarius, Sydenham 1073.C. Julius Caesar and P. Sepullius Macer, Denarius, Rome.
Lifetime issue, February-March 44 BC.
Obv.: Wreathed head of Caesar r.; before, CAESAR; behind, DICT PERPETVO.
Rev.: Venus standing l., holding Victory and sceptre; at bottom of sceptre, shield; behind, P SEPVLLIVS; before, MACER.
Ref.: Crawford 480/10; Julia 48, Sepullia 3; Sydenham 1073.
18 mm/3.35 g.
Field find with uneven toning, some corrosion, traces of circulation and scratches. Otherwise fine-very fine.
Not in beautyful condition, but a wonderful piece of history.vindelicus
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CaesarRoman Imperatorial
Gaius Julius Caesar
(Reign as Dictator and/or Consul of the Roman Republic 49-44 BC)
(b. 100 BC, d. 44 BC)
Obverse: DICT.IN PERPETVO CAESAR, Wreathed and veiled head of Caesar facing right
Reverse: C MARIDIANVS, Venus holding Victory, resting elbow on shield set on globe, facing left
Silver Denarius
Minted in Rome February-March, 44 BC
Translations:
Imperatorial=The Imperatorial period extends from the outbreak of civil war between Julius Caesar and Pompey in January 49 B.C. and ends early 27 B.C. when Caesar's adopted heir Octavian was given the title "Augustus" by the Senate, effectively making him the sole ruler of the entire Roman territory.
DICT.IN PERPETVO CAESAR=Dictator for Life Julius Caesar
C MARIDIANVS=Moneyer Caius Cossutius Maridianus
References:
Crawford 480/15
RSC 42
Sphinx357
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Caracalla Denarius RIC IV 330Laodicea ad Mare mint, Caracalla Denarius, 196-197 A.D. AR 19mm 2.67g, RIC IV 330, BMC 459
O: M AVR ANTONINVS PONTIF. Boy’s bare-headed draped and cuirassed bust r., seen from behind
R: SECVRITAS PERPETVA, Minerva, aegis on breast, standing left, inverted spear in left and resting right on grounded shield
casata137ec
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Caracalla SestertiusAE Sestertius
Obv. legend M AVREL ANTONINVS PIVS AVG BRIT. bust laureate, r.
Rev. is Securitas seated r., propping head on r. hand and holding sceptre; in front altar. Rev. legend SECVRITATI PERPETVAE SC.
RIC IV/1, 512(d), C 576
Scarce
Tanit
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Caracalla, sestertius of AD 214-217Æ Sestertius (20.4g, Ø 29mm, 12h), Rome mint, Struck AD 214-217
Obv.: M AVREL ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM, laurate, draped, cuirassed bust of Caracalla facing right.
Rev.: SECVRITATI PERPETVAE (around edge) S C (in ex.), Security seated, holding a sceptre in her left hand, and resting her head on her right hand; altar in front.
RIC 573 (R); Cohen 580
ex D. Ruskin, Oxford (1995). Found in Oxon, UK.
Charles S
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Carus TicinumIMP C KARVS P F AVG, Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right.
PERPETVITATE AVG, Securitas st. left, leaning on clumn, holding globe and transverse scepter.
RIC79C
Ex. VXXI.
23mm, 3.6gr, Die 180.
1th emission Oct.283.Ed D
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Constantine as Caesar - Follis - PERPETVA VIRTVS - TicinumConstantine I. As Caesar, 306-309.
Æ Follis , Ticinum, summer 307.
CONSTANTINVS NOB CAES, laureate head right
R/ PERPETV - A VIRTVS , Mars advancing right, holding spear and round shield; ST in ex
RIC VI 88 - 25 m - 5.68 ggb29400
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Constantine IConstantine I
Rome mint
FL VAL CONSTANTINVS AVG
Laureate, draped bust right
PACI PERPET
Pax standing left with vertical standard
XII/-//RS
RIC (VI) Rome 358mauseus
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Constantine I GLORIA PERPET from RomeConstantine I
A.D. 313
17mm 1.6g
IMP CONSTANTINVS P F AVG; bare head right.
GLORIA PERPET; Two victories advancing right, both holding wreath and palm frond, standard between them
In ex. R[…]
RIC VII Rome 14
In A.D. 313 a set of three fractional coins was issued from Rome and Trier for both Constantine and Licinius.
https://www.constantinethegreatcoins.com/pacis/
ex Ramskold; ex Vecchi 6, 9 June 1997, 1333.
Victor C
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Constantine I GLORIA PERPET from RomeConstantine I
A.D. 313
17mm 1.2g half follis
IMP CONSTANTINVS P F AVG; bare head right.
GLORIA PERPET; Two victories advancing right, both holding wreath and palm frond, standard between them
In ex. RQ
RIC VII Rome 14Victor C
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Constantine I PACI PERPET from RomeConstantine I
AD 312-13
half follis 17mm 2.5gm
FL VAL CONSTANTINVS AVG laureate and cuirassed bust right.
PACI PERPET; Pax stg. facing, head l., r. holding branch, l. standard; in left field XII.
in ex. RP
RIC VI Rome 356
Ex- Peter Weiß
topic on these fractional coins
Victor C
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Constantine I PACI PERPET from RomeConstantine I
AD 312-13
half follis 17x18mm 2.1g
FL VAL CONSTANTINVS AVG laureate and cuirassed bust right.
PACI PERPET; Pax stg. facing, head l., r. holding branch, l. standard; in left field XII.
in ex. RQ
RIC VI Rome 356
Issued after the defeat of MaxentiusVictor C
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Constantine I VIRTVS PERPETVA AVG from TicinumConstantine I
A.D. 307- 308
26mm 7.8g
CONSTANTINVS P F AVG; laureate head right.
VIRTVS PERPETVA AVG; Hercules strangling the Nemean Lion; club below to right.
In ex. S T
RIC VI Ticinum 99
rare type reserved for Constantine alone
This coin is even more interesting because the ancient writer Photius tells a story of how Constantine had to fight a lion...even though I don't believe this event actually happened. I think it is a rhetorical invention meant to make Constantine seem more heroic and compare him to Hercules.
“At that time Maximin, governor of Asia Minor,who happened to be there, determined to lay a plot against the youth and set him to fight with a savage lion. But Constantine overcame and slew the beast…”
Victor C
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Crawford 480/06, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Julius Caesar, AR DenariusRome. The Imperators.
Julius Caesar and Lucius Aemilius Buca, 44 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.77g; 21mm).
Rome Mint, Feb-Mar 44 BCE.
Obverse: CAESAR DICT- PERPETVO; wreathed head of Julius Caesar facing right.
Reverse: Fasces and winged caduceus in saltire; axe, globe, clasped hands and L BVCA in angles.
References: Crawford 480/6; HCRI 103; Sydenham 1063; BMCRR 4157-9; Julia 37; Alföldi, Type XIII, Plate XCVIII, No. 78.
Provenance: Ex Goldberg Auction #104 (12 Jun 2018) Lot 3248.
Caesar was granted the title of Dictator for Life in mid-February, 44 BCE, thus all coins bearing DICT PERPETVO inscriptions can be firmly dated to the final month of Caesar’s life. This was a period of massive coinage output because Caesar was preparing for a campaign against the Parthians for which a substantial war chest would be needed. To meet the production needs, the college of moneyers was expanded from 3 to 4 moneyers. Nevertheless, manufacturing stress is evident by the frequent poor strikes and off-struck coins that survive today from these final Caesar portrait issues.
The moneyer Lucius Aemilius Buca may have been a relative of Sulla. He does not appear to have struck coins after Caesar’s assassination. With its symbolism, the reverse of this coin suggests Caesar’s growing grasp on religious, military and political power.
Carausius
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Crawford 480/10, ROMAN IMPERATORIAL, Julius Caesar, AR DenariusRome. The Imperators.
Julius Caesar and P. Sepullius Macer, 44 BCE.
AR Denarius (3.84g; 20mm).
Rome Mint, Feb-Mar 44 BCE.
Obverse: CAESAR - DICT PERPETVO; wreathed head of Julius Caesar facing right.
Reverse: P SEPVLLIVS – MACER; Venus facing left, holding Victory and staff; shield at feet.
References: Crawford 480/10; HCRI 107a; Sydenham 1073: Julia 48; Alföldi, Plate LXVI, No. 2 (this coin illustrated).
Provenance: Ex Andrew McCabe Collection; privately purchased from Ritter 2010; ex Rauch Auction 85 (26 Nov 2009) Lot 323; ex Professor L. Fontana Collection (bef. 1974).
Caesar was granted the title of Dictator for Life in mid-February, 44 BCE, thus all coins bearing DICT PERPETVO inscriptions can be firmly dated to the final month of Caesar’s life. This was a period of massive coinage output because Caesar was preparing for a campaign against the Parthians for which a substantial war chest would be needed. To meet the production needs, the college of moneyers was expanded from 3 to 4 moneyers. Nevertheless, manufacturing stress is evident by the frequent poor strikes and off-struck coins that survive today from these final Caesar portrait issues.
The moneyer P. Sepullius Macer struck coins during and after Caesar’s lifetime, including one type for M. Antony that also appears in my gallery. His output of coins was particularly high compared to the other three moneyers of 44 BCE. This reverse type, common among the four moneyers, alludes to the descent of the Julia gens from Venus and Anchises.
Carausius
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CT 5.03.007 (same dies); RIC VI 93Maximian BI Nummus. London, c. November - December AD 307. D N MAXIMIANO P F S AVG, laureate and cuirassed bust right / MARS VICTOR, Mars advancing right holding transverse spear and trophy. 6.19g, 25mm, 7h.
Purchased from Felicitas-Perpetua (Laurence Holbeck) on 15th November 2022.
CT Rarity: RR (one of 9 known examples).
Lee Toone has confirmed that he knows of 8 other examples of this issue for Maximian, and 4 for Constantine (5.03.006).Paulus J
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Dictator Perpetuo (44 BC)Julius Caesar portrait AR Denarius, Rome Mint, 44 BC, Lifetime issue
Obv: CAESAR IMP, wreathed head r.; star to l.
Rev: P SEPVLLIVS MACER, Venus standing l., with head lowered, holding victoriola and scepter set upon star.
After Munda there were no more conservative armies challenging Caesar's dominion. Upon his return to Rome, according to Plutarch, the "triumph which he celebrated for this victory displeased the Romans beyond any thing. For he had not defeated foreign generals, or barbarian kings, but had destroyed the children and family of one of the greatest men of Rome." In Febrary 44 BC, the Senate decreed that Caesar would serve as Dictator “for life”. They also decreed that Caesar’s portrait would appear on the obverses of Rome’s coins, which was unprecedented in Rome, as no Roman had ever before been portrayed on a Roman coin during his lifetime. This last “honor” led directly to Caesar’s murder two months later, on the Ides of March.
This is a denarius portraying Caesar on the obverse, issued a few weeks before his assassination.YuenTsin C
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Dictator Perpetuo (44 BC)Julius Caesar portrait AR Denarius, Rome Mint, 44 BC, Lifetime issue
Obv: Laureate and veiled head of Caesar r., DICT·PERPETVO CAESAR around
Rev: Venus standing l., holding Victory and resting elbow on shield set on globe. C·MARIDIANVSYuenTsin C
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Divo 271. 1697, Les conqueres du Roi entre 1643 et 1697 Obv. Bust right LUDOVICUS MAGNUS REX CHRISTIANISSIMUS
Rev. Mound of cannon and other paraphernalia of war, crown above VICTORI PERPETVO OB EXPUG CCCL URB AD AN MDCXLIII AB AN MDCXCVII
Divo 271. Commemorates the "perpetual victories" of France under Louis XIV, 1643 to 1697. It is worth noting that in 1701, four years after this medal is dated, the War of Spanish succession broke out which was ultimately a defeat for France and weakened the nations influence considerably. France's iron grip on continental Europe was broken and the concept of 'balance of power' was developed during the Treaty of Utrecht which ended the war in 1713 though some small hostilities continued.LordBest
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Domitian Jupiter Sestertius RIC II 279bDomitian, Orichalcum, Sestertius, November 85 AD, RIC 279b, 33mm, 24.32g
OBV: IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XI CENS PER P P, Laureate head right
REV: IOVI VICTORI, Jupiter seated left, holding Victory & scepter, SC in exergue
Domitian became "CENSOR PERPETVVS" in November. SRukke
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Domitian- VIRTVTIDomitian, 13 September 81 - 18 September 96 A.D.
Obverse:
Laureate bust right with aegis
IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XIII CENS PERP PP
IMP: Imperator, general
CAES: Caesar, emperor
DOMIT: Domitian
AVG: Augustus, emperor
GERM: Germanicus
COS: Consul
XIII: 8 or XVI
CENS: Censor
PERP: Perpetuus
PP: PATER PATRIAE, the farther of the country. A title given to him by the Senatus.
Reverse:
VIRTVTI AVGVSTI SC
VIRTVTI: Virtus
AVGVSTI: Augusti
S—C: Senatus Consulto, decret of the senate
Comment:
CENS PERP: The censor gave Vº Bº a certain works from the Senate (Censor Perpetuus / Censoria Potestate). Late in 85 A.D he made himself Censor Perpetuus (Censor for life), with a general supervision of conduct and morals.
Virtus standing right, left foot on a helmet, holding spear and parazonium (a dagger)
Domination: Copper, AS, size 28 mm
Mint: Rome, struck 87. A.D.
Comment:
I can't decide what number of TRP it is!
If the obverse legend is as follows, as I suggest:
a) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XIII CENS PERP PP or
b) IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XVI CENS PERP PP
then it would be
a) RIC II, 356a; C.650; dated AD 87; common
b) RIC II, 409; C.658; dated AD 92-94; common
BTW XIII = 13, XVI = 16
Peter Wissing
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Domitian: Augustus 81-96 AD Domitian AR Denarius
Denomination: AR Denarius
Year: 95-96 AD
Bust: Laureate head right
Obverse: IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM P M TR P XV
Reverse: IMP XXII COS XVII CENS P P P
Type: Minerva standing left, holding spear
Mint: Rome
Weight & Measures: 3.04g; 19mm
RIC: RIC II, Part 1 (2nd edition) Domitian 790
Translation: OB: Imperator Caesar Domitianus Augustus Germanicus, Pontifex Maximus, Tribunicia Potestate Quinta Decima; for Imperator, Caesar, Domitian, Augustus, conqueror of the Germans, high priest, holder of tribunician power for the 15th time.
Translation: Rev: Imperator Secundum Vicesimum, Consul Septimum Decimum, Censor Perpetuus, Pater Patriae; for Imperator for the 22nd time, consul for the 17th time, censor for life, father of the nation.
Notes: Minerva is the Roman virgin goddess of wisdom, medicine, the arts, poetry, handicrafts, and later in Roman history, war.
Justin L1
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Elagabalus DenariusAR Denarius
Obv: IMP ANTONINVS AVG ; head right, laureate, bust draped and cuirassed.
Rev: SPEI PERPETVAE ; Spes walking l., holding flower and hitching skir
RIC 199Tanit
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Elephant Denarius, Julius Caesar 49 BCE. (First of the “coins that killed Caesar”?)Julius Caesar (Dictator, 49 – 44 BCE) AR Denarius (3.49g, 17mm, 1h), uncertain military mint, c. 49 BCE.
Obv: Elephant advancing right, trampling on horned serpent or carnyx (Gallic war trumpet). CAESAR in exergue.
Rev: Pontifical emblems – ladle (simpulum), sprinkler (aspergillum), axe (securis) surmounted by a wolf head, and priest’s hat (apex).
Ref: RSC 49; Crawford 443/1; Sydenham 1006; Sear CRI 9 (ref. in error in K. Davis 74); Babelon 1885, p10, Julia 9.
See also: Rowan 2019 (From Caesar to Augustus), esp. 2.1, pp. 24-27 ff.; Nousek 2008 (Phoenix 62: 290-307): https://www.academia.edu/268235/.
Prov: Ex-Kirk Davis Catalog #74, Lot 65 (12 Nov 2019); VAuctions Triskeles Sale 28, Lot 260 (21 Jun 2019).
Notes: The elephant denarius was struck c. 5 years before Julius Caesar’s portrait denarii and his killing, but already it signaled his plans. Nousek (2008) writes that “one of Caesar’s first acts upon arriving in Rome was to issue coins [i.e., elephant denarii] in his own name without the approval of the Roman senate.” He had no intention of sharing power with the Senate.
Caesar’s portrait denarii are dubbed “The Coins that Killed Caesar” – especially those proclaiming his new title, taken at the point of a blade: “CAESAR DICT PERPETVO.” (Caesar, Dictator in Perpetuity. "Perpetuity" would last only a few weeks before the Senators drew their own blades.) As the argument goes, by putting his portrait on the coin, Caesar effectively declared himself King, aggravating the Senators’ fear and loathing, and inciting the tyrannicide.
Caesar hadn’t yet placed his portrait on the coins in 49 BCE, but he had already usurped the Senate, issuing coins in his own name with silver commandeered from the Temple of Saturn treasury. (Fittingly, according to Roman legend, the temple was built under the last King Tarquinius, himself overthrown by Brutus’ ancestor, Lucius Junius Brutus!) From this perspective, perhaps we can see the elephant denarius as “the first of the coins that killed Caesar.”Curtis JJ
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G. Iulius Caesar, Crawford 480/13Gaius Iulius Caesar, 13.6.100-15.3.41 BC, gens Iulia
AR - Denar, 3.83g, 19.7mm, 90°
Rome, Feb.-Mar. 44 BC
moneyer P. Sepullius Macer
obv. Head of Caesar, wreathed and veiled, r.
before CAESAR, behind DICT PERPETVO
rev. r. P SERPVLLVS, l. MACER (both from top to bottom)
Venus Victrix with bare l. breast, stg. l., holding small Victory in xxtended r. hand and resting with raised l. hand on lpng sceptre on which is leaning the shield set on ground
ref. Crawford 480/13; Sydenham 1074; RSC Julius Caesar 39; BMCRR I Rome 4173; SRCV I 1414; Vagi 56; Sear CRI 107d
VF, portrait!, toned, scratches, somewhat excentric
From Forum Ancient Coins, thanks!
From highest historical importance: The 1st portrait of Iulius Caesar and the coin that killed Caesar!
Please, take a look at http://www.forumancientcoins.com/board/index.php?topic=109646.0Jochen
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Gaius Julius CaesarFebruary-March 44 BC. AR Denarius (19mm, 3.90 g, 5h). Rome mint. P. Sepullius Macer, moneyer. Laureate and veiled head right / Venus standing left, holding Victory and scepter; shield at base of scepter. Crawford 480/13; CRI 107d; Sydenham 1074; RSC 39. From the Jörg Müller Collection.
Alföldi arranges Crawford 480 series coins in (44 BC) month order as follows:
RRC 480/1, Buca - January
RRC 480/2, DICT QVART - early February
RRC 480/3/4/5, CAESAR IMP - late February
RRC 480/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14, DICT PERPETVO - early to mid March
RRC 480/17/18, CAESAR IMPER - late March
RRC 480/19/20, PARENS PATRIAE - April
RRC 480/15/16, MARIDIANVS - April
RRC 480/21/22, CLEMENTIAE CAESARIS and Mark Antony - April
"Iconography, historical meaning:
The rev. can be understand easily: The Iulians ascribed their gens back to Aeneas who was the son of Venus (Aphrodite) and Anchises.Venus was the tutelary goddess of the gens Iulia and hence of Caesar. 46 BC Caesar has consecrated together with his new built forum also the temple of Venus Genetrix, the ancestress of his gens. On this denarius with Victory, spear and shield it is rather Venus Victrix.
The portrait on obv. is imposing by its realistic depiction. It was for the first time that a living ruler was pictured on a Roman coin. This too raised suspicion that Caesar - even if he wasn't acclaimed king - would behave as such.
Caesar's portrait attracts attention by the wreath he is wearing. It protrudes notable wide beyond his forehead. Furthermore it is padded and very ragged. This characteristic received too little attention until now. There is every indication that it is not a usual wreath but a corona graminea, a Grass or Blockade crown. This crown was dedicated by the army to that commander who has freed them from an encirclement and saved them from certain death. The crown was composed from flowers and tuft of grass which was plucked at the location of their liberation. This crown was regarded as the highest of all crowns! Pliny (nat. 22, 6) has known only of 8 persons with this honour:
1. Lucius Siccius Dentatus, tribunus plebis 454 BC
2. Publius Decius Mus, 343 BC, 1st Samnite War, dedicated even by 2 armies!
3. Marcus Calpurnius Flamma, 258 BC, at Carmina on Sicily
4. Quintus Fabius Maximus, after the departure of the Carthaginians from Italy, 203 BC
(dedicated by the Senate and the people of Rome, possibly posthumous)
5. Scipio Aemilianus Africanus
6. Gnaeus Petreius Atinas, centurio during the war against the Cimbri
7. Lucius Cornelius Sulla, during the Allied War at Nola 89 BC
8. Quintus Sertorius, 97 BC aa military tribune in Spain under Titu Ddius.
To Caesar and Augustus the crown was dedicated by the Senate!
The veil Caesar is wearing as Pontifex Maximus for lifetime.
DICTATOR PERPETVVS
During Republican times a dictator was designated when the state was in an emergency situation. His position was always temporally limited, yes, sometimes designated only for a single task. In the beginning Caesar too was dictator limited to 1 year and had to be designated again for the next year. Already 46 BC Caesar has been nominated dictator for 10 years but the title had to be renewed each year. So we know of coins with DICT, DICT ITER (= again, for the second time), IC TER (for the third time) and DICT QVART.
Since the proclamation as king has failed the title dictator disappeared from the denarii and were replaced by IMP. But soon behind Caesar's head appeares a star, a crescent, or Victory's spear stands on a star. These celestial signs - and that was understod by all - stand for divinity and should raise Caesar high above all Romans. Incompatible with the idea of a republican constituted Rome.
The point of culmination in this series is the legend DICT PERPETVO of this coin. Now the title of dictator was no more temporally limited but was valid like his office as Pontifex Maximus for all his life and it no more was necessary to confirm the title each year. That actually was a spectacular violation of the Roman constitution! The fact that he appeared at the Lupercalia on February 15. 44 BC in the ancient robe of kings strengthened the suspicion that he was looking for the kingship. In fact he has publicly
refused the royal crown that was offered to him by Marcus Antonius, but his authority to exert power was equal a king even without bearing the title of king. That was the most hateful title of the Roman Republic.
Now he has passed a line that his republican enimies couldn't tolerate any more if they still wanted to be taken seriously. So this coin actually led to his murder by the conspirators. So "The coin that kills Caesar" is by no means an exaggeration.
The planned Parthian War:
Caesar has planned a war against the Parthians. In March 44 BC he wanted to start for a campaign to the east. His assassination inhibited this intention. In science disputed are the goals which Caesar has had in mind with his war. They are reaching from a boundary adjustment, as Mommsen suggested, to world domination like Alexander the Great, as Plutarch is writing: According to him Caesar after the submission of the Parthians would go across Hyrcania at the Caspian Sea, then round the Black Sea via the Caucasus, invade the land of the Scyths, attack Germania and would finally return to Italy through the land of the Celts. In this way he would have conquered the world known to the Ancients and his limits were only the shores of the surrounding Okeanos.
Probably Sueton who was sitting directly at the sources was more realistic. And we know of the campaigns of Marcus Antonius and Augustus who surely have known Caesar's plans and have used them for their own purposes. It's clear that Caesar doesn't want to repeat the errors of Crassus who perished at Carrhae, and has tried to avoid he Parthian cavalry units. Therefore a route through Lesser Armenia is most probable. And there was hope that the Mesopotamian cities would raise against the Parthians. Caesar had gathered an army of 16(!) legions, a huge power that alone by its mere bigness would ensure the victory. Caesar was no gambler, rather a cautious and prudential commander.The famous "veni, vidi, vici" doesn't exist longer. What he actually had in mind we don't know. It's speculative. But there is every indication that it was a reorganisation of the east. And that rather by establishing client-kingdoms than creating new Roman provinces.
Probably the conspirators were afraid of Caesar's Parthian War, because a victory, which was possible or even probable, would have strengthen Caesar's position and has made him practically invulnerable." - JochenNemonater
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Gallienus (253-268 d.C.), R/ SECVURIT PERPET (ex Braithwell hoard)Gallienus, antoninianus, zecca di Roma
AE, 2.42 gr, 19.0 mm, aF
D/ GALLIENVS AVG, testa radiata a dx
R/ SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas stante a sinistra appoggiata a una colonna, le gambe incrociate, regge uno scettro, H a dx
RIC V 280
Provenienza: ex Braithwell hoard (2002), ex CNG (2007), ex Yorkcoins (2010), ex Imperial coins (2012)paolo
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Gallienus (Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus) (253-268 A.D.)SRCV 10359, RIC V S-280, Göbl 595a, Van Meter 266
BI Antoninianus, 3.01 gr., 20.61 mm. max, 180°
Rome mint, eighth officina, ninth emission, struck during solo reign (260-268 A.D.) in 265-267 A.D.
Obv: GALLIENVS AVG, Radiate head right.
Rev: SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing left, leaning on column, legs crossed. H in right field.
RIC rarity C, Van Meter VB1Stkp
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Gallienus - BI antoninianusRome
265 AD
9th emission
radiate head right
GALLIENVS AVG
Securitas standing half left, leaning on column, holding scepter
SECVR_IT PERPET
H
Göbl MIR 0595a; RIC V 280K; SRCV III 10359
3,7g 21mm
ex NaumannJ. B.
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Gallienus AE AntoninianusAntoninianus.
Obv.: GALLIENVS AVG ; Rev.: SECVRIT PERPET ; Securitas stg. l., leaning on column. Tanit
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Gallienus SECVRIT PERPET from Rome with countermarkGallienus
A.D. 260- 268
Ӕ Antoninianus
20x21mm 3.0g
GALLIENVS AVG; radiate head right.
SECVRIT PERPET; Securitas standing facing, head left, leaning on column to right and holding scepter H in right field.
RIC IV Rome 280
Countermarked as a Spanish 4 maravedis circa 17th[?] century.
topic on countermarked coins
Victor C
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Gallienus, AD 253-268Æ Antoninianus, 3.4g, 22mm, 11h; Rome mint, 260-268.
Obv.: GALLIENVS AVG, radiate head right.
Rev.: SECVRIT PERPET; Securitas standing left, legs crossed, holding scepter and leaning on column; H in right field.
Reference: RIC 5(a) 280, p. 155 John Anthony
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Gallienus, AE antoninianus, RIC VI 280 Rome mint Obverse: GALLIENVS AVG, radiate head right.
Reverse: SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas standing left, leaning on column, legs crossed, holding sceptre.
H in right field.20mm, 2.6 gr.
RIC V-1 (Sole reign), 280.NORMAN K
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Gallienus, RIC unknownObv: GALLIENVS AVG
Bust: Radiate bust right
Rev: SECVRIT PERPET
Security standing left, holding spear and leaning on column.
Exe: none
Date: 253-268 AD
Denom: AntoninianusBluefish
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Gallienus, RIC V(1)-280.K RomeBillon Antoninianus
Rome mint, 265-267 A.D.
19mm, 1.72
RIC V(1)-280, RSCv.4-961a, RCVv.3-10359
Obverse:
GALLIENVS AVG
Radiate head left
Reverse:
SECVRIT PERPET
H in right field
Securitas standing left, legs crossed, holding sceptre and leaning on column.Will J
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Gallienus, RIC V(1)-280.K RomeBillon Antoninianus
Rome mint, 265-267 A.D.
19mm, 2.73g
RIC V(1)-280, RSCv.4-961a, RCVv.3-10359
Obverse:
GALLIENVS AVG
Radiate head left
Reverse:
SECVRIT PERPET
H in right field
Securitas standing left, legs crossed, holding sceptre and leaning on column.Will J
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Gallienus, RIC V(1)-280.K RomeBillon Antoninianus
Rome mint, 265-267 A.D.
19mm, 3.45g
RIC V(1)-280, RSCv.4-961a, RCVv.3-10359
Obverse:
GALLIENVS AVG
Radiate head left
Reverse:
SECVRIT PERPET
H in right field
Securitas standing left, legs crossed, holding sceptre and leaning on column.Will J
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Gallienus, Rome mint, R/ SECVRIT PERPET (Braithwell hoard)Gallienus, antoninianus, zecca di Roma
AE, 2.480 gr, 19.6 mm, 0°, aF
D/ GALLIENVS AVG, testa radiata a dx
R/ SECVRIT PERPET, Securitas stante a sinistra appoggiata a una colonna, le gambe incrociate, regge uno scettro, H a dx
RIC V 280
Provenienza: collezione Fragiacomo, Trieste Italia (27 dicembre 2011); ex collezione Berardengo, Roma Italia (17 aprile 2011, numero catalogo 131); ex FAC (Morehead City NC Usa, 2010); ex Antony Wilson collection (Yorkcoins, London-New York, 2007), ex CNG auction 176 (London, 2007), ex Braithwell hoard (Braithwell, South Yorkshire Uk, 2002).paolo
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GALLIENVS AVG / SECVRIT PERPET antoninianus (close to 265-267 A.D.) Obv.: [GALLI]ENVS [AVG], head of Gallienus radiate right
Rev.: [SECV]RIT PERPE[T], Securitas, draped, standing left, legs crossed?, leaning on column, holding sceptre. Left field: H (that looks like N).
d irregular 16-17mm, 2.27g, die axis 1h (medal alignment), material: bronze/copper-based alloy supposedly with some silver.
Authority and portrait: Gallienus (joint reign 253-, sole reign 260-268). Mint: Rome.
AVG = Augustus. SECVRIT(as) PERPET(ua) = perpetual security. Security is another of allegorical goddesses. She rests on a column in a relaxed posture, showing that she is completely at ease and has nothing to fear. Her attribute, scepter, probably shows that the security of the empire is due to imperial power and victories. Sceptres, often two to three foot ivory rods topped with a globe or an eagle, were introduced by Augustus as a symbol of Rome's power. They would be carried by emperors while riding in chariots to celebrate military victories. Thus a scepter is a symbol of emperor's leadership and victory. H in left field probably means officina 8.
RIC V-1 Rome 280; Goebl 595; Sear 10359.
ID is straightforward. The usual obverse variations include bare or cuirassed bust, or just head. H designating officina 8 can be also in left field and etched in a "relaxed" manner, so may look like N, Z or II. Sizes mostly 19-20mm, but there are smaller and larger variations. This coin would have been 19mm-ish, if not for the lost edge.Yurii P
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Geta Limes denariusGeta, Limes Denarius, Laodicea ad Mare, 198 - 200 AD, RIC 96, RSC 192a
Obv: L SEPTIMIVS GETA CAES - Bare head bust, draped right
REV: SPEI PERPETVAE - Spes standing left holding flower and raising skirt
SRukke
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Gloria Perpet- RIC Rome 14- R3Constantine I Half Follis
obv: IMP CONSTANTINVS PF AVG, bare head rt.
rev: GLORIA PERPET, two victories walking rt. standard between
RP in exergue
313ce.
RIC 14 (R3); Vagi 3128; Cayon 532 (15, 000 Ptas)
Fine
This type was only struck at two mints: Rome and Trier. Both are very rare. wolfgang336
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Gordian III - As - SECVRIT PERPETGordian III
AE As, Rome, 243-244
26 mm - 9.20 g
IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FELIX AVG, laureate, draped, cuirassed bust left
R/ SECVRIT PERPET, S-C, Securitas standing left, holding sceptre and resting left arm on column.
RIC 335c; Cohen 331
Ex. L.A.Laurence coll.gb29400
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Gordian III ObvGordian III; 238-244 AD Silver AR Antoninianus;
OBV: IMP GORDIANVS FEL AVG Radiate, draped bust right
REV: SECVRIT PERPET; Goddess Securitas standing Left with scepter, leaning on column
(RIC 152)
Philip G
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Gordian III RevGordian III; 238-244 AD Oct 05 VF 75.00
Silver AR Antoninianus;
OBV: IMP GORDIANVS FEL AVG Radiate, draped bust right
REV: SECVRIT PERPET; Goddess Securitas standing Left with scepter, leaning on column (RIC 152)
Philip G
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Gordian III RIV IV ( 3 ) Rome 153 AR 23 mm 4.0 grams
OBV :: IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG. Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right seen from rear
REV :: SECVRITAS PERPETVA. Securitas standing left, legs crossed, leaning on Column with left arm, holding scepter with right
RIV IV ( 3 ) Rome 153
RIC rated Common
Johnny
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Gordian III RIV IV ( 3 ) Rome 153AR 21-22 mm 3.6 grams
OBV :: IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG. Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right seen from rear
REV :: SECVRITAS PERPETVA. Securitas standing left, legs crossed, leaning on Column with left arm, holding scepter with right
RIV IV ( 3 ) Rome 153
RIC rated Common
Johnny
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