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305 - 306, SEVERUS II as Caesar, AE Follis struck 305 - 306 at Londinium (London), EnglandObverse: SEVERVS NOBILISSIMVS CAES. Laureate and cuirassed bust of Severus II facing right.
Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. Genius, kalathos on head, standing facing left, holding patera in right hand and cornucopia in left; no mint-mark in exergue.
Diameter: 29mm | Weight: 10.399gms | Die Axis: 6h
RIC VI: 59a | Cohen VII: 24 | SPINK: 712
Rare
Ex. Errett Bishop Collection | Ex. FORVM (USA)
SEVERUS II
Flavius Valerius Severus Augustus was a Western Roman Emperor from 306 to 307. He was born in Northern Illyria (now Albania) and rose to become a senior officer in the Roman army. As an old friend of Galerius, that emperor appointed Severus as Caesar on 1 May 305 and he thus served as junior emperor under Constantius I in the Western Roman Empire.
When Constantius I died in the summer of 306, Severus was promoted to Augustus by Galerius under the rules of succession established under the Tetrarchy. However Constantius I had died on campaign in York and his army in Britain had acclaimed his son, Constantine I, as his successor. Although furious at this elevation, Galerius wanted to avoid any threat of a civil war so he compromised by allowing Constantine to bear the title of Caesar.
When this news reached Maxentius, the son of Maximianus, he revolted and declared himself emperor at Rome,
Galerius sent Severus, at the head of an army which had previously been commanded by Maximianus, to suppress the rebellion. Maxentius asked his father to re-assume the purple and rule the empire with him and Maximianus, who had been reluctant to abdicate, readily accepted. When Severus arrived under the walls of Rome to besiege it his men deserted to their old commander forcing Severus to flee to Ravenna. Maximianus offered to spare his life and treat him humanely if he surrendered peaceably. Severus complied but, despite Maximianus' assurance, he was displayed as a captive, imprisoned and later put to death.
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058. Maxentius, 306-312. AE Follis.Obv. Laureate head right IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG
Rev. Roma seated left holding sceptre and globe, within hexastyle temple with wreath within pediment CONSEERV VRB SVAE, RES below.
Rome Mint, 310-11. 24.5mm, 5.98g.
RIC 258. LordBest
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081a03. MaxentiusAE2. 25mm, 5.07 g. Aquileia. Obv: IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG, laureate head right. Rev: CONSERV VRB SVAE, Roma seated left in tetrastyle temple presenting globe to Maxentius, captive seated between; wolf and twins in pediment, Victories each holding a wreath as acroteria. Mintmark AQP. RIC VI Aquileia 113; Cohen 42; Sear 14992.
lawrence c
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081b. RomulusSon of Maxentius, who died about 309, probably age 3. Divus coins issued.lawrence c
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10 - Personalities of the EmpireSeverus II, Maxentius, Romulus, Constantine I, Helena, Fausta, Alexander, Licinius I, Constantia, Maximinus II, Valerius Valens, Licinius II, Crispus and Martinianusmdelvalle
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129 Maxentius (306-307 A.D. Caesar, 308-313 A.D. Augustus), Ticinum, RIC VI 106, -/-//PT, AE-Follis, CONSERV VRB SVAE, Victory, standing right, and Roma, seated left #1129 Maxentius (306-307 A.D. Caesar, 308-313 A.D. Augustus), Ticinum, RIC VI 106, -/-//PT, AE-Follis, CONSERV VRB SVAE, Victory, standing right, and Roma, seated left #1
avers: IMP MAXENTIVS P F AVG, Laureate head right.
reverse: CONSERV VRB SVAE, Victory, standing right, and Roma, seated left, with a captive between them, all within a tetrastyle temple with a domed roof.
exergue: -/-//PT, diameter: 24,0-27,0mm, weight: 6,01g, axis: 0h,
mint: Ticinum, date: 308-310 A.D., ref: RIC VI 106 P,
Q-001quadrans
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1302a, Maximian, 285 - 305, 306 - 308, and 310 A.D.Maximianus AE Antoninianus. RIC V Part II 506 Bust Type C. Cohen 355; VF; Minted in Rome A.D. 285-286. Obverse: IMP MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, radiate, draped & cuirassed bust right; Rverse: IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG, Jupiter standing left holding thunderbolt & scepter, XXIZ in exergue. Ex maridvnvm.
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D.
Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University
Perhaps born ca. 249/250 A.D. in Sirmium in the area of the Balkans, Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus, more commonly known as Maximianus Herculius (Maximian), had been a soldier before he put on the purple. A fellow soldier with the Emperor Diocletian, he had served in the military during the reigns of Aurelian and Probus.
When the Emperor Diocletian determined that the empire was too large for one man to govern on his own, he made Maximian his Caesar in 285/6 and elevated him to the rank of Augustus in perhaps the spring of 286. While Diocletian ruled in the East, Maximian ruled in the West. In 293, in order to maintain and to strengthen the stability of the empire, Diocletian appointed Constantius I Chlorus to serve Maximian as a Caesar in the West, while Galerius did the same job in the East. This arrangement, called the "Tetrarchy", was meant not only to provide a stronger foundation for the two emperors' rule, but also to end any possible fighting over the succession to the throne once the two senior Augusti had left the throne--a problem which had bedeviled the principate since the time of the Emperor Augustus. To cement the relationship between Maximian and his Caesar, Constantius married Maximian's elder daughter Theodora. A decade later, Constantius' son Constantine would marry Maximia's younger daughter Fausta.
On 1 May 305 Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximian, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple. Their resignations seem largely due to the almost fatal illness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of 304. Diocletian seems to have forced his colleague to abdicate. In any case, Herculius had sworn an oath at the temple of Capitoline Jupiter to carry out the terms of the abdication. Constantius and Galerius were appointed as Augusti, with Maximinus Daia and Severus as the new Caesars. The retired emperors then returned to private life. Diocletian's retirement was at Salonae in Dalmatia, while Herculius' retreat was either in Lucania or Campania.
Maximian's retirement, however, was of short duration because, a little more than a year later on 28 October 306, his son Maxentius was proclaimed emperor at Rome. To give his regime an aura of legitimacy, Maximian was forced to affirm his son's acclamation. When Galerius learned of Maxentius' rebellion, he sent Severus against him with an army that had formerly been under his father's command. Maxentius invested his father with the purple again to win over his enemy's troops, a ruse which succeeded. Perhaps to strengthen his own position, in 307 Maximian went to Gaul and married his daughter Fausta to Constantine. When Constantine refused to become embroiled in the civil war between Galerius and Maxentius, Maximian returned to Rome in 308 and attempted to depose his son; however, he did not succeed. When Maximian was unable to convince Diocletian to take up the purple again at a meeting in Carnuntum in late 308, he returned to his son-in-law's side in Gaul.
Although Maximian was treated with all of the respect due a former emperor, he still desired to be more than a figurehead. He decided to seize the purple from Constantine when his son-in-law least expected it. His opportunity came in the summer of 310 when the Franks revolted. When Constantine had taken a small part of his army into enemy territory, Maximian proclaimed himself again emperor and paid the soldiers under his command a donative to secure their loyalty. As soon as Constantine received news about Maximian's revolt in July 310, he went south and reached Arelate before his father-in-law could mount a defense of the city. Although Maximian fled to Massilia, his son-in-law seized the city and took Maximian prisoner. Although he was deprived of the purple, he was granted pardon for his crimes. Unable to endure the humiliation of his defeat, he attempted to have Constantine murdered in his bed. The plot failed because he tried to get his daughter Fausta's help in the matter; she chose to reveal the matter to her husband. Because of this attempt on his son-in-law's life Maximian was dead by the end of July either by his own hand or on the orders of his intended victim.
Eutropia was of Syrian extraction and her marriage to Maximian seems to have been her second. She bore him two children: Maxentius and Fausta. An older daughter, Theodora, may have been a product of her first marriage. Fausta became the wife of Constantine I , while her sister Theodora was the second spouse of his father Constantius I Chlorus . Eutropia apparently survived all her children, with the possible exception of her daughter Fausta who seems to have died in 326. Eutropia is also said to have become a Christian.
By Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr. Cleisthenes
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1302b, Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D., commemorative issued by Constantine the Great (Siscia)Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D., commemorative issued by Constantine the Great. Bronze AE3, RIC 41, VF, Siscia, 1.30g, 16.1mm, 0o, 317-318 A.D. Obverse: DIVO MAXIMIANO SEN FORT IMP, laureate and veiled head right; Reverse: REQVIES OPTIMO-RVM MERITORVM, Emperor seated left on curule chair, raising hand and holding scepter, SIS in exergue; scarce (R3).
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Maximian, 285-305, 306-308, and 310 A.D.
Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University
Perhaps born ca. 249/250 A.D. in Sirmium in the area of the Balkans, Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus, more commonly known as Maximianus Herculius (Maximian), had been a soldier before he put on the purple. A fellow soldier with the Emperor Diocletian, he had served in the military during the reigns of Aurelian and Probus.
When the Emperor Diocletian determined that the empire was too large for one man to govern on his own, he made Maximian his Caesar in 285/6 and elevated him to the rank of Augustus in perhaps the spring of 286. While Diocletian ruled in the East, Maximian ruled in the West. In 293, in order to maintain and to strengthen the stability of the empire, Diocletian appointed Constantius I Chlorus to serve Maximian as a Caesar in the West, while Galerius did the same job in the East. This arrangement, called the "Tetrarchy", was meant not only to provide a stronger foundation for the two emperors' rule, but also to end any possible fighting over the succession to the throne once the two senior Augusti had left the throne--a problem which had bedeviled the principate since the time of the Emperor Augustus. To cement the relationship between Maximian and his Caesar, Constantius married Maximian's elder daughter Theodora. A decade later, Constantius' son Constantine would marry Maximia's younger daughter Fausta.
On 1 May 305 Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximian, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple. Their resignations seem largely due to the almost fatal illness that Diocletian contracted toward the end of 304. Diocletian seems to have forced his colleague to abdicate. In any case, Herculius had sworn an oath at the temple of Capitoline Jupiter to carry out the terms of the abdication. Constantius and Galerius were appointed as Augusti, with Maximinus Daia and Severus as the new Caesars. The retired emperors then returned to private life. Diocletian's retirement was at Salonae in Dalmatia, while Herculius' retreat was either in Lucania or Campania.
Maximian's retirement, however, was of short duration because, a little more than a year later on 28 October 306, his son Maxentius was proclaimed emperor at Rome. To give his regime an aura of legitimacy, Maximian was forced to affirm his son's acclamation. When Galerius learned of Maxentius' rebellion, he sent Severus against him with an army that had formerly been under his father's command. Maxentius invested his father with the purple again to win over his enemy's troops, a ruse which succeeded. Perhaps to strengthen his own position, in 307 Maximian went to Gaul and married his daughter Fausta to Constantine. When Constantine refused to become embroiled in the civil war between Galerius and Maxentius, Maximian returned to Rome in 308 and attempted to depose his son; however, he did not succeed. When Maximian was unable to convince Diocletian to take up the purple again at a meeting in Carnuntum in late 308, he returned to his son-in-law's side in Gaul.
Although Maximian was treated with all of the respect due a former emperor, he still desired to be more than a figurehead. He decided to seize the purple from Constantine when his son-in-law least expected it. His opportunity came in the summer of 310 when the Franks revolted. When Constantine had taken a small part of his army into enemy territory, Maximian proclaimed himself again emperor and paid the soldiers under his command a donative to secure their loyalty. As soon as Constantine received news about Maximian's revolt in July 310, he went south and reached Arelate before his father-in-law could mount a defense of the city. Although Maximian fled to Massilia, his son-in-law seized the city and took Maximian prisoner. Although he was deprived of the purple, he was granted pardon for his crimes. Unable to endure the humiliation of his defeat, he attempted to have Constantine murdered in his bed. The plot failed because he tried to get his daughter Fausta's help in the matter; she chose to reveal the matter to her husband. Because of this attempt on his son-in-law's life Maximian was dead by the end of July either by his own hand or on the orders of his intended victim.
Eutropia was of Syrian extraction and her marriage to Maximian seems to have been her second. She bore him two children: Maxentius and Fausta. An older daughter, Theodora, may have been a product of her first marriage. Fausta became the wife of Constantine I , while her sister Theodora was the second spouse of his father Constantius I Chlorus . Eutropia apparently survived all her children, with the possible exception of her daughter Fausta who seems to have died in 326. Eutropia is also said to have become a Christian.
By Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.Cleisthenes
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1303a, Galerius, 1 March 305 - 5 May 311 A.D.Galerius, RIC VI 59, Cyzicus S, VF, Cyzicus S, 6.4 g, 25.86 mm; 309-310 AD; Obverse: GAL MAXIMIANVS P F AVG, laureate bust right; Reverse: GENIO A-VGVS[TI], Genius stg. left, naked but for chlamys over left shoulder, holding patera and cornucopiae. A nice example with sharp detail and nice brown hoard patina. Ex Ancient Imports.
De Imperatoribus Romanis,
An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
Galerius (305-311 A.D.)
Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University
Caius Galerius Valerius Maximianus, more commonly known as Galerius, was from Illyricum; his father, whose name is unknown, was of peasant stock, while his mother, Romula, was from beyond the Danube. Galerius was born in Dacia Ripensis near Sardica. Although the date of his birth is unknown, he was probably born ca. 250 since he served under Aurelian. As a youth Galerius was a shepherd and acquired the nickname Armentarius. Although he seems to have started his military career under Aurelian and Probus, nothing is known about it before his accession as Caesar on 1 March 293. He served as Diocletian's Caesar in the East. Abandoning his first wife, he married Diocletian's daugher, Valeria.
As Caesar he campaigned in Egypt in 294; he seems to have taken to the field against Narses of Persia, and was defeated near Ctesiphon in 295. In 298, after he made inroads into Armenia, he obtained a treaty from the Persians favorable to the Romans. Between 299-305 he overcame the Sarmatians and the Carpi along the Danube. The Great Persecution of the Orthodox Church, which was started in 303 by the Emperor Diocletian, was probably instigated by Galerius. Because of the almost fatal illness that he contracted toward the end of 304, Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximianus Herculius, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple on 1 May 305. Constantius and Galerius were appointed as Augusti, with Maximinus Daia and Severus as the new Caesars. Constantius and Severus reigned in the West, whereas Galerius' and Daia's realm was the East. Although Constantius was nominally senior Augustus, the real power was in the hands of Galerius because both Caesars were his creatures.
The balance of power shifted at the end of July 306 when Constantius, with his son Constantine at his side, passed away at York in Britain where he was preparing to face incursions by the Picts; his army proclaimed Constantine his successor immediately. As soon as he received the news of the death of Constantius I and the acclamation of Constantine to the purple, Galerius raised Severus to the rank of Augustus to replace his dead colleague in August 306. Making the best of a bad situation, Galerius accepted Constantine as the new Caesar in the West. The situation became more complicated when Maxentius, with his father Maximianus Herculius acquiesing, declared himself princes on 28 October 306. When Galerius learned about the acclamation of the usurper, he dispatched the Emperor Severus to put down the rebellion. Severus took a large field army which had formerly been that of Maximianus and proceeded toward Rome and began to besiege the city, Maxentius, however, and Maximianus, by means of a ruse, convinced Severus to surrender. Later, in 307, Severus was put to death under clouded circumstances. While Severus was fighting in the west, Galerius, during late 306 or early 307, was campaigning against the Sarmatians.
In the early summer of 307 Galerius invaded Italy to avenge Severus's death; he advanced to the south and encamped at Interamna near the Tiber. His attempt to besiege the city was abortive because his army was too small to encompass the city's fortifications. Not trusting his own troops, Galerius withdrew. During its retreat, his army ravaged the Italian countryside as it was returning to its original base. When Maximianus Herculius' attempts to regain the throne between 308 and 310 by pushing his son off his throne or by winning over Constantine to his cause failed, he tried to win Diocletian and Galerius over to his side at Carnuntum in October and November 308; the outcome of the Conference at Carnuntum was that Licinius was appointed Augustus in Severus's place, that Daia and Constantine were denoted filii Augustorum, and that Herculius was completely cut out of the picture. Later, in 310, Herculius died, having been implicated in a plot against his son-in-law. After the Conference at Carnuntum, Galerius returned to Sardica where he died in the opening days of May 311.
By Michael DiMaio, Jr., Salve Regina University; Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Galerius was Caesar and tetrarch under Maximianus. Although a talented general and administrator, Galerius is better known for his key role in the "Great Persecution" of Christians. He stopped the persecution under condition the Christians pray for his return to health from a serious illness. Galerius died horribly shortly after. Joseph Sermarini, FORVM.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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1307a, Maxentius, February 307 - 28 October 312 A.D.Bronze follis, RIC 163, aEF, Rome mint, 5.712g, 25.6mm, 0o, summer 307 A.D.; obverse MAXENTIVS P F AVG, laureate head right; reverse CONSERVATO-RES VRB SVAE, Roma holding globe and scepter, seated in hexastyle temple, RT in ex; rare. Ex FORVM; Ex Maridvnvm
De Imperatoribus Romanis : An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Maxentius (306-312 A.D.)
Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University
Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius, more commonly known as Maxentius, was the child of the Emperor Maximianus Herculius and the Syrian, Eutropia; he was born ca. 278 A.D. After Galerius' appointment to the rank of Caesar on 1 March 293, Maxentius married Galerius' daughter Valeria Maximilla, who bore him a son named Romulus and another son whose name is unknown. Due to his haughty nature and bad disposition, Maxentius could seldom agree with his father or his father-in-law; Galerius' and Maximianus Herculius' aversion to Maxentius prevented the young man from becoming a Caesar in 305. Little else is known of Maxentius' private life prior to his accession and, although there is some evidence that it was spent in idleness, he did become a Senator.
On 28 October 306 Maxentius was acclaimed emperor, although he was politically astute enough not to use the title Augustus; like the Emperor Augustus, he called himself princeps. It was not until the summer of 307 that he started using the title Augustus and started offending other claimants to the imperial throne. He was enthroned by the plebs and the Praetorians. At the time of his acclamation Maxentius was at a public villa on the Via Labicana. He strengthened his position with promises of riches for those who helped him obtain his objective. He forced his father Maximianus Herculius to affirm his son's acclamation in order to give his regime a facade of legitimacy. His realm included Italy, Africa, Sardinia, and Corsica. As soon as Galerius learned about the acclamation of Herculius' son, he dispatched the Emperor Severus to quell the rebellion. With the help of his father and Severus' own troops, Maxentius' took his enemy prisoner.
When Severus died, Galerius was determined to avenge his death. In the early summer of 307 the Augustus invaded Italy; he advanced to the south and encamped at Interamna near the Tiber. His attempt to besiege the city was abortive because his army was not large enough to encompass the city's fortifications. Negotiations between Maxentius and Galerius broke down when the emperor discovered that the usurper was trying to win over his troops. Galerius' troops were open to Maxentius' promises because they were fighting a civil war between members of the same family; some of the soldiers went over to the enemy. Not trusting his own troops, Galerius withdrew. During its retreat, Galerius' army ravaged the Italian countryside as it was returning to its original base. If it was not enough that Maxentius had to deal with the havoc created by the ineffectual invasions of Severus and Galerius, he also had to deal with his father's attempts to regain the throne between 308 and 310. When Maximianus Herculius was unable to regain power by pushing his son off his throne, he attempted to win over Constantine to his cause. When this plan failed, he tried to win Diocletian over to his side at Carnuntum in October and November 308. Frustrated at every turn, Herculius returned to his son-in-law Constantine's side in Gaul where he died in 310, having been implicated in a plot against his son-in-law. Maxentius' control of the situation was weakened by the revolt of L. Domitius Alexander in 308. Although the revolt only lasted until the end of 309, it drastically cut the size of the grain supply availble for Rome. Maxentius' rule collapsed when he died on 27 October 312 in an engagement he had with the Emperor Constantine at the Milvian Bridge after the latter had invaded his realm.
Copyright (C) 1996, Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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1308b, Licinius I, 308 - 324 A.D. (Siscia)Licinius I, 11 November 308 - 18 September 324 A.D. Bronze follis, RIC 4, F, Siscia, 3.257g, 21.6mm, 0o, 313 - 315 A.D. Obverse: IMP LIC LICINIVS P F AVG, laureate head right; Reverse IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG NN, Jupiter standing left holding Victory on globe and scepter, eagle with wreath in beak left, E right, SIS in exergue.
De Imperatoribus Romanis : An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Licinius (308-324 A.D.)
Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University
Licinius' Heritage
Valerius Licinianus Licinius, more commonly known as Licinius, may have been born ca. 265. Of peasant origin, his family was from Dacia. A close friend and comrade of arms of the Emperor Galerius, he accompanied him on his Persian expedition in 297. When campaigns by Severus and Galerius in late 306 or early 307 and in the summer of 307, respectively, failed to dislodge Maxentius who, with the luke warm support of his father Maximianus Herculius, was acclaimed princeps on 28 October 306, he was sent by the eastern emperor to Maxentius as an ambassador; the diplomatic mission, however, failed because the usurper refused to submit to the authority of his father-in-law Galerius. At the Conference of Carnuntum which was held in October or November of 308, Licinius was made an Augustus on 11 November 308; his realm included Thrace, Illyricum, and Pannonia.
Licinius' Early Reign
Although Licinius was initially appointed by Galerius to replace Severus to end the revolt of Maxentius , Licinius (perhaps wisely) made no effort to move against the usurper. In fact, his first attested victory was against the Sarmatians probably in the late spring, but no later than the end of June in 310. When the Emperor Galerius died in 311, Licinius met Maximinus Daia at the Bosporus during the early summer of that year; they concluded a treaty and divided Galerius' realm between them. It was little more than a year later that the Emperor Constantine defeated Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge on 28 October 312. After the defeat of the usurper, Constantine and Licinius met at Mediolanum (Milan) where Licinius married the former's sister Constantia; one child was born of this union: Valerius Licinianus Licinius. Licinius had another son, born of a slave woman, whose name is unknown. It appears that both emperors promulgated the so-called Edict of Milan, in which Constantine and Licinius granted Christians the freedom to practice their faith without any interference from the state.
As soon as he seems to have learned about the marital alliance between Licinius and Constantine and the death of Maxentius, who had been his ally, Daia traversed Asia Minor and, in April 313, he crossed the Bosporus and went to Byzantium, which he took from Licinius after an eleven day siege. On 30 April 313 the armies of both emperors clashed on the Campus Ergenus; in the ensuing battle Daia's forces were routed. A last ditch stand by Daia at the Cilician Gates failed; the eastern emperor subsequently died in the area of Tarsus probably in July or August 313. As soon as he arrived in Nicomedeia, Licinius promulgated the Edict of Milan. As soon as he had matters in Nicomedeia straightened out, Licinius campaigned against the Persians in the remaining part of 313 and the opening months of 314.
The First Civil War Between Licinius and Constantine
Once Licinius had defeated Maximinus Daia, the sole rulers of the Roman world were he and Constantine. It is obvious that the marriage of Licinius to Constantia was simply a union of convenience. In any case, there is evidence in the sources that both emperors were looking for an excuse to attack the other. The affair involving Bassianus (the husband of Constantius I's daughter Anastasia ), mentioned in the text of Anonymus Valesianus (5.14ff), may have sparked the falling out between the two emperors. In any case, Constantine' s forces joined battle with those of Licinius at Cibalae in Pannonia on 8 October 314. When the battle was over, Constantine prevailed; his victory, however, was Pyrrhic. Both emperors had been involved in exhausting military campaigns in the previous year and the months leading up to Cibalae and each of their realms had expanded so fast that their manpower reserves must have been stretched to the limit. Both men retreated to their own territory to lick their wounds. It may well be that the two emperors made an agreement, which has left no direct trace in the historical record, which would effectively restore the status quo.
Both emperors were variously engaged in different activities between 315 and 316. In addition to campaigning against the Germans while residing in Augusta Treverorum (Trier) in 315, Constantine dealt with aspects of the Donatist controversy; he also traveled to Rome where he celebrated his Decennalia. Licinius, possibly residing at Sirmium, was probably waging war against the Goths. Although not much else is known about Licinius' activities during this period, it is probable that he spent much of his time preparing for his impending war against Constantine; the latter,who spent the spring and summer of 316 in Augusta Treverorum, was probably doing much the same thing. In any case, by December 316, the western emperor was in Sardica with his army. Sometime between 1 December and 28 February 317, both emperors' armies joined battle on the Campus Ardiensis; as was the case in the previous engagement, Constantine' s forces were victorious. On 1 March 317, both sides agreed to a cessation of hostilities; possibly because of the intervention of his wife Constantia, Licinius was able to keep his throne, although he had to agree to the execution of his colleague Valens, who the eastern emperor had appointed as his colleague before the battle, as well as to cede some of his territory to his brother-in-law.
Licinius and the Christians
Although the historical record is not completely clear, Licinius seems to have campaigned against the Sarmatians in 318. He also appears to have been in Byzantium in the summer of 318 and later in June 323. Beyond these few facts, not much else is known about his residences until mid summer of 324. Although he and Constantine had issued the Edict of Milan in early 313, Licinius turned on the Christians in his realm seemingly in 320. The first law that Licinius issued prevented bishops from communicating with each other and from holding synods to discuss matters of interest to them. The second law prohibited men and women from attending services together and young girls from receiving instruction from their bishop or schools. When this law was issued, he also gave orders that Christians could hold services only outside of city walls. Additionally, he deprived officers in the army of their commissions if they did not sacrifice to the gods. Licinius may have been trying to incite Constantine to attack him. In any case, the growing tension between the two rulers is reflected in the consular Fasti of the period.
The Second Civil War Between Licinius and Constantine and Licinius' Death
War actually broke out in 321 when Constantine pursued some Sarmatians, who had been ravaging some territory in his realm, across the Danube. When he checked a similar invasion of the Goths, who were devastating Thrace, Licinius complained that Constantine had broken the treaty between them. Having assembled a fleet and army at Thessalonica, Constantine advanced toward Adrianople. Licinius engaged the forces of his brother-in-law near the banks of the Hebrus River on 3 July 324 where he was routed; with as many men as he could gather, he headed for his fleet which was in the Hellespont. Those of his soldiers who were not killed or put to flight, surrendered to the enemy. Licinius fled to Byzantium, where he was besieged by Constantine. Licinius' fleet, under the command of the admiral Abantus, was overcome by bad weather and by Constantine' s fleet which was under the command of his son Crispus. Hard pressed in Byzantium, Licinius abandoned the city to his rival and fled to Chalcedon in Bithynia. Leaving Martinianus, his former magister officiorum and now his co-ruler, to impede Constantine' s progress, Licinius regrouped his forces and engaged his enemy at Chrysopolis where he was again routed on 18 September 324. He fled to Nicomedeia which Constantine began to besiege. On the next day Licinius abdicated and was sent to Thessalonica, where he was kept under house arrest. Both Licinius and his associate were put to death by Constantine. Martinianus may have been put to death before the end of 324, whereas Licinius was not put to death until the spring of 325. Rumors circulated that Licinius had been put to death because he attempted another rebellion against Constantine.
Copyright (C) 1996, Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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1308c, Licinius I, 308-324 A.D. (Alexandria)Licinius I, 308-324 A.D. AE Follis, 3.60g, VF, 315 A.D., Alexandria. Obverse: IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS P F AVG - Laureate head right; Reverse: IOVI CONS-ERVATORI AVGG - Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on a globe and scepter; exergue: ALE / (wreath) over "B" over "N." Ref: RIC VII, 10 (B = r2) Rare, page 705 - Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, Scotland.
De Imperatoribus Romanis : An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families
Licinius (308-324 A.D.)
Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Salve Regina University
Licinius' Heritage
Valerius Licinianus Licinius, more commonly known as Licinius, may have been born ca. 265. Of peasant origin, his family was from Dacia. A close friend and comrade of arms of the Emperor Galerius, he accompanied him on his Persian expedition in 297. When campaigns by Severus and Galerius in late 306 or early 307 and in the summer of 307, respectively, failed to dislodge Maxentius who, with the luke warm support of his father Maximianus Herculius, was acclaimed princeps on 28 October 306, he was sent by the eastern emperor to Maxentius as an ambassador; the diplomatic mission, however, failed because the usurper refused to submit to the authority of his father-in-law Galerius. At the Conference of Carnuntum which was held in October or November of 308, Licinius was made an Augustus on 11 November 308; his realm included Thrace, Illyricum, and Pannonia.
Licinius' Early Reign
Although Licinius was initially appointed by Galerius to replace Severus to end the revolt of Maxentius , Licinius (perhaps wisely) made no effort to move against the usurper. In fact, his first attested victory was against the Sarmatians probably in the late spring, but no later than the end of June in 310. When the Emperor Galerius died in 311, Licinius met Maximinus Daia at the Bosporus during the early summer of that year; they concluded a treaty and divided Galerius' realm between them. It was little more than a year later that the Emperor Constantine defeated Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge on 28 October 312. After the defeat of the usurper, Constantine and Licinius met at Mediolanum (Milan) where Licinius married the former's sister Constantia; one child was born of this union: Valerius Licinianus Licinius. Licinius had another son, born of a slave woman, whose name is unknown. It appears that both emperors promulgated the so-called Edict of Milan, in which Constantine and Licinius granted Christians the freedom to practice their faith without any interference from the state.
As soon as he seems to have learned about the marital alliance between Licinius and Constantine and the death of Maxentius, who had been his ally, Daia traversed Asia Minor and, in April 313, he crossed the Bosporus and went to Byzantium, which he took from Licinius after an eleven day siege. On 30 April 313 the armies of both emperors clashed on the Campus Ergenus; in the ensuing battle Daia's forces were routed. A last ditch stand by Daia at the Cilician Gates failed; the eastern emperor subsequently died in the area of Tarsus probably in July or August 313. As soon as he arrived in Nicomedeia, Licinius promulgated the Edict of Milan. As soon as he had matters in Nicomedeia straightened out, Licinius campaigned against the Persians in the remaining part of 313 and the opening months of 314.
The First Civil War Between Licinius and Constantine
Once Licinius had defeated Maximinus Daia, the sole rulers of the Roman world were he and Constantine. It is obvious that the marriage of Licinius to Constantia was simply a union of convenience. In any case, there is evidence in the sources that both emperors were looking for an excuse to attack the other. The affair involving Bassianus (the husband of Constantius I's daughter Anastasia ), mentioned in the text of Anonymus Valesianus (5.14ff), may have sparked the falling out between the two emperors. In any case, Constantine' s forces joined battle with those of Licinius at Cibalae in Pannonia on 8 October 314. When the battle was over, Constantine prevailed; his victory, however, was Pyrrhic. Both emperors had been involved in exhausting military campaigns in the previous year and the months leading up to Cibalae and each of their realms had expanded so fast that their manpower reserves must have been stretched to the limit. Both men retreated to their own territory to lick their wounds. It may well be that the two emperors made an agreement, which has left no direct trace in the historical record, which would effectively restore the status quo.
Both emperors were variously engaged in different activities between 315 and 316. In addition to campaigning against the Germans while residing in Augusta Treverorum (Trier) in 315, Constantine dealt with aspects of the Donatist controversy; he also traveled to Rome where he celebrated his Decennalia. Licinius, possibly residing at Sirmium, was probably waging war against the Goths. Although not much else is known about Licinius' activities during this period, it is probable that he spent much of his time preparing for his impending war against Constantine; the latter,who spent the spring and summer of 316 in Augusta Treverorum, was probably doing much the same thing. In any case, by December 316, the western emperor was in Sardica with his army. Sometime between 1 December and 28 February 317, both emperors' armies joined battle on the Campus Ardiensis; as was the case in the previous engagement, Constantine' s forces were victorious. On 1 March 317, both sides agreed to a cessation of hostilities; possibly because of the intervention of his wife Constantia, Licinius was able to keep his throne, although he had to agree to the execution of his colleague Valens, who the eastern emperor had appointed as his colleague before the battle, as well as to cede some of his territory to his brother-in-law.
Licinius and the Christians
Although the historical record is not completely clear, Licinius seems to have campaigned against the Sarmatians in 318. He also appears to have been in Byzantium in the summer of 318 and later in June 323. Beyond these few facts, not much else is known about his residences until mid summer of 324. Although he and Constantine had issued the Edict of Milan in early 313, Licinius turned on the Christians in his realm seemingly in 320. The first law that Licinius issued prevented bishops from communicating with each other and from holding synods to discuss matters of interest to them. The second law prohibited men and women from attending services together and young girls from receiving instruction from their bishop or schools. When this law was issued, he also gave orders that Christians could hold services only outside of city walls. Additionally, he deprived officers in the army of their commissions if they did not sacrifice to the gods. Licinius may have been trying to incite Constantine to attack him. In any case, the growing tension between the two rulers is reflected in the consular Fasti of the period.
The Second Civil War Between Licinius and Constantine and Licinius' Death
War actually broke out in 321 when Constantine pursued some Sarmatians, who had been ravaging some territory in his realm, across the Danube. When he checked a similar invasion of the Goths, who were devastating Thrace, Licinius complained that Constantine had broken the treaty between them. Having assembled a fleet and army at Thessalonica, Constantine advanced toward Adrianople. Licinius engaged the forces of his brother-in-law near the banks of the Hebrus River on 3 July 324 where he was routed; with as many men as he could gather, he headed for his fleet which was in the Hellespont. Those of his soldiers who were not killed or put to flight, surrendered to the enemy. Licinius fled to Byzantium, where he was besieged by Constantine. Licinius' fleet, under the command of the admiral Abantus, was overcome by bad weather and by Constantine' s fleet which was under the command of his son Crispus. Hard pressed in Byzantium, Licinius abandoned the city to his rival and fled to Chalcedon in Bithynia. Leaving Martinianus, his former magister officiorum and now his co-ruler, to impede Constantine' s progress, Licinius regrouped his forces and engaged his enemy at Chrysopolis where he was again routed on 18 September 324. He fled to Nicomedeia which Constantine began to besiege. On the next day Licinius abdicated and was sent to Thessalonica, where he was kept under house arrest. Both Licinius and his associate were put to death by Constantine. Martinianus may have been put to death before the end of 324, whereas Licinius was not put to death until the spring of 325. Rumors circulated that Licinius had been put to death because he attempted another rebellion against Constantine.
Copyright (C) 1996, Michael DiMaio, Jr.
Published: De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families http://www.roman-emperors.org/startup.htm. Used by permission.
Edited by J. P. Fitzgerald, Jr.
Cleisthenes
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1dt Maximianus286-305, 306-308, 310
Quarter Follis
Laureate head, right, IMP C M A MAXIMIANVS P F AVG
Genius standing left, with modius on head, cornucopia & patera, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI, SIS in exergue
RIC 146
Eutropius records: [Diocletian] thus became master of the Roman empire; and when the peasants in Gaul made an insurrection, giving their faction the name of Bagaudae, and having for leaders Amandus and Aelianus, he despatched Maximian Herculius, with the authority of Caesar, to suppress them. Maximian, in a few battles of little importance, subdued the rustic multitude, and restored peace to Gaul. . . . While disorder thus prevailed throughout the world, while Carausius was taking arms in Britain and Achilleus in Egypt, while the Quinquegentiani were harassing Africa, and Narseus was making war upon the east, Diocletian promoted MAXIMIAN HERCULIUS from the dignity of Caesar to that "of emperor, and created Constantius and Maximian Galerius Caesars. . . .
Maximian the emperor, brought the war to an end in Africa, by subduing the Quinquegentiani, and compelling them to make peace. . . .
Herculius was undisguisedly cruel, and of a violent temper, and showed his severity of disposition in the sternness of his looks. Gratifying his own inclination, he joined with Diocletian in even the most cruel of his proceedings. But when Diocletian, as age bore heavily upon him, felt himself unable to sustain the government of the empire, he suggested to Herculius that they should both retire into private life, and commit the duty of upholding the state to more vigorous and youthful hands. With this suggestion his colleague reluctantly complied. Both of them, in the same day, exchanged the robe of empire for an ordinary dress, Diocletian at Nicomedia, Herculius at Milan, soon after a magnificent triumph which they celebrated at Rome over several nations, with a noble succession of pictures, and in which the wives, sisters, and children of Narseus were led before their chariots. The one then retired to Salonae, and the other into Lucania.
But after the death of Constantius, CONSTANTINE, his son by a wife of obscure birth, was made emperor in Britain, and succeeded his father as a most desirable ruler. In the meantime the praetorian guards at Rome, having risen in insurrection, declared MAXENTIUS, the son of Maximian Herculius, who lived in the Villa Publica not far from the city, emperor. At the news of this proceeding, Maximian, filled with hopes of regaining the imperial dignity, which he had not willingly resigned, hurried to Rome from Lucania. . . , and stimulated Diocletian by letters to resume the authority that he had laid down, letters which Diocletian utterly disregarded. Severus Caesar, being despatched to Rome by Galerius to suppress the rising of the guards and Maxentius, arrived there with his army, but, as he was laying siege to the city, was deserted through the treachery of his soldiers.
The power of Maxentius was thus increased, and his government established. Severus, taking to flight, was killed at Ravenna. Maximian Herculius, attempting afterwards, in an assembly of the army, to divest his son Maxentius of his power, met with nothing but mutiny and reproaches from the soldiery. He then set out for Gaul, on a planned stratagem, as if he had been driven away by his son, that he might join his son-in-law Constantine, designing, however, if he could find an opportunity, to cut off Constantine, who was ruling in Gaul with great approbation both of the soldiers and the people of the province, having overthrown the Franks and Alemanni with great slaughter, and captured their kings, whom, on exhibiting a magnificent show of games, he exposed to wild beasts. But the plot being made known by Maximian's daughter Fausta, who communicated the design to her husband, Maximian was cut off at Marseilles, whence he was preparing to sail to join his son, and died a well-deserved death. . . .Blindado
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1dx Severus II306-307
Quarter Follis
Laureate head, right, FL VAL SEVERVS NOB C
Genius standing left, modius on head, naked except for chlamys over left shoulder, holding patera and cornucopiae. Mintmark SIS, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI.
RIC 170a
According to Eutropius: Galerius, a man of excellent moral character, and skilful in military affairs, finding that Italy, by Constantius's permission, was put under his government, created two Caesars, MAXIMIN, whom he appointed over the east, and SEVERUS, to whom he committed Italy. He himself resided in Illyricum. But after the death of Constantius, CONSTANTINE, his son by a wife of obscure birth, was made emperor in Britain, and succeeded his father as a most desirable ruler. In the meantime the praetorian guards at Rome, having risen in insurrection, declared MAXENTIUS, the son of Maximian Herculius, who lived in the Villa Publica not far from the city, emperor. . . . Severus Caesar, being despatched to Rome by Galerius to suppress the rising of the guards and Maxentius, arrived there with his army, but, as he was laying siege to the city, was deserted through the treachery of his soldiers. . . .
The power of Maxentius was thus increased, and his government established. Severus, taking to flight, was killed at Ravenna. Blindado
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1dy Maximinus II309-313
Quarter Follis
Laureate head, right, MAXIMINVS NOB C
Genius standing left, naked except for modius on head & chlamys over shoulder, holding patera & cornucopiae, SIS in ex, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI.
RIC 170b
According to Eutropius: Galerius, a man of excellent moral character, and skilful in military affairs, finding that Italy, by Constantius's permission, was put under his government, created two Caesars, MAXIMIN, whom he appointed over the east, and SEVERUS, to whom he committed Italy. He himself resided in Illyricum. . . . LICINIUS, a native of Dacia, was made emperor by Galerius, to whom he was known by old companionship, and recommended by his vigorous efforts and services in the war which he had conducted against Narseus. The death of Galerius followed immediately afterwards. The empire was then held by the four new emperors, Constantine and Maxentius, sons of emperors, Licinius and Maximian, sons of undistinguished men. Constantine, however, in the fifth year of his reign, commenced a civil war with Maxentius, routed his forces in several battles, and at last overthrew Maxentius himself (when he was spreading death among the nobility by every possible kind of cruelty,4) at the Milvian bridge, and made himself master of Italy. Not long after, too, Maximin, after commencing hostilities against Licinius in the east, anticipated the destruction that was falling upon him by an accidental death at Tarsus. Blindado
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1dz Maxentius306-312
Follis
Laureate head, right, MAXENTIVS P F AVG
Roma in temple, CONSERVATORES VRB SVAE
RIC 194a
Eutropius reports: But after the death of Constantius, CONSTANTINE, his son by a wife of obscure birth, was made emperor in Britain, and succeeded his father as a most desirable ruler. In the meantime the praetorian guards at Rome, having risen in insurrection, declared MAXENTIUS, the son of Maximian Herculius, who lived in the Villa Publica not far from the city, emperor. At the news of this proceeding, Maximian, filled with hopes of regaining the imperial dignity, which he had not willingly resigned, hurried to Rome from Lucania. . . , and stimulated Diocletian by letters to resume the authority that he had laid down, letters which Diocletian utterly disregarded. Severus Caesar, being despatched to Rome by Galerius to suppress the rising of the guards and Maxentius, arrived there with his army, but, as he was laying siege to the city, was deserted through the treachery of his soldiers.
The power of Maxentius was thus increased, and his government established. Severus, taking to flight, was killed at Ravenna. Maximian Herculius, attempting afterwards, in an assembly of the army, to divest his son Maxentius of his power, met with nothing but mutiny and reproaches from the soldiery. . . .
At this time LICINIUS, a native of Dacia, was made emperor by Galerius, to whom he was known by old companionship, and recommended by his vigorous efforts and services in the war which he had conducted against Narseus. The death of Galerius followed immediately afterwards. The empire was then held by the four new emperors, Constantine and Maxentius, sons of emperors, Licinius and Maximian, sons of undistinguished men. Constantine, however, in the fifth year of his reign, commenced a civil war with Maxentius, routed his forces in several battles, and at last overthrew Maxentius himself (when he was spreading death among the nobility by every possible kind of cruelty,) at the Milvian bridge, and made himself master of Italy. Blindado
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406. GaleriusChristians had lived in peace during most of the rule of Diocletian. The persecutions that began with an edict of February 24, 303, were credited by Christians to the influence of Galerius. Christian houses of assembly were destroyed, for fear of sedition in secret gatherings.
Detail of the Arch of Galerius in Thessaloniki.In 305, on the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian, he at once assumed the title of Augustus, with Constantius his former colleague, and having procured the promotion to the rank of Caesar of Flavius Valerius Severus, a faithful servant, and (Maximinus II Daia), his nephew, he hoped on the death of Constantius to become sole master of the Roman world. Having Constantius' son Constantine as guest at Galerius' court in the east helped to secure his position.
His schemes, however, were defeated by the sudden elevation of Constantine at Eboracum (York) upon the death of his father, and by the action of Maximianus and his son Maxentius, who were declared co-Augusti in Italy.
After an unsuccessful invasion of Italy in 307, he elevated his friend Licinius to the rank of Augustus, and moderating his ambition, he retired to the city Felix Romuliana (near present day Gamzigrada,Serbia/Montenegro)built by him to honor his mother Romula, and devoted the few remaining years of his life "to the enjoyment of pleasure and to the execution of some works of public utility."
It was at the instance of Galerius that the last edicts of persecution against the Christians were published, beginning on February 24, 303, and this policy of repression was maintained by him until the appearance of the general edict of toleration, issued from Nicomedia in April 311, apparently during his last bout of illness, in his own name and in those of Licinius and Constantine. Lactantius gives the text of the edict in his moralized chronicle of the bad ends to which all the persecutors came, De Mortibus Persecutorum ("On the Deaths of the Persecutors", chapters 34, 35). This marked the end of official persecution of Christians.
Galerius as Caesar, 305-311AD. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI reverse type with Genius standing left holding scales and cornucopiaecoli
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407. Severus IIFlavius Valerius Severus was of humble origin and from Illyricum. Early in his career he had held a military command. When Diocletian, at Nicomedeia, and Maximianus Herculius, at Mediolanum, divested themselves of the purple (Milan) on 1 May 305, they appointed Constantius I and Galerius as Augusti in their place, with Severus and Maximinus Daia as the new Caesars. Both Caesars were Galerius' creatures and received their appointment at his hands. Constantius I and Severus ruled the west, while Galerius and Daia controlled the east.
When Galerius learned of the death of Constantius I in August 306 and the acclamation of Constantine to the purple, he raised Severus to the rank of Augustus to replace the dead Augustus. Matters went from bad to worse for Galerius when Maxentius, the son of Maximianus Herculius, was proclaimed emperor at Rome on 28 October 306. Galerius was disturbed when he heard the news of Maxentius' revolt because the usurper seized Rome, then part of Severus' realm. Galerius sent Severus from Mediolanum (Milan) to fight the enemy. Severus took a large field army which had formerly been that of Maximianus and proceeded toward Rome.
When Maxentius learned about the advance of Severus, he sent his own father the purple and offered to make him Augustus again to win Severus' army to his side; Maximianus accepted his offer. Meanwhile, Severus and his army reached Rome and began to besiege the city; Maxentius, however, bribed Severus' soldiers and, at a set signal, the Augustus' forces joined the usurper. Severus fled ro Ravenna with a few remaining soldiers. Maximianus went to Ravenna and, with false promises of safety, convinced Severus to surrender. He took this action because he realized that Severus' position was impregnable. Under house arrest Severus was brought to Rome and imprisoned at Tres Tabernae. Severus was put to death in 307 under clouded circumstances, when Galerius invaded Italy
Severus II AD 305-306 AE Follis "Genius Serdica" "The genius of the people of Rome." Obv: FL VAL SEVERVS NOB C - Laureate head right Rev: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI - Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. Exe: SIS Siscia mint: AD 305-306 = RIC VI, p. 475, 170a Rare (r) ecoli
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408. MaxentiusMarcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius, more commonly known as Maxentius, was the child of the Emperor Maximianus Herculius and the Syrian Eutropia; he was born ca. 278 A.D. After Galerius' appointment to the rank of Caesar on 1 March 293, Maxentius married Galerius' daughter Valeria Maximilla, who bore him a son named Romulus and another son whose name is unknown. Due to his haughty nature and bad disposition, Maxentius could seldom agree with his father or his father-in-law; Galerius' and Maximianus Herculius' aversion to Maxentius prevented the young man from becoming a Caesar in 305. Little else is known of Maxentius' private life prior to his accession and, alth ough there is some evidence that it was spent in idleness, he did become a Senator.
On 28 October 306 Maxentius was acclaimed emperor, although he was politcally astute enough not to use the title Augustus; like the Emperor Augustus, he called himself princeps. It was not until the summer of 307 that he started usi ng the title Augustus and started offending other claimants to the imperial throne. He was enthroned by the plebs and the Praetorians. At the time of his acclamation Maxentius was at a public villa on the Via Labicana. He strengthened his position with promises of riches for those who helped him obtain his objective. He forced his father Maximianus Herculius to affirm his son's acclamation in order to give his regime a facade of legitimacy. His realm included Italy, Africa, Sardinia, and Corsica. As soon as Galerius learned about the acclamation of Herculius' son, he dispatched the Emperor Severus to quell the rebellion. With the help of his father and Severus' own troops, Maxentius' took his enemy prisoner.
When Severus died, Galerius was determined to avenge his death. In the early summer of 307 the Augustus invaded Italy; he advanced to the south and encamped at Interamna near the Tiber. His attempt to besiege the city was abortive because his army was not large enough to encompass the city's fortifications. Negotiations between Maxentius and Galerius broke down when the emperor discovered that the usurper was trying to win over his troops. Galerius' troops were open to Maxentius' promises because they were fighting a civil war between members of the same family; some of the soldiers went over to the enemy. Not trusting his own troops, Galerius withdrew. During its retreat, Galerius' army ravaged the Italian countryside as it was returning to its original base. If it was not enough that Maxentius had to deal with the havoc created by the ineffectual invasions of Severus and Galerius, he also had to deal with his father's attempts to regain the throne between 308 and 310. When Maximianus Herculius was unable to regain power by pushing his son off his throne, he attempted to win over Constantine to his cause. When this plan failed, he tried to win Diocletian over to his side at Carnuntum in October and November 308. Frustrated at every turn, Herculius returned to his son-in-law Constantine's side in Gaul where he died in 310, having been implicated in a plot against his son-in-law. Maxentius' control of the situation was weakened by the revolt of L. Domitius Alexander in 308. Although the revolt only lasted until the end of 309, it drastically cut the size of the grain supply availble for Rome. Maxentius' rule collapsed when he died on 27 October 312 in an engagement he had with the Emperor Constantine at the Milvian Bridge after the latter had invaded his realm.
Maxentius Follis. Ostia mint. IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG, laureate head right / AETE-RNITAS A-VGN, Castor and Pollux standing facing each other, each leaning on sceptre and holding bridled horse. ecoli
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409. Maximinus II DazaCaius Valerius Galerius Maximinus, more commonly known as Maximinus Daia or Daza, was from Illyricum and was of peasant origin. He was born 20 November perhaps in the year 270. Daia was the son of Galerius' sister and had served in the army as a scutarius, Protector, and tribunus. He had been adopted by Galerius ; his name had been Daia even before that time. He had a wife and daughter, whose names are unknown, while his son's name was Maximus. When Diocletian and Maximianus Herculius resigned their posts of emperor on 1 May 305, they were succeeded by Constantius I Chlorus and Galerius as Augusti; their new Caesars were Severus and Maximinus Daia respectively. Constantius and Severus ruled in the West, whereas Galerius and Daia served in the East. Specifically, Daia's realm included the Middle East and the southern part of Asia Minor.[[1]]
Immediately after his appointment to the rank of Caesar, he went east and spent his first several years at Caesarea in Palestine. Events of the last quarter of 306 had a profound effect on the Emperor Galerius and his Caesar Daia. When Constantius I Chlorus died in July 306, the eastern emperor was forced by the course of events to accept Constantius' son Constantine as Caesar in the West; on 28 October of the same year, Maxentius , with the apparent backing of his father Maximianus Herculius, was acclaimed princeps. Both the attempt to dislodge Maxentius by Severus, who had been appointed Augustus of the West by Galerius after the death of Constantius in late 306 or early 307, and the subsequent campaign of Galerius himself in the summer of 307 failed. Because of the escalating nature of this chain of events, a Conference was called at Carnuntum in October and November 308; Licinius was appointed Augustus in Severus's place and Daia and Constantine were denoted filii Augustorum. Daia, however, unsatisfied with this sop tossed to him by Galerius, started calling himself Augustus in the spring of 310 when he seems to have campaigned against the Persians.[[2]] Although, as Caesar, he proved to be a trusted servant of Galerius until the latter died in 311, he subsequently seized the late emperor's domains. During the early summer of that year, he met with Licinius at the Bosporus; they concluded a treaty and divided Galerius' realm between them. Several yea rs later, after the death of Daia, Licinius obtained control of his domain. Like his mentor the late emperor, Daia had engaged in persecution of the Christians in his realm.[[3]]
In the autumn of 312, while Constantine was engaged against Maxentius, Daia appears to have been campaigning against the Armenians. In any case, he was back in Syria by February 313 when he seems to have learned about the marital alliance which had been forged by Constantine and Licinius. Disturbed by this course of events and the death of Maxentius, who had been his ally, Daia left Syria and reached Bythinia, although the harsh weather had seriously weakened his army. In April 313, he crossed the Bosporus and went to Byzantium, garrisoned by Licinius' troops; when the city refused to surrender, he took it after an eleven day siege. He moved to Heraclea, which he captured after a short siege; he then moved his forces to the first posting station. With only a small contingent of men, Licinius arrived at Adrianople while Daia was besieging Heraclea. On 30 April 313 the two armies clashed on the Campus Ergenus; in the ensuing battle Daia's forces were routed. Divesting himself of the purple and dressing like a slave, Daia fled to Nicomdeia. Subsequently, Daia attempted to stop the advance of Licinius at the Cilician Gates by establishing fortifications there; Licinius' army succeeded in breaking through, and Daia fled to Tarsus where he was hard pressed on land and sea. Daia died, probably in July or August 313, and was buried near Tarsus. Subsequently, the victorious emperor put Daia's wife and children to death.
Maximinus II Daza. 309-313 AD. ? Follis. Laureate head right / Genius standing left holding cornucopiae. ecoli
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69-Maxentius -2-SAE Follis, Aquileia mint, 307 AD.
Obv: IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG, Laureate head right.
Rev: CONSERV VRB SVAE, Roma seated in tetrastyle temple handing globe to Maxentius, seated captive between them. Victory as acroteria, she wolf and twins in pediment.
AQS in exergue.
25mm , 6.9gm
RIC 113Jerome Holderman
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96 Maxentius: Aquileia follis.Follis, late 307 AD, Aquileia mint.
Obverse: IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG / Laureate bust of Maxentius.
Reverse: CONSERV VRB SVAE / Roma seated on shield in tetrastyle temple, handing globe to Maxentius, seated captive between them. Victories as acroteria, wolf & twins in pediment.
Mint mark: AQS
6.26 gm., 24 mm.
RIC #113; PBCC #728; Sear #14992Callimachus
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ALTAR, CONSTANTIUS IStruck A.D.307 - 308 under Maxentius, AE Follis of Aquileia.
Obverse: DIVO CONSTANTIO AVG. Veiled head of Constantius I facing right.
Reverse: MEMORIA DIVI CONSTANTI. Monumental altar enclosure, doors embellished with handles in the shape of a ring held in the mouth of a bucranium, surmounted by eagle with wings spread standing facing, head turned to left and holding wreath in its beak; in exergue, AQS.
Diameter: 25mm | Weight: 5.3gms | Die Axis: 6
RIC VI : 127
SCARCE
"Cohen 24 (not giving mintmark) and Voetter, Gerin Cat., p. 62, have AVG only in the obv. legend of this type at Aquileia." - source Curtis Clay.*Alex
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Antoninus Pius
Antoninus Pius. AD 138-161. Æ Sestertius (32mm, 25.3g, 10h). Rome mint. Struck circa AD 141-143. Laureate head right / Decastyle temple, with statues on roof and in pediment. RIC II 622. Good Fine.
The great temple of Venus and Roma was actually composed of two temples back to back. The temple of Venus faced the Flavian ampitheatre and that of Rome overlooked the Forum - both were designed by Hadrian himself. Construction began in 121 AD and and remained unfinished on the emperor’s death in 138 AD. Work was at last completed in 141 AD under Antoninus Pius, the event commemorated on this coin. The temple would be destroyed by fire in 307 and later rebuilt by Maxentius, the remains of which can still be seen in Rome today.Ancient Aussie
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DIVUS MAXIMIANUS DIVUS MAXIMIANUS DIED 310.
AE Follis. Ostia 22mm, 5.59gm, RIC 26
Struck under Maxentius, AD 309-312. Veiled head right / Eagle standing right on domed hexastyle temple, right door ajar; MOSTS. RIC VI 26Ancient Aussie
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Divus Romulo MausoleumThe ruin of the sepulcher of Divus Romulus (died 209 A.D.), the son of Emperor Maxentius, is situated in a large quadrilateral enclosure forming part of the villa of Maxentius, on the Appian way, about one mile from the gate of S. Sebastian. The building is sometimes erroneously called the stables of the Circus of Caracalla.Joe Sermarini
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Divus Romulus.Divus Romulus. Died AD 309. Æ Quarter Follis (17mm, 2.01 g, 12h). Rome mint, 3rd officina. Struck under Maxentius, circa AD 310. Bare head right / Domed shine with doors ajar, surmounted by eagle; RT. RIC VI 239. VF, dark green patina, flan flaws on obverse.Ancient Aussie
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MAUSOLEUM or SHRINE, Romulus, Posthumous follisFollis struck in Ostia, 1st officina
DIVO ROMVLO N V BIS CONS, Bare head of Romulus right
AETERNAE MEMORIAE, Temple with domed roof surmounted by eagle, M OST P at exergue
7.35 gr
RC #3786 var, Cohen #4
The Temple of Divus Romulus is a circular building with a concave facade preceded by columns on the Via Sacra. It was probably a temple for Romulus, the son of emperor Maxentius, but it has also been identified as the Temple of Jupiter Stator and as the sanctuary of the penates publici. The building is located between the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina and the Basilica of Maxentius.
When emperor Maxentius' son Romulus died in 307 CE, he was deified and hence a temple was built in his honour. Coins commemorating Romulus often depict a round building with a varying number columns in front. Some of them probably show the round mausoleum of Romulus on the Appian Way, others might portray the temple, which has led to the identification of the rotunda on the Via Sacra with the Temple of Divus Romulus. The location would be likely, given Maxentius' building activities nearby.
Explanations are copied from : http://sights.seindal.dk/sight/176_Temple_of_Romulus.htmlPotator II
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MaxentiusMaxentius, castor, pollux, romulus, remus and the she wolfChance Vandal
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MaxentiusMaxentius, 307-312. Follis (Silvered bronze, 25 mm, 6.77 g, 7 h), Aquileia, late summer 307. IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG Laureate head of Maxentius to right. Rev. CONSERV VRBS SVAE / AQΓ Roma seated left within tetrastyle temple, holding scepter and handing globe to Maxentius standing right, holding scepter; seated captive between; Victories as acroteria, she-wolf and twins in pediment. RIC 113. Good very fine.
From the S. Pozzi Collection, privately purchased from K. Alber on 16 January 1973 and previously acquired from G. Brosi, Basel.Ancient Aussie
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Maxentius CONSERV VRB SVAE from AquileiaMaxentius
A.D. 307
24x26mm 6.8g
IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG; laureate head right.
CONSERV VRB SVAE; Roma seated left on shield within tetrastyle temple, holding scepter and handing globe to Maxentius, standing right and holding scepter, with foot on bound captive seated right; Victories with wreaths as acroteria, she-wolf and twins in pediment.
In ex. AQΓ
RIC VI Aquileia 113
Victor C
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Maxentius RIC VI, Ostia 35Maxentius, AD 306-312, son of Maximianus
AE - Follis, 5.55g, 26mm
Ostia, 2nd officina, AD 309-Oct. 312
obv. IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG
Head, laureate, r.
rev. AETE - RNITAS - AVG N
The Dioscurs, Castor and Pollux, each with star above his cap, stg. looking at
each other, nude except chlamys hanging down from their shoulders, resting
with outer arm on sceptre and holding with the other hand bridled horses.
in ex. M[OS]TS
RIC VI, Ostia 35
good F-about VF
Jochen
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Maxentius RIC VI, Ticinum 106Maxentius, AD 306-312, son of Maximianus
AE - Follis, 4.32g, 24.9mm
Ticinum, 1st officina, AD 308-310
obv. IMP MAXENTIVS PF AVG
Head, laureate, r.
rev. CONSERV - VRB SVAE
Victory advancing r., holding palmbranch in l. hand and crowning Roma who is
seated on cuirass l., holding globe and sceptre; between them a captive with
hands bound on back; all in tetrastyle temple, pediment decorated with waves
and points, on the roof as acroteria Victories holding wreath.
in ex. PT
RIC VI, Ticinum 106
Scarce, about EF
From Forum Ancient Coins, thanks!
Jochen
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Maxentius Æ FollisMaxentius, 307-312, Æ Follis
IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG.
Obv: Laureate head right.
CONSERV - VRB SVAE, AQS in exergue.
Rev: Roma seated left on shield, holding a spear, presenting a globe to Maxentius who stands right, holding a spear, his foot on a bound and seated captive, all within a tetrastyle temple with Victories holding wreaths as acroteria and the archetypal she-wolf and twins within the pediment.
RIC VI 113, Aquileia mint, 2nd officina, struck 307;
Cohen 42; Paolucci-Zub 173.
OldMoney
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Maxentius, 306 - 312 ADObv: IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG, laureate head of Maxentius facing right
Rev: CONSERV VRB SVAE, Roma seated left on a shield inside of a tetrastyle temple, presenting a globe to Maxentius standing right, a bound captive is seated between them; Victories with wreaths as acroteria, she-wolf and twins in pediment; AQS in exergue.
Billon Follis, Aquileia mint, 307 AD
6.2 grams, 26 x 23 mm, 180°
RIC VI 113, S14992, VM 19Matt Inglima
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Maxentius, 306 - 312 ADObv: IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG, laureate head of Maxentius facing right.
Rev: CONSERV (VRB SVAE), Roma seated, facing, holding a scepter and a globe, inside a temple with six columns, Victories as acroteria, wreath in pediment; RB(Q) in exergue.
Billon Follis, Rome mint, 308 - 310 AD
6.1 grams, 23 mm, 180°
RIC VI 208, S14987, VM 18Matt Inglima
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Maxentius, 306 - 312 ADObv: IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG, laureate head of Maxentius facing right.
Rev: AETERNITAS AVG N, Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux, standing facing each other, each holding a horse by the bridle; MOSTQ in exergue.
Billon Follis, Ostia mint, 309 - 312 AD
7.1 grams, 24 mm, 180°
RIC VI 35, S14975, VM 14Matt Inglima
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Maxentius, 306-312 AD. AE Follis, Ostia, AD 309. R1 RareIMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG, laureate head right /
AETERNITAS AVG N, the Dioscuri Castor and Pollux, each with a star above their caps, naked but for chlamys hanging from shoulder, standing facing each other, each leaning on sceptre and holding horse's bridle; she-wolf with twins between them.
Mintmark: MOSTΓ
RIC VI Ostia 16; Cohen 10.
25mm.,6.36g., _4600EAntonivs Protti
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Maxentius, 306-312 AD. AE Follis. ROME mint.Maxentius AE Follis. Minted at Rome, 308-310 AD. IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG, laureate head right / CONSERV VRB SVAE, Roma seated facing, head left, holding orb, in hexastyle temple with peaked roof, wreath in pediment. RBT in ex. RIC 210. Sear'88 #3779 Antonivs Protti
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Maxentius, 308 - 310 AD, AE follisIMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG
Bust laureate, right
CONSERV VRB SVAE
Ex. RBT
Roma seated left holding globe and scepter, shield behind, in a hexastyle temple, wreath in pediment, acroteria topped with Victories
RIC 210, S 3779, C 21
Rome, 3rd officinawhitetd49
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Maxentius, AD 307-312AE Follis, 27.11mm (5.59 gm).
IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG, laureate head right / AETE-RNITAS A-VG N, Castor and Pollux, wolf and twins left between them, each with star above cap, naked but for chlamys hanging from shoulders, standing facing each other, each leaning on sceptre with outer arm and holding bridled horse with inner arm; MOSTΔ in exergue. Ostia mint, struck AD 309.
RIC VI, 16 Ostia (pg. 403).
socalcoins
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Maxentius, AD 307-312Æ Follis, 25mm, 6.4g, 12h; Rome mint, AD 308-310.
Obv.: IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG; Laureate head right.
Rev.: CONSERV VRB SVAE, Roma seated facing in hexastyle temple, head left, globe in right hand, scepter in left, knobs as acroteria, wreath on pediment // RBT
Reference: RIC VI Rome 210, p. 378
From the YOC Collection / 16-420-40John Anthony
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Maxentius, AE follisMaxentius. 278-312.
Ostia. 309-312 AD.
6.59g/25mm
IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG, laureate head right
AETERNITAS AVG N, the Dioscuri Castor and Pollux standing facing each other, each holding sceptre and holding a horse by the bridle. Mintmark MOSTS.
References: RIC 35; Cohen 5; Sear 14975.
AAHMRL
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Maxentius, AE follisMaxentius. 278-312.
Rome. c. 308-310 AD.
IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG, Laureate head right
CONSERV VRB SVAE, Roma seated facing, head left, in hexastyle temple, holding globe and sceptre, shield at side; knobs as acroteria and wreath in pediment. Mintmark RBQ.
References: RIC 210; Sear 14987.
AAHLRL
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Maxentius, AE Follis.IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG, Laureate head right
AETERNITAS AVG N, the Dioscuri facing one another, nude but for chalmys hanging off shoulder, holding horses to center & spears to outside.
MOSTP (Prima Officina.)
RIC 35 of Ostia.
Very strong double strike on both sides, particularly the reverse.
ex-Martin Griffiths collection.
Will Hooton
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Maxentius, FollisAquilea mint, 1st officina, AD 309-310
IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG, Laureate head of Maxentius right
CONSERV VRBS SVAE, Tetrastyle temple, Roma seated left, a foot on captive, giving a globe to Maxentius standing right. She wolf suckling Romulus and Remus in pediment. AQP at exergue
6.55 gr
Ref : RCV # 14992 (100), Cohen #42Potator II
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Maxentius, FollisOstia mint, 3rd officina AD 309
IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG, Laureate head of Maxentius right
AET ERNITAS AVGN, Dioscuri facing each other, holding their horse by bridle. Between them she wolf suckling Remus and Romulus. MOSTΓ at exergue
7.43 gr
Ref : Cohen # 10, RCV # 14976 (100), RIC VI # 16Potator II
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Maxentius, FollisOstia mint, 3rd officina AD 309
IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG, Laureate head of Maxentius right
AET ERNITAS AVGN, Dioscuri facing each other, holding their horse by bridle. Between them she wolf suckling Remus and Romulus. MOSTΓ at exergue
7.43 gr
Ref : Cohen # 10, RCV # 14976 (100), RIC VI # 16Potator II
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Maxentius, FollisAquilea mint, 1st officina, AD 309-310
IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG, Laureate head of Maxentius right
CONSERV VRBS SVAE, Tetrastyle temple, Roma seated left, a foot on captive, giving a globe to Maxentius standing right. She wolf suckling Romulus and Remus in pediment. AQP at exergue
6.55 gr
Ref : RCV # 14992 (100), Cohen #42Potator II
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Maxentius, FollisOstia mint, 1st officina AD 309-312
IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG, Laureate head of Maxentius right
SAECVLI FELICITAS AVG N, She wolf left, suckling Romulus and Remus, MOSTP at exergue
Ref : RIC VI # 52, RCV # 15024, Cohen # 101 (12)Potator II
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Maxentius, Follis, CONSERV VRB SVAE, (Wreath), RBPAE Follis
Maxentius
Caesar: 306 - 307AD
Augustus: 307 - 312AD
Issued: 307 - 308AD
25.0 x 24.0mm 7.00gr 1h
O: IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG; Laureate head, right.
R: CONVERV VRB SVAE; Temple with six columns, Roma seated within, holding globe and scepter.
Exergue: (Wreath) in pediment; RBP, below line.
RIC VI Rome 210; Sear 14987; Aorta: 129: B17, O4, R5, T53, M5.
3/8/17Nicholas Z
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Maxentius, Follis, CONSERV VRB SVAE, AQSAE Follis
Maxentius
Caesar: 306 - 307AD
Augustus: 307 - 312AD
26.0 x 25.5mm 6.20gr 6h
O: IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG; Laureate head, right; beaded border.
R: CONSERV VRB SVAE; Temple with six columns, Roma seated within, head left, holding globe and scepter, shield at side; Victories as acroteria; wreath in pediment; beaded border.
Exergue: AQS
Aquileia Mint
Sear 14982/3779; RIC Aquileia 116; Aorta: B17, O4, R5, T53, M1.
Greater Chicagoland Coin and Currency Show Tinley Park, IL Convention Center I-Coin Joliet, IL
2/27/20 3/6/20Nicholas Z
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Maxentius, Ostia RIC VI-54(T)AE Folles
Ostia mint, 309-312 A.D.
25mm, 6.72g
RIC VI-54, RCV'88-3783
Obverse:
IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG
Laureate head right
Reverse:
VICTORIA AETERNA AVG N
MOST T
Victory advancing left, right hand holding wreath, left holding palm.Will J
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MAXENTIUS, RIC 210 Rome, 306-312 CE. Æ Follis (23.75mm, 5.7 gm).
Rome mint. Struck 308-310 AD.
Obverse: IMP C MAXENTIVS AVG, laureate bust right,
Reverse: CONSERV VRB SVAE, Roma seated facing,
head left, in
hexastyle temple, holding globe and sceptre,
shield at side; knobs as acroteria and wreath in
pediment; RBQ. In ex.
sold 4-2018NORMAN K
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Maxentius, RIC 45IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG
FIDES MILITVM AVG
AE Follis , 25mm, 6.50g
Diademed draped bust right
Fides standing left with two standards
MOSTS in ex.
Ostia mintnovacystis
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Maxentius, RIC VI, Rome 208 var. #1Maxentius, AD 306-312, son of Maximian
AE - Follis, 24.52, 6.1g
Rome, 4th officina, AD 308-310
obv. IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG
Head, laureate, r.
rev. CONSERV - VRB SVAE
Hexastyle temple with Roma std. within, holding sceptre and small Victory on globe, shield beside(?); architrave decorated with wave-line and dots; as l. acroterion a wreath, as r. acroterion a male figure with long torch; pediment decorated with a group of 4 figures: The l. figure in the centre Jupiter, stg. facing, holding sceptre in l. hand and r. hand extended, the r. figure Heracles, resting on club with r. hand and l. hand extended, in the l. angle the upper part of the body of a river-god; in the r. angle the upper part of the body of Sol, radiate, r., l. hand extended.
in ex. RBQ
Ref. RIC VI, Rome 208 var.; Failmezger no.127iM3, notes 179, 183; C. cf. 34; Drost, Monayage de Maxence, p.310, nr.93, 5th emission, pic. 89d/3 (this coin!)
about VF, weak strike on upper right obv. and lower right rev.
Pedigree:
ex Failmezger coll. (plate coin)
Unlisted and interesting variation of RIC 208Jochen
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Maxentius, RIC VI, Rome 208 var. #2Maxentius, AD 306-312, son of Maximian
AE - Follis, 25mm, 5.07g, 135°
Rome, 3rd officina, AD 308-310
obv. IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG
laureate head r.
rev. CONSERV - VRB SVAE
Hexastyle temple, within Roma, helmet, enthroned l., resting with raised l. hand on sceptre
and holding in extended r. hand globe, shield behind; architrave decorated with wave line
and dots; pediment decorated with the 2 dioscuri stg. facing with raised r. hand; as
acroteria Victories with wreath
ref. RIC VI, Rome 208 var.; Drost, pic. 93e (doesn't know officina T)
scarce, about VFJochen
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Maxentius, Rome RIC VI-163(T)AE Folles
Rome mint, 307 A.D.
26mm, 5.11g
RIC VI-163
Obverse:
MAXENTIVS P F AVG
Laureate head right
Reverse:
CONSERVATORES VRB SVAE
R T in exergue
Roma seated facing, head left, in hexastyle temple, right holding globe, left sceptre; knobs as acroteria; plain pediment.Will J
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Maxentius- ConservMaxentius, February 307 - 28 October 312 A.D.
Obverse:Laureate head right
IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG
IMP: Imperator,
C: Caes,
MAXENTIVS: Maxentius
P F: Pius Felix,
AVG: Augustus,
Reverse:
CONSERV VRB SVAE
CONSERV: Protector
VRB: City, i.e Rome
SVAE: His
Showing: Hexastyle temple, Roma seated within, globe in r., spear in l., shield at r. side, star on pediment
Domination: AS or Follis, Bronze, size 22 mm
Mint: AQP, AQ is Aquileia in Italy, P ( Prima)
Peter Wissing
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RIC 6, p.382, 258 - Maxentius, TempleMaxentius, AD 286-305
Follis
Obv: : IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG, head laureate
Rev: CONSERV - VRB SVAE/H, statuer of Roma within hexastyle temple
RIC VI, S.382, Nr. 258
AE, 5.96g, 24.7x28.3mm
shanxi
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RIC 6, p.404, 35 - Maxentius, dioscouri Maxentius
Follis, 309-312, Ostia.
Obv.: IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG, bust, laureate
Rev: The dioscouri Castor and Pollux, standing holding horses, MOSTQ.
RIC VI 35
AE, 5.94g, 24.3mm
shanxi
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Maxentius, AE FollisMAXENTIUS. 306-312 AD. Æ Follis - 25mm (6.17 g). Rome mint. Struck 310-311 AD. Laureate head right / Roma seated left holding globe and sceptre, within hexastyle temple; wreath in pediment; in ex. REP.
RIC VI 258.
Good VF, golden toning, some roughness.
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Maxentius, AE Follis
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Maxentius, Ae Follis, AD 306-312Maxentius (306-312), AE follis, 307, Aquileia.
Obverse: IMP C P F AVG MAXENTIVS the head. right.
Reverse: CONSERV VRB SUAE. Roma seated facing left in a tetrastyle temple, holding a scepter and globe; Maxentius standing facing right, holding scepter and stepping on captive. Wolf and twins on temple pediment; in exergue, AQS. RIC 113. 6.17 g
Jean Elsen auc 120 lot 320
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Maxentius, FollisReduced follis 5.3 gm 23.8 mm
Obv: IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG Laureate head, right
Rev: CONSERV VRB SVAE Roma seated, facing, head left, in hexastyle temple holding globe and sceptre, shield at side. Two Victories as acroteria with wreath in pediment.
Minted 308/10 at Rome. mm: RBQ RIC VI, 210
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Maxentius, FollisReduced follis, 5.4 gm. 24.4 mm.
Obv: IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG
Laureate head, right.
Rev: AET_ERNITAS A_VG N
The Dioscuri (Castor and Pollox) standing naked with Chlamys over shoulder and leaning on scepter, facing each other while each restains a horse.
Minted between 309-312 at Ostia. mm: MOSTT, RIC VI, 35.
Comment: Pollox on the right seems especially happy!
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Maxentius, FollisReduced follis, 6.7 gm, 23.6 mm
Obv: IMP MAXENTIVS P F AVG
Laureate head, right.
Rev: CONSERV VRB SVAE
Roma facing, seated in tetrastyle temple, holding globe and scepter while crowned by Victory, standing left. Knobs as acroteria and pediment empty.
Minted 308/310 at Ticinum. mm: T T, RIC VI 108.
Ex: Jerome Holderman
Comment: Issued at this mint following his defeat of Severus.
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Maxentius, FollisReduced Follis, 5.8 gm, 25.82 mm.
Obv: IMP C MAXENTIVS P F AVG
Laureate head, right.
Rev: CONSERV VRB SVAE
Roma at right, seated on shield, facing left and handing globe to Maxentius in military dress and holding scepter at left, facing right in tetrastyle temple. Seated captive between. Victories as acroteria atop left and right pillars. She wolf and twins in pediment.
Minted in early 307 at Aquilleia, mm: AQΓ, RIC VI 113
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ROMAN EMPIRE, Maxentius, Follis, AquileiaIMP C MAXENTIUS PF AVG
CONSTAN URB SUAE AQS
mint: Aquileia
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Roman Empire, Maxentius, RIC VI, Rome 208 var.Maxentius, AD 306-312, son of Maximian
AE - Follis, 24.52, 6.1g
Rome, 4th officina, AD 308-310
obv. IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG
laureate head, r.
rev. CONSERV - VRB SVAE
Hexastyle temple with Roma std. within, holding sceptre and small Victory on globe, shield beside(?);
architrave decorated with wave-line and dots; as l. acroterion a wreath, as r. acroterion a male figure with
long torch; pediment decorated with a group of 4 figures: The l. figure in the centre Jupiter, stg. facing,
holding sceptre in l. hand and r. hand extended, the r. figure Heracles, resting on club with r. hand and l.
hand extended, in the l. angle the upper part of the body of a river-god; in the r. angle the upper part of
the body of Sol, radiate, r., l. hand extended.
in ex. RBQ
Ref. RIC VI, Rome 208 var.; Failmezger no.127iM3, notes 179, 183; C. cf. 34; Drost, Monayage de Maxence,
p.310, nr.93, 5th emission, pic. 89d/3 (this coin!)
about VF, weak strike on upper right obv. and lower right rev.
Pedigree:
ex Failmezger coll.
Unlisted and interesting variation of RIC 208
Jochen
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Roman Romulus FollisDivus Romulus, Son of Maxentius, AE Follis. 309-312 AD. DIVO ROMVLO N V BIS CONS, bare head right / AETERNAE MEMORIA, domed shrine without columns, eagle on roof, RES in ex.
RIC 257Tanit
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Romulus, son of Maxentius, AE Follis. Rome mint, ca 309-310 AD.Roman Imperial, Romulus, son of Maxentius, AE Follis. Rome mint, ca (309-310 AD)
Obverse: DIVO ROMVLO N V BIS CONS, Bare head right.
Reverse: AETERNAE MEMORIAE, Domed shrine without columns, RBP in ex. "Eternal Memory"
Reference: RIC 207 Rome, Cohen 6.
Gil-galad
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Son of Maxentius, Romulus Died 309, Follis5.92g
"IMP MAXENTIVS DIVO ROMVLO NV FILIO" Bust of Romulus right
"AETERNA MEMORIA" eagle with wings spread, standing on a domed hexastyle shrine, right door open "MOST[?]"
RIC VI 33
Ostia mint
*Son of Maxentius, died young and deified (Divus), all coins struck posthumously, AD 309-312.
Antonivs Protti
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Struck A.D.307 - 308. MAXIMIANUS. Second Reign. AE Follis (Nummus) of AquileiaObverse: IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG. Laureate head of Maximianus facing right.
Reverse: CONSERV VRB SVAE. Roma seated facing, head left, holding globe in her right hand and spear or sceptre in her left, all within hexastyle temple with ornamented pediment. In exergue, AQP.
Diameter: 26mm | Weight: 7.9gms | Die Axis: 12
RIC VI : 118
This coin was struck c.A.D.307 - 308, during Maximianus' short joint reign with Maxentius, to commemorate the rebuilding of the Temple of Venus and Rome and in conjunction with celebrations for the benefactions given to Rome and Carthage, Maxentius' principal bases of power. The Temple of Venus and Rome, thought to be that shown on this coin, was commissioned by Hadrian in A.D.121 and finished under Antoninus Pius in A.D.141. In A.D.283 a fire destroyed the roof, and the temple was rebuilt by Maxentius, who retained the original plan.
The existing remains of this temple are on the right side of the picture below.
 *Alex
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Struck A.D.307. CONSTANTINE I as CAESAR. Large AE Follis of CarthageObverse: CONSTANTINVS NOB CAES. Laureate head of Constantine facing right.
Reverse: CONSERVATO-RES KART SVAE. Hexastyle temple within which is Carthage standing facing left holding fruits in both hands. In exergue, PKΔ.
Diameter: 25.15mm | Weight: 6.4gms
RIC VI : 61
This coin is one of the issues which were struck in A.D.307 to commemorate and advertise Constantine's alliance with Maxentius, reflected in types common to both rulers. Carthage was one of Maxentius' power bases.
*Alex
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TEMPLE, CONSTANTINE I as CAESARAE Follis of Carthage, struck A.D.307.
Obverse: CONSTANTINVS NOB CAES. Laureate head of Constantine facing right.
Reverse: CONSERVATO-RES KART SVAE. Hexastyle temple within which is Carthage standing facing left holding fruits in both hands. In exergue, PKΔ.
Diameter: 25.15mm | Weight: 6.4gms
RIC VI : 61
This coin is one of the issues which were struck in A.D.307 to commemorate and advertise Constantine's alliance with Maxentius, reflected in types common to both rulers. Carthage was one of Maxentius' power bases.*Alex
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TEMPLE, Maxentius, AE Follis of Rome Maxentius. 306-312 AD. Æ Follis (9.00 gm). Struck 308-310 AD. Rome mint. IMP C
MAXENTIVS P F AVG, laureate head right / CONSERV-VRB SVAE, Roma seated facing, head
left, in hexastyle temple;
Mintmark: RBT. RIC VI 210.
XFAntonivs Protti
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TEMPLE, Maxentius, CarthageAE Follis of Carthage, struck A.D.307.
Obverse: IMP MAXENTIVS P F AVG. Laureate head facing right.
Reverse: CONSERVATORES KART SVAE. Temple of six columns within which stands Karthago facing left, holding fruits in both hands; in exergue, PKB.
RIC VI : 60.
This coin was struck c.A.D.307 to commemorate the celebrations for the benefactions given to Rome and Carthage, Maxentius' principal bases of power.*Alex
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TEMPLE, MAXENTIUS, TEMPLE OF ROMACONSERV VRB SVAE. Roma seated facing, head left, holding globe in her right hand and spear or sceptre in her left, all within hexastyle temple with ornamented pediment.
(From a follis of Maxentius)
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